geography essay 2023

How to Write a Geography Essay that Transcends Borders

Have you ever found yourself floating effortlessly in the Dead Sea, that magical stretch of water between Israel and Jordan? It's the saltiest lake globally, turning you into a buoyant bobber without much effort. Now, just as geography unveils such fascinating quirks about our planet, writing an essay on this subject can be an equally intriguing venture.

Let's take a stroll through the world of geography essays together. We'll start by figuring out what exactly makes up a geography essay definition and then dive into the secrets of writing a great one. Along the way, we'll share some helpful tips, break down the important parts, and talk about why geography matters in today's world. Whether you're a student trying to do well in your geography class or just curious about why geography is important, this article is here for you. Let's get started!

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Essential Factors When Writing a Geography Essay

A great essay comes from a good understanding of the topic. Let's share some tips to help you create an impressive essay.

• Stick to What You Know : Pick geography topics that you're familiar with.
• Think Global : Show how your chosen topic connects to bigger issues like climate change or cultural diversity.
• Grab Attention : Choose a topic that interests you and your readers.
• Show with Examples : Use real examples to explain geography concepts in your essay.
• Stay on Track : Make sure everything in your essay relates to the main message.
• Use Sources : Share your thoughts based on what reliable sources say.
• Make it Real : Describe landscapes in a way that brings them to life for your readers.

In the next parts, our skilled writers, who you can buy essay from, will share a simple guide to help you write essays successfully!

Exploring What Is a Geography Essay

In simple terms, a geography essay is a well-organized explanation of geographic topics and ideas. It's more than just listing facts—it's a chance for you to showcase what you understand about geographical principles, processes, and their real-world impacts.

• Keep it Focused : Your essay should revolve around a specific topic or question in geography. This focus helps you stay on track and make your writing clear and relevant.
• Grasp the Concepts : Geography essays should include important geographical ideas like spatial relationships, scale, location, and interactions. These concepts give you the tools to understand and explain the world.
• Use Data : Geography relies on data and evidence. Bring in facts, maps, visuals, and statistics to support your points and show geographical patterns.
• Think Critically : A good essay doesn't just share information; it digs into the details. Explore the nuances, root causes, and broader impacts to give a deeper insight. ‍
• Connect to Reality: These essays often link theory with real-world issues. Whether you're talking about global warming, urbanization, cultural landscapes, or geopolitical shifts, these essays show why geography matters in our interconnected world.

How to Start a Geography Essay

Starting your essay in the right way not only grabs your readers' attention but also sets the stage for a well-organized and interesting exploration of your selected geography research paper topics .

• Establish the Geography : Kick-off by placing your topic in a geographic context. Explain where and why this topic matters, considering both local and global perspectives.
• Spark Interest : Draw your readers in by asking a thought-provoking question or sharing a surprising statistic related to your geography essay topics.
• Give Background Info : Provide a quick overview of the subject to make sure your readers have the basic knowledge needed to follow your arguments.
• Include a Quote : Think about using a fitting quote from a well-known geographer, researcher, or historical figure to add depth and credibility to your introduction.
• Set the Tone : Decide on the tone of your essay—whether it's informative, analytical, or persuasive—and let that tone shine through in your introductory language and style.

Select a Subject You're Comfortable Discussing

Picking the right research paper topic in geography is a big deal—it can really shape how the whole writing journey goes. One smart move to kick off your research paper well is to go for a subject you genuinely feel comfortable talking about. Here's why it matters:

• Expertise Shines : When your research paper topic matches what you already know and enjoy, your expertise shines through. You can use what you know to analyze and explain the subject better.
• Stay Motivated : Choosing a topic that genuinely interests you, like doing a geography essay about earthquakes, can be a great source of motivation. This inner drive helps you stay engaged during the whole research and writing process, leading to a better end result.
• Research Efficiency : Knowing your topic makes the research process smoother. You know where to find good sources, what keywords to use, and how to tell if information is reliable.
• Confident Analysis : Understanding your topic well, say, when dealing with a geography essay about global warming, gives you confidence. This confidence comes through in your analysis, making it more convincing.
• Boosted Creativity : Being comfortable with your topic can boost your creativity. You're more likely to come up with new ideas and unique perspectives when you're discussing something you're familiar with.

Let's explore a range of research topics that provide plenty of chances for thorough investigation and analysis. Feel free to choose the one that aligns with your interests and fits the particular focus of your research.

• Microclimates in Urban Spaces: Analyzing Local Community Impacts
• Geopolitics of Water Scarcity: Transboundary Water Conflict Case Study
• Ecotourism in Unexplored Territories: Balancing Conservation and Development
• Digital Cartography's Influence on Public Perception of Geographic Information
• Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Sustainable Resource Management
• Urban Heat Islands: Assessing Heat-Related Risks in Growing Cities
• Climate Change Impact on Traditional Agricultural Practices in Vulnerable Regions
• Geography of Infectious Diseases: Spatial Analysis of Disease Spread
• Patterns of Renewable Energy Adoption: A Global Comparative Study
• Cultural Landscapes in Transition: Globalization's Impact on Local Identities

Geography Essay Example

For a closer look at how to structure and compose an effective geography essay, we've put together a compelling example for your review. As you go through it, you'll discover the essential elements that contribute to making an essay both informative and engaging.

Exploring the Impact of River Dams on Ecosystems

Introduction:

Rivers are the lifeblood of many ecosystems, shaping landscapes and sustaining diverse forms of life. This essay delves into the intricate relationship between river dams and ecosystems, aiming to unravel the multifaceted consequences that altering natural watercourses can bring. By examining case studies and ecological principles, we seek to shed light on the complex web of interactions that define the impact of river dams on the environment.

River dams significantly modify the natural flow of water, creating reservoirs and altering the hydrological patterns downstream. This transformation often leads to changes in habitat availability for aquatic species. Case studies from various dam projects will be explored to illustrate the tangible effects on biodiversity and ecosystem structure.

Furthermore, many fish species rely on river systems for migration and spawning. Dams can present barriers to these natural processes, affecting fish populations and, consequently, the predators and prey in the broader food web. This section will examine how dams disrupt fish migration and explore potential mitigation strategies to minimize ecological consequences.

What's more, the alteration of river flow caused by dams influences water quality and sediment transport downstream. Sediment accumulation in reservoirs can have cascading effects on aquatic ecosystems. This part of the essay will delve into scientific studies highlighting changes in water quality and sedimentation patterns due to dam construction.

Beyond the ecological realm, the construction of river dams often has social and economic repercussions. Local communities dependent on rivers for their livelihoods may face challenges due to altered water regimes. Investigating case studies, we will explore the human dimension of the impact of river dams on communities and economies.

Conclusion:

In summary, the complex interplay between river dams and ecosystems demands thoughtful reflection. This essay has offered a glimpse into the diverse outcomes that come with changing natural watercourses, underscoring the importance of a comprehensive grasp of the ecological, social, and economic aspects at play. By delving into the intricate realm of river dam impacts, we acquire valuable insights into the nuanced equilibrium between human progress and environmental sustainability.

How to Write a Geography Essay: Insights and Pointers

When it comes to writing geography essays, it's not just about throwing out facts and figures. It's about digging deeper into geographical ideas, understanding how things relate, and sharing your findings in a way that makes sense. Our paper writing service experts are here to give you some handy tips:

• Dig Deep with Research: Start by really getting into your topic. Collect data, look at maps, and read up on what others have to say about it.
• Sort Your Thoughts: Organize your essay so it's easy to follow. That usually means having an intro, some main parts, and a wrap-up at the end. Keep it logical.
• Think and Talk Analysis: Get into the nitty-gritty of your analysis. Use geography ideas to explain your data and give your own take on things.
• Show Your Proof: Back up what you're saying with proof. Throw in maps, charts, or stories to make your points and show patterns.
• Question Everything: Think hard about different opinions and what your findings might mean in the big picture. Don't be afraid to question things and see where it takes you.

