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Khmer New Year: A Celebration of Culture, Tradition, and Renewal

Introduction

The Khmer New Year, also known as Choul Chnam Thmey, is one of the most significant festivals celebrated in Cambodia. It marks the end of the harvest season and the beginning of the new year according to the Khmer lunar calendar. This vibrant and joyous celebration is a time for Cambodians to come together, honor their traditions, and welcome the new year with renewed hope and optimism.

History and Significance

The Khmer New Year has its roots in ancient Hindu and Buddhist traditions. It is believed to have been celebrated for thousands of years, dating back to the time of the Khmer Empire. The festival is deeply intertwined with agricultural practices, as it signifies the end of the harvest season and the start of the rainy season, which is crucial for rice cultivation.

During this time, Cambodians pay homage to their ancestors and seek blessings for the year ahead. They believe that by performing traditional rituals and making offerings, they can ensure good fortune, prosperity, and happiness for themselves and their loved ones.

Preparations for the Khmer New Year

Preparations for the Khmer New Year begin well in advance. Cambodians clean and decorate their homes, preparing them for the arrival of ancestral spirits. They also engage in a thorough spring cleaning, symbolizing the removal of any negative energy from the previous year.

Another important aspect of the preparations is the creation of sand mounds or “Phnom Khsach,” which represent mountains. These mounds are adorned with colorful flags and are believed to be a symbol of good luck and prosperity.

Traditional Customs and Activities

The Khmer New Year is a time of joy and celebration. Cambodians engage in various customs and activities to mark the occasion. One of the most prominent traditions is the pouring of scented water over Buddha statues and the elderly. This act is seen as a way to cleanse and purify oneself and to show respect to the elderly.

Another popular activity during the Khmer New Year is the building of sand pagodas. These intricate structures are crafted by hand and serve as temporary places of worship. People gather around the pagodas to offer prayers and make offerings.

Dancing and music play a significant role in the festivities. The traditional dance known as “Robam Tep Apsara” is performed by both amateurs and professionals, showcasing the grace and beauty of Khmer culture. Traditional games, such as “Chol Chhoung” and “Bos Angkunh,” are also played, adding to the festive atmosphere.

Food and Cuisine

No celebration is complete without delicious food, and the Khmer New Year is no exception. Cambodians indulge in a variety of traditional dishes during this time. One popular dish is “Kralan,” a sticky rice cake cooked in bamboo tubes. Another favorite is “Num Ansom Chek,” a banana leaf-wrapped sticky rice cake filled with sweet or savory ingredients.

Other festive delicacies include “Trey Chean,” a fish soup, and “Samlor Korko,” a vegetable stew. These dishes are prepared with love and care, using fresh ingredients that reflect the abundance of the harvest season.

The Khmer New Year is a time of vibrant celebration and deep cultural significance for the people of Cambodia. It is a time to honor traditions, connect with loved ones, and embrace the spirit of renewal. Through traditional customs, activities, and delicious cuisine, Cambodians come together to welcome the new year with joy, gratitude, and hope for a prosperous future.

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• A Brief History Of Khmer...

A Brief History of Khmer New Year

Khmer New Year is the most important celebration in the Cambodian calendar – and there are many. Here’s a brief history of its origins, how it is celebrated and what to expect if your holiday lands during the festivities.

It’s impossible to miss Khmer New Year – Bon Chol Chhnam Thmei – wherever you may be in Cambodia. If it’s the capital, then expect most places to be closed, including restaurants, as Cambodians return to their families in the provinces to celebrate the occasion. If you are in the provinces, then get ready for some serious partying in true Cambodian style.

Marking the end of the harvest season and the start of a new year – and traditionally the time when the sizzling hot season starts to kick in – its date varies annually, but this year it runs from April 14 to 17. Note that the public holidays will continue until April 18.

If you happen to be in Cambodia, then plan ahead. Book transport and accommodation in advance as they fill up fast, and factor in the fact that in the capital most major attractions, museums, businesses and majority of restaurants will be closed. Expect hotel and transport prices to rise during this time too.

Siem Reap, on the other hand, is alive during Khmer New Year, with a three-day Angkor Sankranta event taking place at Angkor temples. This attracts crowds of Cambodians to watch a series of traditional games, such as rice cake-eating and competitions to make the largest sticky rice cake.

The countryside, however, is where the real action is to be found. Crowds of kids play games in the paddies, parties – usually groups of Cambodians dancing around a booming stereo clutching cans of Angkor beer – go on into the early hours, and there’s a real festive cheer in the air as many families reunite for the only time of the year.

