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Your chance of acceptance, your chancing factors, extracurriculars, how to write a 'why biology' major essay.

I'm a high school junior applying to college soon, and I'm working on my application essays. One question asks me to explain why I'm interested in majoring in Biology. Can you guys suggest some elements I should include in the essay? How can I make my passion for biology stand out?

When writing a 'Why Biology' major essay, it's essential to focus on your personal experiences, passion, and future goals related to the subject. Here are some elements you can include in the essay to make it stand out:

1. Personal exposure: Highlight any experiences that sparked your interest in biology. Did you have a inspiring biology teacher or an exciting lab experiment? Maybe you joined a biology club or participated in a science fair project? Connect these experiences to your passion for the subject.

2. Academic achievements: Reflect on any notable academic accomplishments you have had in biology, such as high grades, taking AP or advanced level courses, or receiving awards/recognitions for your work in the subject. This shows your dedication and success within the field.

3. Extracurricular activities: Discuss any relevant extracurricular activities showcasing your involvement and commitment to biology, such as internships, volunteering, research projects, or summer programs related to the subject. Elaborate on how these experiences deepened your passion and understanding of biology.

4. Specific topics of interest: Describe the areas within biology that you find particularly fascinating or captivating, such as genetics, molecular biology, neuroscience, or ecology. By narrowing the focus, you demonstrate a clear understanding of the discipline and its subfields.

5. How your passion has evolved: Explain how your interest in biology started and the ways it has grown over time. This shows your commitment to understanding the subject on a deeper level, and it will allow the admissions committee to see how you've continued to explore and expand your passion for biology.

6. Future plans and goals: Talk about your long-term career aspirations or academic goals in biology and how majoring in the subject will help you achieve them. For example, you could mention your desire to pursue research, medicine, biotechnology, or conservation. Connecting your major to future plans showcases your motivation and seriousness about studying biology.

7. College-specific resources: Mention specific programs, faculty, research opportunities, or facilities that the college you're applying to offers within the biology department. Explain how these resources will help you reach your academic goals and deepen your passion for the subject.

For more details on writing a "Why This Major?" essay, check out this CollegeVine article: https://blog.collegevine.com/why-this-major-college-essay

In conclusion, make sure to focus on your personal experiences, achievements, and aspirations regarding biology, and convey your genuine enthusiasm and dedication to the subject. By incorporating these various elements into your essay, you'll demonstrate a well-rounded understanding of and passion for biology, which will make your essay stand out.

About CollegeVine’s Expert FAQ

CollegeVine’s Q&A seeks to offer informed perspectives on commonly asked admissions questions. Every answer is refined and validated by our team of admissions experts to ensure it resonates with trusted knowledge in the field.

Essays About Biology: Top 5 Best Examples and 6 Prompts

Writing essays about biology can be difficult because it’s composed of many subtopics. Check out this article for our top essay examples and writing prompts.

Biology came from the Greek words “bios” (life) and “logos” (study). It’s why biology is the study of life or living organisms. Aside from being a natural science, it also has consolidated themes, such as cells making all organisms. Because it’s a broad topic, biology is divided into specialized fields such as botany, genetics, zoology, microbiology, medicine, and ecology. 

Biologists consider living beings’ origin, evolution, growth, function, structure, and distribution. It’s a comprehensive subject, so there are many things you can write about in your essay. However, at the same time, you might find it challenging to focus on just one area. 

Below are examples to give you an idea of how to write your essays about biology:

1. Essay About Biology by Kelli Wilkins

2. my interests in biology by anonymous on essaywriting.expert, 3. essay on the importance of study of biology by akhila mol, 4. what biology means to me by anonymous on studymode.com, 5. how my biology teacher changed my perspective of learning the subject by sankalan bhattacharya, 1. biology in my everyday life, 2. something i realized because of biology, 3. my memorable biology class experience, 4. genetics’ role in people’s diseases, 5. my experience during the pandemic, 6. biology and health.

“Studying Biology is important for a number of reasons, but in particular because it is used in every field. If we did not have a good understanding of Biology then nobody would be able to understand how bodies work, and how life on earth functions.”

Wilkins shares her desire to study anatomy, a branch of biology, and expounds on what makes biology an essential field. Because biology lets people know more about the world, she digs into why she’s interested in anatomy, specifically to find ways to cure illnesses and develop technologies to discover new treatments. She ends her essay by relating biology to the existence of doctors and hospitals. 

“It is known that education plays an important role in the life of any individual. It gives an opportunity to develop personality and gain specific skills, to get profound knowledge and experience in order to apply them practically in the future. As for me, my major goal is to study Biology in order to get appropriate knowledge and skills required for my future profession.”

The author shares why they want to study biology, referring to the human body as the “perfect machine” and curious about how it performs each of its systems’ functions. The writer also mentions how biology is critical to their future profession. They aim to help people with their health problems and relay their desire to research the brain to find more data on it. 

“The study of biology owes great significance in human life, because man for its day-to-day requirements is dependent on plants and animals either directly or indirectly.”

Mol lists seven reasons why humans need biology in their daily lives. Her list includes health, diseases, agriculture, horticulture, food, animal breeding, and entertainment. She expounds on each point and how they affect a man during his time on Earth. She explains each relationship in a simple manner that’s easy to understand for the readers.

“Without biology, we would have no idea about an organism’s makeup, or the most basic unit of life, a cell… Biology influences me in many ways. Biology influences me by teaching me why to take care of the environment, why I am to take care of my body, and by giving me a better overall view of all scientific areas of study.”

In this short essay, the writer lists down reasons why biology is essential. These reasons include taking care of the environment, one’s body, and others. The author also expounds on their reasons by presenting facts supporting biology’s importance to the world and human lives.

“He told that the syllabus may be a good way to prepare for an exam but our knowledge should not be limited to any syllabus and the questions that were asked in the examination were related to the topic only. He told that if we try to know things in detail and understand them properly then the interest in the subject will develop, otherwise, students will not treat the subject as a subject of their choice. 

Bhattacharya shares his experience with a teacher with a unique teaching style. His Biology teacher from Class 7, before the era of the internet, don’t just carry one book to get all his lessons from. Instead, he has a notebook with the collated information from many books to teach his class. 

Bhattacharya’s teacher taught them things that were not in the curriculum, even if following the curriculum would give him higher points in his evaluation. He only wanted his students to learn more and share with them why learning differs from just knowing. 

Do you want to be sure you have an excellent essay? See our round-up of the best essay writing apps to help you check your output.

6 Prompts for Essays About Biology

You don’t have to be a biology student to write an essay about the subject. If you’re looking for easy prompts to write about, here are some to get you started:

If mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, who is the powerhouse of your classroom? Your home? Relate a biology topic to a similar structure in your life, then explain why you think they are the same. 

For instance, you can compare your mother to mitochondria which generate the energy needed to power a cell. The cell being you. You can say that she gives you energy every day by being there and supporting you in whatever way she can. This prompt bodes for a creative and intriguing essay.

