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116 Sleep Deprivation Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

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Sleep deprivation is a common problem that affects millions of people around the world. Whether it's due to a busy work schedule, stress, or other factors, not getting enough sleep can have serious consequences on both physical and mental health. In order to raise awareness about the importance of getting enough sleep, we have compiled a list of 116 sleep deprivation essay topic ideas and examples. These topics cover a wide range of issues related to sleep deprivation, including its causes, effects, and potential solutions.

The effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive function
How sleep deprivation can impact academic performance
The relationship between sleep deprivation and mental health disorders
The impact of sleep deprivation on physical health
The role of technology in causing sleep deprivation
Strategies for coping with sleep deprivation in college students
The effects of shift work on sleep deprivation
The link between sleep deprivation and obesity
The impact of sleep deprivation on immune function
The effects of sleep deprivation on driving performance
The relationship between sleep deprivation and cardiovascular health
The role of sleep deprivation in workplace accidents
The impact of sleep deprivation on mood and emotions
The effects of sleep deprivation on memory consolidation
The relationship between sleep deprivation and chronic pain
The impact of sleep deprivation on decision-making abilities
The effects of sleep deprivation on creativity and innovation
The link between sleep deprivation and substance abuse
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of Alzheimer's disease
Strategies for improving sleep quality and quantity
The impact of sleep deprivation on athletic performance
The relationship between sleep deprivation and diabetes
The effects of sleep deprivation on reproductive health
The link between sleep deprivation and gastrointestinal disorders
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of anxiety disorders
Strategies for improving sleep hygiene
The impact of sleep deprivation on children's development
The effects of sleep deprivation on parenting abilities
The relationship between sleep deprivation and social relationships
The link between sleep deprivation and academic achievement
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Strategies for preventing sleep deprivation in adolescents
The impact of sleep deprivation on work productivity
The effects of sleep deprivation on job satisfaction
The relationship between sleep deprivation and burnout
The link between sleep deprivation and eating disorders
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Strategies for improving sleep quality in individuals with insomnia
The impact of sleep deprivation on military personnel
The effects of sleep deprivation on first responders
The relationship between sleep deprivation and suicide risk
The link between sleep deprivation and self-harm behaviors
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of mood disorders
Strategies for managing sleep deprivation in individuals with chronic illnesses
The impact of sleep deprivation on school performance
The effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive decline in older adults
The relationship between sleep deprivation and memory loss
The link between sleep deprivation and dementia
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of Parkinson's disease
Strategies for improving sleep quality in individuals with restless legs syndrome
The impact of sleep deprivation on hormone regulation
The effects of sleep deprivation on reproductive hormone levels
The relationship between sleep deprivation and infertility
The link between sleep deprivation and menstrual cycle irregularities
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Strategies for improving sleep quality in individuals with hormone imbalances
The impact of sleep deprivation on bone health
The effects of sleep deprivation on muscle recovery
The relationship between sleep deprivation and exercise performance
The link between sleep deprivation and sports injuries
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of osteoporosis
Strategies for improving sleep quality in athletes
The impact of sleep deprivation on skin health
The effects of sleep deprivation on aging
The relationship between sleep deprivation and wrinkles
The link between sleep deprivation and acne
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of skin conditions
Strategies for improving sleep quality in individuals with skin disorders
The impact of sleep deprivation on eye health
The effects of sleep deprivation on vision
The relationship between sleep deprivation and eye diseases
The link between sleep deprivation and dry eyes
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of eye conditions
Strategies for improving sleep quality in individuals with eye problems
The impact of sleep deprivation on dental health
The effects of sleep deprivation on oral hygiene
The relationship between sleep deprivation and gum disease
The link between sleep deprivation and cavities
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of dental issues
Strategies for improving sleep quality in individuals with dental problems
The impact of sleep deprivation on digestive health
The effects of sleep deprivation on gut health
The relationship between sleep deprivation and digestive disorders
The link between sleep deprivation and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of digestive issues
Strategies for improving sleep quality in individuals with gastrointestinal problems
The impact of sleep deprivation on respiratory health
The effects of sleep deprivation on lung function
The relationship between sleep deprivation and respiratory disorders
The link between sleep deprivation and asthma
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of respiratory issues
Strategies for improving sleep quality in individuals with breathing problems
The impact of sleep deprivation on heart health
The effects of sleep deprivation on cardiovascular function
The relationship between sleep deprivation and heart disease
The link between sleep deprivation and hypertension
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of heart conditions
Strategies for improving sleep quality in individuals with heart problems
The impact of sleep deprivation on liver health
The effects of sleep deprivation on liver function
The relationship between sleep deprivation and liver diseases
The link between sleep deprivation and fatty liver
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of liver issues
Strategies for improving sleep quality in individuals with liver problems
The impact of sleep deprivation on kidney health
The effects of sleep deprivation on kidney function
The relationship between sleep deprivation and kidney diseases
The link between sleep deprivation and kidney stones
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of kidney issues
Strategies for improving sleep quality in individuals with kidney problems
The impact of sleep deprivation on reproductive health
The effects of sleep deprivation on fertility
The relationship between sleep deprivation and reproductive disorders
The link between sleep deprivation and hormonal imbalances
The role of sleep deprivation in the development of reproductive issues
Strategies for improving sleep quality in individuals with reproductive problems

In conclusion, sleep deprivation is a serious issue that can have a significant impact on both physical and mental health. By exploring the various topics related to sleep deprivation, we can raise awareness about the importance of getting enough sleep and encourage individuals to prioritize their sleep health. Whether it's implementing strategies for improving sleep quality or seeking help from healthcare professionals, there are many ways to address sleep deprivation and improve overall well-being.

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Sleep Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Sleep Improves Memory
Using Depressants During Sleep Time
A Day in the Sleep Clinic: Culture and Health
Effects of Sleeping Disorders on Human
Sleep Process Research
Sleep Stages and Disorders
Sleep and Its Implication on Animals
Psychology of Sleep: Article Study
Sleepwalking Through Life
Sleep Disorders with Children and Adolescences
Sleep and Dreams: How Do They Work?
The Biological Basis of Sleep
The Phantom Menace of Sleep-Deprived Doctors
The Role of Melatonin in Determining the Sleep-Wake Cycle
Effects of Sleep Deprivation
Sleep Habits and Its Impact on Human Mind Activity
The Consequences of Poor Sleep
Underlying Issues Associated with Sleep Disorders and Stress
Infant Sleep Disturbance (ISD)
The Eight-Hour Dilemma: Sleeping Time Reduction. When a Single Hour Makes a Difference
Insomnia: A Sleeping Disorder Type
Problem of Sleep Deprivation
How Sleep Deprivation Affects College Students’ Academic Performance
Ethical Issues in Treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Exercise Independently
Relationship between Sleep and Depression in Adolescence

Good Essay Topics on Sleep

Sleep Deprivation Impacts on College Students
Changes of Sleep in the Course of One Night
Dream and Sleep Cycle
Importance of Sleep – Psychology
Sleep Disorder Consequences on the Immune System
Sleep and Psychopathology Relationships – Psychology
Relationship between Depression and Sleep Disturbance
Sleep Disturbance, Depression, Anxiety Correlation
Sleep Deprivation and Specific Emotions
Emotions Clusters and Sleep Failure
Prevalence of Sleep Disorders Among Medical Students
Sleep Patterns’ Impact on Academic Performance
Insomnia and Narcolepsy: Sleeping Disorders
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Acute Ischemic Stroke
Physical Activity and Sleep Health in Adults
Sleep May Be Nature’s Time Management Tool by Carey
Sleep Disruptions in Healthcare Professionals
Coffee Effects on Sleeping Patterns: Experiment
Sleep Deprivation: Research Methods
Sleeping Patterns Within Infants
Adolescent Sleep and the Impact of Technology Use
Co-Sleeping Impact on Child Development
Sleep Helps to Repair Damaged DNA in Neurons
The Role of Sleep in Humans’ Well-Being
Electronic Devices Use and Sleep in Us Adolescents

Interesting Topics to Write About Sleep

Blue Light Effect on Human Sleep
Sleeping Sickness Transmission and Control Measures
Sleep Disorders: Narcolepsy, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Insomnia
Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation After Sleep
Main Information About Sleeping Disorders
Non- and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Adolescent Sleep Pattern
Sleep Patterns and Memory Performance of Children
Sleep Deprivation: Personal Experiment
Cross-Cultural Sleeping Arrangements in Children
Sleep vs. Social Demands in Students
Sleep, Satisfaction with Life and Cognitive Function
Sleep Disorders: Sleep Deprivation of the Public Safety Officers
Study of the Sleeping Process
Sleep Deprivation: Biopsychology and Health Psychology
“The Effect of Nursing Quality Improvement and Mobile Health Interventions on Infant Sleep Practices” by Moon
Sleep Is a Vital Stage of a Day Cycle in Humans
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Heart Diseases
Communication between Sleep, Behaviour and Obesity
Sleep Deprivation and Learning at University
The Use of Sleep Hormone in Children with Neuro-Developmental Disorders
African Sleeping Sickness
“Childbirth Fear and Sleep Deprivation in Pregnant Women” by Hall
Evolutionary Biology: Sleep Patterns in Mammals
Sleepiness Level and Degree: Research Instruments
Sleep Apnea, the Heart and the Brain in the Elderly
Neurocognitive Consequences of Sleep Deprivation
Excessive Sleepiness May Be Cause of Learning, Attention, and School Problems

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133 Sleep Research Topics & Essay Ideas

Sleep, a fundamental yet mysterious aspect of human life, has captivated the curiosity of scientists, researchers, and health enthusiasts for decades. Sleep research topics in this article will take you on a journey through the fascinating realm of sleep. Discover a list of sleep deprivation and disorder topics that cover various dimensions of this physiological phenomenon.

🔝 Top 7 Research Questions About Sleep

🏆 best sleep topics to write about, 💡 controversial sleep research topics, 👍 good sleep research topics & essay examples, 🎓 most interesting research topics about sleep, ❓ sleep research questions.