Breaking Down the Geography Essay Structure

A well-formatted geography essay structure is like a well-organized map – it guides readers through your analysis with clarity and purpose. To effectively break down the structure, consider the following key insights:

• Geographical Essence: Always consider the geographical context when framing your essay format . How does the landscape influence the subject, and in turn, how does it fit into the broader global narrative?
• Tailored Tone for Audience: Reflect on your audience. Are you speaking to geography enthusiasts, educators, policymakers, or the general public? Adjust your language and explanations to match their level of familiarity and interest.
• Conciseness and Wordplay: Maintain clarity by adhering to word limits and embracing conciseness. Focus on delivering pertinent information with a touch of engaging wordplay to captivate your readers.
• Innovative Perspectives: Aim for innovation in your analysis. While leveraging existing research, offer a fresh viewpoint or a unique twist on the topic to keep your essay from blending into the background.
• Ethical Dimensions: If your research involves human subjects, sensitive data, or fieldwork, be conscientious of ethical considerations. Seek necessary approvals, ensuring that your research adheres to ethical standards.
• Geographic Fluency: Demonstrate a keen grasp of geographic fluency in your essay. Showcase not just knowledge of concepts but an understanding of the interconnectedness of regions, adding depth to your exploration.
• Visual Appeal: Consider incorporating visual elements such as maps, charts, or images to enhance your essay's visual appeal. A well-chosen visual can often communicate complex geographical information more effectively.
• Future Implications: Extend your analysis to contemplate the future implications of the geographical factors you're discussing. How might current trends shape future landscapes, and what role does your topic play in this evolving narrative?

Geography Essay Introduction

The introductory paragraph is the starting point of your essay, where you contextualize, captivate your audience, and introduce your central thesis statement.

For instance, if your essay explores the effects of rising sea levels on coastal communities, your introduction could commence with a striking observation: ' In the coastal realms, where communities have thrived for generations, the encroaching rise of sea levels is transforming the very landscapes that have long shaped human existence. This unsettling shift is a direct consequence of global warming, a phenomenon casting profound implications across the globe .'

The core section of your essay, the main body, encompasses several paragraphs that house your analysis, arguments, evidence, and illustrations.

Within a segment examining the consequences of industrial pollution on river ecosystems, you might assert: ' Industrial effluents discharged into rivers represent a significant contributor to pollution. As evidenced by studies [cite], the toxic chemicals and pollutants released into water bodies pose severe threats to aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and endangering the delicate balance of river environments. '

Geography Essay Summing Up

When wondering how to write a conclusion for an essay , remember that it acts as the final chapter, summarizing crucial findings, reiterating your thesis, and offering concluding insights or implications.

In a conclusion addressing the impact of desertification on agricultural communities, you might recapitulate: ' Surveying the intricate interplay between environmental degradation and agricultural sustainability in regions affected by desertification reveals a nuanced narrative. Despite the adversities posed, there exists an imperative for innovative solutions and adaptive strategies to ensure the resilience of agricultural communities in the face of advancing desertification. '

More Tips for Writing a Geography Essay

Here are some special tips on writing a geography essay that can enhance the depth and sophistication of your entire piece, showcasing a thorough grasp of geographic concepts and methods.

• Embrace diverse viewpoints – consider cultural, economic, and environmental angles for a richer analysis.
• Use geospatial tools like maps and satellite imagery to visually enhance your essay and emphasize spatial relationships.
• Bolster your arguments with real case studies to illustrate the practical application of your geographical analysis.
• Integrate recent global events into your essay to showcase relevance and stay aligned with the dynamic nature of geography.
• Explore intersections with other disciplines, providing a more comprehensive understanding of your topic.
• Highlight how local phenomena contribute to broader global narratives, emphasizing interconnectedness.
• If you're writing a cause and effect essay , compare urbanization trends in different cities to show the reasons and outcomes.

Why Geography Matters as a Subject of Study

Geography goes way beyond just maps and names of places; it's a lively and important field that helps us make sense of the world. Here's why geography matters:

• Knowing Spaces: It helps us understand how places, regions, and landscapes connect. This understanding is crucial for making smart choices about things like where to put resources, plan cities, and handle emergencies.
• Being a Global Citizen: It encourages us to appreciate different cultures and how we're all connected. It helps us see how big events, like climate change or pandemics, affect countries locally and globally.
• Taking Care of Nature: This subject gives us insights into environmental problems and solutions. It teaches us about issues like cutting down forests, losing habitats, and climate change so we can make choices that help our planet.
• Thinking Smart: Geography makes us think critically. It involves looking at complex information, considering different opinions, and drawing smart conclusions. These skills are handy in lots of jobs.
• Fixing Real Problems: What we learn in geography helps us solve actual problems – from designing better roads to managing water wisely and dealing with natural disasters.
• Making Rules and Plans: It has a say in making rules and plans. It guides decisions about how to use land, build things, and take care of resources.
• Loving Different Cultures: Geography helps us appreciate all kinds of cultures and how they relate to the environment. It lets us understand why places are important and how their histories have shaped them.

Ready to Explore the World without Leaving Your Desk?

Let our expert writers be your guides on this geographical voyage and map out your academic success together!

To sum it up, geography gives you the knowledge and skills to navigate our complex and connected world. Writing a geography essay helps you make smart choices, promote sustainability, and face global challenges. Whether you're exploring local landscapes or looking at global issues, geography lays the groundwork for understanding our planet and its diverse inhabitants through the art of essay writing.

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• Competitions
• School Essay C...

School Essay Competition

2024 competition  .

The 2024 School Essay Competition, organised in partnership with the Financial Times , invites students to answer the following question: 

Drawing on information from your daily life, what sustainability action points would you prioritise?

Include no more than ten key ideas and justify your choices. Use accompanying information from the FT and other sources. 

This resource will be useful as a starting point. Carbon counting: how much do your lifestyle choices cost the planet? (ft.com)

The judges are looking for: 

• A clear essay or  ArcGIS StoryMap which is well-evidenced and reaches a clear conclusion 
• Submissions that do not exceed 1,000 words (excluding references)  - submissions over 1,000 words will not be considered. The word count should be provided in the document.
• Referenced sources of information and data 
• Submissions which are the entrant’s own work and relevant to the question and guidance 

The Society runs this competition in partnership with the Financial Times   as part of its education programme to support geography teachers and their pupils.

The competition is open to schools in the UK and overseas. Submissions are judged without seeing the entrants’ details.

See the full  terms and conditions for further details.

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Essay  COMPETITION

2024 global essay prize, registrations are now open all essayists must register  here  before friday 31 may, 2024.

The John Locke Institute encourages young people to cultivate the characteristics that turn good students into great writers: independent thought, depth of knowledge, clear reasoning, critical analysis and persuasive style. Our Essay Competition invites students to explore a wide range of challenging and interesting questions beyond the confines of the school curriculum.

Entering an essay in our competition can build knowledge, and refine skills of argumentation. It also gives students the chance to have their work assessed by experts. All of our essay prizes are judged by a panel of senior academics drawn from leading universities including Oxford and Princeton, under the leadership of the Chairman of Examiners, former Cambridge philosopher, Dr Jamie Whyte.

The judges will choose their favourite essay from each of seven subject categories - Philosophy, Politics, Economics, History, Psychology, Theology and Law - and then select the winner of the Grand Prize for the best entry in any subject. There is also a separate prize awarded for the best essay in the junior category, for under 15s.

Q1. Do we have any good reasons to trust our moral intuition?

Q2. Do girls have a (moral) right to compete in sporting contests that exclude boys?

Q3. Should I be held responsible for what I believe?

Q1. Is there such a thing as too much democracy?

Q2. Is peace in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip possible?

Q3. When is compliance complicity?

Q1. What is the optimal global population?  

Q2. Accurate news reporting is a public good. Does it follow that news agencies should be funded from taxation?

Q3. Do successful business people benefit others when making their money, when spending it, both, or neither?

Q1. Why was sustained economic growth so rare before the later 18th century and why did this change?

Q2. Has music ever significantly changed the course of history?

Q3. Why do civilisations collapse? Is our civilisation in danger?

Q1. When, if ever, should a company be permitted to refuse to do business with a person because of that person’s public statements?

Q2. In the last five years British police have arrested several thousand people for things they posted on social media. Is the UK becoming a police state?

Q3. Your parents say that 11pm is your bedtime. But they don’t punish you if you don’t go to bed by 11pm. Is 11pm really your bedtime?

Q1. According to a study by researchers at four British universities, for each 15-point increase in IQ, the likelihood of getting married increases by around 35% for a man but decreases by around 58% for a woman. Why?

In the original version of this question we misstated a statistic. This was caused by reproducing an error that appeared in several media summaries of the study. We are grateful to one of our contestants, Xinyi Zhang, who helped us to see (with humility and courtesy) why we should take more care to check our sources. We corrected the text on 4 April. Happily, the correction does not in any way alter the thrust of the question.

Q2. There is an unprecedented epidemic of depression and anxiety among young people. Can we fix this? How?

Q3. What is the difference between a psychiatric illness and a character flaw?

Q1. “I am not religious, but I am spiritual.” What could the speaker mean by “spiritual”?