Relay a lesson you learned from biology and how it perfectly explained something you were once hesitant about. Such as being insecure about your big ears – only to know from a biology trivia that ears never stop growing. You can then share how this help lessen your insecurity because you now know large ears are normal. 

Do you have a memory you won’t forget that happened during biology class? Narrate this story and explain why it’s something that left an impression on you. To give you an idea, you can talk about the first time you dissected an animal, where you first realized how complex organisms are and that they are made of many systems to function, no matter how small.

Gene action and heredity are evolving. If you have a genetic illness or know someone who has it, you can share your experience. Then explain what your genes have to do with the disease. Is it something you got from your parents? Did they inherit it from your grandparents? Finally, you can add what your parents’ and grandparents’ lives were like because of the disease.

Virology, another branch of biology, studies viruses and viral diseases. A recent example is the coronavirus pandemic, where more people realized the importance of knowing a virus’ origin, structure, and how they work. Write an essay where you explain how the pandemic operates, such as why people should wear masks, social distance, etc.

For this essay, you can write about how biology helps you care for your health. For example, you can include how biology helped doctors give you the appropriate diagnosis, how you had the opportunity to have the proper treatment, etc. 

If you want to write on a related topic, here are essay topics about nature you can consider for your next essay. 

Maria Caballero is a freelance writer who has been writing since high school. She believes that to be a writer doesn't only refer to excellent syntax and semantics but also knowing how to weave words together to communicate to any reader effectively.

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My Love for Biology by Kelsey

Kelseyof Shelbyville's entry into Varsity Tutor's October 2016 scholarship contest

My Love for Biology by Kelsey - October 2016 Scholarship Essay

If the roles were reversed and I was no longer a student but rather a teacher, I would teach Biology. I remember sitting in my Biology class Sophomore year and just being completely and utterly fascinated. I remember having such a wonderful teacher who truly made me love learning this particular subject. I remember the excitement and knowledge I gained. My fascination, my wonderful teacher, and the fact that I felt I had truly learned something all play a major role in my decision to teach Biology if the roles were reversed. When I was in my Biology class, I remember how I always read ahead in the textbook just because of how fascinated I was with the material. I loved that class and I always looked forward to it every day. When I would get home after school, I would browse the internet and often find myself reading scientific articles related to Biology, I even still do this to this day. Because of my fascination in Biology, I have even decided to major in it when I attend the University of Kentucky in the Fall of 2017. My pure fascination and interest in this subject would lead me to teach it because if you truly have a passion for something, you will achieve in it. So I believe that I would make a great Biology teacher because of how fascinated I am with it. Another reason that I would teach Biology if the roles were reversed is because of how great of a teacher I personally had for this subject. My teacher truly had a passion for Biology and therefore made an amazing teacher. She always made sure everyone understood the material before giving us a test. She was patient, kind, and very intelligent. She inspired me and showed me that if your heart is in something, everything else will work out. My final reason that I would teach Biology if the roles were reversed is that I feel like Biology is truly a subject that you learn valuable information in. It would be a pleasure for me to teach a subject that students feel they come away from having actually learned something. So often I hear students complaining about how they won’t use anything they learn in school, in real life. Personally, I disagree with this complaint when it comes to Biology. I think Biology is so important to learn because if nothing else, you will at least walk away knowing your own body. You will walk away better understanding what nutrients you need to be healthy, what your future baby will likely look like based on dominant and recessive traits, and much more. My fascination, my inspiring teacher, and my belief that Biology truly benefits students would lead me to teach Biology if the roles were reversed. Through my own experiences I have come to learn that someone who truly cares for something, does a great job at it. So I hope that if I taught Biology, my true love for the subject would lead me to be a great teacher.

Home — Application Essay — Science School — Discovering My Own Love for Biology

Discovering My Own Love for Biology

• University: Duke University

About this sample

Words: 497 |

Published: Jul 18, 2018

Words: 497 | Pages: 1 | 3 min read

As I think about my future and the journey that led me here, I find myself reflecting on the moments and people who inspired me to pursue a career in biology. For as long as I can remember, science has fascinated me. But it was a conversation with a family member that sparked my passion for the field and ultimately led me to apply to Duke University.

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Growing up in a small town in rural America, I was always fascinated by the natural world around me. My love for biology first began when I was a child and my uncle, a marine biologist, would take me on nature walks and teach me about the various plants and animals we encountered. He showed me how to observe and appreciate the intricacies of life, and his enthusiasm for the subject ignited a passion in me that has only grown over the years.

As I progressed through my academic career, I found myself consistently drawn to biology classes. In high school, I took advanced placement courses in biology, and my favorite class in college so far has been a course in ecology and evolution. Through these classes, I have come to appreciate the importance of biology in understanding the world around us and the potential it has for making a positive impact on society.

My passion for biology was further deepened by the experience of watching my best friend struggle with a serious illness that required extensive medical treatment. Seeing the incredible work of the medical professionals who cared for her inspired me to pursue a career in biology, with the goal of making a similar impact in the lives of others.

I have since sought out opportunities to gain hands-on experience in the field. I have interned at a local wildlife rehabilitation center, where I was able to work closely with biologists and veterinarians to care for injured and orphaned animals. Additionally, I have participated in a research project through my college that focused on the effects of climate change on local ecosystems. Through these experiences, I have gained a greater understanding of the complexities and challenges of working in the field of biology, but I have also been inspired by the dedication and passion of the individuals I have worked alongside.

My dream is to continue to make a positive impact in the field of biology through a career as a researcher or medical professional. I believe that studying biology at Duke University will provide me with the resources and opportunities necessary to achieve my goals. The university's focus on interdisciplinary research and its cutting-edge facilities and programs, such as the Duke Global Health Institute, will enable me to collaborate with individuals from a range of backgrounds and gain a holistic perspective on the field of biology.

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Overall, I am excited about the potential for biology to make a difference in the world, and I am eager to continue pursuing my passion for the subject at Duke University.

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Biology Personal Statement Examples: Crafting a Winning UCAS Application

Are you a prospective undergraduate student with a passion for biology, looking to create a compelling personal statement for your UCAS application? Crafting a biology personal statement that stands out is crucial in securing a spot at your desired university.

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll provide you with biology personal statement examples and valuable advice to help you succeed in your application process.

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• What is a Personal Statement?

Defining the Personal Statement

A personal statement is a crucial component of your UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service) application, giving you the opportunity to showcase your passion, skills, and suitability for your chosen course. It’s your chance to make a lasting impression on admissions tutors.

The Importance of the Personal Statement

Admissions tutors receive numerous applications, making the personal statement a vital tool for differentiating yourself from other candidates. It allows you to provide insights into your character, motivation, and suitability for the biology program you aspire to join.

• Biology Personal Statement Examples

Example 1: Expressing Passion

“Ever since I attended a biology field course in primary school, my love for biology has always captivated me. I am always intrigued by the microscopic world, from unraveling the secrets of DNA transcription to exploring the intricate processes of photosynthesis.”

In this example, the candidate expresses their lifelong fascination with biology, dating back to their primary school years. Their enthusiasm for delving into microscopic phenomena highlights their passion for the subject.