Why Do We Need Sleep?: InFormative Speech
The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Achievement
The Effects of Sleep Deprivation
Sleep and Exercise Effectiveness
Sleep Paralysis: Causes and Consequences
SIDS and Safe Sleep Practices
Sleep Disorders Analysis: Reasons and Effects
Sleep Apnea and Nursing Management The article discusses obstructive sleep apnea characterized by the obstruction of the upper airways resulting in sleep disruption leading to fatigue during the day.
The Importance of a Healthy Sleep Routine Sleep has a major impact on people’s health and overall well-being. Certain people tend to ignore their sleeping needs.
The Purpose of Dreaming and Personal Sleep Habits This paper aims to state the theories and the general purpose of dreaming and describe the author’s personal sleep habits.
Healthy Sleep and Its Importance Healthy sleep is physiologically necessary for humans and is an important factor in their physical and mental health. This paper discusses the importance of healthy sleep.
Discussion of Sleep and Its Influence The paper argues sleep is a basic human need alongside eating or drinking because the human body needs restorative sleep in order to function healthily.
Phone Use and the Quality of Sleep in Young Adults The present study describes overnight smartphone activity in young adults (age 18-26) and its effect on the amount of night sleep that they are receiving.
Insomnia and Sleep Disorders Analysis Insomnia diagnosis requires a deep and comprehensive examination of the patient, taking into account the characteristics of sleep, somatic, and psychological characteristics.
Sleep Disorders: Medical Analysis This essays aim at providing a brief yet a comprehensive review on the types, causes, and common treatments of sleep disorders.
Influence of Sleep on Human Thinking Abilities, Emotional State, and Memory Sleep can be called one of the most critical conditions for maintaining brain performance, the violation of which can negatively affect human thinking abilities and mental state.
Scientific Investigation of Sleep: A Biology Lab According to the experiment, sleep is a critical component of human well-being. Adequate sleep refreshes a person’s mind, body, and heart, minimizing stress.
Relation Between Sleep and Work Productivity In the work, the discussion regarding sleep will cover both the benefits and detriments of a healthy sleep, as well as some issues concerning people’s sleep patterns.
Sleep Stages, Brain Waves, and the Neural Mechanisms of Sleep The paper reviews information on sleep stages and neurons operating sleep inside the human body, and the relationship between brain waves and dream structure.
Insomnia and Sleep Disorders Prevention and Management Insomnia and sleep disorders are one of the chief complaints among women who go through or are at the beginning of their menopause.
Sleep: Non-REM and REM Phases Sleep has great general biological significance, playing an important role in the function of the brain. The sleep period consists of two phases: non-REM and REM.
Meditation, the Quality of Sleep, and the Role of Mental Separation The paper discusses the association between meditation and the quality of sleep and the role of mental separation as a moderator from a day-to-day viewpoint.
Study of Differences in Sleep Patterns Between Men and Women The paper investigates potential differences in sleep duration among male and female patients and uses the Independent Samples t-Test.
The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Human Health The importance of sleep to one’s health cannot be overstated. Getting too little sleep has severe repercussions, including slower reaction times.
The Biological Effects of Sleep Stages The paper summarizes and provides basic information on sleep stages. It shows the biological effects and human behavior at each stage.
The Characteristics of Sleep Deprivation This paper explores sleep deprivation by addressing the causes, symptoms, the number of people affected, and ways to prevent the disorder.
Two Main Phases of Sleep, and Results of Sleep Deprivation It is customary to divide sleep into two main phases: slow or NREM – non-rapid eye movement – and fast or REM – rapid eye movement.
The Impact of a Regular Sleep Schedule on Responsibility A sense of responsibility can help people achieve their goals in any area of life. Compliance enables individuals to create value.
Sleep From the Angle of the Biological Process and Its Features During our recent studies, particular attention has been paid to the necessity for a healthful schedule and a decent amount of sleep for a productive and wholesome life.
Autonomic Dysfunction Increases Cardiovascular Risk in the Presence of Sleep Apnea
Sleep Deprivation and Its Neurotransmitters
Memory Consolidation Requires Both Rem and Non-rem Sleep
Sleep Deprivation Causes Immune System Failure
Bed Rest and Hypoxic Exposure Affect Sleep Architecture and Breathing Stability
Anxiety and Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Mechanisms Underlying Memory Consolidation by Adult-born Neurons During Sleep
Acupressure Improves Sleep Quality of Psychogeriatric
Association Between Sleep Patterns and Health in Families With Exceptional Longevity
Sleep Disorders Affecting People of People Across the Globe
Preventing Sleep Impaired Mental Function
Sleep Promotes Lasting Changes in Selective Memory for Emotional Scenes
Relationship Between the Sleep Amount and Its Effect on One‘s Memory
Chronic Sleep Disorder: Narcolepsy
Anxiety and Sleep Problems of College Students During the Outbreak of COVID-19
The Causes and Treatment of Insomnia, a Sleep Disorder
Chronic Sleep Deprivation Can Affect Your Overall Health
Novel Mechanisms, Treatments, and Outcome Measures in Childhood Sleep
Post-stroke Sleep-disordered Breathingpathophysiology and Therapy Options
Sleep State Modulates Resting-state Functional Connectivity in Neonates
Distractions That Cause Sleep Disturbance
Natural Rhythms and Sleep Regulation Correlation
Correlation Between Sleep Deprivation and Depression
Relationship Between Sleep Quality, Stress, and Academic Performance
Cognitive Behaviors That Intrude a Person’s Sleep Cycle
Sleep Deprivation Effects on Adolescents Who Suffer From Obesity The academic literature on sleep deprivation argues that it has a number of adverse health effects on children and adolescents, with obesity being one of them.
Healthy Sleep Analysis and Recommendations Changes in sleep quality and its duration have inevitable repercussions connected with health’s psychological and physical aspects.
Factors Influencing Sleep Quality Among Female Staff Nurses The number of confirmed cases and deaths from COVID-19 is growing daily, overwhelming healthcare institutions with a shortage of staff.
Good Night’s Sleep for Brain Function and Waste Disposal The paper concerns the connection between sleep, the brain, and waste disposal. The body’s biological system processes create the problem of waste disposal.
“Sleep, Health, and Wellness at Work”: Article Analysis The source under analysis is a scholarly article that focuses on how sleep impacts individual health and wellness titled “Sleep, health, and wellness at work: A scoping review”.
ICU Sleep Quality Improvement Case Report This case report will discuss patient sleep difficulties in intensive care units and how they may be addressed.
Understanding and Treating Sleep Disorders When a person finds themselves having difficulty sleeping, they are known to suffer from insomnia. When a person sleeps excessively, then they are known to suffer from hypersomnia.
Gwen Dewar’s Research of the Electronic Media Impact on the Sleeping Gwen Dewar is an anthropologist with a big experience in studying issues related to parenting, psychology, biology, and many other topics.
Sleep Deficite: Sleep Deprived Society Implications Good sleep plays a vital role in an individual’s state of health and wellbeing overall. It impacts people’s quality of life, their performance, and even relationships.
Sleep, Experiences and Podcast Sleep Through Week The podcast interview with Matthew Walker discussed how not getting enough sleep severely affects people’s health and well-being.
“Sleep, Hunger, and Caloric Intake in Adolescents” by Landis The critique reveals a clear identification of the significance of the study “Sleep, hunger, satiety, food cravings, and caloric intake in adolescents” to the nursing profession.
The Effects of Sleep Deprivation The effects of sleep deprivation are well-studied, however, they are often ignored by the majority during schedule planning.
Sleep Deprivation: Article Review and Reaction The primary purpose of the article by the American Heart Association is to examine the causes, dangers, risk factors, and possible treatment of sleep deprivation.
Research on Stress Levels During Scheduled Sleep Behavior Different studies have revealed that there are several strategies used to reduce stress. Most scholars agree that there is a relationship between sleep and stress.
Sleep Disturbance and Neuropsychological Function Within ADHD Sleep disruption is an inherent behavioral feature in childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, known as ADHD.
Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Sleep Issues The document to be analyzed is “The moderating roles of bedtime activities and anxiety/depression in the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity” by Tong
Insomnia and Sleep Disorders Insomnia and sleep disorders are one of the chief complaints among women who go through or are at the beginning of their menopause.
Sleep Health: Community and Website Resources The Sleep Disorder Center is a highly specialized facility that has been operational since 1977. It has competent staff and innovative 21st-century medical technology.
Hypersomnia Subtypes, Sleep and Relapse in Bipolar Disorder Kaplan et al.’s “Hypersomnia subtypes, sleep and relapse in bipolar disorder” identifies subtypes of the disease, which promotes the clarification of its definition.
Healthy People 2020: Sleep Health While the requirements for healthy sleep vary from one person to another, considering sleep health in the context of a Healthy People 2020 objective is essential for addressing several limitations.
Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorder Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorder is a sleep disorder caused by a disrupted biological sleep-wake cycle or a mismatch among environmental demands and a person’s internal clock.
Sleep Apnea Types, Diagnosis and Treatment Sleep apnea is characterized by shallow breaths or infrequent pauses in breathing while a person is asleep. The paper reviews its types, diagnosis and treatment.
Learning, Memory and Sleep Connections There are numerous variables mediating the relationship between learning and memory. This paper will discuss the underlying connections between learning, memory and sleep.
Health Sleep for Low-Income Youth Model The nursing care specialty related to Healthy Sleep for Low-Income Youth Model is community health nursing. The model implementation is planned in Colorado County, Texas.
Sleep Deprivation and Behavioral Issues in Children
Caffeine and Sleep Deprivation: Pros and Cons for Tired Students
Feeding Time and Its Effect on Sleep Quality
Hypnagogic Hallucinations and Sleep Paralysis
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Sleep Deprivation and Aggression Among College Students
Surgical and Medical Patients and the Value of Sleep
Starting Times Sleep Teenagers School
Non-Rem Sleep Enhances Memory Consolidation
Sleep Deprivation and False Memories
Sleep Deprivation the Effects It Has on Adolescent Obesity
Are the Brain’s Motor Function Affected by Sleep Deprivation
Local Sleep and Alzheimer’s Disease Pathophysiology
Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Risk Factors for Stroke
The Correlation Between Napping, Late Naps, and Sleep-Deprivation
Sleep Deprivation and Postpartum Depression
Common Sleep Disorders and Treatments
Sleep Microstructure and Memory Function
Neural and Homeostatic Regulation of Rem Sleep
Sleep Deprivation Alters the Pituitary Stress Transcriptome in Male and Female Mice
Circadian Sleep Cycle and Insomnia for a While
What Are Negative Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Risk of Accidents?
Sleep Training Your Baby – Methods, Tips and When to Try It
Sleep Disordered Breathing and Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Children
Factors That Affect Sleep During African American College
Can Food Influence Our Thinking and Ability to Sleep?
What Are the Physical and Psychological Effects of Chronic Sleep Deprivation?
How Does Autism Affect Sleep in Children?
What Are the Causes of Not Getting Enough Sleep?
Does Increased Daytime Sleep Correlate to Obesity?
How Can Counselors Help Clients With Sleep Problems?
What Role Does Sleep Play on Memory Formation?
Does Music Affect the Quality of Sleep?
Why Do Humans Need Sleep to Be Able to Function Effectively?
How Does Sleep Affect Memory Consolidation?
Should College Students Get Enough Sleep?
Does Sleep Deprivation Affect College Students’ Academic Performance?
How Does Sleep Really Work for Us?
What Are the Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Paramedics?
Why Don’t Humans Get Enough Sleep?
Does Sleep Deprivation Significantly Interfere With Driving?
How Does Wakefulness Influence Sleep?
What Are the Most Common Sleep Disorders?
Does Sleep Help Prevent Forgetting Rewarded Memory Representations in Children and Adults?
Why Should Teens Get More Sleep?
How Does Sleep Affect Human Health and Increase the Risk of Diseases?
What Are the Symptoms of Sleep Apnea?
Does Sleep Improve Memory Organization?
How Does Sleep Deprivation Lead to Cardiovascular Disease?
What Happens During the Sleep Cycle?
Does Sleep Partially Mediate the Effect of Everyday Discrimination on Future Mental and Physical Health?
How Do Sleep Disorders Change a Day and Night?
What Impact Does Lack Sleep Have on Our Physical, Emotional, and Mental Health?
Does Too Much Homework Cause Sleep Deprivation?
Why Is Specialized Care for Sleep Apnea Important?