Q2. Is it reasonable to thank God for protection from some natural harm if He is responsible for causing the harm?

Q3. Does God reward those who believe in him? If so, why?

JUNIOR prize

Q1. Does winning a free and fair election automatically confer a mandate for governing?

Q2. Has the anti-racism movement reduced racism?

Q3. Is there life after death?

Q4. How did it happen that governments came to own and run most high schools, while leaving food production to private enterprise? 

Q5. When will advancing technology make most of us unemployable? What should we do about this?

Q6. Should we trust fourteen-year-olds to make decisions about their own bodies? 

ENTRY REQUIREMENTS & FURTHER DETAILS

Please read the following carefully.

Entry to the John Locke Institute Essay Competition 2024 is open to students from any country.

Registration  

Only candidates who registered before the registration deadline of Friday, 31 May 2024 may enter this year's competition. To register, click here .  

All entries must be submitted by 11.59 pm BST on  the submission deadline: Sunday, 30 June 2024 .  Candidates must be eighteen years old, or younger, on that date. (Candidates for the Junior Prize must be fourteen years old, or younger, on that date.)

Entry is free.

Each essay must address only one of the questions in your chosen subject category, and must not exceed 2000 words (not counting diagrams, tables of data, endnotes, bibliography or authorship declaration). 

The filename of your pdf must be in this format: FirstName-LastName-Category-QuestionNumber.pdf; so, for instance, Alexander Popham would submit his answer to question 2 in the Psychology category with the following file name:

Alexander-Popham-Psychology-2.pdf

Essays with filenames which are not in this format will be rejected.

The candidate's name should NOT appear within the document itself. 

Candidates should NOT add footnotes. They may, however, add endnotes and/or a Bibliography that is clearly titled as such.

Each candidate will be required to provide the email address of an academic referee who is familiar with the candidate's written academic work. This should be a school teacher, if possible, or another responsible adult who is not a relation of the candidate. The John Locke Institute will email referees to verify that the essays submitted are indeed the original work of the candidates.

Submissions may be made as soon as registration opens in April. We recommend that you submit your essay well in advance of th e deadline to avoid any last-minute complications.

Acceptance of your essay depends on your granting us permission to use your data for the purposes of receiving and processing your entry as well as communicating with you about the Awards Ceremony Dinner, the academic conference, and other events and programmes of the John Locke Institute and its associated entities.  

Late entries

If for any reason you miss the 30 June deadline you will have an opportunity to make a late entry, under two conditions:

a) A late entry fee of 20.00 USD must be paid by credit card within twenty-four hours of the original deadline; and

b) Your essay must be submitted  before 11.59 pm BST on Wednesday, 10 July 2024.

To pay for late entry, a registrant need only log into his or her account, select the relevant option and provide the requested payment information.

Our grading system is proprietary. Essayists may be asked to discuss their entry with a member of the John Locke Institute’s faculty. We use various means to identify plagiarism, contract cheating, the use of AI and other forms of fraud . Our determinations in all such matters are final.

Essays will be judged on knowledge and understanding of the relevant material, the competent use of evidence, quality of argumentation, originality, structure, writing style and persuasive force. The very best essays are likely to be those which would be capable of changing somebody's mind. Essays which ignore or fail to address the strongest objections and counter-arguments are unlikely to be successful .

Candidates are advised to answer the question as precisely and directly as possible.

The writers of the best essays will receive a commendation and be shortlisted for a prize. Writers of shortlisted essays will be notified by 11.59 pm BST on Wednesday, 31 July. They will also be invited to London for an invitation-only academic conference and awards dinner in September, where the prize-winners will be announced. Unlike the competition itself, the academic conference and awards dinner are not free. Please be aware that n obody is required to attend either the academic conference or the prize ceremony. You can win a prize without travelling to London.

All short-listed candidates, including prize-winners, will be able to download eCertificates that acknowledge their achievement. If you win First, Second or Third Prize, and you travel to London for the ceremony, you will receive a signed certificate. 

There is a prize for the best essay in each category. The prize for each winner of a subject category, and the winner of the Junior category, is a scholarship worth US$2000 towards the cost of attending any John Locke Institute programme, and the essays will be published on the Institute's website. Prize-giving ceremonies will take place in London, at which winners and runners-up will be able to meet some of the judges and other faculty members of the John Locke Institute. Family, friends, and teachers are also welcome.

The candidate who submits the best essay overall will be awarded an honorary John Locke Institute Junior Fellowship, which comes with a US$10,000 scholarship to attend one or more of our summer schools and/or visiting scholars programmes. 

The judges' decisions are final, and no correspondence will be entered into.

R egistration opens: 1 April, 2024.

Registration deadline: 31 May, 2024. (Registration is required by this date for subsequent submission.)

Submission deadline: 30 June, 2024.

Late entry deadline: 10 July, 2024. (Late entries are subject to a 20.00 USD charge, payable by 1 July.)

Notification of short-listed essayists: 31 July, 2024.

Academic conference: 20 - 22 September, 2024.

Awards dinner: 21 September, 2024.

Any queries regarding the essay competition should be sent to [email protected] . Please be aware that, due to the large volume of correspondence we receive, we cannot guarantee to answer every query. In particular, regrettably, we are unable to respond to questions whose answers can be found on our website.

If you would like to receive helpful tips  from our examiners about what makes for a winning essay or reminders of upcoming key dates for the 2024  essay competition, please provide your email here to be added to our contact list. .

Thanks for subscribing!

The John Locke Institute's Global Essay Prize is acknowledged as the world's most prestigious essay competition. 

We welcome tens of thousands of submissions from ambitious students in more than 150 countries, and our examiners - including distinguished philosophers, political scientists, economists, historians, psychologists, theologians, and legal scholars - read and carefully assess every entry. 

I encourage you to register for this competition, not only for the hope of winning a prize or commendation, and not only for the chance to join the very best contestants at our academic conference and gala ceremony in London, but equally for the opportunity to engage in the serious scholarly enterprise of researching, reflecting on, writing about, and editing an answer to one of the important and provocative questions in this year's Global Essay Prize. 

We believe that the skills you will acquire in the process will make you a better thinker and a more effective advocate for the ideas that matter most to you.

I hope to see you in September!

Best wishes,

Jamie Whyte, Ph.D. (C ANTAB ) 

Chairman of Examiners

Q. I missed the registration deadline. May I still register or submit an essay?

A. No. Only candidates who registered before 31 May will be able to submit an essay. 

Q. Are footnote s, endnotes, a bibliography or references counted towards the word limit?

A. No. Only the body of the essay is counted. 

Q. Are in-text citations counted towards the word limit? ​

A. If you are using an in-text based referencing format, such as APA, your in-text citations are included in the word limit.

Q. Is it necessary to include foo tnotes or endnotes in an essay? ​

A. You  may not  include footnotes, but you may include in-text citations or endnotes. You should give your sources of any factual claims you make, and you should ackn owledge any other authors on whom you rely.​

Q. I am interested in a question that seems ambiguous. How should I interpret it?

A. You may interpret a question as you deem appropriate, clarifying your interpretation if necessary. Having done so, you must answer the question as directly as possible.

Q. How strict are  the age eligibility criteria?

A. Only students whose nineteenth birthday falls after 30 June 2024 will be eligible for a prize or a commendation. In the case of the Junior category, only students whose fifteenth birthday falls after 30 June 2024 will be eligible for a prize or a commendation. 

Q. May I submit more than one essay?

A. Yes, you may submit as many essays as you please in any or all categories.

Q. If I am eligible to compete in the Junior category, may I also (or instead) compete in another category?

A. Yes, you may.

Q. May I team up with someone else to write an essay?  

A. No. Each submitted essay must be entirely the work of a single individual.

Q. May I use AI, such as ChatGPT or the like, in writing my essay?

A. All essays will be checked for the use of AI. If we find that any content is generated by AI, your essay will be disqualified. We will also ask you, upon submission of your essay, whether you used AI for  any  purpose related to the writing of your essay, and if so, you will be required to provide details. In that case, if, in our judgement, you have not provided full and accurate details of your use of AI, your essay will be disqualified. 

Since any use of AI (that does not result in disqualification) can only negatively affect our assessment of your work relative to that of work that is done without using AI, your safest course of action is simply not to use it at all. If, however, you choose to use it for any purpose, we reserve the right to make relevant judgements on a case-by-case basis and we will not enter into any correspondence. 

Q. May I have someone else edit, or otherwise help me with, my essay?

A. You may of course discuss your essay with others, and it is perfectly acceptable for them to offer general advice and point out errors or weaknesses in your writing or content, leaving you to address them.

