family planning essay conclusion

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National Research Council (US) Committee on Population. Contraception and Reproduction: Health Consequences for Women and Children in the Developing World. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1989.

Contraception and Reproduction: Health Consequences for Women and Children in the Developing World.

• Hardcopy Version at National Academies Press

7 Conclusions

Since World War II, there have been major improvements in the health of women and children in most developing countries. These improvements, however, have been unevenly distributed: they have been dramatic in some countries, moderate in others, and small in many countries, particularly the poorest countries of Africa and South Asia. Overall, the incidence of poor health and of infant, child, and maternal mortality remains unacceptably high throughout the developing world. Many developing countries have also experienced significant declines in fertility over the last 40 years. Other countries with the highest rates of infant, child, and maternal mortality also have high fertility rates. This report has examined the relationship between fertility and health during the course of this transition in fertility and mortality and has assessed the impact of changes in reproductive patterns on the health of women and children.

As discussed throughout the report, assessing the health effects of reproductive patterns and changes in them is not a straightforward task. First, as outlined in Chapter 2 , the relationships between fertility and health are very complex. For this evaluation, we have focused on what we term direct effects , a subset of the possible associations between reproductive patterns and women's and children's health. For example, we hypothesize that child spacing directly affects child mortality through mechanisms such as maternal depletion. By contrast, an indirect effect could occur if mothers who space their children more closely were less likely to be able to work for pay and thus improve the economic status of their family. Other indirect relationships between fertility and health may be as important as the direct effects.

Second, the data on which studies cited in this report are based are often seriously deficient. For example, data on maternal health and mortality are scarce, and research examining the relationship between birth spacing and maternal mortality in developing countries has yet to be carried out. Most studies of contraceptive risks and benefits are based on data from industrialized countries, and conclusions about the safety of contraceptive use in developing countries must in part be made by extrapolation. Information on gestational age, birth-weight, and maternal and infant nutritional status, which is necessary to sort out the association between birth spacing and child health, has been difficult to collect in developing countries. Furthermore, most data on which analyses of maternal and child health are based come from observational rather than experimental studies, a situation that complicates analytic designs, making it more difficult to draw inferences about causality.

Third, the limitations of the analytic strategies of many studies make firm conclusions difficult to draw. Many studies have not adequately considered alternative factors that may account for the observed relationships. Problems such as relevant, unmeasured influences and the joint operation of causal factors affect many studies of human behavior, but may be particularly troublesome in the associations discussed in this report because fertility and health are complex, interrelated processes. Few of the studies on which this report is based have attempted to deal with these issues in a comprehensive manner.

While the shortcomings of the evidence are clear and should be kept in mind, we believe that the available evidence is sufficient to draw important conclusions about how reproductive patterns affect women's and children's health.

• Reproductive Patterns and Women's Health: Risks for Individual Women

Maternal mortality has declined significantly in this century in the developed world. Some developing countries have also witnessed declines in maternal mortality because of improvements in prenatal care, better midwifery, widespread use of aseptic delivery procedures, the introduction of antibiotics, improvements in the provision of health services, and overall advances in women's social position and standard of living. These experiences provide unequivocal evidence that mortality and morbidity due to reproductive causes can be reduced. What role can changes in reproductive patterns play in this process?

It is clear that reductions in the number of pregnancies women have in their lifetimes and in the incidence of high-risk pregnancies will substantially reduce the risk of maternal mortality and morbidity for individual women. Furthermore, the positive effects of lower fertility and reductions in the frequency of high-risk pregnancies on women's health are likely to be greatest in populations in which fertility rates are high, health facilities are poor or unavailable, and the incidence of reproductive morbidity is high.

Each time they become pregnant, women face a risk of morbidity and mortality, and these risks are higher in societies in which health conditions are poor. A reduction in the number of times a woman becomes pregnant during her life will reduce her lifetime risk of dying from reproductive causes. If, in addition to reducing the total number of pregnancies she has, a woman uses contraception to avoid high-risk pregnancies, the beneficial effect will be reinforced. Pregnancies that are particularly high risks for women include those that occur when a woman has a previous gynecological or obstetrical illness or problem, such as postpartum hemorrhage, or has a preexisting health problem, such as diabetes, while she is pregnant.

In addition, pregnancies to very young and older women, and first-and higher-order pregnancies (fifth and higher-order) appear to be riskier than others. While first births cannot, of course, be avoided if a woman chooses to have children, the risks appear to be attenuated if the first birth is delayed beyond the high-risk early teenage years.

Risks Associated With Induced Abortion

Unsafe induced abortion is an important cause of reproductive morbidity and mortality. As noted in Chapter 3 , unsafe induced abortion is a primary cause of maternal mortality. Family planning services have the potential to reduce abortion-related health problems by reducing unwanted pregnancies. Countries in which safe abortion is not available have the greatest obligation to provide all needed contraceptive and medical services to reduce unintended pregnancy and to treat the complications of unsafe abortion.

Contraceptive Risks and Benefits

According to a United Nations (1989) estimate, over 400 million women in developing countries are using some form of contraception. This diffusion of modern contraceptives has facilitated widespread regulation of fertility. The most important conclusion to be drawn from the extensive literature examining the noncontraceptive health risks and benefits of contraception is that risks associated with contraceptive use are significantly less than the risks associated with pregnancy and childbirth. This conclusion is especially true in many countries in the developing world where childbirth and pregnancy risks are high.