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StudyCorgi . "133 Sleep Research Topics & Essay Ideas." June 5, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/sleep-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2022. "133 Sleep Research Topics & Essay Ideas." June 5, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/sleep-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Sleep were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 21, 2024 .

How Much Sleep Do You Need?

Sleep Disorders and Problems: Types, Causes, Treatment

Medical Causes of Sleep Problems

Stages of sleep: rem sleep, deep sleep, and circadian rhythm, sleeping pills and natural sleep aids, therapy for sleep disorders.

Insomnia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
Narcolepsy: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Online Therapy: Is it Right for You?
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What is sleep deprivation?

Are you sleep deprived?

Signs and symptoms of sleep deprivation

The effects of sleep deprivation, causes of sleep deficiency, addressing or preventing sleep deprivation, next step: learn to fall asleep fast, sleep deprivation: symptoms, causes, and effects.

The damaging effects of not getting enough sleep can creep up on you, eventually taking a serious toll on your health, mood, and outlook. Here’s how to spot the signs of sleep deficiency and address the problem.

Sleep deprivation occurs when you don’t get the sleep you need—either in quantity or quality—to maintain your mental, physical, and emotional health. As many as one-third of us get insufficient sleep at night, whether it’s due to stress, worry, excessive work, family, or social obligations, or the presence of a sleep disorder, such as insomnia. And the problem only seems to be getting worse.

Most of us know what it feels like the day after a night of little or no sleep. You’re not yourself—you feel drowsy, sluggish, irritable, and low on energy. Your mind seems groggy, you may struggle to focus, make sloppy mistakes, and need coffee after coffee just to make it through the day until you’re able to crawl back into bed at night.

While coping with the occasional night of disturbed sleep can be unpleasant, if you’re regularly sleep deprived, you could be seriously damaging your health and quality of life. As well as negatively impacting your mood, energy, and performance at work or school, sleep deprivation can also affect your immune system, heart and brain health, sex drive, and ability to handle stress. It can add inches to your waist, increase your risk of accidents, and lead to serious long-term health problems such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, anxiety, and depression.

If you’ve been sleep deprived for a while, it can even seem normal to spend your days feeling tired and out of sorts. But while you may think that you’re able to get by on less sleep without suffering any consequences, the truth is that getting sufficient sleep is essential to your physical and mental health.

Whatever your circumstances, though, recognizing the symptoms, causes, and effects of sleep deprivation is the first step to addressing the problem and ensuring you get sufficient sleep to protect your well-being and function at your best.

Are you sleep deprived ?

While sleep needs can vary from one person to another, most adults need seven to nine hours of sleep each night (children and teens even more, older adults sometimes a little less). If you’re not regularly getting that many, you could well be sleep deprived—even if you’re not aware of the subtle effects it’s having on your mood, personality, and performance, or the long-term toll it could be taking on your overall health.

[Read: How Much Sleep Do You Need?]

But when it comes to sleep, it’s not just the number of hours that’s important—it’s also the quality of those hours as well. Even if you spend enough time in bed, if you struggle to wake up in the morning or feel drowsy during the day, that could be a sign that you’re not getting the quality of sleep you need.

Disruptions from noise, light, or physical pain, for example, can prevent you from spending enough time in the different stages of sleep —particularly the rejuvenating deep sleep and REM sleep stages—diminishing the quality of your rest and contributing to the symptoms of sleep deprivation.

You may be sleep deprived if you:

Feel tired, irritable, and fatigued during the day; yawn frequently.
Have difficulty focusing or remembering things .
Feel less interested in sex.
Find it difficult to get out of bed in the morning, need an alarm clock to wake up on time, or repeatedly hit the snooze button.
Feel lethargic or drowsy in the afternoon.
Find it difficult to stay awake in lectures, meetings, warm rooms, while driving or commuting, or after a heavy meal.
Have to take a nap during the day.
Fall asleep on the couch in the evening.
Are asleep within five minutes of going to bed.
Need to sleep late on weekends.
Have experienced mood changes, including feeling depressed , anxious, stressed, paranoid, or suicidal .

Sleep deprivation psychosis

In extreme cases of sleep deprivation, where you’ve had little or no sleep for a prolonged period of time, you may begin to perceive reality differently or even experience acute psychosis.

This can take the form of delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts, speech, and behaviors. While these symptoms can be extremely disturbing, they usually cease after you’ve caught up on lost sleep and returned to a healthy sleep schedule.

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While it may seem like losing sleep isn’t such a big deal, sleep deprivation has a wide range of negative effects that go way beyond daytime drowsiness. Over time, the effects of sleep deprivation can mount up, taking a toll on many different aspects of your body and mind.

The effects include:

Changes in energy . Feeling fatigued, lethargic, and lacking motivation in your work, school, and home life. You may crave sugar, caffeine, or naps throughout the day.

Mental health problems . Sleep deprivation can cause moodiness and irritability, increase your risk of depression and anxiety, and affect your ability to cope with stress or manage difficult emotions. In extreme cases, sleep deprivation can even cause hallucinations and delirium.

Weakened immune system . You may be more prone to frequent colds, infections, or respiratory diseases.

Impaired brain activity , including learning, concentration, and memory problems . Lack of sleep can reduce creativity and problem-solving skills, and affect your judgment, coordination, and reaction times. In fact, sleep deprivation can impair your motor skills just as much as being drunk, increasing your risk for accidents.

Impacting the cardiovascular system . Missing out on sleep can trigger harmful inflammation and raise your blood pressure and blood sugar levels, increasing your risk for heart disease.

Relationship problems . Increased moodiness and anger issues can trigger arguments, while sleep deprivation can also decrease your sex drive, even reduce the production of hormones and cause problems with fertility.

Changes in appearance , including premature skin aging and weight gain.

Increased risk of serious health problems including stroke, diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease , and certain cancers.

How sleep deprivation can add to your waistline

Ever noticed how when you’re short on sleep you crave sugary foods that give you a quick energy boost? There’s a good reason for that. Sleep deprivation has a direct link to overeating and weight gain.

There are two hormones in your body that regulate normal feelings of hunger and fullness. Ghrelin stimulates appetite, while leptin sends signals to the brain when you are full.

However, when you don’t get the sleep you need, your ghrelin levels go up, stimulating your appetite so you want more food than normal. At the same time, your leptin levels go down, meaning you don’t feel satisfied and want to keep eating. So, the more sleep you lose, the more food your body will crave.

There are many reasons why you may not be sleeping well at night, ranging from your daytime habits and sleep environment to interruptions to your normal routine due to stress, travel, or illness, for example. By pinpointing the cause of your sleep deprivation, you can start to take steps to address the problem and get the rest that your body and mind need.

Some of the most common causes of sleep deprivation include:

Unregulated stress and worry . We live in turbulent times and many of us are stressed about work, finances , and our own or our loved ones’ health and welfare. During the day, you likely have other things to distract you, so it’s often not until you lay down to sleep at night that you’re finally alone with your anxious thoughts. Nothing can sabotage a good night’s sleep easier than worrying about things that have happened in the past or might happen in the future.

Shift work can disrupt your circadian rhythms or 24-hour sleep-wake cycle, causing you to feel groggy and tired. If you regularly work nights, early mornings, or rotating shifts, you may be getting lower quality sleep than if you worked a normal daytime shift.

Poor daytime habits or sleep environment . The source of insufficient or low-quality sleep at night can often stem from your behavior during the day. Too much caffeine, little or no exercise, viewing screens right before bed, or simply having a bedroom that’s too warm, bright, or noisy can all contribute to a poor night’s rest.

A sleep disorder , such as sleep apnea , narcolepsy , or restless legs syndrome , can impact your ability to get enough quality sleep at night and cause sleep deprivation.

[Read: Sleep Disorders and Problems]

Substance use . While drinking alcohol may help you to fall asleep faster, it can also interrupt your sleep by making snoring worse, disrupting the restorative REM-sleep phase, and waking you up earlier than normal. Using stimulants , such as cocaine or amphetamines, can also disrupt your sleep and keep you awake at night.

Medical issues . There may be a medical cause to your sleep problems , such as physical pain, heartburn, thyroid disease, or a mental health issue such as depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder. Older adults with dementia often experience fragmented sleep, while recent cases of long-haul COVID have also been linked to poor sleep. Side-effects of certain medications can also cause sleep problems.

Caregiving duties . Whether you’re looking after an aging parent or a colicky new-born , providing care for a loved one during the night can disturb both the quantity and quality of your own sleep.

Using a sleep diary to track your symptoms and sleeping patterns

Using a sleep diary to record your sleep patterns and daytime habits can help pinpoint the cause of your sleep deprivation. Try one of the many popular sleep apps available for your smartphone, download or print HelpGuide’s sleep diary (PDF) , or make a note of details such as:

The time you went to bed and woke up.
The amount you slept and how refreshed you felt in the morning.
How much exercise you did during the day.
What you did if you woke up and were unable to go back to sleep.
What food and drinks you consumed before bed.
Your feelings and mood at bedtime (stressed, anxious, sad, for example).
Any drugs or medications you used.

After keeping the diary for a week or so, you may be able to link certain behaviors or moods to a disruption in your sleep.

If you regularly wake up unrefreshed and are tired during the day, it’s time to take action to get the sleep you need. It can be tempting to simply pop a pill when you’re desperate to get some rest. But there’s much you can do to improve the quantity and quality of your sleep, without having to rely on medication.

While sleeping pills or sleep aids can be useful for short-term use, they’re not a cure and don’t address the underlying causes of your sleep problem—and over time may even make your symptoms worse. Instead, there are a number of lifestyle and behavioral changes you can make to address sleep deprivation and get your sleep schedule back on track.

Calm your anxious mind at night . Avoid screens, work, and stressful conversations in the hour before bed. Instead, develop a relaxing bedtime routine that enables you to wind down and calm your mind. Try taking a warm bath, listening to soft music or an audiobook, reading by a dim light, or practicing a relaxation technique such as deep breathing, meditation , or progressive muscle relaxation.

[Listen: Bedtime Meditation for Sleep]

Postpone worrying . If you lie awake at night anxiously fretting, make a brief note of your worries on paper and allow yourself to postpone worrying until the following day. When you’re refreshed after a good night’s sleep, you’ll be in a much better place to deal with the problem.

Manage stress . Whatever you’re stressed about, you can learn how to manage stress in a healthy way to ease tension and anxiety and improve how well you sleep at night.

Get regular exercise . Not only is regular exercise an excellent stress-reliever, it can also help improve your mood and ease the symptoms of many sleep disorders. Aim for at least 30 minutes of activity on most days—but don’t exercise too close to bedtime or you may find it harder to fall asleep.

Maintain a regular sleep schedule . By going to bed and getting up at the same time every day, including weekends, you’ll support your biological clock.

Reduce the impact of shift work . You can help to regulate your sleep-wake cycle by using bright lights to increase your light exposure while working and then limiting your light exposure when you’re back home and it’s time to sleep. Use blackout shades or heavy curtains to keep your bedroom dark during the day.