However, no part of your essay may be written by anyone else. This means that you must edit your own work and that while a proofreader may point out errors, you as the essayist must be the one to correct them. 

Q. Do I have to attend the awards ceremony to win a prize? ​

A. Nobody is required to attend the prize ceremony. You can win a prize without travelling to London. But if we invite you to London it is because your essay was good enough - in the opinion of the First Round judges - to be at least a contender for First, Second or Third Prize. Normally the Second Round judges will agree that the short-listed essays are worth at least a commendation.

Q. Is there an entry fee?

A. No. There is no charge to enter our global essay competition unless you submit your essay after the normal deadline, in which case there is a fee of 20.00 USD .

Q. Can I receive a certificate for my participation in your essay competition if I wasn't shortlisted? 

A. No. Certificates are awarded only for shortlisted essays. Short-listed contestants who attend the award ceremony in London will receive a paper certificate. If you cannot travel to London, you will be able to download your eCertificate.

Q. Can I receive feedba ck on my essay? 

A. We would love to be able to give individual feedback on essays but, unfortunately, we receive too many entries to be able to comment on particular essays.

Q. The deadline for publishing the names of short-listed essayists has passed but I did not receive an email to tell me whether I was short-listed.

A. Log into your account and check "Shortlist Status" for (each of) your essay(s).

Q. Why isn't the awards ceremony in Oxford this year?

A. Last year, many shortlisted finalists who applied to join our invitation-only academic conference missed the opportunity because of capacity constraints at Oxford's largest venues. This year, the conference will be held in central London and the gala awards dinner will take place in an iconic London ballroom. 

TECHNICAL FAQ s

Q. The system will not accept my essay. I have checked the filename and it has the correct format. What should I do?  

A. You have almost certainly added a space before or after one of your names in your profile. Edit it accordingly and try to submit again.

Q. The profile page shows my birth date to be wrong by a day, even after I edit it. What should I do?

A. Ignore it. The date that you typed has been correctly input to our database. ​ ​

Q. How can I be sure that my registration for the essay competition was successful? Will I receive a confirmation email?

A. You will not receive a confirmation email. Rather, you can at any time log in to the account that you created and see that your registration details are present and correct.

TROUBLESHOOTING YOUR SUBMISSION

If you are unable to submit your essay to the John Locke Institute’s global essay competition, your problem is almost certainly one of the following.

If so, please proceed as indicated.

1) PROBLEM: I receive the ‘registrations are now closed’ message when I enter my email and verification code. SOLUTION. You did not register for the essay competition and create your account. If you think you did, you probably only provided us with your email to receive updates from us about the competition or otherwise. You may not enter the competition this year.

2) PROBLEM I do not receive a login code after I enter my email to enter my account. SOLUTION. Enter your email address again, checking that you do so correctly. If this fails, restart your browser using an incognito window; clear your cache, and try again. Wait for a few minutes for the code. If this still fails, restart your machine and try one more time. If this still fails, send an email to [email protected] with “No verification code – [your name]” in the subject line.

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NECO Human and Regional Geography Essay 2023 Questions and Answers

The National Exam Council (NECO) is scheduled to administer the Human and Regional Geography paper on Tuesday, 1st August 2023. In this article, we will provide detailed answers for the NECO Geography Paper II Essay section, which will take place from 3:00 pm to 5:00 pm. Aspiring candidates can refer to the resources provided here to gain a better understanding of the expected standards for the Geography final examination.

Section 1: Settlement Types and Factors Influencing Urban Growth

1. characteristics of settlement types.

(a) Village:

• Village settlements are characterized by small populations and a close-knit community.
• Typically, they have limited infrastructure and basic amenities.
• Agricultural activities form the primary source of livelihood for the residents.
• Town settlements have larger populations compared to villages.
• They offer a wider range of services and amenities, including schools, hospitals, and markets.
• Economic activities are more diverse, with a mix of agricultural, industrial, and commercial sectors.

2. Factors Influencing Urban Growth

Urban centers experience growth due to various factors, including:

• Economic opportunities: The presence of industries, job opportunities, and a higher standard of living attract people to urban areas.
• Infrastructure development: The availability of better infrastructure, such as roads, electricity, and communication networks, contributes to urban growth.
• Social amenities: Urban centers offer better access to education, healthcare, entertainment, and recreational facilities.
• Migration: People may move to urban areas in search of better opportunities and improved living conditions.

Section 2: Key Concepts in Geography

1. great circle.

A great circle is the shortest distance between any two points on the surface of a sphere. It represents the intersection of a sphere with a plane that passes through its center. Great circles are important in navigation and aviation for determining the shortest routes between two locations on Earth.

2. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the standard time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. It is used as a reference point for calculating time zones around the world. GMT is based on the Earth’s rotation and is used as a standard time for various purposes, including international timekeeping and coordination of global activities.

3. Twilight

Twilight refers to the period of time before sunrise and after sunset when the sky is partially illuminated. It is divided into three stages: civil twilight, nautical twilight, and astronomical twilight. During twilight, there is still enough light for outdoor activities without the need for artificial lighting.

Dawn is the time of day when the first light appears in the sky before sunrise. It marks the transition from night to day and is often associated with the beginning of a new day. Dawn is a beautiful and serene time, with colors gradually changing in the sky as the sun rises.

5. International Date Line

The International Date Line is an imaginary line that roughly follows the 180° meridian. It serves as the dividing line between two consecutive calendar days. When crossing the International Date Line from east to west, you move back one day, and when crossing from west to east, you move forward one day.

Section 3: Compass Traversing and Sources of Error

1. back bearing.

Back bearing refers to the direction opposite to the forward bearing of a line. It is determined by adding 180° to the forward bearing. Back bearings are used in compass traversing to ensure accurate navigation and to retrace the steps taken during a journey.

2. Procedure for Compass Traversing

The procedure for compass traversing involves the following steps:

• Set up the compass on a level surface and ensure it is properly aligned with the magnetic north.
• Take a forward bearing in the desired direction and note the angle.
• Measure the distance traveled in that direction.
• Repeat the process for subsequent legs of the journey, noting the bearings and distances.
• Calculate the back bearings by adding 180° to the forward bearings.
• Plot the traversed course on a map using the bearings and distances recorded.

3. Sources of Error in Compass Traversing

There are several sources of error in compass traversing, including:

• Magnetic declination: The difference between magnetic north and true north can cause variation in compass readings.
• Local attraction: The presence of magnetic materials or electrical equipment in the vicinity can affect the accuracy of compass readings.
• Inaccurate measurements: Errors in measuring distances or recording bearings can lead to inaccuracies in compass traversing.

Section 4: Factors Affecting Temperature and Relief Rainfall

1. effects of latitude on temperature.

Latitude refers to the distance of a location from the equator. It has a significant influence on temperature. The effects of latitude on temperature include:

• As latitude increases (moving away from the equator), temperatures generally decrease.
• Areas near the equator experience high temperatures throughout the year due to the direct overhead position of the sun.
• Areas closer to the poles have lower temperatures, as the sun’s rays are more spread out and less intense.

2. Effects of Continentality on Temperature

Continentality refers to the distance of a location from the moderating influence of the ocean. It affects temperature in the following ways:

• Coastal areas experience milder temperatures due to the moderating effect of the ocean.
• Inland areas, far from the coast, are subject to more extreme temperature variations, with hotter summers and colder winters.
• The absence of large water bodies leads to less moisture in the air, resulting in drier climates.

3. Formation of Relief Rainfall

Relief rainfall occurs when moist air is forced to rise over elevated landforms, such as mountains. The process of relief rainfall formation involves the following steps:

• Moist air encounters a mountain range, forcing it to rise.
• As the air rises, it cools, causing the moisture to condense and form clouds.
• Condensation continues as the air reaches higher altitudes, leading to precipitation in the form of rainfall.
• The leeward side of the mountain experiences a rain shadow effect, with drier conditions due to the descending air.

Section 5: Formation and Types of Deltas

1. conditions favoring delta formation.

Delta formation requires specific conditions, including:

• Active vertical and lateral erosion at the upper and middle courses of a river.
• Deposition of sediments formed from the upper and middle courses at the river mouth.
• The presence of a sheltered, tide-less coast to prevent the dispersion of sediments into deep waters.
• Absence of large lakes in the river course that could trap the sediments.
• No strong current at the river mouth to wash away the sediments.