Example 2: Highlighting Relevant Experience

“Through volunteering and work experience, I’ve developed my ability to work as part of a team. My time management and leadership skills were honed while studying biomedical science, and I’m excited to apply them to my degree in biology.”

This example emphasizes the candidate’s practical experience and transferable skills gained through volunteering and work experience. It showcases their readiness to excel in a biology program.

Example 3: Going Beyond the Syllabus

“My A-level studies have fueled my thirst for knowledge. While the syllabus is essential, I’ve always been keen to explore topics beyond it, such as medical microbiology, viruses, and bacteria. I want to pursue exactly cutting-edge research in my undergraduate studies.”

In this example, the applicant demonstrates their academic curiosity and ambition by highlighting their willingness to explore topics beyond the standard curriculum. Their desire to engage in cutting-edge research aligns with the university’s emphasis on innovation.

Example 4: Showcasing Academic Dedication

“My dedication to biology and chemistry is evident in my essay writing and analytical skills. I’ve enjoyed studying biochemical components of life and analyzing complex biological processes.”

This example showcases the candidate’s academic commitment and analytical abilities, providing evidence of their preparedness for rigorous academic coursework in biology.

• Additional Considerations for Your Biology Personal Statement

The Role of Extracurricular Activities

Your extracurricular activities can play a significant role in strengthening your personal statement. While not every hobby or activity needs to be mentioned, those that demonstrate your commitment, leadership, or skills relevant to biology can be highlighted.

Consider discussing participation in biology-related clubs or societies, science competitions, or relevant volunteer work. These experiences can illustrate your dedication to the field and provide evidence of your suitability for a biology program.

Demonstrating a Holistic Interest in Biology

Admissions tutors appreciate candidates who display a holistic interest in biology. This means going beyond the classroom and textbooks to explore the subject independently. Mention books, documentaries, online courses, or conferences that have expanded your understanding of biology.

Discuss any personal projects, experiments, or research you’ve conducted outside of your academic curriculum. Highlight how these experiences have deepened your knowledge and passion for the subject.

Preparing for UCAS Applications

Understanding ucas.

Before diving into your personal statement, it’s essential to have a solid grasp of the UCAS application process. Familiarize yourself with UCAS deadlines, course codes, and entry requirements for your chosen biology programs. Research the universities you plan to apply to thoroughly, considering their course structures, facilities, and faculty expertise.

Tailoring Your Statement to Each University

While your personal statement serves as a general document, it’s advisable to tailor it slightly for each university you apply to. Highlight specific aspects of each program that align with your interests and goals. Mention any unique research opportunities or facilities that attract you to that particular institution.

Seek Guidance from Teachers and Advisors

Don’t underestimate the value of input from teachers, school advisors, or mentors. They can provide valuable insights into crafting a strong personal statement and may be familiar with successful strategies that have worked for past students.

• The UCAS Application Process

Filling Out Your UCAS Application

The UCAS application itself requires careful attention. Ensure that you complete all sections accurately and honestly. This includes entering your academic qualifications, personal details, and course choices correctly. Any errors or inaccuracies could jeopardize your application.

Personal Statement Length and Structure

The UCAS personal statement has a character limit of 4,000 characters or 47 lines of text. This constraint necessitates concise and focused writing. To create a well-structured statement, consider the following format:

• Introduction: Begin with a compelling opening that grabs the reader’s attention. Introduce yourself and your passion for biology.
• Body: Discuss your academic journey, relevant experiences, extracurricular activities, and why you’re a suitable candidate for the program.
• Conclusion: Summarize your key points, reiterate your enthusiasm for biology, and explain why you’re excited to study it at the university of your choice.
• Top Universities for Biology

University of Oxford

Renowned for its academic excellence, the University of Oxford offers various biology-related programs, including Biological Sciences, Biochemistry, and Experimental Psychology. The university’s cutting-edge research facilities and distinguished faculty make it a top choice for aspiring biologists.

University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge is another prestigious institution with a strong emphasis on biological sciences. Students can pursue degrees in Natural Sciences with a specialization in biology, providing a comprehensive foundation in the field.

Imperial College London

Imperial College London offers a wide range of biology-related programs, including Biotechnology, Biology, and Biomedical Sciences. Its central location in London provides students with access to numerous research opportunities and industry connections.

University of California, Berkeley

For those considering international options, the University of California, Berkeley, is renowned for its biology programs. With a strong focus on research and innovation, it’s an attractive destination for students interested in the biological sciences.

• Crafting Your Unique Biology Personal Statement

Tailoring Your Statement to Your Interests

Your personal statement should reflect your specific interests within biology. Whether it’s molecular biology, ecology, genetics, or any other subfield, make it clear why you’re passionate about that particular aspect of biology.

Conveying Your Long-Term Goals

Admissions tutors are interested in understanding your long-term aspirations. Discuss how a degree in biology will help you achieve your career goals, whether it’s conducting groundbreaking research, contributing to environmental conservation, or advancing healthcare.

Demonstrating Personal Growth

Reflect on your personal growth and development through your academic journey and experiences. Explain how challenges you’ve faced have strengthened your determination and ability to overcome obstacles.

Incorporating a Unique Narrative

Craft a narrative within your personal statement that engages the reader. Share anecdotes or personal stories that highlight your journey and connect with your passion for biology.

The Importance of Research

Show that you’ve researched the university and program you’re applying to. Mention specific courses, professors, or research projects that align with your interests. This demonstrates your genuine interest in the institution.

In conclusion, crafting a biology personal statement is a critical step in securing a spot at your desired university. By following the advice and examples provided in this guide, you can create a compelling and memorable personal statement that sets you apart from other applicants.

Remember to start early, seek feedback, and tailor your statement to each university’s unique offerings. With dedication and careful preparation, you can increase your chances of pursuing your passion for biology at a top university. Good luck with your UCAS application!

What should I include in my biology personal statement?

You should include your passion for biology, relevant experiences, academic dedication, and any unique qualities that make you a strong candidate.

How long should my personal statement be?

UCAS recommends a maximum of 4,000 characters or 47 lines of text, so keep it concise and focused.

Can I use biology personal statement examples as templates?

You can use them as inspiration, but make sure your statement is unique and reflects your personal experiences and goals.

Should I mention my extracurricular activities in my personal statement?

If they are relevant to biology or demonstrate skills that would benefit your studies, include them.

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Table of Contents

• • What is a Personal Statement?
• • Biology Personal Statement Examples
• • Additional Considerations for Your Biology Personal Statement
• • The UCAS Application Process
• • Top Universities for Biology
• • Crafting Your Unique Biology Personal Statement
• • Conclusion

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Greater Good Science Center • Magazine • In Action • In Education

Relationships Articles & More

How biology prepares us for love and connection, our brains and bodies are wired for empathy, cooperation, generosity, and connection..

Humans are social creatures with a propensity to connect with others and to form relationships. Our relationships can be sources of fun, gratification, peace, well-being, obsession, love, pain, and grief. They inform the rhythms of our days, the work that we do, and how we feel about ourselves—and they add meaning to our lives.