The first day of Khmer New Year is called Moha Songkran. It is believed that on this day a new god or angel is appointed to protect throughout the coming year. To welcome him, people clean and decorate their houses, and wear new clothes. Offerings of fruits, incense sticks, lotus flowers and cans of coke are also left at the spirit houses that guard entrances.

Day two is Wanabat – Day of Giving – when gifts are given to parents and elders. Children also receive new clothes and money, and used goods are donated to the poor. In the evening, visits are made to the pagoda to receive blessings from monks.

The third day is Tanai Lieang Saka , which means new beginning. Monks are visited in the morning for blessings, with colourful celebrations held in the afternoon – often spilling into the night.

Wherever you happen to be, Khmer New Year is a great time to be in Cambodia.

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Cambodia National Festival: Celebrating Khmer New Year

Welcome to the vibrant and culturally rich nation of Cambodia, where the spirit of celebration and tradition is embodied in the Cambodia National Festival known as Khmer New Year. In this article, we will delve into the history, rituals, cultural significance, and regional variations of this festive occasion. Join us on this journey as we explore the vibrant tapestry of Cambodia’s most cherished festival.

Table of Contents

The History and Origins of Cambodia National Festival

Tracing its roots back centuries, Khmer New Year finds its origins deeply ingrained in Cambodian culture and tradition. It is a time when families come together, paying homage to their ancestors and seeking blessings for the year ahead. This festive occasion represents a fusion of Hindu and Buddhist customs, and it holds great importance in the hearts of the Cambodian people.

Dates and Duration of the Khmer New Year

Khmer New Year is celebrated annually in mid-April, coinciding with the end of the harvesting season and the arrival of the solar new year. The festival lasts for three days, with each day carrying its unique significance. The specific dates of the festival follow the lunar calendar, emphasizing the strong connection between nature and Cambodian culture.

Rituals and Traditions during Khmer New Year

Before the festivities begin, Cambodians engage in various cleansing rituals and preparations. Houses are thoroughly cleaned, and offerings are made at local pagodas. One of the most exhilarating aspects of Khmer New Year is the Water Festival, where people engage in playful water fights symbolizing the cleansing of the old year’s misfortunes.

As the celebrations unfold, traditional games, dances, and music take center stage. Locals and tourists alike partake in activities such as Chol Chhnam Thmey (throwing a colorful scarf), Leaks (a traditional game), and traditional Khmer dance performances. These customs create an atmosphere of joy and camaraderie.

Food and Cuisine during Khmer New Year

No celebration in Cambodia is complete without the presence of delicious traditional food. During Khmer New Year, families gather to prepare and share a wide array of culinary delights. From aromatic curries and flavorful stir-fries to mouthwatering desserts, the festive table is a testament to the richness of Cambodian cuisine. Each dish holds symbolic meaning, representing prosperity, luck, and good fortune.

Cultural Significance of Cambodia National Festival

Khmer New Year serves as a reminder of the core values that underpin Cambodian society. It emphasizes unity, respect for elders, and the importance of family ties. The festival provides an opportunity for younger generations to learn about their cultural heritage and the customs passed down through generations. It also showcases the resilience and vibrant spirit of the Cambodian people.

Regional Variations in Celebrating Khmer New Year

While Khmer New Year is celebrated throughout Cambodia, there are regional variations that add diversity and uniqueness to the festivities. Major cities such as Phnom Penh and Siem Reap have their own distinctive customs and traditions. Rural areas often showcase more traditional practices, providing visitors with a glimpse into the rich tapestry of Cambodia’s cultural diversity.

Tourism and Economic Impact of Khmer New Year

In recent years, Khmer New Year has gained popularity among international tourists. The festival’s unique traditions, vibrant atmosphere, and warm hospitality attract visitors from around the world. This influx of tourists brings economic benefits to local businesses, contributing to the growth of Cambodia’s tourism industry. Moreover, it helps create employment opportunities for the local communities.

Challenges and Changes in Modern Celebrations

As Cambodia embraces modernity, the celebration of Khmer New Year has seen some changes. Commercialization and the influence of Western culture have impacted certain aspects of the festival. However, there are concerted efforts to preserve and promote authentic traditions. Organizations and local communities work together to safeguard the core essence of Khmer New Year, ensuring its continuation for future generations.