Although contraception in general is safer than pregnancy, it is nonetheless important to consider contraceptive risks and benefits in relation to the characteristics of different women. For example, to recall Chapter 4 , decisions to use oral contraceptives should consider factors such as age and whether a woman smokes cigarettes, and decisions to use an intrauterine device should consider a woman's pattern of sexual activity. Both contraceptive needs and the risk-benefit profiles of women change over the course of their reproductive lives. Information about risks and benefits, including information on contraceptive efficacy, at different life-cycle stages is necessary for informed decision making and for safer, more effective contraceptive practice.

An ongoing program to evaluate the health risks and benefits of contraception use is needed in both developing and developed countries. Such research will help scientists to understand the effects of specific methods under different conditions of use. Such studies would be especially useful in the case of oral contraceptives and other steroid or hormonal methods because the evolution of methods (e.g., changes in dosages in oral contraceptives) and long latency period of potential health problems (e.g., cancer) means that potential risks and benefits can be understood only through long-term studies. Ongoing evaluation of oral contraceptives and other methods is also needed in both developing and developed countries to provide the depth of knowledge necessary for the refinement and improvement of contraceptive methods and guidelines for their use.

• Reproductive Risks and Children's Health: Risks for Individual Children

Parents can maximize the chances of survival and good health for each of their children by lengthening the intervals between births, avoiding pregnancies at very young and older ages, and avoiding higher-parity pregnancies. Firstborn children also appear to have higher risks of morbidity and mortality. However, parents obviously cannot increase their children's chances of survival by avoiding having a first birth, although they may be able to improve their firstborn's survival chances by delaying the birth until their early twenties and having their second child more than two years after their first.

The association between birth spacing and child survival has been observed in developing countries, in high-mortality historical populations, and in contemporary industrialized countries. In this wide range of historical and contemporary populations, children born after short birth intervals have higher mortality than children born after longer intervals. Furthermore, the relationship remains important in studies that hold some of the potentially confounding factors constant. However, when potentially confounding factors are held constant, it appears that the detrimental effects of older maternal age and higher birth order on children's health are less important than previously thought.

Our understanding of the mechanisms affecting the observed associations between health and birth spacing as well as for maternal age, birth order, and family size remains incomplete. While a relationship between close birth spacing and higher infant and child mortality is widely observed, we do not yet know whether this relationship is due to birthweight or gestational age or some other factor. In contemporary developing countries, families who use contraception to space their births may also be more likely to use health services when their children are ill. Until further research has been completed, caution is necessary when drawing conclusions about the amount of improvement in children's survival that may result from changes in reproductive patterns. Nonetheless, given the breadth of the available evidence—as well as the likelihood that there are important indirect benefits of lower fertility on family health and well-being—we believe that parents who wish to improve their children's chances of survival should avoid short birth intervals, births at very young and at older ages, and higher-order births. The effects of this strategy are likely to be greater where living standards are poor, the incidence of disease is high, and parents do not have access to adequate health care.

Given the strength of the observed relationship between short birth intervals and infant and child health, policy makers, health and family planning program managers, and concerned citizens in developing countries can improve children's health by encouraging both breastfeeding and contraceptive use in order to lengthen birth intervals. With this approach the beneficial effects of breastfeeding for children's health are reinforced by the contraceptive effect of breastfeeding in delaying the next birth. In many developing countries, breastfeeding has declined during the course of development, and many mothers apparently decide to discontinue breastfeeding when they adopt contraception. It also appears that some family planning programs may discourage breastfeeding for women adopting contraception out of concern about the effects of hormonal contraception on breast milk. While more research is needed on the relationship between contraceptive use and breastfeeding and, in particular, on the extent to which women substitute one for the other, programs designed to encourage both breastfeeding and contraceptive use for birth spacing are likely to have important benefits for the health of children.

Because of the clear relationship between a reduction in the number of pregnancies a woman has and reduction in her lifetime risk of dying from reproductive causes, another potential health benefit of lower fertility for children is a reduced risk of losing their mother to illness or death. Documentation of the effects of maternal mortality on the health and well-being of children in developing countries is mostly anecdotal. However, since women remain primary caretakers for children in most countries, maternal death or illness almost certainly has severe consequences for the health and survival of young children.

• Aggregate-Level Effects

Reducing fertility and avoiding high-risk pregnancies are important strategies to reduce the risk of mortality and morbidity for individual women and children. Determining the implication of widespread individual changes in reproductive patterns on aggregate measures of health, such as the infant mortality rate, however, is complex and has been the subject of considerable debate (see Trussell and Pebley, 1984; Winikoff, 1983; Bongaarts, 1988; Trussell, 1988; Palloni, 1988).

There are at least two reasons to believe that a reduction in fertility will bring about an unambiguous decline in mortality rates and an improvement in the health of a population. First, maternal mortality rates, which measure the frequency of death due to reproductive causes, are likely to decline as a consequence of a fertility decline, because women will be exposed to risks associated with pregnancy less often. In other words, if fertility rates decline, there will be fewer pregnancies, and thus fewer women exposed to the risk of dying from reproductive causes each year.

Second, at a given level of funding for health care, lower fertility rates are likely to mean better health care for each pregnant woman and child because more resources per capita will be available. As a consequence of better health care, maternal and child morbidity and mortality would be expected to decline.

Measuring the impact of change in the level and pattern of childbearing for a society is complicated by the fact that mortality rates reflect in part the distribution of pregnancies and births among high-risk and low-risk groups in the population. A change in reproductive patterns is likely to change this distribution of pregnancies and births in several ways at the same time. The end result, in some populations, may be that there is relatively little change in mortality rates as a direct consequence of change in reproductive patterns, even though the rates for specific groups may decline. Insofar as these changing patterns of reproduction are associated with lower levels of fertility, they will also be associated with lower numbers of infant deaths.