But our social nature isn’t just a product of the way we are raised or the culture we live in. It’s actually visible in the design and function of our brains and the inner workings of our bodies, which have evolved to support our complex social lives.

“To the extent that we can characterize evolution as designing our modern brains, this is what our brains were wired for: reaching out to and interacting with others,” writes neuroscientist Matthew Lieberman in his book Social: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Connect .

We are each equipped with biological mechanisms that underlie our ability to empathize, cooperate, give, and love. These neural circuits underpin all of our relationships, beginning at birth—and maybe even before.

Wired for empathy

Anyone who’s winced when they’ve watched a child skin their knee or witnessed a loved one’s intense grief knows how visceral empathy can feel. Our ability to empathize, to resonate with people’s pain and emotions, is an important driver of how we relate to others.

In fact, a study by neuroscientist Tor Wager and his colleagues found that we have a brain circuit dedicated specifically to empathic care—the positive, motivating feelings that drive us to help others in order to relieve their suffering. This circuit includes the nucleus accumbens and the medial orbitofrontal cortex, brain areas involved in rewarding activities like eating and sex.

By incentivizing our ability to feel warmth and care in the face of another person’s suffering, activation of this circuit encourages acts of selflessness and compassion.

Wired for cooperation and generosity

Indeed, our brains are hardwired to encourage us to behave socially—even with strangers.

This is exemplified in a study by anthropologist James Rilling and his colleagues. They used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to scan the brains of 36 women while they each played a game based on the prisoner’s dilemma with one other woman. In this game, a player behaving selfishly could win $60 and their partner would win nothing. If both players cooperated, they both would win $40.

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How strong are your social connections, online and off?

While participants stood to gain more through making selfish choices, mutual cooperation was the most popular outcome. When partners had mutually cooperative interactions, brain regions involved in reward processing were activated. The researchers propose that this pattern of brain activation is “involved in sustaining cooperative social relationships, perhaps by labeling cooperative social interactions as rewarding, and/or by inhibiting the selfish impulse to accept but not reciprocate an act of altruism.”

The reward system is also activated when people make anonymous charitable donations, according to another study . This suggests that human brains are wired to be able to extend altruism beyond people we know into a more abstract sense of care toward a group of strangers or a moral cause—and feel good doing it. 

Wired for love

Relationships are key to our health and happiness and likely were essential for the survival of our ancestors. As such, it makes sense that our brains are well-equipped to begin forming bonds with others as soon as we are born.

In fact, researcher Martha Welch’s “ calming cycle theory ” hypothesizes that the earliest relationship—between mother and infant—actually begins before birth via the co-conditioning of mother’s and baby’s autonomic nervous systems.

According to this theory, through dynamic changes in hormone release and heart rate, mother and infant can influence each other’s physiology while the baby is in utero. After the baby is born, sensory information from the mother such as scent, touch, voice, or eye contact can initiate this autonomic response, calming both baby and mother. This is important because infants cannot regulate their emotions on their own and rely on their mothers and other caregivers to help them through periods of distress. The early formation of autonomic co-regulation between mother and baby may help lay the groundwork for a mother’s ability to help calm her infant after periods of separation.

Studies of rats, primates, and other mammals have also identified cortical brain circuits that are involved in forming and maintaining bonds between parents and their offspring . For example, activity in an area of the brain called the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) appears to be involved in maternal love . OFC activity increases in human mothers viewing their own babies and in infants viewing movies of their smiling mothers.

Some of these same biological mechanisms that underlie the parent-child bond are also important for our other relationships. The brain’s reward system, for example, is similarly activated by maternal and romantic love. A study by Andreas Bartels and Semir Zeki used fMRI to measure brain activity in mothers viewing photos of their own child, another child they knew, their best friend, and other adult acquaintances. The findings suggest that viewing a photo of their child or their best friend activated overlapping regions of the mother’s reward system (as well as some distinct brain areas). It also led to decreased activity in brain areas involved in social judgment and negative emotions, compared to viewing photos of people they merely knew.

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The researchers conclude, “Human attachment employs a push-pull mechanism that overcomes social distance by deactivating networks used for critical social assessment and negative emotions, while it bonds individuals through the involvement of the reward circuitry, explaining the power of love to motivate and exhilarate.”

The areas of the reward system activated by love also contain receptors for oxytocin , a naturally occurring hormone that plays an important role in attachment. Research suggests that its release decreases stress and anxiety, increases well-being and trust, and may be a biological mechanism that underlies bonding between parent and child, between friends, and between romantic partners.

Another thing that happens in our bodies when we’re bonding is biobehavioral synchrony , where our behavior and biology begin to mirror those of a social contact. When a mother and infant interact, for instance, their heart rhythms, brain activity, and hormone release become matched. Studies suggest that this process prepares babies to be able to synchronize in future relationships, too. And other studies have found elements of biobehavioral synchrony between romantic partners , friends , and even strangers .

In fact, purposefully synchronizing behavior may be one way to increase intimacy. In one study , strangers who pedaled bicycles in synchrony and romantic partners who imagined walking synchronously with their partner both reported greater feelings of intimacy and closeness than did those asked to pedal asynchronously or to imagine walking out of step with their partner. This suggests that joint movement—whether it occurs naturally or by design—may help people feel more socially connected.

Wired for touch

Sometimes synchronized activities—such as dancing—can involve touch. Whether it be a kiss, a hug, or a pat on the back, touch can convey comfort, emotion, and affection to the people we care about. Research over the past two decades has found that there is a special pathway in our nervous system that is particularly sensitive to these forms of “ social touch .”

In particular, our skin contains a special type of touch receptor that responds to pleasant touch, like the soft brushing of an arm at a medium velocity. These “C-tactile afferents” (also called CT fibers) project to a part of the brain called the insular cortex, which is involved in processing information about emotions and interpersonal experiences. Researchers hypothesize that the social touch pathway conveys important information to the brain that helps facilitate bonding .

Remarkably, a study found that the insular cortex can also be activated by watching other people have their arms pleasantly stroked. This could represent a form of “neural empathy” that helps us understand the nature of the relationships between the people who surround us, and better allow us to integrate into groups.

Wired for social connection

The studies mentioned thus far, along with a rich body of other work, support the social baseline theory (SBT) by psychologists James Coan and David Sbarra. This theory suggests that the human brain operates under the assumption that our interactions with others are a vital resource that helps us stay safe and meet our goals.

“At its simplest, SBT suggests that proximity to social resources decreases the cost of climbing both the literal and figurative hills we face, because the brain construes social resources as bioenergetic resources, much like oxygen or glucose,” write Coan and Sbarra.

This suggests that when we don’t have access to social connections, we shift our cognitive and biological resources to focus more on ourselves, leading to distress, ill health, and limited achievement. When our lives are rich in social connection, however, we can move mountains—and, indeed, we are happier, healthier, and more successful .

About the Author

Summer Allen

Summer Allen, Ph.D. , is a Research/Writing Fellow with the Greater Good Science Center. A graduate of Carleton College and Brown University, Summer now writes for a variety of publications including weekly blog posts for the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She is also very active on twitter: follow her , or just reach out and say hello!