2. Types of Deltas

Deltas can be classified into different types based on their shape and formation process. Some common types include:

• Arcuate: These deltas have a curved shape and are formed when river sediments are deposited in a fan-like pattern.
• Bird’s foot: These deltas resemble the shape of a bird’s foot and are formed when river sediments are distributed in multiple channels.
• Estuarine: These deltas form at the mouth of a river where it meets the sea, often characterized by a mix of fresh and saltwater.
• Cuspate: These deltas have a triangular shape and are formed when river sediments are deposited in a triangular pattern.

Section 6: Climate Analysis and Station A

1. climatic data for station a.

(a) Plotting Climatic Data Graph:

(b) Calculations for Station A: i. Annual Rainfall: Sum of monthly rainfall = 0 + 3 + 15 + 20 + 74 + 125 + 213 + 264 + 143 + 25 + 0 + 0 = 882 mm ii. Mean Annual Temperature: Sum of monthly temperatures / 12 = (25 + 17 + 31 + 33 + 33 + 30 + 28 + 27 + 27 + 30 + 29 + 26) / 12 = 29.25°C

(c) Climate Type for Station A: Based on the provided climatic data, Station A exhibits a tropical climate with high temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons.

Section 7: Environmental Pollution and Its Effects

1. definition of environmental pollution.

Environmental pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the natural environment, resulting in adverse effects on living organisms and ecosystems. It can be caused by human activities, such as industrial processes, improper waste disposal, and emissions from vehicles.

2. Major Forms of Environmental Pollution

Four major forms of environmental pollution include:

• Air pollution: The release of harmful gases, particulate matter, and pollutants into the air, leading to respiratory problems and negative impacts on the environment.
• Water pollution: The contamination of water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans, with pollutants, chemicals, and waste, making it unsafe for human consumption and harmful to aquatic life.
• Soil pollution: The degradation of soil quality due to the presence of toxic substances, pesticides, heavy metals, and improper waste disposal, affecting plant growth and contaminating food sources.
• Noise pollution: The excessive and unwanted sounds that disrupt the environment, causing stress, hearing problems, and disturbances in wildlife habitats.

3. Effects of Environmental Pollution

Environmental pollution has various detrimental effects, including:

• Health issues: Exposure to polluted air, water, and soil can lead to respiratory problems, allergies, skin diseases, and even long-term health conditions.
• Ecosystem disruption: Pollution can harm biodiversity, disrupt ecological balance, and lead to the extinction of plant and animal species.
• Climate change: Certain forms of pollution, such as greenhouse gas emissions, contribute to global warming and climate change, leading to extreme weather events and environmental instability.
• Economic impact: Pollution can result in increased healthcare costs, reduced agricultural productivity, and damage to industries relying on natural resources.
• Social and cultural impacts: Pollution can degrade the quality of life, damage cultural heritage sites, and affect communities dependent on the environment for their livelihoods.

Section 8: Environmental Balance and the Water Cycle

1. definition of environmental balance.

Environmental balance refers to the state of equilibrium and harmony in ecosystems, where the interactions between living organisms and their environment are balanced. It involves maintaining biodiversity, minimizing pollution, and preserving natural resources for future generations.

2. The Water Cycle

The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth’s surface. It involves various processes, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. The water cycle is crucial for maintaining the Earth’s water resources and plays a vital role in various natural processes.

3. Importance of the Water Cycle to Man

The water cycle is essential to human life in several ways:

• Water supply: The water cycle ensures the availability of freshwater for drinking, irrigation, and industrial use.
• Agriculture: Precipitation and runoff from the water cycle provide the necessary water for crop growth and food production.
• Hydropower: The water cycle drives the generation of hydropower, a renewable energy source.
• Climate regulation: The water cycle helps regulate global climate patterns by redistributing heat and moisture.
• Ecosystem support: The water cycle sustains aquatic ecosystems, providing habitats for diverse plant and animal species.

Section 9: Geographical Description of Chad Basin

1. relief and drainage.

The Chad Basin is characterized by a diverse relief and drainage system, including:

• Relief: The basin consists of low-lying plains, plateaus, and some low mountain ranges.
• Drainage: The main drainage feature is the Lake Chad Basin, which serves as a vital water source for surrounding countries. Several rivers, including the Chari, Logone, and Yobe, flow into the basin.

2. People, Population, and Settlement

The Chad Basin is home to various ethnic groups, including Kanuri, Hausa, Fulani, and Arab communities. The population is predominantly rural, with settlements scattered across the region. Livelihoods primarily revolve around agriculture, fishing, and pastoralism.

3. Economic Activities

Economic activities in the Chad Basin include:

• Agriculture: The fertile soils and availability of water resources support the cultivation of crops such as millet, sorghum, cotton, and vegetables.
• Fishing: The Lake Chad Basin provides a significant source of fish, supporting the local economy and food security.
• Pastoralism: Nomadic herding of cattle, sheep, and goats is a common economic activity in the region.
• Trade: The Chad Basin serves as a trade route, facilitating the exchange of goods between countries in Central Africa.

4. Problems of Development

The Chad Basin faces several challenges in terms of development, including:

• Water scarcity: The region experiences water scarcity due to shrinking water bodies and increased demand for irrigation and domestic use.
• Environmental degradation: Deforestation, overgrazing, and improper land use practices contribute to soil erosion and desertification.
• Political instability: Conflict and political instability in the region have hindered development efforts and led to displacement of communities.
• Poverty: The Chad Basin has high levels of poverty, limited access to basic services, and low human development indices.

Section 10: Conclusion

In conclusion, the NECO Human and Regional Geography Essay 2023 Questions and Answers provide valuable insights into various geographical concepts, settlement types, factors influencing urban growth, and the impact of environmental pollution. By understanding these topics, candidates can enhance their knowledge and prepare effectively for the upcoming examination. It is crucial to study the provided resources and engage in further research to gain a comprehensive understanding of Geography. Good luck to all the NECO candidates!

Remember, there are no shortcuts to success, and it is important to avoid fraudulent websites or individuals claiming to provide NECO Geography Expo online. Stay focused, study diligently, and trust in your abilities to excel in the examination.

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CSS Geography Past Paper 2023

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2023 NECO GCE Geography Essay Answers – Nov/Dec

December 14, 2023 Gidiclass NECO 0

2023 NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY ESSAY ANSWERS ================================

INSTRUCTIONS:- Answer two questions in each section

ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

(i) Density: In population ecology, density is a crucial measure to understand how concentrated or dispersed a population is in a given habitat. It is calculated by dividing the population size by the available habitat space. High population density can lead to increased competition for resources, potential for disease transmission, and higher predation rates. Low population density may result in challenges related to finding mates or maintaining genetic diversity.

(ii) Migration: Migration has a significant impact on population dynamics. Immigration (incoming movement) and emigration (outgoing movement) affect population size and composition. Migration can be seasonal or driven by factors such as resource availability or breeding opportunities. Migration can influence the genetic diversity of a population, introduce new individuals with different traits, and affect overall population stability.

(iii) Growth Rate: The growth rate considers factors such as birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. It helps predict how quickly a population is increasing or decreasing. A positive growth rate indicates population increase, while a negative growth rate suggests a decline. Understanding growth rates is essential for managing resources, predicting future population sizes, and implementing conservation measures.

(iv) Movement: Movement is crucial for activities such as foraging, finding mates, avoiding predators, or responding to environmental changes. It includes short-term movements within a habitat and long-term movements between habitats. Movement patterns influence the spatial distribution of a population, resource utilization, and interactions with other species. It is vital for maintaining ecological balance and adapting to changing environmental conditions.

(1b) (I) Health and Disease: The prevalence of diseases within a population can significantly impact its quality. High levels of infectious diseases or chronic health issues can reduce the overall well-being of individuals and affect population vitality.

(ii) Education and Skill Levels: The education and skill levels of a population contribute to its quality. Higher levels of education often correlate with better employment opportunities, improved decision-making, and increased adaptability to changing economic conditions.

(iii) Economic Status: The economic status of individuals within a population influences their access to resources, healthcare, and overall living standards. Higher economic status is associated with better living conditions and improved quality of life.

(iv) Environmental Quality: The quality of the environment in which a population resides plays a crucial role. Factors such as air and water quality, access to green spaces, and exposure to pollutants can impact the health and well-being of individuals within a population. ================================

(2a) (i) Economic Impact: Tourism significantly contributes to the economy of a region or country. It creates employment opportunities across various sectors such as hospitality, transportation, entertainment, and local businesses. Tourists spend money on accommodations, food, transportation, souvenirs, and experiences, injecting capital directly into the local economy. This influx of money can stimulate growth in infrastructure development, support small businesses, and foster economic stability in areas heavily reliant on tourism.