Watch what you eat and drink . Eating lots of sugary foods and drinking alcohol and caffeine during the day can disrupt your sleep at night. Having a heavy meal close to bedtime can make it harder to fall asleep and drinking lots of fluids can wake you up in the night.

Improve your sleep environment . The more comfortable you are at night, the better you’ll sleep. A new pillow, mattress , or an adjustable bed could increase your comfort levels and improve your sleep routine. Also, keep your bedroom dark, quiet, and cool, and reserve your bed for just sleeping and sex—no screens, work, or any stressful activities.

Get caregiving support . If you’re a family caregiver, skimping on sleep will cause you to quickly burn out and compromise both your own health and that of the person you’re caring for. Seek support from others to help ease the caregiving burden so you can get the rest you need.

Seek professional help if you suspect a medical cause for your sleep deprivation. Talk to your doctor to address any chronic physical or mental health problems that may be disturbing your sleep or to make changes to any prescription medications that could be triggering the problem.

If you’re tired of tossing and turning at night or waking up feeling unrefreshed, there are simple steps you can take to improve the quality of your sleep. To learn how to fall asleep quickly, stay asleep longer, and be more energetic and productive during the day, read: How to Fall Asleep Fast and Sleep Better .

More Information

Association between sleep and blood pressure in midlife - CARDIA sleep study linking reduced sleep duration with higher BP. (PubMed)
Sleep duration and cardiovascular disease - Results from the National Health Interview Survey linking reduced sleep duration with heart disease. (PubMed)
A prospective study of fatal occupational accidents - Relationship of disturbed sleep to accidents at work. (PubMed)
Sleep and immune function - How sleep regulates the immune system. (PubMed)
Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation - How sleep deprivation can affect brain function. (PubMed)
Effects of acute sleep deprivation on state anxiety levels - Systematic review suggesting sleep deprivation induces a state of increased anxiety. (PubMed)
Colrain, I. M., Nicholas, C. L., & Baker, F. C. (2014). Alcohol and the sleeping brain. In Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Vol. 125, pp. 415–431). Elsevier. Link
Cooper, C. B., Neufeld, E. V., Dolezal, B. A., & Martin, J. L. (2018). Sleep deprivation and obesity in adults: A brief narrative review. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 4 (1), e000392. Link
How Much Sleep Do I Need? | CDC. (n.d.). Retrieved June 16, 2023, from Link
Mekhael, M., Lim, C. H., El Hajjar, A. H., Noujaim, C., Pottle, C., Makan, N., Dagher, L., Zhang, Y., Chouman, N., Li, D. L., Ayoub, T., & Marrouche, N. (2022). Studying the Effect of Long COVID-19 Infection on Sleep Quality Using Wearable Health Devices: Observational Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24 (7), e38000. Link
Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency—Healthy Sleep Habits | NHLBI, NIH. (n.d.). Retrieved June 16, 2023, from Link
Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency—How Sleep Affects Your Health | NHLBI, NIH. (n.d.). Retrieved June 16, 2023, from Link
Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency—What Are Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency? | NHLBI, NIH. (n.d.). Retrieved June 16, 2023, from Link
Vandekerckhove, M., Wang, Y., 1 Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Etterbeek, Belgium, & 2 Department of Data Analysis, Faculty of Psychological and Pedagogical Sciences, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. (2017). Emotion, Emotion Regulation and Sleep: An Intimate Relationship. AIMS Neuroscience, 5 (1), 1–22. Link
Wennberg, A., Wu, M., Rosenberg, P., & Spira, A. (2017). Sleep Disturbance, Cognitive Decline, and Dementia: A Review. Seminars in Neurology, 37 (04), 395–406. Link
Liu, Yong, Anne G. Wheaton, Daniel P. Chapman, Timothy J. Cunningham, Hua Lu, and Janet B. Croft. “Prevalence of Healthy Sleep Duration among Adults–United States, 2014.” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65, no. 6 (February 19, 2016): 137–41. Link
Waters, Flavie, Vivian Chiu, Amanda Atkinson, and Jan Dirk Blom. “Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 9 (July 10, 2018): 303. Link

More in Sleep

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Sleep Disorders and Problems

Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment for common sleep problems

There may be a medical reason for your sleepless nights

Circadian rhythms, sleep stages, and sleep architecture

What to know about prescription and over-the-counter sleep aids

Treating sleep problems with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

The causes of insomnia, and what to do when you can’t sleep

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Sleep Deprivation — The Effects of Sleep Deprivation

The Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Categories: Insomnia Sleep Deprivation

About this sample

Words: 751 |

Published: Jan 25, 2024

Words: 751 | Pages: 2 | 4 min read

Works Cited

Blass, Laurie et al. 21St Century Reading. National Geographic Learning, 2016.
Peri, Camille. "10 Things To Hate About Sleep Loss". WebMD, 2014, https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/features/10-results-sleep-loss.

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How Sleep Affects Your Health
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Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency How Sleep Affects Your Health

Language switcher.

Getting enough quality sleep at the right times can help protect your mental health, physical health, quality of life, and safety.

How do I know if I’m not getting enough sleep?

Sleep deficiency can cause you to feel very tired during the day. You may not feel refreshed and alert when you wake up. Sleep deficiency also can interfere with work, school, driving, and social functioning.

How sleepy you feel during the day can help you figure out whether you're having symptoms of problem sleepiness.

You might be sleep deficient if you often feel like you could doze off while:

Sitting and reading or watching TV
Sitting still in a public place, such as a movie theater, meeting, or classroom
Riding in a car for an hour without stopping
Sitting and talking to someone
Sitting quietly after lunch
Sitting in traffic for a few minutes

Sleep deficiency can cause problems with learning, focusing, and reacting. You may have trouble making decisions, solving problems, remembering things, managing your emotions and behavior, and coping with change. You may take longer to finish tasks, have a slower reaction time, and make more mistakes.

Symptoms in children

The symptoms of sleep deficiency may differ between children and adults. Children who are sleep deficient might be overly active and have problems paying attention. They also might misbehave, and their school performance can suffer.

Sleep-deficient children may feel angry and impulsive, have mood swings, feel sad or depressed, or lack motivation.

Sleep and your health

The way you feel while you're awake depends in part on what happens while you're sleeping. During sleep, your body is working to support healthy brain function and support your physical health. In children and teens, sleep also helps support growth and development.

The damage from sleep deficiency can happen in an instant (such as a car crash), or it can harm you over time. For example, ongoing sleep deficiency can raise your risk of some chronic health problems. It also can affect how well you think, react, work, learn, and get along with others.

Mental health benefits

Sleep helps your brain work properly. While you're sleeping, your brain is getting ready for the next day. It's forming new pathways to help you learn and remember information.

Studies show that a good night's sleep improves learning and problem-solving skills. Sleep also helps you pay attention, make decisions, and be creative.

Studies also show that sleep deficiency changes activity in some parts of the brain. If you're sleep deficient, you may have trouble making decisions, solving problems, controlling your emotions and behavior, and coping with change. Sleep deficiency has also been linked to depression, suicide, and risk-taking behavior.

Children and teens who are sleep deficient may have problems getting along with others. They may feel angry and impulsive, have mood swings, feel sad or depressed, or lack motivation. They also may have problems paying attention, and they may get lower grades and feel stressed.

Physical health benefits

Sleep plays an important role in your physical health.

Good-quality sleep:

Heals and repairs your heart and blood vessels.
Helps support a healthy balance of the hormones that make you feel hungry (ghrelin) or full (leptin): When you don't get enough sleep, your level of ghrelin goes up and your level of leptin goes down. This makes you feel hungrier than when you're well-rested.
Affects how your body reacts to insulin: Insulin is the hormone that controls your blood glucose (sugar) level. Sleep deficiency results in a higher-than-normal blood sugar level, which may raise your risk of diabetes.
Supports healthy growth and development: Deep sleep triggers the body to release the hormone that promotes normal growth in children and teens. This hormone also boosts muscle mass and helps repair cells and tissues in children, teens, and adults. Sleep also plays a role in puberty and fertility.
Affects your body’s ability to fight germs and sickness: Ongoing sleep deficiency can change the way your body’s natural defense against germs and sickness responds. For example, if you're sleep deficient, you may have trouble fighting common infections.
Decreases your risk of health problems, including heart disease, high blood pressure, obesity, and stroke.

Research for Your Health

NHLBI-funded research found that adults who regularly get 7-8 hours of sleep a night have a lower risk of obesity and high blood pressure. Other NHLBI-funded research found that untreated sleep disorders rase the risk for heart problems and problems during pregnancy, including high blood pressure and diabetes.

Daytime performance and safety

Getting enough quality sleep at the right times helps you function well throughout the day. People who are sleep deficient are less productive at work and school. They take longer to finish tasks, have a slower reaction time, and make more mistakes.

After several nights of losing sleep — even a loss of just 1 to 2 hours per night — your ability to function suffers as if you haven't slept at all for a day or two.

Lack of sleep also may lead to microsleep. Microsleep refers to brief moments of sleep that happen when you're normally awake.

You can't control microsleep, and you might not be aware of it. For example, have you ever driven somewhere and then not remembered part of the trip? If so, you may have experienced microsleep.

Even if you're not driving, microsleep can affect how you function. If you're listening to a lecture, for example, you might miss some of the information or feel like you don't understand the point. You may have slept through part of the lecture and not realized it.

Some people aren't aware of the risks of sleep deficiency. In fact, they may not even realize that they're sleep deficient. Even with limited or poor-quality sleep, they may still think they can function well.

For example, sleepy drivers may feel able to drive. Yet studies show that sleep deficiency harms your driving ability as much or more than being drunk. It's estimated that driver sleepiness is a factor in about 100,000 car accidents each year, resulting in about 1,500 deaths.

Drivers aren't the only ones affected by sleep deficiency. It can affect people in all lines of work, including healthcare workers, pilots, students, lawyers, mechanics, and assembly line workers.

Lung Health Basics: Sleep

People with lung disease often have trouble sleeping. Sleep is critical to overall health, so take the first step to sleeping better: learn these sleep terms, and find out about treatments that can help with sleep apnea.

Sleep Deprivation in Modern Society: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions

This essay about the prevalence and consequences of sleep deprivation in modern society sheds light on the multifaceted causes and wide-ranging impacts of this pervasive issue. It explores how factors like electronic device usage, demanding work schedules, and lifestyle habits contribute to sleep disturbances, leading to cognitive impairment, health problems, and economic burdens. The essay emphasizes the importance of individual, organizational, and societal efforts in addressing sleep deprivation, advocating for measures such as promoting healthy sleep habits, creating sleep-friendly work environments, and investing in public health initiatives. Ultimately, prioritizing sleep is portrayed as essential for fostering individual well-being and societal resilience in today’s fast-paced world.

How it works

In the bustling landscape of contemporary existence, the significance of a good night’s sleep often dwindles amidst the ceaseless demands of modern living. The prevalence of sleep deprivation in today’s fast-paced society has surged to concerning heights, ushering in a plethora of repercussions for individuals and communities alike. Delving into the intricate tapestry of causes, consequences, and potential remedies for this pervasive issue unveils a complex narrative, ripe with challenges and opportunities for transformative change.