Khmer New Year, the national festival of Cambodia, encapsulates the spirit and essence of the Cambodian people. It is a time of joy, unity, and cultural pride. From its historical origins to the vibrant celebrations of the present day, this festival serves as a testament to the resilience and rich heritage of Cambodia. So come, immerse yourself in the festivities, and witness the beauty of Khmer New Year firsthand.

Q1: What are the traditional beliefs associated with Khmer New Year?

A1: Traditional beliefs during Khmer New Year revolve around paying respect to ancestors, seeking blessings, and honoring Buddhist principles.

Q2: Are there any specific clothing customs during Khmer New Year?

A2: Yes, wearing traditional attire, such as the Sampot, is a common practice during the festival. It adds to the cultural significance and enhances the festive ambiance.

Q3: Can tourists participate in Khmer New Year celebrations?

A3: Absolutely! Tourists are welcome to join the festivities and experience the vibrant atmosphere of Khmer New Year. It is a unique opportunity to immerse oneself in Cambodian culture.

Q4: How does the Water Festival contribute to the celebration?

A4: The Water Festival symbolizes the cleansing of the old year’s misfortunes and the welcoming of the new year with a fresh start. It is a joyous occasion where locals engage in playful water fights.

Q5: How can I learn more about Khmer New Year and its traditions?

A5: To delve deeper into the cultural aspects of Khmer New Year, consider visiting local museums, attending traditional dance performances, and engaging with local communities. It’s an enriching experience that allows for a deeper understanding of Cambodian traditions.

References:

• Chhay, R. (2016). Cultural Heritage Tourism in Cambodia: Issues and Challenges. In Handbook of Research on Cross-Cultural Business Education (pp. 432-447). IGI Global.
• Ingersoll, A. (2019). Cambodia’s Khmer New Year: Ritual, Unity and Reconciliation. Journal of the Siam Society, 107, 77-97.
• Kershaw, R. (2015). Cambodian Dance Celebration: Celebrating the Khmer New Year. Asian Theatre Journal, 32(2), 346-349.

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Celebrating Cambodian New Year: A Journey Through Traditional Games and Festivities

Every year, as the sun sets on the last day of the Cambodian calendar, millions of people across the country eagerly await the arrival of the Khmer New Year. This joyous occasion is celebrated with an array of traditional games, many of which have been passed down through generations. These games not only serve as a means of entertainment but also as a way to preserve Cambodia’s rich cultural heritage. In this article, we will explore some of these traditional games and the role they play in fostering a sense of community and camaraderie during this festive season.

Chol Chhoung: Dancing, Singing, and the Spirit of Unity

One of the most popular games played during the Cambodian New Year is Chol Chhoung. This lively game encourages participants to work together and communicate effectively, as they dodge and throw the “chhoung” – a small, soft ball – back and forth between two opposing groups. The excitement of the game peaks when a player is struck by the chhoung, prompting their entire team to perform a dance while the opponents sing. Chol Chhoung serves as a perfect icebreaker, fostering a sense of unity and fun among participants.

Bos Angkunh: Strategy and Friendly Competition

Bos Angkunh is another traditional game that highlights the importance of teamwork and strategy. Players are divided into two groups and compete to knock the opponent’s “angkunhs” – inedible fruit seeds – off the ground using their own angkunhs. In this game, precision and aim are crucial, as the winners are granted the opportunity to playfully tap the losers’ knees with their angkunh. Bos Angkunh provides a platform for friendly competition and bonding among friends and family.

Leak Kanseng: Laughter and Surprise

A game that guarantees laughter and surprise, Leak Kanseng is played by a group of children sitting in a circle. One child, carrying a “kanseng” – a Cambodian towel fashioned into a round shape – walks around the circle singing a song, and secretly places the kanseng behind one of the seated children. The chosen child must quickly react, grabbing the kanseng and playfully hitting their neighbor before the attacker escapes. Leak Kanseng is a delightful game that keeps children on their toes and encourages quick thinking and reflexes.

Tort Seiy: Agility and Coordination

Tort Seiy, also known as the Foot-Feather game, is a test of agility and coordination. In this game, usually reserved for men, participants form a circle and take turns using their feet to keep the “Seiy” – a small, feathered object – in the air. Players must work together to prevent the Seiy from touching the ground, showcasing their skill and dexterity. Although there is no winner or loser in this game, the sense of achievement and camaraderie among participants is undeniable.