As shown in Chapter 6 , one of the major effects of a fertility decline is to reduce the proportion of births to high-parity women in a population and, at the same time, to increase the proportion of first births. Currently available evidence indicates that infant mortality rates are higher for first births as well as for higher-order births. Since both first births and higher-order births have elevated risks of mortality, the effect of a fertility decline, if everything else remains the same, may be small or neutral. Because the available data indicate maternal mortality ratios are higher for first pregnancies as well as for higher-order pregnancies, this argument also applies to maternal mortality ratios, which measure the average risk of death for women associated with each pregnancy in a population.

Another type of distributional change may mean that, holding everything else constant, mortality rates might actually increase somewhat during the early part of a fertility decline. The reason is that it is often women who are at relatively low risk for infant, child, or maternal mortality who first adopt contraception as a means of reducing fertility. Thus, a larger proportion of pregnancies and births would occur to women who were at higher risk in the initial period of the fertility decline than had been the case before the decline began.

The potential scope for improving health at the societal level through changes in reproductive patterns also depends on the distribution of pregnancies and births among high-and low-risk groups in a society. In South Asia and some African countries, for example, many births occur to very young women. There is, therefore, considerable potential for improving the health of women and children by delaying the onset of childbearing. The potential for improving child health through changes in patterns of birth spacing patterns is likely to be larger in Latin American countries than in other areas of the developing world because of the high proportion of short birth intervals. The current scope for improvements in child health through birth spacing is considerably more limited in South Asian and sub-Saharan African countries because short birth intervals are relatively rare. A central concern for policy makers in South Asian and sub-Saharan African countries is that birth intervals may become shorter during the course of modernization because of the decline in breastfeeding and postpartum abstinence. If such changes occur, the effect may be to slow the pace of infant and child mortality decline relative to the pace that would be achieved if longer birth spacing had been maintained.

In reality, fertility declines and changes in reproductive patterns do not occur in isolation. They are accompanied by (and brought about by) a variety of other important social and economic changes as well as by governmental policy initiatives. These changes themselves are likely to have major effects on health and mortality independent of their relation to fertility, and declines in fertility may in part be responsive to these improvements in health and mortality conditions. In fact, most countries have experienced fairly continuous mortality declines while undergoing fertility transitions, and interruptions in the mortality decline have generally been due to natural disasters, economic calamity, or major epidemics.

• Indirect Effects of Reproductive Change on the Health of Women and Children

Lower fertility and changing reproductive patterns may also have important indirect effects on the health of women and children. These effects include shifting attitudes away from fatalism, making it feasible for women to develop roles independent of motherhood, and increasing the resources available for each member of the family because of smaller family sizes. These indirect effects are difficult to document, but in the long run they may be equally or more significant than the direct effects of changing reproductive patterns.

Considerable work remains before we have a clear understanding of the indirect effects of changing reproductive patterns on maternal and child health. There is particular need to understand how family structure and the process of family decision making in developing countries adjusts to changing economic, social, and demographic situations. Seemingly minor changes in one element of reproductive patterns may have long-term consequences that may improve the health and well-being of all family members. For example, Ryder (1976) argues that delaying the age at which women in developing countries have their first birth is of particular importance to these societies because it allows time for women to participate in other, nonfamilial social roles, such as that of a student or worker.

Exposure to modern medical services may also have significant long-term consequences on the attitudes of women and children beyond the immediate effects of treatment. For example, women may be more likely to continue treatment if their first exposure to modern medicine produces positive results. Increasing our understanding of how attitudes and family health care are influenced by exposure to modern health care, including family planning services, is crucial to policy makers.

• Family Planning and the Health of Women and Children

One aim of this report is to evaluate the potential for family planning to bring about additional improvements in the health of women and children. At several points, we have emphasized the complexity of the relationships involved, but the implications of the available evidence are clear. Maternal, infant, and child mortality and morbidity remain important problems throughout the developing world and are clearly related to reproductive patterns. Although there is a great deal of variation in the effect that reproduction has on the health of individuals, families, and countries, the reduction of high-risk pregnancies typically would have a positive impact on the health of mothers and children throughout the developing world.

Contraceptive use and controlled fertility are safer than unregulated childbearing. Unsafe abortions are a significant cause of maternal mortality in many developing countries, a finding that must be considered by countries debating the merits of making safe abortions available. Greater control of reproduction would improve maternal and child health by reducing births, especially high-parity births, and by reducing closely spaced pregnancies. Easy access to contraceptive services should be encouraged, particularly in conjunction with efforts to increase prenatal care, to improve breastfeeding practices, and to advance other health services. Efforts to increase education, especially female literacy, and to improve nutritional status may act synergistically with family planning and health services to improve maternal and child health.

It should also be clear from this report that additional research is needed in many areas before we understand adequately the causal linkages between reproduction and women's and children's health. While this research is being carded out, however, government officials, policy makers, public health practitioners, and individuals everywhere must make decisions about the best ways to improve the health of individuals and families. Family planning activities have an important potential role as a component of health programs directed toward improving the health of women and children.

• Cite this Page National Research Council (US) Committee on Population. Contraception and Reproduction: Health Consequences for Women and Children in the Developing World. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1989. 7, Conclusions.
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Family Planning Essay Sample

Family planning is a crucial thing that every single person on this planet should think about because of the limited number of resources that exist on the earth. If family planning will not be given much attention then there is going to be competition rather we should say tough competition among human beings to grab the maximum resources for their survival.