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Tips on How to Write a Biology Essay: Learn from the Example of Jellyfish Essay

How to Write a Biology Essay

In this article, we will guide you on how to write a perfect biology essay from scratch. You’ll find various tips to help you excel in writing your essay and creating a paper worth the highest grades. We also prepared a jellyfish essay example for you, so it can be easier to enhance all the specifics and structure of this kind of paper.

What is Biology Essay

A biology essay is a student-written work where you present arguments and ideas about a particular biological topic. The essay on biology can take different forms like argumentative, cause-and-effect, descriptive, detailed analysis, or ‘how-to’ instruction, depending on the professor’s guidelines and writer’s preferences. 

A descriptive paper can explain a biological subject, while an argumentative one provides evidence to support a point of view. It’s up to you to choose which type is more suitable for the topic you’re writing about. The most common type is a cause-and-effect essay explaining an event’s reasons and consequences. 

How to Craft a Perfect Essay About Biology

Writing is an art form that requires time and effort. But if you prefer someone else to write the paper for you, you can just text the experts, ‘ do my homework for me ,’ and consider it done. 

Here is the step by step instruction to organize the process for desired results. 

Choose Your Biology Essay Topic

To get a good grade:

• make your paper informative and enjoyable by choosing a topic you wish to explore. 
• Use a brainstorming technique to generate 30-50 options for biology essay topics and research to create a shortlist. 
• Keep a notebook to jot down your ideas.

Choose a Question for Research

When writing a biology essay, use a scientific approach by selecting a research question related to your topic. Always avoid overly complex or apparent questions. You can also text our profs ‘ write my research paper ,’ and it can be done in a blink.

Create an Outline

Always have a clear plan when writing biology essays while starting a paper. Use a 5-paragraph structure with an outline to keep your main idea and arguments organized. Use any format that works best for you and adjust as needed. Discard any ideas that don’t fit your research question.

Use a Strong Thesis Statement

The introduction should end with a strong thesis statement synthesizing the overall essay, conveying the research question and your point of view. The paper is ineffective without a clear thesis, as readers may not understand your position.

Use Citation and References

Include a list of references in your academic papers, such as biology essays, to avoid plagiarism and provide data sources. Use the appropriate citation style, like APA or CSE, and consult a guide for requirements.

How to Structure a Biology Essay

Ensure your essay has an attention-grabbing introduction, a detailed body, and a solid conclusion with distinct sections. Use around seven paragraphs for the main body, adjusting as needed for the required word count.

Biology Essay Introduction

In the introduction of your essay about biology, showcase your expertise by providing a brief background of the topic and stating the essay’s objective. For a research paper, explain why the study is relevant. Make sure the reader understands the essence of your subject.

The body section of your essay on biology should focus on supporting and defending your thesis statement. To achieve this, make a list of essential points to cover and address each one step by step. Starting a new paragraph for each point ensures neatness and a continuous flow. 

In conclusion, restate your thesis statement and summarize supporting points to solidify your arguments. Avoid introducing new concepts, and leave a lasting impression on your instructor.

Jellyfish Essay - Example of a Biology Essay About a Fascinating Creature of the Ocean

Jellyfish, also known as jellies, are incredible creatures of the ocean. They’re members of the phylum Cnidaria, including corals and sea anemones. You can find jellyfish in every ocean around the globe, from the surface to the depths of the sea. 

Do you know what shape the jellyfish body has?! It’s one of their most unique features. Their bell-shaped body comprises a soft, jelly-like substance called mesoglea, found between two cellular layers. The outer layer of cells, the epidermis, is thin and flexible, while the inner layer, the gastrodermis, contains the jellyfish’s digestive system. At the bottom of the bell is the mouth, surrounded by tentacles armed with stinging cells called nematocysts. 

The jellyfish tentacles consist of venom-filled sacs, which can be potentially dangerous and life-threatening. Considering the severity of its sting, researchers have gathered information on how to treat it effectively. Use thick clothing, tweezers, sticks, or gloves to alleviate the sting. It’s crucial to avoid touching the sting with bare skin since the venom can cause severe harm. Always dispose of the tool used for removing the sting to prevent re-stinging. 

Jellyfish are creatures that feed on small fish and other tiny marine organisms. They capture their prey using the tentacles and bring it to their mouth. Once the food is inside the jellyfish, it’s broken down by digestive enzymes and absorbed into the gastrovascular cavity. 

An exciting thing about jelly is its life cycle. They go through several stages of development, starting as a tiny, free-swimming larva and then growing into a polyp. The polyp stage is stationary, and the jellyfish attaches itself to a surface using a sticky pad. During this stage, the jellyfish reproduces asexually, creating clones of itself. These clones then break off from the polyp and develop into the familiar bell-shaped body of the adult jellyfish. 

Jellyfish play an essential role in the ocean’s ecosystem too. They’re a food source for many marine creatures, including sea turtles and some fish species. They also help to control the population of tiny marine animals by feeding on them, and their waste products contribute to the nutrient cycle in the ocean.

However, jellyfish populations can sometimes explode and become a nuisance. This phenomenon mostly occurs when their natural predators are eliminated from the ecosystem or when water conditions, like temperature and salinity, are conducive for jellyfish growth. In cases where jellyfish populations reach excessive levels, they can clog fishing nets and interfere with other human activities in the ocean.

Jellyfish really are stunning creatures of the ocean. They’re diverse, with many different species, and are essential to the marine ecosystem. While they can sometimes become a nuisance, they’re vital to the ocean’s food web and nutrient cycle. Studying jellyfish can give us a greater understanding of the complex and interconnected systems that make up our oceans.

Practical Tips for Creating Perfect Academic Papers

Developing writing skills is crucial for your academic success regardless of your major. Check out these tips we provided for improving your writing. But if you aren't fond of writing, you can easily hand it to professionals by saying, ‘ do homework for me .’

Search for Samples or Examples

To improve your writing, analyze examples of well-written biology essays or research papers. Although not all online samples are perfect, they can still provide insights into what works and what doesn’t. However, avoid plagiarism and ensure your paper is original by presenting fresh ideas and a unique perspective. 

Read Whenever You Can

Develop your writing skills by reading widely and extensively. Look for biology papers in scientific journals, websites, or books. Don’t forget to take notes on interesting points that you can use in your papers later.

Practice Makes Perfect

Don’t expect to write a perfect paper on your first try, so take every opportunity to practice your writing. Find a mentor if needed and use online resources to learn from your mistakes and improve your skills.

Always Organize Your Writing Process

Organize your work process instead of waiting for inspiration by defining stages, scheduling time for each task, and eliminating distractions. Don’t wait for mood to write an essay about biology; use different strategies to overcome writer’s block.

Proofread and Get Other Feedback

It’s hard to assess your own work accurately. Seek feedback from peers or instructors to identify strengths and weaknesses to improve upon. Don’t wait for your professor’s feedback to know if your biology essay is good. 

Interesting Biology Essay Topics from Our Experts to Practice Your Writing

In this paragraph, we listed different biology essay topics from which you can choose your preferred one and practice writing to excel in your academic papers.