The origins of sleep deprivation in modern society are manifold and intricate.

Among the chief instigators stands the omnipresence of electronic devices, casting a bluish glow that disrupts the delicate balance of our natural sleep-wake cycle. The incessant barrage of stimuli from smartphones, tablets, and laptops often ensnares individuals into a vortex of digital engagement, making it arduous to unwind and succumb to restful slumber. Moreover, the ever-expanding digital domain has blurred the boundaries between work and leisure, compelling many to sacrifice sleep in favor of incessant email checks or social media scrolls.

Compounding this issue are demanding work schedules and academic pressures, which compel individuals to forgo precious hours of sleep in pursuit of deadlines or academic excellence. The relentless grind of long commutes, irregular shift work, and high-stress environments exacerbates the plight of sleeplessness. Additionally, lifestyle factors such as poor dietary choices, sedentary habits, and excessive consumption of stimulants like caffeine or alcohol further exacerbate sleep disturbances.

The repercussions of sleep deprivation reverberate far and wide, casting a shadow over various facets of human existence. In the short term, cognitive faculties falter, memory lapses, and decision-making abilities wane, culminating in diminished productivity and heightened susceptibility to accidents. Over time, chronic sleep deprivation exacts a toll on physical health, manifesting in a slew of maladies including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular ailments, and compromised immune function. Furthermore, the toll on mental well-being is profound, with sleep deprivation serving as a potent catalyst for anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders.

On a societal scale, the economic toll of sleep deprivation is staggering, with lost productivity, healthcare expenditures, and accident-related costs accounting for a substantial drain on resources. Moreover, sleep deprivation exacerbates social disparities, as marginalized communities grapple with heightened barriers to accessing adequate sleep resources and contend with elevated rates of sleep disorders.

Addressing the scourge of sleep deprivation demands a concerted, multi-pronged effort. At the individual level, cultivating healthy sleep hygiene is paramount. Establishing a consistent sleep schedule, fostering a tranquil bedtime routine, and minimizing exposure to electronic devices before slumber can all foster improved sleep quality. Avoiding stimulants such as caffeine and alcohol in the hours preceding bedtime can also bolster restorative sleep.

Employers and policymakers likewise bear responsibility in fostering a sleep-friendly environment. Introducing flexible work schedules, incorporating provisions for napping or rest breaks, and instituting employee wellness programs that prioritize sleep education can all contribute to a more conducive work environment. Moreover, addressing underlying systemic issues such as excessive work demands and socioeconomic disparities is imperative for effecting lasting change.

Investments in public health initiatives aimed at raising awareness about the importance of sleep and providing accessible resources for enhancing sleep quality are pivotal. Initiatives spanning from school-based sleep education programs to community outreach efforts and increased funding for sleep research and treatment are indispensable in curbing the tide of sleep deprivation.

In summation, sleep deprivation looms as a pressing challenge in contemporary society, wielding profound implications for individual well-being and societal vitality. By unraveling the intricate web of causes, acknowledging the far-reaching consequences, and embracing holistic solutions at the individual, organizational, and societal levels, we can forge a path towards a healthier, more well-rested populace. Prioritizing sleep not only fosters physical and mental resilience but also underpins the cultivation of a more vibrant, equitable, and prosperous society.

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IELTS Essay Sample Questions # Sleep Deprivation

People sleep less than before in many countries, causing sleep deprivation. Why do people sleep less? What effect does it have on individuals and society?

SAMPLE ANSWER

Sleeping patterns have drastically changed in the past semi-centennials. Increased work-load, competitiveness and the dramatically changing landscape has left many people awestruck and others tired. One day seems shorter, schedules are crammed and precious sleep hours are sacrificed – tossing, turning or working. This has led to sleep deprivation amongst individuals.

With sleep deprivation, more people are becoming stressed increasing the amount of anxiety, depression and sleeplessness among individuals. Medical directors at major universities have claimed economy as a major factor for losing sleep. There are many clocking more than average hours while there are others, left with no job at hand. In both scenarios, the stress is overwhelming.

Sleep-deprivation causes sleep loss- induced neuron behavioral effects which often go unrecognized. For example – attention deficiency disorders, problems in judgement and decision making, such as medical errors. Often the performance of employees is observed to decline in short term recall of working memory. Even further, any work requiring divergent thinking deteriorates with time for individuals.

Overall, the changing landscape of business and the coming of internet has changed the way people sleep often creating troubles, that go unseen. With large number of individuals competing to make a mark, the society in large has become workaholic, with times even causing performance degradation.

(269 words)

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A Systematic Review of Sleep Deprivation and Neurobehavioral Function in Young Adults

Stephanie griggs.

Case Western Reserve University, Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106

Alison Harper

Case Western Reserve University, Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Department of Anthropology, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106

Ronald L. Hickman, Jr

Ruth M. Anderson Endowed Professor of Nursing and Associate Dean for Research Case Western Reserve University, Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Cleveland, OH, USA 44106

To examine the effect of sleep deprivation (total and partial) on neurobehavioral function compared to a healthy sleep opportunity (7–9 hours) in young adults 18–30 years.

Background:

More than one-third of young adults are sleep deprived, which negatively affects a range of neurobehavioral functions, including psychomotor vigilance performance (cognitive), affect, and daytime sleepiness.

A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on sleep deprivation and neurobehavioral function. Multiple electronic databases (Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL], PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science) were searched for relevant RCTs published in English from the establishment of each database to December 31, 2020.

Nineteen RCTs were selected (N = 766, mean age = 23.7 ± 3.1 years; 44.8% female). Seven were between-person (5 were parallel-group designs and 2 had multiple arms), and 12 were within-person designs (9 were cross over and 3 used a Latin square approach). Total sleep deprivation had the strongest detrimental effect on psychomotor vigilance performance, with the largest effects on vigilance tasks in young adults in the included studies.

Conclusion:

Acute sleep deprivation degrades multiple dimensions of neurobehavioral function including psychomotor vigilance performance, affect, and daytime sleepiness in young adults. The effect of chronic sleep deprivation on the developing brain and associated neurobehavioral functions in young adults remains unclear.

1. Introduction

Sleep loss has a negative effect on multiple neurobehavioral functions, such as psychomotor vigilance performance (cognitive), daytime sleepiness, and affect ( Franzen et al., 2011 ; Van Dongen et al., 2003 ). Degradation of vigilance following sleep deprivation is one of the most robust alterations in healthy young adults aged 18–30 years ( Lim & Dinges, 2010 ). Multiple dimensions of neurobehavioral impairment are differentially affected by sleep deprivation ( Van Dongen et al., 2004 ). Sleep deprivation affects regions of the prefrontal cortex ( Chee & Choo, 2004 ), which continues to mature up to the late ‘20s ( Johnson et al., 2009 ), leading to executive dysfunctions with the prefrontal cortex ( Dinges et al., 1997 ; Nilsson et al., 2005 ). The prefrontal cortex is most vulnerable to the effects between states of sleep and wake due to the metabolic change associated with sleep deprivation ( Muzur et al., 2002 ).

Biological, social, and environmental factors converge, resulting in sleep deprivation in more than one-third (32.3%) of young adults ( Peltzer & Pengpid, 2016 ). Sleep deprivation contributes to a negative interaction between homeostatic and circadian processes. In young adulthood, there is reduced homeostatic sleep pressure (adenosine) accumulation during wakefulness, a delay in sleep timing, and a delay in releasing the onset of melatonin that peaks in the mid-’20s ( Crowley & Carskadon, 2010 ; Fischer et al., 2017 ). Motor vehicular accident risk increases at the circadian cycle nadir following total sleep deprivation which, correlates with slowing of psychomotor vigilance performance ( Patanaik, Zagorodnov, Kwoh, et al., 2014 ).

The broad effect of sleep manipulation (sleep deprivation, sleep restriction, and sleep improvement) on cognitive functioning in adolescents aged 10 – 19 years was addressed in one previous systematic review ( de Bruin et al., 2017 ). In the systematic review, the effect of total sleep deprivation was examined in 4 studies, partial sleep deprivation in 10 studies, sleep extension in one study, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in one study and 45 unique cognitive tests were reported where a vast array of cognition was assessed ( de Bruin et al., 2017 ). In the review, partial sleep deprivation had a small or no effect on cognitive functioning, total sleep deprivation negatively affected psychomotor vigilance performance, and sleep extension improved working memory in the adolescents studied ( de Bruin et al., 2017 ). However, conclusions could not be made about the specific domains affected by sleep manipulation due to the differences and quantity of tests ( de Bruin et al., 2017 ). The extent of the associations between total and partial sleep deprivation and neurobehavioral impairment (e.g., decrements in psychomotor vigilance performance – cognitive performance impairment, affect, and daytime sleepiness) remains unclear.

The primary aim of this research was to determine the effect of sleep deprivation compared to healthy sleep opportunity (sleep duration 7–9 hours) on psychomotor vigilance performance as measured by psychomotor vigilance testing (PVT) only. PVT-related outcomes may include mean and median response time, reciprocal response time slowest 10%, mean reaction time fastest 10%, number of lapses (No. of times RT is > 500 ms lapses). The secondary aim of this research was to determine the effect of sleep deprivation on affect or daytime sleepiness compared to a healthy sleep opportunity. Secondary outcomes were change in affect or daytime sleepiness outcomes measured by diagnostic criteria or self-reported questionnaires.

Our focus is on young adults aged 18 to 30 years who are at a key developmental stage at a great risk of sleep deprivation and sleep deprivation-related neurobehavioral impairment. This focus addresses a significant gap in the existing literature. Additionally, the focus on sleep deprivation with a primary outcome of psychomotor vigilance performance to assess cognitive performance via psychomotor vigilance testing, a proven assay for evaluating vigilance ( Dinges et al., 2004 ), will allow a common outcome to be synthesized across studies.

2.1. Design

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Statement guidelines were followed for this systematic review ( Nagendrababu et al., 2019 ). We registered our protocol with the PROSPERO registry before implementing the search in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (Prospero; registration number CRD42021225200).

2.2. Search methods

Studies with participants between the ages of 18 to 30 years were included. Sampling adults across the lifespan has a great potential to underestimate the effects of sleep deprivation in young adults. The following studies were included in this systematic review: (1) randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of young adults published in English; (2) data collected for both the intervention and control group(s); (3) sample mean age from 18 to 30 years; and (4) one or more objectively measured neurobehavioral-related outcomes (e.g., mean reaction time, median reaction time, reciprocal response time slowest 10%, mean reaction time fastest 10%, number of lapses (No. of times RT is > 500 ms lapses) by psychomotor vigilance testing only. Additionally, affect or daytime sleepiness outcomes were also extracted if available. We excluded studies of people with: (1) known sleep disorders; (2) chronic medical; (3) severe psychiatric illness (e.g., bipolar disorder, schizophrenia); (4) Body Mass Index (BMI) > 35 kg/m 2 in addition to (5) night shift workers.

The following databases were searched with controlled vocabulary and keywords: Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Articles published in English from the establishment of each database to December 13, 2020 were searched. We provide the PubMed search terms in Table 1 . We adjusted the syntax for the search strategies for each database as appropriate.