• Introductory Part on Family Planning Essay
• Main Body Of Family Planning Essay
• Conclusion :- Family Planning Essay

Essay Sample On Family Planning

Introductory Part on Family Planning Essay Planning your family is one of the most important decisions you will make in life. It can be a difficult decision to make, but it is crucial that you plan ahead before having children because this decision will affect your entire life and the lives of those around you. There are many different ways to go about planning for your family, so take some time to think about what would work best for you and your future family. Main Body Of Family Planning Essay Family planning is, therefore, must in such places so that the pressure on the resources of the region can be lowered to a great extent. There are nations like China where the rise of the population has taken a massive range in the country and now the government is trying to have control over the growth of the population. We can see how the population growth of China is in a stagnant state for the past couple of decades. This is because it has taken control of the growth of the population by asking the citizens for better family planning where they cannot reproduce more than one child in their life. Family planning is not only associated with the personal life of a person but at the same time, it is a national issue. It can be associated with the fraction of youth in the population of a country, pressure on the economy and other resources, and competition for survival. If a nation is lacking a young population there is a fair chance that it is going to face severe challenges in the future. This is because when the working population of the country is less than the old one then it is a great concern for the country which can be tackled by the family planning by the citizens by thinking about the growth of the country on a world scale. Various instructions are given by the government of many countries that are concerned with the family planning that citizens are supposed to follow. Buy Customized Essay on Family Planning At Cheapest Price Order Now Must View: Essay Sample On “Adoptive Family Advantages And Disadvantages” Conclusion :- Family Planning Essay Family planning is a very important part of our lives. It’s not just about birth control, it’s also about the emotional and physical well-being of each person in the family. As we know, there are many factors that can affect one or more members of the family including illness, accidents, marriage breakdowns, and work pressures. The truth is that every member has to be considered when making decisions on how often to have children as well as what kind of contraceptive methods will be used. Hire USA Experts for Family Planning Essay Order Now

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Family Planning

Ideal family planning includes consideration of the timing of marriage, number and spacing of children, and when the first and last births will occur. It requires that couples discuss sexuality, contraception, and other long-range plans such as schooling or work plans that affect births. North Americans still do little of this planning, and teenagers receive insufficient instruction about these topics. Family planning should be an important part of the modern lifestyle. If individuals do not take on this responsibility, there is always the potential that government, as in the case of China, will see a need to intervene.

See also: A BORTION ; A CQUIRED I MMUNODEFICIENCY S YNDROME (AIDS) ; A BSTINENCE ; A SSISTED R EPRODUCTIVE T ECHNOLOGIES ; B IRTH C ONTROL : C ONTRACEPTIVE M ETHODS ; B IRTH C ONTROL : S OCIOCULTURAL AND H ISTORICAL A SPECTS ; C HILDCARE ; C HILDLESSNESS ; C IRCUMCISION ; F ERTILITY ; H UTTERITE F AMILIES ; I NFANTICIDE ; P REGNANCY AND B IRTH ; S EXUALITY ; S EXUALITY E DUCATION ; S EXUALLY T RANSMITTED D ISEASES ; S INGLE -P ARENT F AMILIES

Bibliography

Bullough, B., and Bullough, V. (1998). Contraception. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.

Bullough, V. (2001). Encyclopedia of Birth Control. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio.

Bullough, V., and Bullough, B. (1983–84). "Population Control vs. Freedom in China." Free Inquiry 3:12–15.

Bullough, V., and Bullough, B. (1995) Sexual Attitudes: Myths and Realities. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus.

Central Intelligence Agency. (1998). The World Factbook 1997–98. Washington, DC: Brassey.

Cleland, J., and Hobcraft, J., eds. (1985) Reproductive Change in Developing Countries: Insights from the World Fertility Survey. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Coale, A. J. (1971). "The Decline of Fertility in Europe from the French Revolution to World War II." In Fertility and Family Planning: A World View, ed. S. J. Behrman, L. Cors, Jr., and R. Freedman. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Freeman, S., and Bullough, V. (1993). The Complete Guide to Fertility Planning. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus.

Green, C. P. (1992). The Environment and Population Growth: Decade for Action. Supplement to Population Reports, Series M., No. 10, Vol. 20. Baltimore: Population Information Program, The Johns Hopkins University.

McKeown, T. (1976). The Modern Rise of Population. New York: Academic Press.

Van de Walle, E. (1978). "Alone in Europe, The French Fertility Decline Until 1850." In Historical Studies of Changing Fertility, ed. C. Tilly. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

"Why Family Planning Matters." Population Reports, Series J., Number 49, 2000.

Other Resources

International Planned Parenthood Federation. (2002). Available from http://www.ippf.org .

VERN L. BULLOUGH

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• Family Planning - Infertility
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Marriage and Family Encyclopedia Pregnancy & Parenthood Family Planning - Methods And Effectiveness, Social Regulation, Infertility, Conclusion

Essays on Family Planning

Family Planning - Essay Samples And Topic Ideas For Free

Family planning involves the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births. Essays on family planning could explore the range of family planning methods, the benefits of family planning for individuals, families, and communities, and the barriers to access and utilization of family planning services. Moreover, discussions might delve into the role of governmental and non-governmental organizations in promoting family planning, the impact of cultural and religious beliefs on family planning practices, and the correlation between family planning and socio-economic development. Analyzing case studies of successful family planning initiatives and exploring the challenges in different cultural and regional contexts can provide a nuanced understanding of this crucial health and societal issue. We’ve gathered an extensive assortment of free essay samples on the topic of Family Planning you can find at Papersowl. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

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Why Family Planning Services Are Essential for Adolescents

Introduction, the family planning method, health education and guidance, the response to misconduct, the way forward.