(ii) Cultural Exchange and Understanding: Tourism fosters cultural exchange by exposing travelers to different cultures, traditions, languages, and lifestyles. Interactions between tourists and local communities promote understanding, tolerance, and appreciation of diversity. It encourages the preservation of cultural heritage, traditions, and historical sites as they become significant attractions for visitors. This exchange of ideas and values can lead to increased global understanding and cooperation, contributing to a more interconnected and empathetic world.

(2b) (i) Infrastructure Deficiency (ii) Security Concerns (iii) Lack of Promotion and Marketing (iv) Underdeveloped Tourist Services

(2c) (i) Investment in Infrastructure: The government and private sector should collaborate to improve infrastructure in tourist areas. This includes upgrading roads, enhancing transportation systems, ensuring access to clean water and electricity, and developing tourist facilities to enhance the overall experience. (ii) Enhanced Security Measures: Implementing robust security measures and strategies in tourist areas can help alleviate safety concerns. This involves increased law enforcement presence, better surveillance, and efforts to address underlying causes of insecurity in the country. (iii) Effective Promotion and Marketing: Develop comprehensive marketing campaigns to promote Nigeria’s diverse tourist attractions domestically and internationally. Leveraging digital platforms, social media, and participating in global tourism events can increase awareness and attract more tourists. (iv) Capacity Building and Training: Invest in training programs to enhance the skills of tourism industry personnel such as tour guides, hotel staff, and service providers. Improving the quality of services will contribute to a better overall tourist experience, leading to increased satisfaction and return visits. ================================

NUMBER THREE

(3a) Localization of industry refers to the concentration or clustering of industrial activities and enterprises in a specific geographical area or region. This phenomenon occurs when certain factors make a particular location attractive for the establishment and growth of industrial activities, leading to the development of an industrial cluster.

(3b) CHOOSE ANY FOUR (4)

(I) Economies of Scale: The concentration of industries in a specific area allows for the realization of economies of scale. As multiple firms share resources, infrastructure, and services, they can achieve cost advantages in production, leading to increased efficiency and competitiveness.

(ii) Access to Skilled Labor: Industrial clusters attract a pool of skilled labor to the region. The presence of multiple industries fosters the development of a skilled workforce, promoting knowledge transfer, innovation, and a higher level of expertise in the local labor market.

(iii) Innovation and Technology Spillovers: Proximity of industries encourages the exchange of ideas, technologies, and innovations. This creates a collaborative environment where advancements in one industry can benefit others, fostering technological spillovers and overall industrial growth.

(iv) Infrastructure Development: The localization of industries often leads to the development of necessary infrastructure, including transportation networks, utilities, and communication systems. This not only supports the industries directly but also enhances the overall development of the region.

(v) Cluster Effect and Agglomeration Benefits: The clustering of industries creates a cluster effect, where related and supporting businesses and services thrive. This agglomeration benefits companies through shared resources, specialized suppliers, and a more efficient supply chain.

(vi) Research and Development (R&D) Collaboration: Proximity facilitates collaboration in research and development activities. Industries located in close proximity can engage in joint R&D efforts, leading to the creation of innovative products and processes.

(vii) Market Access: Industrial clusters often have better access to markets. Concentrated industries can benefit from shared distribution networks, reducing transportation costs and making it easier to reach consumers.

(viii) Increased Competitiveness: The localization of industries enhances competitiveness. Companies within an industrial cluster can benchmark against each other, leading to increased efficiency, quality standards, and competitiveness in the global market.

(3c) CHOOSE ANY TWO

(I) Steel Industry

(ii) Chemical Manufacturing

(iii) Shipbuilding Industry

(iv) Aerospace Industry ================================

NUMBER FIVE

(5a) CHOOSE ANY FOUR (I) Climate: The Zaria area has a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, providing suitable conditions for cotton cultivation. Cotton requires a warm climate with adequate sunlight and a well-defined growing season.

(ii) Soil Type: Cotton thrives in well-drained soils with good aeration. The Zaria area has soils that are suitable for cotton production, with a preference for loamy or sandy loam soils.

(iii) Temperature: Cotton plants prefer warm temperatures for optimal growth. The Zaria area experiences elevated temperatures, particularly during the growing season, which is favorable for cotton cultivation.

(iv) Rainfall Distribution: Cotton cultivation requires a specific pattern of rainfall, with a distinct rainy season for planting and a drier season for harvesting. The Zaria area’s seasonal rainfall pattern is conducive to the different stages of cotton growth.

(v) Altitude: Cotton cultivation is typically suited to lower altitudes. The Zaria area’s altitude is within the appropriate range for cotton production, contributing to the favorable conditions for cultivation.

(vi) Sunlight Exposure: Cotton plants require ample sunlight for photosynthesis and the development of cotton fibers. The Zaria area’s sunny conditions contribute to the healthy growth of cotton plants.

(vii) Topography: The topography of the Zaria area is generally flat to gently undulating, providing suitable terrain for cotton cultivation and mechanized farming practices.

(viii) Water Availability: Cotton requires consistent water availability, particularly during the critical stages of growth. The Zaria area has access to water sources, and irrigation can be employed during periods of insufficient rainfall to support cotton crops.

(5b) CHOOSE ANY FOUR(4)

(I) Foreign Exchange Earnings: Groundnut is a major export commodity, contributing significantly to Nigeria’s foreign exchange earnings. Groundnut exports generate income and help balance the country’s trade.

(ii) Employment Generation: Groundnut production provides employment opportunities, especially in rural areas where farming is a primary economic activity. It engages a large number of people in farming, processing, and marketing.

(iii) Source of Protein: Groundnut is a valuable source of protein, both for domestic consumption and as a raw material for livestock feed. The availability of groundnut enhances protein intake, contributing to improved nutrition.

(iv) Industrial Raw Material: Groundnut serves as a raw material for various industries. It is used in the production of edible oils, margarine, soap, and other industrial products. The oil extraction industry derived from groundnut adds value to the economy.

(v) Rural Development: Groundnut cultivation contributes to the development of rural areas by providing income opportunities for farmers. The income generated supports local economies and helps lift communities out of poverty.

(vi) Diversification of Agriculture: Groundnut production contributes to the diversification of agriculture in Nigeria. It is part of a diverse agricultural landscape that enhances resilience against the risks associated with mono-cropping.

(vii) Soil Improvement: Groundnut is a leguminous crop that enriches the soil by fixing nitrogen. Rotation with groundnut improves soil fertility, benefiting subsequent crops and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

(viii) Source of Cooking Oil: Groundnut oil is a popular cooking oil in Nigeria. The availability of locally produced groundnut oil reduces the country’s dependence on imported cooking oils, contributing to food security. ================================

(6a) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Access to Ports: The western industrial zone, particularly Lagos and its environs, is strategically located close to major ports such as Apapa and Tin Can Island Ports. This proximity allows for easy importation and exportation of goods and raw materials, reducing transportation costs and ensuring efficient supply chain management for industries located in the area. (ii) Infrastructure: The western industrial zone has better infrastructure compared to other parts of Nigeria. It has well-developed road networks, airports, and railway systems that facilitate the movement of goods and people. (iii) Availability of Skilled Labor: The western industrial zone is home to several higher education institutions, technical colleges, and vocational training centers. This concentration of educational institutions has created a pool of skilled labor in various fields such as engineering, technology, and management. Industries in the area benefit from this availability of skilled human resources, which contributes to their growth and success. (iv) Market Access: The western industrial zone has a large consumer market due to its high population density and urbanization. Lagos, as the economic center of Nigeria, attracts people from all over the country, creating a demand for various goods and services.

(6b) (PICK ANY TWO) (i) Poor Infrastructure (ii) Inconsistent Government Policies (iii) Poor Access to Finance (iv) Inadequate Skills and Workforce Development

(6c) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Improve Infrastructure: The government should prioritize infrastructure development, including improving road networks, expanding power generation and distribution, and providing reliable water and sanitation services. Public-private partnerships can be encouraged to attract investments in infrastructure. (ii) Stable and Transparent Policies: The government should provide a stable and predictable policy environment that encourages long-term planning and investment. Policy formulation should be inclusive, involving input from all stakeholders, and policy changes should be communicated in advance, giving industries time to adapt. (iii) Access to Finance: The government should work with financial institutions to develop financing schemes specifically tailored for the industrial sector. This could include the provision of low-interest loans, guarantees for industrial projects, and the creation of a specialized industrial development bank. (iv) Enhance Skills and Workforce Development: The government should collaborate with educational institutions and industries to align the curricula with the needs of the industrial sector. Vocational training programs should be promoted to provide practical skills and apprenticeship opportunities for young people. ================================

COMPLETED ✅

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Announcing the NeurIPS 2023 Paper Awards 

Communications Chairs 2023 2023 Conference awards , neurips2023

By Amir Globerson, Kate Saenko, Moritz Hardt, Sergey Levine and Comms Chair, Sahra Ghalebikesabi 

We are honored to announce the award-winning papers for NeurIPS 2023! This year’s prestigious awards consist of the Test of Time Award plus two Outstanding Paper Awards in each of these three categories: 

• Two Outstanding Main Track Papers 
• Two Outstanding Main Track Runner-Ups 
• Two Outstanding Datasets and Benchmark Track Papers  

This year’s organizers received a record number of paper submissions. Of the 13,300 submitted papers that were reviewed by 968 Area Chairs, 98 senior area chairs, and 396 Ethics reviewers 3,540  were accepted after 502 papers were flagged for ethics reviews . 