Database: PubMed ALL Search Strategy

The search was conducted under the guidance of a health science librarian with input from the primary and senior investigator. Also, an ancestry/bibliographic search was conducted to identify additional articles until the end of December 2020.

2.3. Search outcome

All 4,149 references were imported to Covidence ™ (Veritas Health Information) and duplicates were removed. A total of 3,110 were screened through Covidence ™ . Two reviewers independently screened all titles and abstracts with 93% agreement. Next, the two reviewers independently assessed full texts. A third reviewer resolved any disagreements regarding eligibility when consensus was not reached among the first two reviewers. The largest study was included when more than one article included the same trial and/or participants.

2.4. Quality appraisal

The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed independently by two reviewers using the Cochrane risk of bias tool through Covidence ™ ( Jørgensen et al., 2016 ). Sequence generation, concealment of allocation, blinding of outcome assessment blinding, >80% incomplete outcome data (< 80%), selective reporting of outcomes, and ‘other issues’ were the components of the risk of bias tool. The blinding domain was omitted as the intervention was sleep deprivation, and thus it would not be possible to blind participants.

2.5. Data abstraction and synthesis

A customized spreadsheet was used to extract and record data from the papers. Study characteristics, total or partial sleep deprivation with hours and length of time, age, measures used, the sample size (intervention and control groups), along with means and standard deviations of data were extracted. We contacted corresponding authors when insufficient or unclear data were reported. Extracted data were compared between the two reviewers, and disagreements were resolved by consultation with data in original papers and discussion.

We followed guidance on the conduct of a narrative synthesis described by Popay et al. (2006) . Three standardized data tables were used to organize the data which included (1) all studies, (2) between-persons designs, and (3) within-person designs. We started with a preliminary synthesis to organize findings from the studies to describe patterns along with direction and size of the effect when effects were reported. Next, we explored relationships considering factors that might explain any differences in significance or direction/size of the effect if applicable. Lastly, we assessed the robustness of the synthesis to draw conclusions and assess generalizability/reproducibility of the findings. Significant PVT outcomes and the effect size if applicable are presented in Table 2 . The between-person and within-person designs were considered and described separately as within-person comparisons have the advantage of a smaller within-person variation and possibility of a carryover effect ( Jones & Kenward, 2014 ).

Characteristics of studies

Note: ACT, actigraphy; PSG, polysomnography; TSD, total sleep deprivation; PSD, partial sleep deprivation; Lab, controlled setting; 1:1 parallel group design; multi-arm, more than two experimental conditions - only the TSD condition is listed on the table when the study has multiple arms; NR: not reported. All studies were randomized controlled trials. Data from two studies are presented in one article.

3.1. Study selection

We identified 19 RCTs and present results below. We contacted seven corresponding authors; two responded, one shared additional data, and one provided additional clarification on their data. The study selection process is illustrated in Figure 1 .

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PRISMA Flow Diagram

3.2. Characteristics of the included studies

A summary of the details of the 19 RCTs included in this systematic review is presented in Table 2 . A total of 766 young adults with mean ages ranging from 20.2 to 27.5 years (mean age, 23.7 ± 3.09 years; 55.2% male) were included in these RCTs. BMI was only reported in one trial, and the mean was 20.0 ± 1.9 kg/m 2 . Seven were between-person (5 were parallel-group designs and 2 had multiple arms), and 12 were within-person designs (9 were cross over and 3 used a Latin square approach).

Sleep was measured via polysomnography in 9 studies and with actigraphy in eight studies ( Table 2 ). The setting for a majority of these studies was a controlled laboratory (e.g., temperature, sound, avoidance of alcohol and caffeine) except for four studies ( Kaida & Niki, 2014 ; Rossa et al., 2014 ; Schwarz et al., 2016 ; Schwarz et al., 2013 ). The RCTs were conducted in the following countries: the United States (8), Italy (2), Finland (1), Australia (1), Japan (1), South China (1), Singapore (2), Canada (1), and Germany (2). All RCTs had a sleep deprivation experimental condition (15 were total sleep deprivation ranging from 24 hours to 72 hours and four were partial sleep deprivation of 4-hours per night ranging from one night to four nights) and a healthy sleep opportunity (duration of 7–9 hours) comparison condition.

The dose-response effect of total and partial sleep deprivation on psychomotor vigilance performance was examined in three different RCTs ( Drake et al., 2001 ; Jewett et al., 1999 ; Van Dongen et al., 2004 ). Acute sleep deprivation was assessed in two trials ( Drake et al., 2001 ; Jewett et al., 1999 ) and chronic sleep deprivation in the other trial ( Van Dongen et al., 2004 ). All trials had one 8-hour condition and one total sleep deprivation condition, but total sleep deprivation varied in each of the trials and was for one night in one trial ( Jewett et al., 1999 ), two nights in the second trial ( Drake et al., 2001 ), and three nights in the third trial ( Van Dongen et al., 2004 ). The comparison groups also varied in dose and length with 8-hours, 5-hours, or 2-hours for one night ( Jewett et al., 1999 ); 8-hours for four nights, 6-hours for four nights, and 4-hours for two nights ( Drake et al., 2001 ); and 8-hours, 6-hours, or 4-hours per night for 14 nights ( Van Dongen et al., 2004 ).

The daytime sleepiness measures used in the trials included a 9-item self-report Karolinska Sleepiness Scale ( Akerstedt & Gillberg, 1990 ), 7-item self-report Stanford Sleepiness Scale ( Babkoff et al., 1991 ), a visual analogue scale ( Monk, 1989 ), and objective pupillography as a physiological daytime sleepiness indicator ( Lüdtke et al., 1998 ). The affect measures included the 10-item positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) ( Watson et al., 1988 ), 100mm visual analogue profile of mood states (POMS) ( McNair et al., 1971 ), and visual analogue scale ( Tempesta et al., 2014 ).

3.3. Risk of bias

A graph summarizing the risk of bias of the included studies is presented in Table 3 and Figure 2 . We determined that a majority of the studies were of high quality, with an overall low risk of bias ( n = 8). Sequence generation was judged six times to be both low and high risk, as allocation of the participants was low risk, but the time in between the sleep deprivation trial and the control condition for cross-over studies was only a week; therefore, there was a high likelihood of carryover effects from sleep deprivation. Incomplete outcome data was unclear in 6 trials, and selective outcome reporting was unclear in one. Selective outcome reporting was determined to be both low risk and high risk as it was low risk for objective measures but high risk for self-reported measures like affect and daytime sleepiness. Other source of bias was high risk in four studies due to the trials being held outside of a controlled laboratory setting.

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Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Across Studies (Higgins et al., 2011)

Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment

3.4. Effect of sleep deprivation by outcome

3.4.1. effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance.

The effect of total sleep deprivation on cognitive performance was tested in 6 RCT’s using a between-person comparison ( n = 272); four were parallel-group ( Esposito et al., 2015 ; Franzen et al., 2008 ; Tucker et al., 2009 ; Whitney et al., 2015 ) and two had multiple-arms ( Jewett et al., 1999 ; Van Dongen et al., 2004 ). In these RCTs, the total sleep deprivation condition ranged from 24 hours to 72 hours, and all trials had a healthy sleep opportunity condition for comparison. Significant declines in psychomotor vigilance performance were observed in all trials using a between-person comparison with a slower mean reaction time in three trials ( Drake et al., 2001 ; Esposito et al., 2015 ; Tucker et al., 2009 ; Van Dongen et al., 2004 ), increased slowest 10% in one trial ( Esposito et al., 2015 ), and a higher number of lapses in four trials ( Esposito et al., 2015 ; Franzen et al., 2008 ; Haavisto et al., 2010 ; Whitney et al., 2015 ). The effect sizes ranged from small ( Franzen et al., 2008 ) to medium ( Whitney et al., 2015 ) and were not reported in four between-person comparison trials ( Esposito et al., 2015 ; Haavisto et al., 2010 ; Jewett et al., 1999 ; Tucker et al., 2009 ). In Haavisto’s trial of 20 young adults comparing 4 hours of partial sleep deprivation ( n = 13) to healthy sleep opportunity ( n = 7), lapses increased significantly for the partial sleep deprivation group compared to the healthy sleep opportunity group (0.92 ± 0.73 to 3.54 ± 0.73 vs. 0.62 ± 1.00 to 0.90 ± 1.00, p = .0321, respectively) and there was a tendency that the slowest 10% of all responses were slower in the partial sleep deprivation group, but the group difference was not significant ( p = .16) ( Haavisto et al., 2010 ).

The effect of total sleep deprivation on psychomotor vigilance performance was tested in nine RCT’s using a within-person comparison ( n = 375) ( Kaida & Niki, 2014 ; Lin et al., 2020 ; Patanaik, Zagorodnov, Kwoh, et al., 2014 ; Robillard et al., 2011 ; Rossa et al., 2014 ; Schwarz et al., 2016 ; Schwarz et al., 2013 ; Tempesta et al., 2014 ; Yeo et al., 2015 ), three of which used a Latin square approach ( Drake et al., 2001 ; Honn et al., 2020 ). Total sleep deprivation ranged from 32 to 62 hours, and the cross-over between the sleep deprivation and healthy sleep opportunity conditions ranged from one week to one month. One night of total sleep deprivation resulted in significant decrements in psychomotor vigilance performance in four of the cross-over trials ( Drake et al., 2001 ; Kaida & Niki, 2014 ; Patanaik, Zagorodnov, Kwoh, et al., 2014 ; Robillard et al., 2011 ) with a slower mean reaction time in four trials ( Adler et al., 2017 ; Drake et al., 2001 ; Kaida & Niki, 2014 ; Patanaik, Zagorodnov, Kwoh, et al., 2014 ; Robillard et al., 2011 ), slower median reaction time in two of the trials ( Kaida & Niki, 2014 ; Patanaik, Zagorodnov, Kwoh, et al., 2014 ), and a higher number of lapses in two of the trials ( Lin et al., 2020 ; Patanaik, Zagorodnov, Kwoh, et al., 2014 ).

The difference was not significant between the total sleep deprivation and healthy sleep opportunity condition in Tempesta et al. 2014 ’s cross-over trial of 25 young adults (mean age 23.8 ± 2.4 years). In this trial, a 5-minute PVT on a computer was used when a 10-minute PVT was used in most studies which may have affected these outcomes ( Tempesta et al., 2014 ). The reaction time was slower in the sleep deprivation condition in one trial; however, whether the difference between the two conditions was significant was not reported as the focus of the analysis was not on change in PVT performance ( Honn et al., 2020 ). In the cross-over trials where significant decrements in psychomotor vigilance performance from total sleep deprivation were reported, effect sizes ranged from medium ( Rossa et al., 2014 ) to large ( Lin et al., 2020 ). The effect size was not reported in four trials ( Drake et al., 2001 ; Kaida & Niki, 2014 ; Patanaik, Zagorodnov, Kwoh, et al., 2014 ; Robillard et al., 2011 ). Differences in age and sex were not discussed in all but two studies reported in one paper ( Honn et al., 2020 ), where no significant group differences in age or sex were found (p = 0.24 and 0.26 respectively).