The rate of adolescent pregnancy is currently on the increase. According to recent research, approximately half of the people in the universe are below twenty-five years old. Therefore, their decisions about childbearing are crucial for the future population. Even though many people become sexually active at teenage, they do not access the required family planning services. If we want to address the issues of reproductive health, family planning services need promotion. This will reduce the prevalence of adolescent pregnancies, which usually result in maternal mortality. Therefore, this paper will analyze a case study of a sixteen-year-old girl who wants a contraceptive method.

According to the case study, the girl has chosen an implant as a contraceptive method. As a health care professional, I would provide this method because of the legal and practical considerations. To begin with, the law states that minors have a right to privacy as well as integrity to the use of family planning methods (Shea, 2010). This means that the nurse should obey and respect their decisions regarding family planning methods. For example, if the minor chose a specific method of family planning, the nurse has no right to refuse or coerce the client. Instead, the nurse should offer the method if the client falls under the eligibility criteria of family planning services.

Additionally, the law permits minors to receive family planning services without the consent of their parents (McCarthy & Barbara, 2009). This shows that it is right for the adolescent girl to receive the family planning method of her choice. Additionally, Torres & Eisman (2010) states that some laws do not concentrate on parental notification and for those that do, the notification is not compulsory.

This gives adolescents the freedom of obtaining family planning services without the consent of their parents. Finally, the law that protects the confidentiality of teenagers who use family planning methods is imperative to both adolescents and health care professionals. It encourages adolescents to protect themselves from early and unplanned pregnancies. On the other hand, it protects the nurse who offered the family planning methods against any legal accusations.

In terms of practical considerations, the implant is suitable for all women including adolescents. This is because it is easy to use, as it does not rely on compliance (Gans & Newachek, 2008). As a result, it is a good method for the sixteen-year-old girl because the mother may not find out. Additionally, she will not have to worry about taking pills. Furthermore, teenagers are less likely to suffer from medical conditions that can deter them from using the implants (Reis, 2009). According to the case study, the sixteen years old girl does not suffer from any medical condition like deep venous thrombosis or tumors of the breasts or liver. This is because the physical examination revealed normal findings. Additionally, she does not take any medication. This shows that she fits to use the implant as a family planning method.

Implants usually delay the first pregnancies in adolescents (Shea, 2010). This fact would prompt me to give the girl implant as a family planning method. This is because when the pregnancy is delayed, she is likely to escape the complications associated with early pregnancies. According to research is done, teenagers are likely to die from pregnancies as well as childbearing-related causes. Besides, approximately fifty percent of their babies die before the age of one. Therefore, McCarthy & Barbara (2009) recommend that adolescents delay the first pregnancy up to the age of twenty years. This is possible via the use of family planning services. Therefore, the nurses should provide family planning services to adolescents.

The health education and guidance would focus on the family planning method as well as reproductive health. To begin with, I would tell her about the care of the insertion site. She should perform the normal activities but avoid straining the insertion site for around seven days. Additionally, the insertion site may be painful, bruised, or swollen. She needs not worry because all these problems will vanish after healing take place.

Furthermore, I would tell her about the side effects of the implants. They include changes in the menstrual cycle, which manifest as spotting, amenorrhea, or menorrhagia (Torres & Eisman, 2010). I would assure her that the side effects would clear within six months but if they bother her, she should return to the health facility. Finally, I would tell her about the warning signs of implants. They include pus or bleeding from the site, severe abdominal pain, and the rods coming out. She should report to the health facility.

Additionally, I would tell her that family planning methods are not one hundred percent effective. Therefore, she should report to the health care facility if she suspects she could be pregnant. Moreover, I would let her know that implants interfere with the effectiveness of some medications (Gans & Newachek, 2008). Thus, she should always tell a health care provider that she use the implant as a family planning method. This will guide the health care provider in the provision of care and the choice of medication.

Lastly, I would tell her that no family planning methods except condoms protect one from sexually transmitted diseases (Reis, 2009). Therefore, she should protect herself from acquiring those diseases by use of a condom. Moreover, I would tell her the importance of knowing her HIV status. This would help her in deciding on undergoing the HIV tests. This is imperative because when one knows her HIV status, she will be able to protect herself and others. Finally, I would tell her about the cancer screening programs. They include self-breast examination, mammogram, and cervical cancer screening tests like pap smears (Shea, 2010). These tests are important because they assist in the prevention, early detection, and treatment of reproductive health cancers.

Upon receiving the news that she skipped school to be with her boyfriend and have sex, I would scold her. I would threaten her that I would tell her parents about her behavior as well as the use of the family planning method. This would make her realize that she has done the wrong thing. Additionally, she would be scared that I might tell the parent thus opt to change the behavior. Moreover, I would remind her about the failure rate of family planning methods. This would change her attitude towards sex because she fears getting pregnant. Lastly, I would let her know that she could still contract HIV and sexually transmitted diseases through unprotected sex. Therefore, she should watch her sexual behaviors.

At this point, the client requires guidance and counseling about sexuality and the importance of going to school. I would inform her that the risks associated with sex are not only early pregnancies but also HIV and sexually transmitted infections (McCarthy & Barbara, 2009). According to a survey done, the majority of the people with HIV are below the age of thirty years. Besides, two out of five new HIV infections occur in people between the age of sixteen twenty-fivefive years.

Therefore, she should opt to use a protective method to reduce the risk of acquiring the infection. Additionally, I would inform the client that men spread cervical cancer, which is prevalent in women (Torres & Eisman, 2010). If she continues having sex frequently, she is increasing her chances of getting cervical cancer. Therefore, she should decide on the use of a barrier method of abstaining from sex.