We thank the awards committee for the main track: Yoav Artzi, Chelsea Finn, Ludwig Schmidt, Ricardo Silva, Isabel Valera, and Mengdi Wang. For the Datasets and Benchmarks track, we thank Sergio Escalera, Isabelle Guyon, Neil Lawrence, Dina Machuve, Olga Russakovsky, Hugo Jair Escalante, Deepti Ghadiyaram, and Serena Yeung. Conflicts of interest were taken into account in the decision process.

Congratulations to all the authors! See Posters Sessions Tue-Thur in Great Hall & B1-B2 (level 1).

Outstanding Main Track Papers

Privacy Auditing with One (1) Training Run Authors: Thomas Steinke · Milad Nasr · Matthew Jagielski

Poster session 2: Tue 12 Dec 5:15 p.m. — 7:15 p.m. CST, #1523

Oral: Tue 12 Dec 3:40 p.m. — 4:40 p.m. CST, Room R06-R09 (level 2)

Abstract: We propose a scheme for auditing differentially private machine learning systems with a single training run. This exploits the parallelism of being able to add or remove multiple training examples independently. We analyze this using the connection between differential privacy and statistical generalization, which avoids the cost of group privacy. Our auditing scheme requires minimal assumptions about the algorithm and can be applied in the black-box or white-box setting. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework by applying it to DP-SGD, where we can achieve meaningful empirical privacy lower bounds by training only one model. In contrast, standard methods would require training hundreds of models.

Are Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models a Mirage? Authors: Rylan Schaeffer · Brando Miranda · Sanmi Koyejo

Poster session 6: Thu 14 Dec 5:00 p.m. — 7:00 p.m. CST, #1108

Oral: Thu 14 Dec 3:20 p.m. — 3:35 p.m. CST, Hall C2 (level 1) 

Abstract: Recent work claims that large language models display emergent abilities, abilities not present in smaller-scale models that are present in larger-scale models. What makes emergent abilities intriguing is two-fold: their sharpness, transitioning seemingly instantaneously from not present to present, and their unpredictability , appearing at seemingly unforeseeable model scales. Here, we present an alternative explanation for emergent abilities: that for a particular task and model family, when analyzing fixed model outputs, emergent abilities appear due to the researcher’s choice of metric rather than due to fundamental changes in model behavior with scale. Specifically, nonlinear or discontinuous metrics produce apparent emergent abilities, whereas linear or continuous metrics produce smooth, continuous, predictable changes in model performance. We present our alternative explanation in a simple mathematical model, then test it in three complementary ways: we (1) make, test and confirm three predictions on the effect of metric choice using the InstructGPT/GPT-3 family on tasks with claimed emergent abilities, (2) make, test and confirm two predictions about metric choices in a meta-analysis of emergent abilities on BIG-Bench; and (3) show how to choose metrics to produce never-before-seen seemingly emergent abilities in multiple vision tasks across diverse deep networks. Via all three analyses, we provide evidence that alleged emergent abilities evaporate with different metrics or with better statistics, and may not be a fundamental property of scaling AI models.

Outstanding Main Track Runner-Ups

Scaling Data-Constrained Language Models Authors : Niklas Muennighoff · Alexander Rush · Boaz Barak · Teven Le Scao · Nouamane Tazi · Aleksandra Piktus · Sampo Pyysalo · Thomas Wolf · Colin Raffel

Poster session 2: Tue 12 Dec 5:15 p.m. — 7:15 p.m. CST, #813

Oral: Tue 12 Dec 3:40 p.m. — 4:40 p.m. CST, Hall C2 (level 1)  

Abstract : The current trend of scaling language models involves increasing both parameter count and training dataset size. Extrapolating this trend suggests that training dataset size may soon be limited by the amount of text data available on the internet. Motivated by this limit, we investigate scaling language models in data-constrained regimes. Specifically, we run a large set of experiments varying the extent of data repetition and compute budget, ranging up to 900 billion training tokens and 9 billion parameter models. We find that with constrained data for a fixed compute budget, training with up to 4 epochs of repeated data yields negligible changes to loss compared to having unique data. However, with more repetition, the value of adding compute eventually decays to zero. We propose and empirically validate a scaling law for compute optimality that accounts for the decreasing value of repeated tokens and excess parameters. Finally, we experiment with approaches mitigating data scarcity, including augmenting the training dataset with code data or removing commonly used filters. Models and datasets from our 400 training runs are freely available at https://github.com/huggingface/datablations .

Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model Authors: Rafael Rafailov · Archit Sharma · Eric Mitchell · Christopher D Manning · Stefano Ermon · Chelsea Finn

Poster session 6: Thu 14 Dec 5:00 p.m. — 7:00 p.m. CST, #625

Oral: Thu 14 Dec 3:50 p.m. — 4:05 p.m. CST, Ballroom A-C (level 2)  

Abstract: While large-scale unsupervised language models (LMs) learn broad world knowledge and some reasoning skills, achieving precise control of their behavior is difficult due to the completely unsupervised nature of their training. Existing methods for gaining such steerability collect human labels of the relative quality of model generations and fine-tune the unsupervised LM to align with these preferences, often with reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). However, RLHF is a complex and often unstable procedure, first fitting a reward model that reflects the human preferences, and then fine-tuning the large unsupervised LM using reinforcement learning to maximize this estimated reward without drifting too far from the original model. In this paper, we leverage a mapping between reward functions and optimal policies to show that this constrained reward maximization problem can be optimized exactly with a single stage of policy training, essentially solving a classification problem on the human preference data. The resulting algorithm, which we call Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), is stable, performant, and computationally lightweight, eliminating the need for fitting a reward model, sampling from the LM during fine-tuning, or performing significant hyperparameter tuning. Our experiments show that DPO can fine-tune LMs to align with human preferences as well as or better than existing methods. Notably, fine-tuning with DPO exceeds RLHF’s ability to control sentiment of generations and improves response quality in summarization and single-turn dialogue while being substantially simpler to implement and train.

Outstanding Datasets and Benchmarks Papers

In the dataset category : 

ClimSim: A large multi-scale dataset for hybrid physics-ML climate emulation

Authors:  Sungduk Yu · Walter Hannah · Liran Peng · Jerry Lin · Mohamed Aziz Bhouri · Ritwik Gupta · Björn Lütjens · Justus C. Will · Gunnar Behrens · Julius Busecke · Nora Loose · Charles Stern · Tom Beucler · Bryce Harrop · Benjamin Hillman · Andrea Jenney · Savannah L. Ferretti · Nana Liu · Animashree Anandkumar · Noah Brenowitz · Veronika Eyring · Nicholas Geneva · Pierre Gentine · Stephan Mandt · Jaideep Pathak · Akshay Subramaniam · Carl Vondrick · Rose Yu · Laure Zanna · Tian Zheng · Ryan Abernathey · Fiaz Ahmed · David Bader · Pierre Baldi · Elizabeth Barnes · Christopher Bretherton · Peter Caldwell · Wayne Chuang · Yilun Han · YU HUANG · Fernando Iglesias-Suarez · Sanket Jantre · Karthik Kashinath · Marat Khairoutdinov · Thorsten Kurth · Nicholas Lutsko · Po-Lun Ma · Griffin Mooers · J. David Neelin · David Randall · Sara Shamekh · Mark Taylor · Nathan Urban · Janni Yuval · Guang Zhang · Mike Pritchard

Poster session 4: Wed 13 Dec 5:00 p.m. — 7:00 p.m. CST, #105 

Oral: Wed 13 Dec 3:45 p.m. — 4:00 p.m. CST, Ballroom A-C (level 2)

Abstract: Modern climate projections lack adequate spatial and temporal resolution due to computational constraints. A consequence is inaccurate and imprecise predictions of critical processes such as storms. Hybrid methods that combine physics with machine learning (ML) have introduced a new generation of higher fidelity climate simulators that can sidestep Moore’s Law by outsourcing compute-hungry, short, high-resolution simulations to ML emulators. However, this hybrid ML-physics simulation approach requires domain-specific treatment and has been inaccessible to ML experts because of lack of training data and relevant, easy-to-use workflows. We present ClimSim, the largest-ever dataset designed for hybrid ML-physics research. It comprises multi-scale climate simulations, developed by a consortium of climate scientists and ML researchers. It consists of 5.7 billion pairs of multivariate input and output vectors that isolate the influence of locally-nested, high-resolution, high-fidelity physics on a host climate simulator’s macro-scale physical state. The dataset is global in coverage, spans multiple years at high sampling frequency, and is designed such that resulting emulators are compatible with downstream coupling into operational climate simulators. We implement a range of deterministic and stochastic regression baselines to highlight the ML challenges and their scoring. The data (https://huggingface.co/datasets/LEAP/ClimSim_high-res) and code (https://leap-stc.github.io/ClimSim) are released openly to support the development of hybrid ML-physics and high-fidelity climate simulations for the benefit of science and society.   