• A jellyfish - my favorite creature
• Facts about animal behavior
• Biodiversity conservation
• Chemical Ecology
• Impacts of air pollution
• Acid Rain’s impact on wildlife
• The greenhouse effect
• Causes of global warming
• Effects of climate change on nature
• Ways to avoid water pollution

These are interesting topics and also some of the most significant environmental problems. Choose the one you like and practice.

Final Thoughts

This article provides tips that will definitely make your writing process easier and more effective. Adjust these tips while writing your biology paper and structure it as we did in the jellyfish essay example. But if you still prefer a professional to do it for you, contact us by writing ‘ do my research paper ,’ and our experts will handle it.

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The biology of love

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• v.14(1); 2013 Jan

The biochemistry of love: an oxytocin hypothesis

C Sue Carter

1 C Sue Carter and Stephen W Porges are research scientists at the Research Triangle Institute International in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA

Stephen W Porges

Love is deeply biological. It pervades every aspect of our lives and has inspired countless works of art. Love also has a profound effect on our mental and physical state. A ‘broken heart’ or a failed relationship can have disastrous effects; bereavement disrupts human physiology and might even precipitate death. Without loving relationships, humans fail to flourish, even if all of their other basic needs are met.

As such, love is clearly not ‘just’ an emotion; it is a biological process that is both dynamic and bidirectional in several dimensions. Social interactions between individuals, for example, trigger cognitive and physiological processes that influence emotional and mental states. In turn, these changes influence future social interactions. Similarly, the maintenance of loving relationships requires constant feedback through sensory and cognitive systems; the body seeks love and responds constantly to interaction with loved ones or to the absence of such interaction.

Without loving relationships, humans fail to flourish, even if all of their other basic needs are met

Although evidence exists for the healing power of love, it is only recently that science has turned its attention to providing a physiological explanation. The study of love, in this context, offers insight into many important topics including the biological basis of interpersonal relationships and why and how disruptions in social bonds have such pervasive consequences for behaviour and physiology. Some of the answers will be found in our growing knowledge of the neurobiological and endocrinological mechanisms of social behaviour and interpersonal engagement.

Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Theodosius Dobzhansky's famous dictum also holds true for explaining the evolution of love. Life on Earth is fundamentally social: the ability to interact dynamically with other living organisms to support mutual homeostasis, growth and reproduction evolved early. Social interactions are present in primitive invertebrates and even among prokaryotes: bacteria recognize and approach members of their own species. Bacteria also reproduce more successfully in the presence of their own kind and are able to form communities with physical and chemical characteristics that go far beyond the capabilities of the individual cell [ 1 ].

As another example, insect species have evolved particularly complex social systems, known as ‘eusociality’. Characterized by a division of labour, eusociality seems to have evolved independently at least 11 times. Research in honey-bees indicates that a complex set of genes and their interactions regulate eusociality, and that these resulted from an “accelerated form of evolution” [ 2 ]. In other words, molecular mechanisms favouring high levels of sociality seem to be on an evolutionary fast track.

The evolutionary pathways that led from reptiles to mammals allowed the emergence of the unique anatomical systems and biochemical mechanisms that enable social engagement and selectively reciprocal sociality. Reptiles show minimal parental investment in offspring and form non-selective relationships between individuals. Pet owners might become emotionally attached to their turtle or snake, but this relationship is not reciprocal. By contrast, many mammals show intense parental investment in offspring and form lasting bonds with the offspring. Several mammalian species—including humans, wolves and prairie voles—also develop long-lasting, reciprocal and selective relationships between adults, with several features of what humans experience as ‘love’. In turn, these reciprocal interactions trigger dynamic feedback mechanisms that foster growth and health.

Of course, human love is more complex than simple feedback mechanisms. Love might create its own reality. The biology of love originates in the primitive parts of the brain—the emotional core of the human nervous system—that evolved long before the cerebral cortex. The brain of a human ‘in love’ is flooded with sensations, often transmitted by the vagus nerve, creating much of what we experience as emotion. The modern cortex struggles to interpret the primal messages of love, and weaves a narrative around incoming visceral experiences, potentially reacting to that narrative rather than reality.

Science & Society Series on Sex and Science

Sex is the greatest invention of all time: not only has sexual reproduction facilitated the evolution of higher life forms, it has had a profound influence on human history, culture and society. This series explores our attempts to understand the influence of sex in the natural world, and the biological, medical and cultural aspects of sexual reproduction, gender and sexual pleasure.

It also is helpful to realize that mammalian social behaviour is supported by biological components that were repurposed or co-opted over the course of mammalian evolution, eventually allowing lasting relationships between adults. One element that repeatedly features in the biochemistry of love is the neuropeptide oxytocin. In large mammals, oxytocin adopts a central role in reproduction by helping to expel the big-brained baby from the uterus, ejecting milk and sealing a selective and lasting bond between mother and offspring [ 3 ]. Mammalian offspring crucially depend on their mother's milk for some time after birth. Human mothers also form a strong and lasting bond with their newborns immediately after birth, in a time period that is essential for the nourishment and survival of the baby. However, women who give birth by caesarean section without going through labour, or who opt not to breast-feed, still form a strong emotional bond with their children. Furthermore, fathers, grandparents and adoptive parents also form lifelong attachments to children. Preliminary evidence suggests that simply the presence of an infant releases oxytocin in adults [ 4 , 5 ]. The baby virtually ‘forces’ us to love it ( Fig 1 ).

As a one-year-old Mandrill infant solicits attention, she gains eye contact with her mother. © 2012 Jessie Williams.

Emotional bonds can also form during periods of extreme duress, especially when the survival of one individual depends on the presence and support of another. There is also evidence that oxytocin is released in response to acutely stressful experiences, possibly serving as hormonal ‘insurance’ against overwhelming stress. Oxytocin might help to assure that parents and others will engage with and care for infants, to stabilize loving relationships and to ensure that, in times of need, we will seek and receive support from others.

The case for a major role for oxytocin in love is strong, but until recently has been based largely on extrapolation from research on parental behaviour [ 4 ] or social behaviours in animals [ 5 , 6 ]. However, human experiments have shown that intranasal delivery of oxytocin can facilitate social behaviours, including eye contact and social cognition [ 7 ]—behaviours that are at the heart of love.

Of course, oxytocin is not the molecular equivalent of love. It is just one important component of a complex neurochemical system that allows the body to adapt to highly emotive situations. The systems necessary for reciprocal social interactions involve extensive neural networks through the brain and autonomic nervous system that are dynamic and constantly changing during the lifespan of an individual. We also know that the properties of oxytocin are not predetermined or fixed. Oxytocin's cellular receptors are regulated by other hormones and epigenetic factors. These receptors change and adapt on the basis of life experiences. Both oxytocin and the experience of love change over time. In spite of limitations, new knowledge of the properties of oxytocin has proven useful in explaining several enigmatic features of love.

To dissect the anatomy and chemistry of love, scientists needed a biological equivalent of the Rosetta stone. Just as the actual stone helped linguists to decipher an archaic language by comparison to a known one, animal models are helping biologists draw parallels between ancient physiology and contemporary behaviours. Studies of socially monogamous mammals that form long-lasting social bonds, such as prairie voles, are helping scientists to understand the biology of human social behaviour.