Finally, I would tell the client the importance of going to school. By going to school she will empower herself with knowledge and skills. This will help her get a good job thus; she will not depend on any person for anything. Empowerment and independence are important for a woman because they reduce the chances of harassment from men. According to Gans & Newachek (2008), poor women are vulnerable to sexual and physical harassment frotheirhe husbands. This is because they cannot make decisions on their own as they depend on otheirhe husbands. Therefore, I would tell the client to decide if she wants a bright future or harassment.

Family planning services are essential for adolescents. Therefore, health care providers should guide and assist them to choose a favorable method. Additionally, they should guide and counsel the adolescent about sexuality and the importance of concentrating on schoolwork.

Gans, J., & Newachek, P. (2008). Adolescent Health Care: Use, Cost and Problem of Access. Adolescent Health Series, 64 (5), 67-81.

McCarthy, M., & Barbara, A. (2009). Family Planning Services in Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention: the View of Key Informants in Four Countries. Family planning Perspective, 32 (9), 50-63.

Reis, J. (2009). Family Planning for Teens: Strategies for Improving Outreach and Service Delivery in Public Health Setting. Public Health Representative, 107 (4), 422-430.

Shea, J. (2010). Factors Associated with Adolescent Use of Family Planning. American Journal of Public Health, 80 (7), 108-112.

Torres, A., & Eisman, S. (2010). Telling Parents: Clinic Policies and Adolescents’ Use of Family Planning and Abortion Services. Family Planning Perspectives, 32 (16), 284-292.

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The Neolithic Revolution and Urban Development Since the Neolithic Revolution, families have begun to face difficulties. This was the moment, as described, when humanity ceased to be nomadic hunters and decided to become sedentary farmers. The explanation behind this statement is that people shrunk in size due to social hierarchies and...

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Essay on Family Planning in India for Students and Children

500 words essay on family planning.

Essay on Family Planning in India – India is the first country of the developing nations that initiated a state-supported family planning program. Furthermore, this type of program is a must if you look at the population of a country like India. Also, the statistics show a great rise in the population throughout the decades.

In addition, India is the second-largest population of the world with a population of more than 1.3 billion. Furthermore, national fertility is also quite high and every 20 days the population rise by 1 million people.

Moreover, according to the statistician of the U.N (United Nations), the population of India will exceed the population of China by the year 2028.

Most noteworthy, the Indian government recognized this problem and initiated a family planning measure some time ago to control this problem.

History of Family Planning

Raghunath Dhondo Karve is the person who recognized this problem first place. He also recognizes the need for population control. Furthermore, he publishes a magazine named Samaj Swasthya from 1927 to 1953, in which he debated that the best way to serve the society is by controlling the population through means of contraceptive measure.

Furthermore, Karve urged the Indian government to take initiative and steps to control the population by the control program, an attempt which was stopped by Mahatma Gandhi on the ground that people should practice self-control rather than depending on birth control.

Moreover, by 1951, it has become clear to the Indian government that family planning was becoming increasingly urgent to face the fast-growing population . After that, the government decided to create a state-sponsored family planning program in all the states of the country.

In addition, the government put a five-year plan into place; these plans focus on the economic restructuring and growth of the country. But, I 1971 the Prime Minister of India put a forced sterilization policy into place in the country.

However, the program was meant to sterile only those who have two or more children. But, the program ended up sterilizing many unmarried and people who politically opposed the regime.

Moreover, by the time the new government came into power the damage has been already done and people started to see family planning with hatred. That’s why the government shifts its focus from men to a birth control method for women.

Family Planning in Recent Years

The measure to control the birth control method for women not unsuccessful. Furthermore, from 1965 to 2009, the use of contraceptives in women increased from 13 percent to 48 percent. In addition, the fertility rate also goes down from 5.7 percent to 2.4 during the year 1966 to 2012.

Moreover, many states adopted policies that prohibit a person who has more than two children to apply for a government job.

To sum it up, India has come a long way in practicing birth control but still has a long way to go. Moreover, most of the women are aware of the birth control measure, but they cite difficulty in getting access to these measures.

Also, the traditional mindset of most of the Indians related to children also doesn’t help either. Besides, the decreased fertility rate has gone down but it isn’t enough to control the population explosion.

However, India needs to more than just birth control to stop this problem.

FAQs about Essay on Family Planning in India

Q.1 Name the person who first recognizes the importance of birth control in India. A.1 Raghunath Dhondo Karve is the person who recognizes this problem. He also published it in his magazine.

Q.2 What is birth control? A.2 Birth control is a practice by which the birth rate of children is controlled.

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Essay on Family Planning in India in English for Children and Students

Table of Contents

According to its definition, family planning determines how many children you will have and how far apart by using contraceptive methods such as birth control. Although this is ideally supposed to be a personal choice, countries with burgeoning populations such as China and India institute family planning policies to control population growth.

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Long and Short Essay on Family Planning in India in English

Below are some essays on family planning in India and its role, causes and effects. The family planning essays are of different lengths (word limit) and will help you in your exams/assignments. Choose whichever family planning essay you want depending upon your requirement.

Short Essay on Family Planning in India – Essay 1 (200 Words)

Introduction

India has the world’s second largest population at 1.3 billion people. It is projected that at the current growth rate, our population will exceed China’s by the year 2028. As per the UN, which made this projection, the growth rate of the population in India is significantly higher than that of China. Indian lawmakers recognized the urgency of the situation very early on and, therefore, the government instituted family planning policies.