In the benchmark category :

DecodingTrust: A Comprehensive Assessment of Trustworthiness in GPT Models

Authors: Boxin Wang · Weixin Chen · Hengzhi Pei · Chulin Xie · Mintong Kang · Chenhui Zhang · Chejian Xu · Zidi Xiong · Ritik Dutta · Rylan Schaeffer · Sang Truong · Simran Arora · Mantas Mazeika · Dan Hendrycks · Zinan Lin · Yu Cheng · Sanmi Koyejo · Dawn Song · Bo Li

Poster session 1: Tue 12 Dec 10:45 a.m. — 12:45 p.m. CST, #1618  

Oral: Tue 12 Dec 10:30 a.m. — 10:45 a.m. CST, Ballroom A-C (Level 2)

Abstract: Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) models have exhibited exciting progress in capabilities, capturing the interest of practitioners and the public alike. Yet, while the literature on the trustworthiness of GPT models remains limited, practitioners have proposed employing capable GPT models for sensitive applications to healthcare and finance – where mistakes can be costly. To this end, this work proposes a comprehensive trustworthiness evaluation for large language models with a focus on GPT-4 and GPT-3.5, considering diverse perspectives – including toxicity, stereotype bias, adversarial robustness, out-of-distribution robustness, robustness on adversarial demonstrations, privacy, machine ethics, and fairness. Based on our evaluations, we discover previously unpublished vulnerabilities to trustworthiness threats. For instance, we find that GPT models can be easily misled to generate toxic and biased outputs and leak private information in both training data and conversation history. We also find that although GPT-4 is usually more trustworthy than GPT-3.5 on standard benchmarks, GPT-4 is more vulnerable given jailbreaking system or user prompts, potentially due to the reason that GPT-4 follows the (misleading) instructions more precisely. Our work illustrates a comprehensive trustworthiness evaluation of GPT models and sheds light on the trustworthiness gaps. Our benchmark is publicly available at https://decodingtrust.github.io/.

Test of Time

This year, following the usual practice, we chose a NeurIPS paper from 10 years ago to receive the Test of Time Award, and “ Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality ” by Tomas Mikolov, Ilya Sutskever, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean, won. 

Published at NeurIPS 2013 and cited over 40,000 times, the work introduced the seminal word embedding technique word2vec. Demonstrating the power of learning from large amounts of unstructured text, the work catalyzed progress that marked the beginning of a new era in natural language processing.

Greg Corrado and Jeffrey Dean will be giving a talk about this work and related research on Tuesday, 12 Dec at 3:05 – 3:25 pm CST in Hall F.  

Related Posts

2023 Conference

Announcing NeurIPS 2023 Invited Talks

Reflections on the neurips 2023 ethics review process, neurips newsletter – november 2023.

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2023 outstanding papers published in the environmental science journals of the royal society of chemistry.

a Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China

b Carnegie Mellon University Department of Chemistry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

c Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

d Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, UK

e Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Portugal

f Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA

g Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA

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• This article is part of the themed collection: Outstanding Papers 2023 – Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology

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Z. Cai, N. Donahue, G. Gagnon, K. C. Jones, C. Manaia, E. Sunderland and P. J. Vikesland, Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol. , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D4EW90011A

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AI Index Report

Welcome to the seventh edition of the AI Index report. The 2024 Index is our most comprehensive to date and arrives at an important moment when AI’s influence on society has never been more pronounced. This year, we have broadened our scope to more extensively cover essential trends such as technical advancements in AI, public perceptions of the technology, and the geopolitical dynamics surrounding its development. Featuring more original data than ever before, this edition introduces new estimates on AI training costs, detailed analyses of the responsible AI landscape, and an entirely new chapter dedicated to AI’s impact on science and medicine.

Read the 2024 AI Index Report

The AI Index report tracks, collates, distills, and visualizes data related to artificial intelligence (AI). Our mission is to provide unbiased, rigorously vetted, broadly sourced data in order for policymakers, researchers, executives, journalists, and the general public to develop a more thorough and nuanced understanding of the complex field of AI.

The AI Index is recognized globally as one of the most credible and authoritative sources for data and insights on artificial intelligence. Previous editions have been cited in major newspapers, including the The New York Times, Bloomberg, and The Guardian, have amassed hundreds of academic citations, and been referenced by high-level policymakers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, among other places. This year’s edition surpasses all previous ones in size, scale, and scope, reflecting the growing significance that AI is coming to hold in all of our lives.

Steering Committee Co-Directors

Ray Perrault

Steering committee members.

Erik Brynjolfsson

John Etchemendy

Katrina Ligett

Terah Lyons

James Manyika

Juan Carlos Niebles

Vanessa Parli

Yoav Shoham

Russell Wald

Staff members.

Loredana Fattorini

Nestor Maslej

Letter from the co-directors.

A decade ago, the best AI systems in the world were unable to classify objects in images at a human level. AI struggled with language comprehension and could not solve math problems. Today, AI systems routinely exceed human performance on standard benchmarks.

Progress accelerated in 2023. New state-of-the-art systems like GPT-4, Gemini, and Claude 3 are impressively multimodal: They can generate fluent text in dozens of languages, process audio, and even explain memes. As AI has improved, it has increasingly forced its way into our lives. Companies are racing to build AI-based products, and AI is increasingly being used by the general public. But current AI technology still has significant problems. It cannot reliably deal with facts, perform complex reasoning, or explain its conclusions.

AI faces two interrelated futures. First, technology continues to improve and is increasingly used, having major consequences for productivity and employment. It can be put to both good and bad uses. In the second future, the adoption of AI is constrained by the limitations of the technology. Regardless of which future unfolds, governments are increasingly concerned. They are stepping in to encourage the upside, such as funding university R&D and incentivizing private investment. Governments are also aiming to manage the potential downsides, such as impacts on employment, privacy concerns, misinformation, and intellectual property rights.

As AI rapidly evolves, the AI Index aims to help the AI community, policymakers, business leaders, journalists, and the general public navigate this complex landscape. It provides ongoing, objective snapshots tracking several key areas: technical progress in AI capabilities, the community and investments driving AI development and deployment, public opinion on current and potential future impacts, and policy measures taken to stimulate AI innovation while managing its risks and challenges. By comprehensively monitoring the AI ecosystem, the Index serves as an important resource for understanding this transformative technological force.

On the technical front, this year’s AI Index reports that the number of new large language models released worldwide in 2023 doubled over the previous year. Two-thirds were open-source, but the highest-performing models came from industry players with closed systems. Gemini Ultra became the first LLM to reach human-level performance on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark; performance on the benchmark has improved by 15 percentage points since last year. Additionally, GPT-4 achieved an impressive 0.97 mean win rate score on the comprehensive Holistic Evaluation of Language Models (HELM) benchmark, which includes MMLU among other evaluations.

Although global private investment in AI decreased for the second consecutive year, investment in generative AI skyrocketed. More Fortune 500 earnings calls mentioned AI than ever before, and new studies show that AI tangibly boosts worker productivity. On the policymaking front, global mentions of AI in legislative proceedings have never been higher. U.S. regulators passed more AI-related regulations in 2023 than ever before. Still, many expressed concerns about AI’s ability to generate deepfakes and impact elections. The public became more aware of AI, and studies suggest that they responded with nervousness.

Ray Perrault Co-director, AI Index

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