The modern cortex struggles to interpret the primal messages of love, and weaves a narrative around incoming visceral experiences, potentially reacting to that narrative rather than reality

Research in voles indicates that, as in humans, oxytocin has a major role in social interactions and parental behaviour [ 5 , 6 , 8 ]. Of course, oxytocin does not act alone. Its release and actions depend on many other neurochemicals, including endogenous opioids and dopamine [ 9 ]. Particularly important to social bonding are the interactions between oxytocin and a related peptide, vasopressin. The systems regulated by oxytocin and vasopressin are sometimes redundant. Both peptides are implicated in behaviours that require social engagement by either males or females, such as huddling over an infant [ 5 ]. It was necessary in voles, for example, to block both oxytocin and vasopressin receptors to induce a significant reduction in social engagement either among adults or between adults and infants. Blocking only one of these two receptors did not eliminate social approach or contact. However, antagonists for either the oxytocin or vasopressin receptor inhibited the selective sociality, which is essential for the expression of a social bond [ 10 , 11 ]. If we accept selective social bonds, parenting and mate protection as proxies for love in humans, research in animals supports the hypothesis that oxytocin and vasopressin interact to allow the dynamic behavioural states and behaviours necessary for love.

Oxytocin and vasopressin have shared functions, but they are not identical in their actions. The specific behavioural roles of oxytocin and vasopressin are especially difficult to untangle because they are components of an integrated neural network with many points of intersection. Moreover, the genes that regulate the production of oxytocin and vasopressin are located on the same chromosome, possibly allowing a co-ordinated synthesis or release of these peptides. Both peptides can bind to, and have, antagonist or agonist effects on each other's receptors. Furthermore, the pathways necessary for reciprocal social behaviour are constantly adapting: these peptides and the systems that they regulate are always in flux.

In spite of these difficulties, some of the functions of oxytocin and vasopressin have been identified. Vasopressin is associated with physical and emotional mobilization, and supports vigilance and behaviours needed for guarding a partner or territory [ 6 ], as well as other forms of adaptive self-defence [ 12 ]. Vasopressin might also protect against ‘shutting down’ physiologically in the face of danger. In many mammalian species, mothers behave agonistically in defence of their young, possibly through the interactive actions of vasopressin and oxytocin [ 13 ]. Before mating, prairie voles are generally social, even towards strangers. However, within approximately one day of mating, they begin to show high levels of aggression towards intruders [ 14 ], possibly serving to protect or guard a mate, family or territory. This mating-induced aggression is especially obvious in males.

By contrast, oxytocin is associated with immobility without fear. This includes relaxed physiological states and postures that allow birth, lactation and consensual sexual behaviour. Although not essential for parenting, the increase of oxytocin associated with birth and lactation might make it easier for a woman to be less anxious around her newborn and to experience and express loving feelings for her child [ 15 ]. In highly social species such as prairie voles, and presumably in humans, the intricate molecular dances of oxytocin and vasopressin fine-tune the coexistence of care-taking and protective aggression.

The biology of fatherhood is less well studied. However, male care of offspring also seems to rely on both oxytocin and vasopressin [ 5 ]; even sexually naive male prairie voles show spontaneous parental behaviour in the presence of an infant [ 14 ]. However, the stimuli from infants or the nature of the social interactions that release oxytocin and vasopressin might differ between the sexes [ 4 ].

Parental care and support in a safe environment are particularly important for mental health in social mammals, including humans and prairie voles. Studies of rodents and lactating women suggest that oxytocin has the capacity to modulate the behavioural and autonomic distress that typically follows separation from a mother, child or partner, reducing defensive behaviours and thereby supporting growth and health [ 6 ].

During early life in particular, trauma or neglect might produce behaviours and emotional states in humans that are socially pathological. As the processes involved in creating social behaviours and social emotions are delicately balanced, they might be triggered in inappropriate contexts, leading to aggression towards friends or family. Alternatively, bonds might be formed with prospective partners who fail to provide social support or protection.

Males seem to be especially vulnerable to the negative effects of early experiences, possibly explaining their increased sensitivity to developmental disorders. Autism spectrum disorders, for example, defined in part by atypical social behaviours, are estimated to be three to ten times more common in males than females. The implication of sex differences in the nervous system, and in response to stressful experiences for social behaviour, is only slowly becoming apparent [ 8 ]. Both males and females produce vasopressin and oxytocin and are capable of responding to both hormones. However, in brain regions that are involved in defensive aggression, such as the extended amygdala and lateral septum, the production of vasopressin is androgen-dependent. Thus, in the face of a threat, males might experience higher central levels of vasopressin.

In highly social species […] the intricate molecular dances of oxytocin and vasopressin fine-tune the coexistence of care-taking and protective aggression

Oxytocin and vasopressin pathways, including the peptides and their receptors, are regulated by coordinated genetic, hormonal and epigenetic factors that influence the adaptive and behavioural functions of these peptides across the animal's lifespan. As a result, the endocrine and behavioural consequences of stress or a challenge might be different for males and females [ 16 ]. When unpaired prairie voles were exposed to an intense but brief stressor, such as a few minutes of swimming or injection of the adrenal hormone corticosterone, the males (but not females) quickly formed new pair bonds. These and other experiments suggest that males and females have different coping strategies, and possibly experience both stressful experiences and even love in ways that are gender-specific.

Love is an epigenetic phenomenon: social behaviours, emotional attachment to others and long-lasting reciprocal relationships are plastic and adaptive and so is the biology on which they are based. Because of this and the influence on parental behaviour and physiology, the impact of an early experience can pass to the next generation [ 17 ]. Infants of traumatized or highly stressed parents might be chronically exposed to vasopressin, either through their own increased production of the peptide, or through higher levels of vasopressin in maternal milk. Such increased exposure could sensitize the infant to defensive behaviours or create a life-long tendency to overreact to threat. On the basis of research in rats, it seems, that in response to adverse early experiences or chronic isolation, the genes for vasopressin receptors can become upregulated [ 18 ], leading to an increased sensitivity to acute stressors or anxiety that might persist throughout life.

…oxytocin exposure early in life not only regulates our ability to love and form social bonds, it also has an impact on our health and well-being

Epigenetic programming triggered by early life experiences is adaptive in allowing neuroendocrine systems to project and plan for future behavioural demands. However, epigenetic changes that are long-lasting can also create atypical social or emotional behaviours [ 17 ] that might be more likely to surface in later life, and in the face of social or emotional challenges. Exposure to exogenous hormones in early life might also be epigenetic. Prairie voles, for example, treated with vasopressin post-natally were more aggressive later in life, whereas those exposed to a vasopressin antagonist showed less aggression in adulthood. Conversely, the exposure of infants to slightly increased levels of oxytocin during development increased the tendency to show a pair bond in voles. However, these studies also showed that a single exposure to a higher level of oxytocin in early life could disrupt the later capacity to pair bond [ 8 ]. There is little doubt that either early social experiences or the effects of developmental exposure to these neuropeptides can potentially have long-lasting effects on behaviour. Both parental care and exposure to oxytocin in early life can permanently modify hormonal systems, altering the capacity to form relationships and influence the expression of love across the lifespan. Our preliminary findings in voles suggest further that early life experience affects the methylation of the oxytocin receptor gene and its expression [ 19 ]. Thus, we can plausibly argue that “love is epigenetic.”