History of Family Planning

India has the distinction of being the first country in the developing world to start a family planning program that was state-sponsored. This program was started in 1952 and was called the National Family Planning Program. At first, the program was focused on contraceptive measures such as birth control. However, as time passed, the program encompassed other aspects of family health such as nutrition, family welfare and mother and child health. Eventually, the name of the department was also changed from Family Planning Department to Family Welfare Program to showcase this advancement in policy.

Current Status of Family Planning

Over the decades, both state and central governments have done a lot to implement the program at different levels of society. This includes methods such as spreading awareness through public service announcements and door-to-door campaigns, encouraging the two-child norm through monetary incentives, emphasis on education for boys and girls and focusing a lot of efforts in the rural areas.

These Family Planning measures have certainly been successful, as the decrease in the population growth rate demonstrates. However, factors such as poverty, preference of sons to daughter and traditional thinking are major roadblocks to complete success.

Essay on The Family Planning: Its Need – Essay 2 (250 Words)

As of June 2018, the total population of the world stands at 7.6 billion. Out of this, 3.2 billion people were added by developing countries over the last 50 years. If the current projections continue, 3.1 billion more will be added by these countries. The fact is that the world’s population is growing substantially and this growth is showing few signs of slowing down.

Need for Family Planning

Family planning is needed both at an individual level and at a global level. For a family, being able to plan when and how many children they will have can allow them to have fewer children to whom they can devote more energy, time and resources. It also affects the health of the children; if the children are spaced too close or if there are too many children the mortality rates are higher.

For a country, a burgeoning population puts a lot of pressure on its natural and built resources. Housing an ever increasing population, educating the people, having healthcare in place and providing employment – all of these factors become hugely challenging when the population grows exponentially. Family planning is definitely needed for such countries so that they can control the growth of their populations and have enough resources for everyone. The pressure on the environment also eases when population growth slows down as does the demand for finite natural resources.

Family planning is needed at both an individual and worldwide level. There aren’t enough resources to go around and what resources there are aren’t distributed equally. Therefore, it becomes absolutely essential that everyone be educated about family planning and the benefits it brings.

Essay on Importance of Family Planning – Essay 3 (400 Words)

Right up until the 20 th century, people, especially women, could only rely on luck or prayers when it came to family planning. People who wanted children couldn’t always have them. People who didn’t want too many children or wanted to have children further apart couldn’t do anything to accomplish this. The only reliable method for birth control was abstinence, a method that didn’t appeal to everyone. Now, however, many different family planning methods are available and this availability has made significant changes to people’s lives.

Importance of Family Planning

Family planning affects many different aspects of someone’s life, the two major ones being finances and health. First of all, thanks to family planning methods, couples can decide when they are in a financial position to have children. This becomes important when one considers the cost of healthcare during a pregnancy and then the costs of bringing up the children including food, shelter, clothing and education.

Birth control allows couples to decide when they are ready to bear these costs. Second, planning children properly spaced apart helps women’s health. As per the USAID or the United States Agency for International Development, if a mother has children spaced less than two years apart or more than five years apart, both the mother’s and the child’s health can be impacted.

Family planning isn’t important only for individual families, it is also important for countries and for the world. One of the biggest problems we face today is overpopulation. We have a global population that far exceeds the resources that are available to us. Family planning helps to bring down the growth rate of the population so that the burden on our resources, if not exactly eased, is at least not increased. China’s one-child policy and India’s two-child policy are examples of countries that are overpopulated using family planning methods to control their populations.

While most people often use birth control and family planning synonymously, the fact is that family planning is far more than merely preventing conception. It is the best way for couples to chart their future, for women to control their own bodies and for countries to control population growth. Many may disagree on religious or moral grounds but the fact remains that family planning is an absolute necessity in the 21 st century.

Essay on Impact of Family Planning Methods – Essay 4 (450 Words)

Since the last century, family planning methods have really come into their own. Where once abstinence was the only way to ensure that no pregnancy would occur, the family planning methods these days allow men and women to have healthy sex lives and have children only when they are ready for that commitment.

Impact of Family Planning Methods

However, the overall impact is much more than was initially believed.

Bodily Autonomy

Although sexual intercourse takes place between two consenting partners, it is the woman who gets pregnant if no birth control is used. The impact of this on a woman’s life is incalculable. For a long time, women had no way of ensuring the prevention of pregnancy. However, now that birth control methods are easily and, in many cases, freely available, women have greater autonomy over their bodies. They can decide whether they want children, when they want them and how far apart they want them. They can ensure that they have achieved their personal, professional and financial goals without worrying about unplanned pregnancies.

Health Benefits

Various studies have shown that women who take oral contraceptive pills for five or more years have a lower chance of suffering from ovarian cancer. These pills also reduce the chance of getting ovarian cysts. Birth control pills are also often prescribed to regulate irregular menstrual cycles, reduce the intensity of menstrual cramps and deal with other symptoms.

One of the biggest impacts that family planning methods have had is on maternal mortality rates, especially in developing nations. Birth control has reduced the number of women who die due to unsafe methods of abortions.

Population Control

Although family planning methods are useful for couples to plan out when they want to start a family, they have also had a very discernible effect on a major area of concern globally – population growth. Before birth control methods came along, a woman could have anywhere between 12 to 15 pregnancies over the course of her life – a factor that contributed hugely to overpopulation. With birth control, women can decide when they want children and how many they want, effectively slowing down population growth.

Birth control methods have had a huge impact on various arenas. The availability of birth control has empowered women, allowed families to decide the right time to start or continue their families and helped governments control their populations. There have been outspoken objections to the use of contraceptives, mainly based on religion or morality, but, on the whole, it is quite obvious that family planning methods are shaping and will continue to shape our future whether it is on an individual level or on a global level.