3.4.2. Dose-response effects on cognitive performance from sleep deprivation

The dose-response effect of sleep deprivation on psychomotor vigilance performance was tested in 3 RCTs ( n = 121) ( Drake et al., 2001 ; Jewett et al., 1999 ; Van Dongen et al., 2004 ). Greater psychomotor vigilance performance impairment was observed in all three trials with larger doses of sleep deprivation ( Drake et al., 2001 ; Jewett et al., 1999 ). In Jewett’s trial of 61 young adults (0-hours, 2-hours, 5-hours, or 8-hours for one night), all PVT metrics improved as sleep duration increased ( p < .0002), particularly between the 0-hour and 2-hour sleep conditions; however, only a slight improvement was observed between the 5-hour and 8-hour sleep conditions with a 2.14-hour decay mean rate for all PVT metrics. Chronic sleep deprivation (8-hours, 6-hours, 4-hours – time in bed (TIB) per night for 14 nights) resulted in cumulative dose-dependent deficits in psychomotor vigilance performance, and daytime sleepiness showed an acute response but did not differentiate between the 6-hour and 4-hour conditions in Van Dongen’s trial of 48 young adults (mean age 26 ± 3.6 y). In this same trial, deficits in cognitive performance were equivalent between the chronic sleep deprivation of sleep to 6-hours or less per night over 10 nights and up to 2-nights of total sleep deprivation conditions ( Van Dongen et al., 2004 ). In Drake’s trial of 12 young adults using a Latin square design (no sleep loss-8 hours TIB for 4-nights; slow: 6-hours TIB hours for 4 nights; intermediate: 4-hours TIB for two nights; and rapid: 0-hours TIB for one night), higher impairment of cognitive performance impairment with rapid loss of sleep loss as opposed to when loss of sleep occurred or accumulated over time ( Drake et al., 2001 ). Also, alertness levels were lower in the 6-hour per night condition relative to the 8-hour condition in the same trial ( Drake et al., 2001 ). We present a dose response graph comparing pooled baseline to partial sleep deprivation conditions (6- and 4-hour sleep duration) and total sleep deprivation (0-hour sleep duration) mean reaction time as measured by the PVT over the days of monitoring in Figure 3 .

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Dose Response graph Note: 1 day = 24 hours; 0-hour time in bed is total sleep deprivation; 4 and 6-hour time in bed is partial sleep deprivation; and 8-hour time in bed is a healthy sleep opportunity.

3.4.3. Effect of sleep deprivation on daytime sleepiness

The effect of sleep deprivation on self-reported daytime sleepiness was assessed in 5 trials ( n = 135) using a between-person comparison ( Esposito et al., 2015 ; Franzen et al., 2008 ; Haavisto et al., 2010 ; Jewett et al., 1999 ; Van Dongen et al., 2004 ) and objective daytime sleepiness was additionally assessed in one of the trials ( Franzen et al., 2008 ). Trials of total sleep deprivation ( Esposito et al., 2015 ; Franzen et al., 2008 ; Jewett et al., 1999 ; Van Dongen et al., 2004 ) and partial sleep deprivation ( Haavisto et al., 2010 ) resulted in significantly higher daytime sleepiness ratings in the sleep deprivation as opposed to the healthy sleep opportunity conditions. In comparison to the PVT, the largest magnitude of effects were seen in all measures of daytime sleepiness (2 objective and 1 self-report) in Franzen et al. 2008 ’s trial of 29 young adults following one night of total sleep deprivation ( n = 15) compared to a healthy sleep opportunity condition ( n = 14) (mean sleep latency test F = 25.08, p < .001, n 2 = 0.501, pupillary unrest test F = 11.58, p = .002, n 2 = 0.317, visual analogue scale F = 42.80, p <.001, n 2 = 0.631).

The effect of total sleep deprivation on self-reported daytime sleepiness was assessed in 4 cross-over trials ( Lin et al., 2020 ; Patanaik, Zagorodnov, Kwoh, et al., 2014 ; Tempesta et al., 2014 ; Yeo et al., 2015 ). Results were not reported in 3 trials ( Patanaik, Zagorodnov, & Kwoh, 2014 ; Tempesta et al., 2014 ; Yeo et al., 2015 ). The effect of one night of total sleep deprivation on self-reported daytime sleepiness was only significant in one of the cross-over trials (F 1,28.95 = 103.09; p < 0.01) ( Tempesta et al., 2014 ); whereas a marginal increase in daytime sleepiness was noted in the other cross-over trial, but the effect was not significant ( t = −1.890, p = 0.071, Cohen’s d = −0.39) ( Lin et al., 2020 ). On the other hand, the effect of partial sleep deprivation (4-hours for one night) on self-reported daytime sleepiness relative to healthy sleep opportunity was significant in 3 cross-over trials with a medium effect size ( Rossa et al., 2014 ; Schwarz et al., 2016 ; Schwarz et al., 2013 ). Also, the partial sleep deprivation as opposed to the healthy sleep opportunity condition displayed higher objective daytime sleepiness via the pupillary unrest test (5.7 ± 2.1 vs. 4.5 ± 2.1 mm/min, p = .002) with a medium effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.55) ( Schwarz et al., 2016 ).

3.4.4. Effect of sleep deprivation on affect

The effect of sleep deprivation on affect was only assessed in one trial using a between persons comparison ( Franzen et al., 2008 ). Those in the total sleep deprivation condition (n = 14) as opposed to the healthy sleep opportunity condition (n = 15) had a higher negative mood ( F = 4.76, p = .039), lower positive affect ( F = 4.78, p = .038), but the change in negative affect was not significant ( F = 1.74, p = .20) ( Franzen et al., 2008 ).

The effect of sleep deprivation on affect was assessed in 5 RCTs using a within-person comparison ( n = 178) ( Drake et al., 2001 ; Kaida & Niki, 2014 ; Lin et al., 2020 ; Rossa et al., 2014 ; Tempesta et al., 2014 ). The effect of one night of total sleep deprivation resulted in a significant negative effect on affect in 3 trials relative to the healthy sleep opportunity condition ( Drake et al., 2001 ; Kaida & Niki, 2014 ; Lin et al., 2020 ). Compared to a healthy sleep opportunity, both positive affect and negative affect were significantly reduced when participants were totally sleep deprived in one cross-over trial ( Lin et al., 2020 ) and partially sleep-deprived (4-hours one night) in another cross over trial ( Rossa et al., 2014 ). The effect size was small in the partial-sleep deprivation cross over trial ( Rossa et al., 2014 ), medium in one of the total sleep deprivation cross-over trials (Cohen’s d = 0.51) ( Lin et al., 2020 ), and not reported in the other two trials ( Drake et al., 2001 ; Kaida & Niki, 2014 ). Lastly, there was a significant interaction between sleep loss and negative affect in working memory performance, but not with PVT performance in Tempesta et al. (2014) ‘s cross-over trial of 25 young adults.

4. Discussion

In this systematic review, the effect of sleep deprivation on neurobehavioral functioning (psychomotor vigilance performance, affect, and daytime sleepiness) in young adults was examined. The primary aim of this study was to examine the effect of sleep deprivation on psychomotor vigilance performance. The largest effects with significant decrements on the most PVT metrics were found in total sleep deprivation studies ( Drake et al., 2001 ; Esposito et al., 2015 ; Franzen et al., 2008 ; Honn et al., 2020 ; Jewett et al., 1999 ; Kaida & Niki, 2014 ; Lin et al., 2020 ; Patanaik, Zagorodnov, Kwoh, et al., 2014 ; Robillard et al., 2011 ; Tempesta et al., 2014 ; Tucker et al., 2009 ; Van Dongen et al., 2004 ). There was a dose-response relationship between the rate of sleep loss and psychomotor vigilance performance measured via PVT. Also, adaptation occurred with a slower accumulation of sleep loss ( Drake et al., 2001 ; Jewett et al., 1999 ; Van Dongen et al., 2004 ). The short time constant that was observed in one of the trials (0h to 2h conditions) ( Jewett et al., 1999 ) indicates that the first few hours of sleep may serve to restore psychomotor vigilance decrements following sleep deprivation. This may partially explain why a nap affords recovery disproportionate to its duration ( Jewett et al., 1999 ).

The second aim of this systematic review was to determine how sleep deprivation affected daytime sleepiness. Daytime sleepiness was measured via self-report in a majority of the trials with the Karolinska Sleepiness Test or Stanford Sleepiness Test and objectively with the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and Pupillary Unrest Index ( Lüdtke et al., 1998 ) in two trials ( Franzen et al., 2008 ; Schwarz et al., 2016 ). Most of the trials included acute sleep deprivation, however in the trial where partial sleep deprivation was examined over 14-days ( Van Dongen et al., 2004 ), chronic partial sleep deprivation of 4 – 6 hours resulted in an initial elevation of self-report ratings on both the Stanford Sleepiness Scale and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, but as the study progressed only minor further increases in self-report daytime sleepiness that did not mirror the decrements in PVT performance were observed. Even at the end of the 14 days, participants only reported feeling slightly sleepy ( Van Dongen et al., 2004 ). This suggests that there is an adaptation to chronic partial sleep deprivation especially considering the chronic partial sleep deprivation condition was compared to a total sleep deprivation condition ruling out the potential for a ceiling effect as the total sleep deprivation condition showed considerably greater levels of daytime sleepiness after two nights ( Van Dongen et al., 2004 ). Another consideration when assessing daytime sleepiness is that it might be intertwined with affect and related to the same latent construct making it difficult to differentiate perceptions of daytime sleepiness from mood; therefore, it is warranted to include physiologic measures more sensitive than self-report measures as suggested by Franzen et al, 2008 .

Regarding our final aim to determine the effect of sleep deprivation on affect, it must be highlighted that affect was only assessed in one-third of the studies. Also, the designs and instruments to measure affect varied, making it difficult to draw conclusions. Nonetheless, both partial and total sleep deprivation conditions resulted in worsened affect in the young adults in the selected studies, which is consistent with other young adult and adolescent studies ( Baum et al., 2014 ; Franzen et al., 2008 ; Haavisto et al., 2010 ). Studies where objective physiological and/or neural measures of affect were assessed provide additional verification of the emotional dysregulation following sleep deprivation. This was demonstrated in two of the trials in the current review with additional measures of pupillary affective response ( Franzen et al., 2008 ; Schwarz et al., 2016 ). In previous research, a 60% amplification in reactivity of the amygdala assessed using functional MRI (fMRI) was observed following one night of total sleep deprivation (n = 14) in response to negative pictures triggering emotions, when compared to a healthy sleep opportunity condition ( n = 12) ( Yoo et al., 2007 ).

Limitations

There are some limitations of this systematic review that should be considered. First, regarding sample characteristics, we included individuals free of medical, psychiatric, and sleep disorders with previous healthy weight and sleep schedules, limiting the generalizability of these findings. Second, although psychomotor vigilance performance was a common outcome across studies, only 6 used a parallel-group design, and with a lack of baseline and outcome data reporting, we could not conduct a meta-analysis. Baseline and some post-intervention values were not available to calculate mean change in these studies, so our results are fully based on a narrative review. Third, although outcomes were common via the PVT, the heterogeneity across designs, analyses, and objectives made the synthesis and analysis difficult. We recommend more transparent data reporting in the future, particularly through the inclusion of baseline data. This would allow for meta-analyses to be performed in the future, allowing the effects to be pooled to advance the science. Also, because of the different designs and analyses, a determination about reproducibility could not be made.