Given the power of positive social experiences, it is not surprising that a lack of social relationships might also lead to alterations in behaviour and concurrently changes in oxytocin and vasopressin pathways. We have found that social isolation reduced the expression of the gene for the oxytocin receptor, and at the same time increased the expression of genes for the vasopressin peptide (H.P. Nazarloo and C.S. Carter, unpublished data). In female prairie voles, isolation was also accompanied by an increase in blood levels of oxytocin, possibly as a coping mechanism. However, over time, isolated prairie voles of both sexes showed increases in measures of depression, anxiety and physiological arousal, and these changes were seen even when endogenous oxytocin was elevated. Thus, even the hormonal insurance provided by endogenous oxytocin in the face of the chronic stress of isolation was not sufficient to dampen the consequences of living alone. Predictably, when isolated voles were given additional exogenous oxytocin this treatment restored many of these functions to normal [ 20 ].

On the basis of such encouraging findings, dozens of ongoing clinical trials are attempting to examine the therapeutic potential of oxytocin in disorders ranging from autism to heart disease (Clinicaltrials.gov). Of course, as in voles, the effects are likely to depend on the history of the individual and the context, and to be dose-dependent. With power comes responsibility, and the power of oxytocin needs to be respected.

Although research has only begun to examine the physiological effects of these peptides beyond social behaviour, there is a wealth of new evidence indicating that oxytocin influences physiological responses to stress and injury. Thus, oxytocin exposure early in life not only regulates our ability to love and form social bonds, it also has an impact on our health and well-being. Oxytocin modulates the hypothalamic–pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, especially in response to disruptions in homeostasis [ 6 ], and coordinates demands on the immune system and energy balance. Long-term secure relationships provide emotional support and downregulate reactivity of the HPA axis, whereas intense stressors, including birth, trigger activation of the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system. The ability of oxytocin to regulate these systems probably explains the exceptional capacity of most women to cope with the challenges of child-birth and child-rearing. The same molecules that allow us to give and receive love, also link our need for others with health and well-being.

The protective effects of positive sociality seem to rely on the same cocktail of hormones that carry a biological message of ‘love’ throughout the body

Of course, love is not without danger. The behaviours and strong emotions triggered by love might leave us vulnerable. Failed relationships can have devastating, even deadly, effects. In ‘modern’ societies humans can survive, at least after childhood, with little or no human contact. Communication technology, social media, electronic parenting and many other technological advances of the past century might place both children and adults at risk for social isolation and disorders of the autonomic nervous system, including deficits in their capacity for social engagement and love [ 21 ].

Social engagement actually helps us to cope with stress. The same hormones and areas of the brain that increase the capacity of the body to survive stress also enable us to better adapt to an ever-changing social and physical environment. Individuals with strong emotional support and relationships are more resilient in the face of stressors than those who feel isolated or lonely. Lesions in bodily tissues, including the brain, heal more quickly in animals that are living socially compared with those in isolation [ 22 ]. The protective effects of positive sociality seem to rely on the same cocktail of hormones that carry a biological message of ‘love’ throughout the body.

As only one example, the molecules associated with love have restorative properties, including the ability to literally heal a ‘broken heart’. Oxytocin receptors are expressed in the heart, and precursors for oxytocin seem to be crucial for the development of the fetal heart [ 23 ]. Oxytocin exerts protective and restorative effects in part through its capacity to convert undifferentiated stem cells into cardiomyocytes. Oxytocin can facilitate adult neurogenesis and tissue repair, especially after a stressful experience. We know that oxytocin has direct anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties in in vitro models of atherosclerosis [ 24 ]. The heart seems to rely on oxytocin as part of a normal process of protection and self-healing.

A life without love is not a life fully lived. Although research into mechanisms through which love protects us against stress and disease is in its infancy, this knowledge will ultimately increase our understanding of the way that our emotions have an impact on health and disease. We have much to learn about love and much to learn from love.

Acknowledgments

Discussions of ‘love and forgiveness’ with members of the Fetzer Institute's Advisory Council on Natural Sciences led to this essay and are gratefully acknowledged. We especially appreciate thoughtful editorial input from James Harris. Studies from the authors' laboratories were sponsored by the National Institutes of Health. We also express our gratitude for this support to our colleagues whose input and hard work informed the ideas expressed in this article.

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Department of Chemistry

Toscano group paper named 2023 redox biology paper of the year.

Congratulations to Kelsey Zhang, Blaze Pharoah, and Vinayak Khodade from the Toscano group for their paper, “Hydropersulfides (RSSH) Attenuate Doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity while Boosting its Anticancer Action”, being named the 2023 Redox Biology Paper of the Year!  The Editor-in-Chief and Assistant Editors of Redox Biology selected the top two papers from 2023 and a panel of 10 judges from Society for Redox Biology and Medicine (SfRBM) and the Society for Free Radical Research-Europe then selected the top paper.  A special Papers of the Year symposia will be held at SfRBM’s 2024 conference in Savannah this Fall to recognize the awardees.

See paper here and announcement here

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Lizzo Pens New Essay About Her Feelings Amid Controversy Over 'I Quit' Statement

Lizzo is opening up about her feelings and how she overcame “rules” ingrained in her since childhood.

The 35-year-old singer recently alluded to various controversies surrounding her and declared, “ I didn’t sign up for this s-it. I QUIT. ”

However, days later, she clarified what she meant by saying she quits , confirming that she’s not quitting music.

Now, Lizzo shared a Tumblr post of an essay she penned, where she talks about her feelings and how she was essentially taught to suppress her own feelings when she was a kid.

Keep reading to find out more…

“Melissa hated her feelings,” the essay on her Tumblr page began. “She buried them in a chest in the 5th grade (along with her ability to express them). Other peoples’ feelings on the other hand was her forte. She could process, decipher and regurgitate other peoples emotions effortlessly.”

Lizzo went in to talk about how when she was a child, she would have to help mediate family fights, and there were three rules, “1.) Don’t cry. 2.) Stay neutral; Deescalate 3.)Don’t take anything personal. This isn’t about you.”

She shared one particular instance where she broke all the rules, then how after her father passed away, she still wouldn’t break the rules, and how “Traumas began to compact on Melissa, as they do.”

After putting pain into rock music, she started to find “reason and purpose” in her voice.

Lizzo concluded, “Melissa began to fall for her feelings. Her feelings gave life purpose. They weren’t always logical, as feelings seldom are. They were sloppy and embarrassing and rude and so fucking uncomfortable. But they were hers. And they were real. And when she sat alone sipping wine, staring at the moon…They were the only ones still by her side. Ready to break the rules for her because they loved her. And she finally loved them back.”

Check out Lizzo’s full essay below…

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