Essay on Family Planning Programme in India – Essay 5 (500 Words)

India has the distinction of being the first country in the developing world to initiate a state supported family planning program. The necessity of such a program is obvious when one looks at the statistics with regards to the Indian population.

Currently, India has the second largest population in the world at 1.3 billion. The national fertility rate is quite high; every 20 days, around one million people are added to its population. The United Nations has projected that by the year 2028, India will have surpassed China in the population stakes. Fortunately, the Indian government recognized the scope of this problem and initiated family planning measures some time ago.

History of Family Planning in India

The first prominent person to recognize the need for population control was Raghunath Dhondo Karve. He published a magazine called Samaj Swasthya between 1927 and 1953, in which he argued that society would best be served by controlling the population through the use of contraceptive measures. Karve urged the Indian government to take steps to institute population control programmes, an endeavour that was opposed by Mahatma Gandhi on the grounds that people should exercise self-control rather than turn to birth control.

By 1951, it had become obvious to the Indian government that family planning was becoming increasingly urgent in the face of the burgeoning population. That is when the government decided create a family planning program that would be state-sponsored. Five year plans were put into place; these plans were focused on economic growth and restructuring. However, in 1971, the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi put into place a policy of forced sterilization.

Ideally, men who had two or more children were supposed to be sterilized, but the program ended up sterilizing many men who were unmarried or those who politically opposed the regime. By the time a new government came into power, the damage was done; many people viewed family planning with aversion. Therefore, the government decided to shift its focus to birth control measures for women.

Family Planning in Recent Years

The measures put into place have not been entirely unsuccessful. In fact, between 1965 and 2009, the use of contraceptives increased to 48 percent from 13 percent among women. The fertility rate has also gone down 2.4 from 5.7 during the years between 1966 and 2012. States have also adopted two-child policies in which they can prohibit people with more than two children from applying for government jobs.

However, India still has a long way to go. While most women are aware of birth control measures, they cite difficulty in accessing these measures. The traditional mindset of most Indians when it comes to children doesn’t help either. Also, while the fertility rate has gone down, it isn’t enough to control the population explosion. India needs to do much more to ensure that population growth is brought under control.

Essay on Family Planning Methods – Essay 6 (900 Words)

In its most basic form, family planning means planning out how many children you will have, when you’ll have them and how far apart they will be spaced. Families can take various factors into account when deciding upon family planning such as their finances, their health and their preferences.

Many different methods are available to them for this purpose. While the only fool-proof method is abstinence, there are many other methods of birth control, which, while not 100 percent effective, are highly successful if used regularly and properly.

Types of Birth Control Methods

There are quite a few methods of birth control available to men and women. They can select the method they want to use based on habits, health issues and personal preferences.

Birth control methods are divided into three broad categories.

• Condoms – A thin sheath made out of polyurethane or latex is known as a condom. Condoms are available for both males and females. The condom for males is supposed to go over the erect penis, while the one for females is positioned inside the vagina before sexual intercourse. The condom must be worn every time sexual intercourse occurs. Condoms are easily available at most chemists and don’t require a prescription beforehand.
• Cervical Cap and Diaphragm – Both methods are meant to be used by women. The diaphragm is a rubber cup that is flexible. It is filled with cream or jelly that is spermicidal. It needs to be inserted into the vagina before intercourse, till it rests over the cervix. It prevents sperm from penetrating the cervix and the spermicidal jelly or cream disables or kills the sperm. However, since all women are different, a health worker or gynecologist must prescribe the diaphragm depending upon the size and type a particular woman needs. The cervical cap is a similar device but smaller. Both should be removed only six to eight hours after intercourse. These two methods aren’t foolproof – there is a five to twenty percent chance that a woman who uses either of these still gets pregnant. Additional risks include allergic reactions, urinary tract infections and occasionally toxic shock syndrome if left in too long.
• Vaginal Sponge – These are soft sponges containing a spermicidal chemical and should be moistened and inserted into a woman’s vagina before intercourse. A prescription isn’t required to purchase vaginal sponges, which are available at a local pharmacy or chemist.
• Birth Control Pills – One of the most common methods of birth control, these pills can contain only progestin or a combination of oestrogen and progestin.
• Implants – As the name suggests, these are small rods which are inserted under the skin and release continuous doses of hormones to stop ovulation.
• Injections – These are birth control shots that normally contain progestin and are injected into the buttocks or the upper arm once every three months.
• Skin Patch – This is a patch that contains hormones and can be placed on certain parts of the body such as the shoulder. Once placed it keeps up a continuous stream of hormones in the body.
• Morning After Contraception – This is also known as the morning after pill and should be taken within 72 hours of intercourse. No prescription is required and it is easily available at a chemist.
• IUD or Intrauterine Device – A very reliable and long-term method of contraception, the IUD is a copper or plastic device that is inserted into the vagina by a healthcare professional. It can be left in place anywhere between five to ten years and there is only one percent chance that a woman on IUD will get pregnant. Some IUDs have small amounts of the hormone progestin which is released into the body.
• Permanent Methods – These methods are best used by women and men who have decided not to have children at all or not to have any more children. Vasectomies and tubal ligations come under this category. Occasionally, people who have undergone one of these procedures may want them reversed and it can be done. However, the chances of successfully conceiving afterwards are not very high.

Birth control allows men and women to have autonomy over their bodies and decide when and how they want to start or continue families. For more information, people should visit their local health workers or medical practitioners. It is very necessary that men and women research the different options available and then make a decision as some of these methods can cause health issues while others are fairly permanent and cannot be reversed if they change their minds.

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