Lot Bao and Teagn Prot: Strength and Endurance

Two additional games that showcase the physical prowess of Cambodian New Year celebrants are Lot Bao, or Rice Bag Racing, and Teagn Prot, or Tug-o-War. In Lot Bao, participants place their feet in a sack and hop towards the finish line, testing their balance and endurance. Teagn Prot, on the other hand, requires two teams to pull a long rope in opposite directions, aiming to drag their opponents across a designated line. Both games encourage teamwork and friendly competition, embodying the essence of the New Year celebrations.

As the Cambodian New Year festivities unfold, these traditional games play a crucial role in creating a vibrant and joyful atmosphere. Through Chol Chhoung, Bos Angkunh, Leak Kanseng, Tort Seiy, Lot Bao, and Teagn Prot, Cambodians of all ages come together to celebrate their rich cultural heritage while fostering a sense of unity, friendship, and community. These games not only serve as a reminder of the country’s past but also as a symbol of hope and prosperity for the future.

Photo: Facebook page of ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍អង្គរសង្ក្រាន្ត Angkor Sankranta

Surya Narayan

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Khmer New Year

Author(s): Leng Lim, Secretary of Board of Directors of Khmer Community, Seattle, WA

Community Reviewer(s): Paularita Seng

Date Authored: April 19, 2002

Date Last Reviewed: April 23, 2008

Note: ‘Khmer’ and ‘Cambodian’

When seeing or hearing the word “Khmer” such as Khmer New Year, Khmer Community, or Khmer Temple, many people are not familiar with the word and they ask what “Khmer” is?   In practice, the two words, “Khmer” and “Cambodian”, can be used to replace each other. For example, one might say Khmer New Year or Cambodian New Year; Khmer People or Cambodian People.  The exception is when talking about “Khmer Rouge” (it is  not  correct to use the word Cambodian instead of Khmer in this case).  (For information about the Khmer Rouge see:  Cambodian Cultural Profile )

The word “Kampuchea” means a country of Khmer people.  Kampuchea can be translated as “Khmer country”. The French call Kampuchea “Le Cambodge”; the Khmer male is called “Le Cambodgien”; and the Khmer female is called “La Cambodgienne”.  A bit different from French, the English name for the country is “Cambodia” and the Khmer people are called “Cambodian.” However, the full definition of what is Khmer and what is Cambodian remains a large topic of discussion among Khmer or Cambodian intellectuals.

In Cambodia, Khmer New Year is the greatest traditional festival, and also the greatest national holiday.  It is three days of festival and sometimes can be four days. Khmer New Year begins on April 13th or can begin on April 14th, depending on the “MohaSangkran,” which is the ancient horoscope. In fact, Khmer New Year originally began on the first day of the first month in the lunar calendar, which can be in November or the beginning of December. In the Angkor Era, the 13th Century, the Khmer King, either Suriyavaraman II or Jayavaraman VII, changed the New Year to the fifth month of the lunar calendar, in April by the solar calendar. 95% of Khmer population are farmers, and the period from November through March is the busiest season for Khmer farmers to reap or harvest the crops from the rice fields. Khmer people can find free time in April because there is no rain, and it is very hot, so Khmer farmers have the time to take vacation after they have worked very hard to gather the rice crops from their fields to get their income. Therefore, April is the right time for Khmer in Cambodia to celebrate New Year.

The Khmer New Year festival originated from Bramhmanism, a part of Hinduism, which was a religion that Khmer believed in before Buddhism. Later on, Buddhism became associated with the festival and then took all the important roles in the festivity.

Usually, Khmer New Year is celebrated for three days:

The first day of New Year is called Moha Sangkran, and it can be described simply as the inauguration of the New Angels who come to take care of the world for a one-year period. The leader of Angels is named “KimiteaTevi. People need to clean and decorate the house and also prepare fruits and drinks for the New Year inauguration and to welcome the New Angels at every single home. 

Elderly people like to meditate or pray the Dharma at that time because they believe that any angel who comes to their houses at that time will stay with them and take care of their family for the whole year. Actually, in the morning of the first day of New Year, most Khmer people prepare food to offer the monks at Khmer temple to get blessed. It is a great time for boys and girls to play traditional games together at the temple or any field or playground in their village because it is only at the New Year time that boys and girls are allowed to play or get together socially. Also it is a wonderful time for single people to search for the special partner to get married to in the future. In the past several decades, “dating” did not exist in Cambodia.

The second day of New Year is called Wanabot, which means day of offering gifts to the parents, grandparents and elders. Usually, Khmer People like to share gifts or presents to employees and also donate money or clothes to poor people. In the evening, people go to temple to build a mountain of sand and ask the monks to give them a blessing of happiness and peace.