Objective assessments and physiologic measures (e.g., the Multiple Sleep Latency test and Pupillary Unrest Index) were more precise and sensitive, which may have affected the self-reported daytime sleepiness and affective outcomes. A larger effect size was reported for the physiologic measures (daytime sleepiness and affect regulation) as opposed to the self-report mood and PVT outcomes in one of the trials ( Franzen et al., 2008 ).

5. Conclusions

We determined that sleep deprivation degrades young adults’ neurobehavioral functioning. These results are congruent with adult and adolescent studies, where total sleep deprivation (as opposed to partial sleep deprivation) has a substantial detrimental effect on psychomotor vigilance performance, with the largest effects for vigilance tasks ( de Bruin et al., 2017 ; Lim & Dinges, 2010 ). The studies were all based on acute sleep deprivation, so it was not possible to determine if psychomotor vigilance deficits accumulate over time during chronic sleep deprivation, which is most consistent with real-world settings ( Goel et al., 2009 ). This is important as young adult brains are sensitive to sleep loss, as indicated by imaging studies examining the prefrontal cortex ( Chee & Choo, 2004 ). There is considerable evidence that the prefrontal cortex continues to develop into early adulthood which may affect speed of performance on psychomotor vigilance tasks, although this association has not been examined longitudinally ( Chee & Choo, 2004 ; Gied et al., 1999; Muzur et al., 2002 ). Thus, the effects of chronic sleep deprivation on the psychomotor vigilance performance of the developing brain remain unclear. Also, though our primary intention was to assess the effect of sleep deprivation on psychomotor vigilance performance via PVT, daytime sleepiness was only assessed in 10 and affect in 6 of the studies limiting the ability to comprehensively assess neurobehavioral function among young adults in the included studies.

The findings presented underscore the importance of measuring different neurobehavioral function metrics (e.g., psychomotor vigilance - cognitive performance via PVT, daytime sleepiness via self-report and objective measures, and affect) when studying their response to sleep and wakefulness. Larger RCTs that include an objective to examine the effect of sleep deprivation on neurobehavioral function under controlled conditions are needed to reveal predictors and negative effects of acute and chronic sleep deprivation in this high-risk group. Researchers should also consider including moderators (e.g., age, sex, dose) when these larger studies are available for meta-analysis. Nurses working across tertiary care and the community are well-positioned to take the lead on advocating for policies and practices promoting a healthy sleep opportunity and sleep education to optimize brain development in this age group.

Total and partial sleep deprivation lead to significant decrements in neurobehavioral function (cognitive performance, affect, and sleepiness) in young adults.
Adaptation to sleep loss can occur when it accumulates over time.
The focus of the current literature is on short term sleep loss limiting the ability to draw inference to real world settings where sleep loss occurs at a more stable state over time (e.g., chronic partial sleep deprivation).
The prefrontal cortex continues to develop until the late 20’s, thus the effects of sleep loss over time in the developing brain remain unclear.

Acknowledgements:

The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of DG in screening for inclusion and assisting with quality assessment.

Funding Statement:

This work was supported by American Academy of Sleep Medicine Foundation (AASM), 220-BS-19 and the National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR), K99NR018886. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the AASM Foundation or NIH.

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CRediT authorship contribution statement: Stephanie Griggs: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data Curation, Writing – original draft, Project administration, Funding acquisition. Alison Harper: Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data Curation, Writing – original draft. Ronald L. Hickman: Supervision, Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review and editing, Project administration.

Declaration of competing interests: No conflict of interest has been declared by the authors.

Contributor Information

Stephanie Griggs, Case Western Reserve University, Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106.

Alison Harper, Case Western Reserve University, Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Department of Anthropology, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106.

Ronald L. Hickman, Jr, Ruth M. Anderson Endowed Professor of Nursing and Associate Dean for Research Case Western Reserve University, Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Cleveland, OH, USA 44106.

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86 Insomnia Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best insomnia topic ideas & essay examples, 📌 simple & easy insomnia essay titles, 👍 good essay topics on insomnia, ❓ research questions about insomnia.

Insomnia: Cause and Effect On the other hand, HF is one of insomnia’s causes, which creates a cycle when one cardiovascular disease leads to insomnia, and it subsequently increases the incidence risk of similar outcomes.
Insomnia: A Sleeping Disorder Type Causes of insomnia can be classified into two; factors contributing to acute insomnia and chronic insomnia. Chronic insomnia can be as a result of emotional stress. We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts 808 writers online Learn More
The Definitions of Insomnia The dictionary definition of the word insomnia is the inability to sleep or stay asleep for an adequate length of time, another version of this definition is the inability to have the standard amount of […]
Insomnia Herbal Nonprescribed Treatment Valerian is often used for the production of supplements and is a common ingredient of sleep aids. It is also soothing the cognizance and calming the nerves.
Insomnia: Daytime and Nighttime Repetitive Thinking Hence, repetitive thinking before bedtime causes arousal and anxiety, which in turn causes focused attention and enhanced monitoring of dangers connected to sleep.
Insomnia: Assessment and Treatment It is critical to consider the prescription therapy that will be most beneficial to him and have the fewest negative effects.
Psychiatric Examination of Insomnia Patient Information Received from P.E.P.E.decided to address the specialist because of her insomnia and overall problems with sleep, and changes in her mood because of it.
Effects of Lullaby Music on Quality of Sleep in Adults With Insomnia Insomnia consists of deprivation of the duration and quality of sleep, which affects the psychological and physical condition of people. In addition, the main limitation may be the unreliability of the information provided by the […]
Benadryl, Medicine for Coping With Insomnia It is important to consult a specialist before taking the pills because the overdose effect might be irreparable. As the pill should be taken several times a day, the dose can be reviewed and increased […]
Diphenhydramine for Insomnia FDA-approved uses: dystonias, insomnia, pruritis, urticaria, vertigo, and motion sickness, other allergy symptoms.
Sleep Deprivation and Insomnia: Study Sources The topic of this audio record is a variety of problems with sleep and their impact on an organism. They proved the aforementioned conclusion and also paid attention to the impact of sleep deprivation on […]
Diagnostic Pathway for Fatal Familial Insomnia In other words, the authors of the study propose that the study of the PRNP mutation resulting in the subsequent development of the framework for identifying the risks of developing the disorder in question will […]
Sleep Disorders: Narcolepsy, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Insomnia An important aspect of the pathogenesis is the autoimmune lesion of the orexin neurons of the hypothalamus, which leads to a decrease in the level of hypocretin-1.
Treating Insomnia Patients: Scientific Method Testing The samples of twenty numbers of the treatment are chosen randomly and the treatment is assigned randomly. Time taken to fall asleep is the dependent variable as it is believed to depend on the treatment […]
Tai Chi Practice Impact on Adults With Insomnia The goals of this project include the evaluation of the effectiveness of Tai Chi, the examination of its frequency and other sleep patterns, and the analysis of the recommendations that may be given to patients […]
Insomnia and Narcolepsy: Sleeping Disorders Besides, it was established that people with insomnia are inclined to overestimate the negative effect of sleeping disorder and underestimate the total time of sleep.
Eating Disorders, Insomnia, and Schizophrenia Of course, this readiness does not exclude the necessity to identify such people and provide the necessary treatment to them, which is proved to be effective.
The Genetic Disorder Fatal Familial Insomnia
The Effect Of Paced Breathing On Insomnia And Vagal
Psychology Research Report on Insomnia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments
Fight Club: Insomnia Though the Eyes of Hollywood
Behavioral Interventions for Insomnia
Sleep Demons: Bill Hayes on REM, the Poetics of Yawns, and Maurice Sendak’s Antidote to Insomnia
How To End The Frustration Of Insomnia
Patient Preferences for Managing Insomnia: A Discrete Choice Experiment
The Brain Mechanism Behind Sleep And Insomnia
Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, And Prevention Of Insomnia
Conquering Insomnia, Pharmaceutical and Natural Methods
The Controversy On Treatment For Insomnia: Therapy or Medication
Effects of Valerian on Anxiety and Insomnia
Fatal Familial Insomnia: A Deadly Lack of Sleep
Sleep Disorders: Narcolepsy, Insomnia, Obstructive Sleep Apnea
The Causes of Sleeping Disorder Insomnia
Insomnia, Sleep Apnea, And Restless Leg Syndrome
The Effects of Milk Collected at Night in Treating Anxiety and Insomnia
Insomnia And Depressions Effects On Adolescent Academic
Stress and Its Relation to Insomnia
Insomnia Is Defined As Difficulty Falling Asleep Or Staying Asleep
Effects Of Intrusive Worrying In Primary Insomnia
Insomnia With Short Sleep Duration And Mortalityki
The Causes and Treatment of Insomnia, a Sleep Disorder
Techniques And Effectiveness For The Treatment Of Insomnia
Herbal Sleep Aids For Insomnia And Other Sleep Disorders
The Health Problem of Stress-Related Insomnia Among College Students
Oversleeping The Opposite Of Insomnia
Effects of Insomnia on University Students
Insomnia in Men and Women, and the Differences Between Them
The Causes and Treatment for Chronic Insomnia
The Different Causes of Insomnia among Men and Women
Symptoms And Treatment Of Migraine Insomnia
Insomnia: Sleep Deprivation and Delores Rick
Marketing Campaign of Sleep Medication at Three Bees Company: A New Drug Prozac to Fight Insomnia
Sleep Disturbances And The Multifactorial Nature Of Insomnia
Patti Smith’s Imaginative Remedy for Insomnia
Taking Chances in The Stand, Desperation, and Insomnia by Stephen King
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy And Its Effects On Insomnia
Insomnia: Sleep and Caffeine Related Components
Depression, Anxiety, and Poor Sleeping Habits as Chronic Causes of Insomnia
The Insomnia Illness and the Evidence of Studies
Insomnia: Types, Causes and Consequences
Insomnia – Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Are Transient Insomnia and Chronic Insomnia Alike and Also Different?
Can Insomnia Go Away?
What Are the Types, Treatments, and Effects of Insomnia?
Who Suffers the Most From Insomnia?
What Are the Roles of Job Anxiety and Insomnia?
What Cause Insomnia?
What Type of People Get Insomnia?
What Is the Leading Cause of Insomnia?
What Are the Dangers of Insomnia?
Is Insomnia a Permanent Condition?
What Is the Best Medicine for Insomnia?
What Foods Cause Insomnia?
How to Fix Insomnia?
What Are the Five Types of Insomnia?
What Is a Neural Correlate of Insomnia Complaints?
Why Do College Students Have Insomnia?
What Are Five Insomnia Symptoms?
Is Insomnia a Mental Disorder?
What Causes Female Insomnia?
What Is the Cure for Insomnia?
What Is Insomnia Explained?
What Is the Genetic Disorder Fatal Familial Insomnia?
What Is the Importance of Insomnia?
Are Insomnia Type Sleep Problems Associated With a Less Physically Active Lifestyle?
Is Insomnia a Common Problem?
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