The third day is called day of “Leung Sakk;” that means the year starts to be counted up from this day, for example it is when the year of 2000 would change and begin to be 2001.  Traditionally, in the morning, people would go to the temple to perform the ceremony of the mountain of sand to get blessed. In the evening, to complete the New Year festival, Khmer people need to perform the last ceremony, called “Pithi Srang Preah”, which means giving a special bath or a special shower to Buddha statues, the monks, elders, parents and grandparents in order to apologize for any mistake done to them and to gratify them. Everyone has a wonderful time during this ceremony because it is a great opportunity for everyone, young and old, man and woman, to have much fun by spreading out water to each other.

Khmer New Year is not just the great traditional festival for Cambodians, it can allow Cambodians to build up many unforgettable souvenirs and memories.

Disclaimer: EthnoMed is designed for educational purposes only and is not rendering medical advice or professional services. Any medical decisions should be made in consultation with your doctors. Harborview Medical Center and UW Medicine will not be liable for any complication, injuries or other medical accidents arising from or in connection with the use of or reliance upon information on this website.

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Khmer New Year

Maha Sangkran (មហាសង្រ្កាន្ត) Maha Sangkran, derived from Sanskrit Maha Sankranti, is the name of the first day of the new year celebration. It is the end of the year and the beginning of a new one. People dress up and light candles and burn incense sticks at shrines, where the members of each family pay homage to offer thanks for the Buddha's teachings by bowing, kneeling and prostrating themselves three times in front of his image. For good luck people wash their face with holy water in the morning, their chests at noon, and their feet in the evening before they go to bed.

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Khmer New Year: Cambodia’s Choul Chnam Thmey Celebration

Cambodians love to celebrate. The country’s calendar has a staggering 28 festivals and public holidays, earning it the title as one of the countries with the most holidays in the world! One of its most unique, colorful, and engaging is “Choul Chnam Thmey” in Khmer or Enter New Year. While most of the Western World celebrates the New Year on January 1st, Cambodian celebrations offer a unique party following the traditional lunar New Year.

At the beginning of the lunar month, just over 3 months later than traditional western New Year, between April 14th to 16th, Cambodia holds the most anticipated holiday. The turnover each year will represent one of the 12 animals from the lunar New Year; either a dragon, dog, goat, monkey, horse, snake, tiger, pig, rabbit, rooster, ox, or rat. Locals, who often mix with visitors, commence their celebration of the end of the harvesting season. Farmers who have been planting and harvesting during the rice-growing season, finally take a chance to appreciate some well-deserved leisure time.

One of the most attractive aspects of the festival for Cambodians, apart from the colorful traditional dress, are the traditional games played during the festival, the most popular being “Chab Kon Kleng.” The game involves two persons or more, one acting like a “hen” and the other like a “crow.” The “crow” attacks the nest protected by the “hen” hoping the steal its chicks. Cambodians also engage in other traditional Khmer games, such as the Bas Angkunh ‘sesame seed throwing’, Chaol Chhoung ‘twisted-scarf throwing’, Leak Kanseng ‘twisted-scarf hide’, Teagn Prot, a ‘tug of war’, while dancing to traditional Khmer songs.

Temples get decorated

Khmer New Year Daily Itinerary and Rituals

Over the years, each day of the festival has also developed its own name, meaning, and unique itinerary. The first day is called “Maha Sangkran,” which refers to the movement of the sun into a new Zodiac and the changing of spirits. In the morning, Cambodians go to temples and offer food to monks, and receive blessings. Beforehand they clean and prepare their homes for spiritual blessings, make food and drink for visitors, for spending time with their families is the most important. The elderly normally meditate or recite verses from the Dharma with lit candles. It has become customary to light candles and burn traditional incense to express gratitude for good fortune throughout the year. Another important tradition is the washing of faces, chest, and feet at religiously significant times of the day.

On “Wanabot,” the second day , gifts are offered to parents, grandparents, and elders. On the evening of this day, Cambodians often go to temples and build mounds of sand to remember important ancestors and elders who have passed away. Day two often features charity drives across the country, with those in need receiving gifts and other meaningful supplies.

The third day is called “Leung Sakk,” meaning the first day of the next year. The last ceremony “Pithi Srang Preah” is traditionally more religious, and focuses on cleansing. It is marked by the ritual washing of the face, chest, and feet; people mix water with perfume and wash the images of Buddha. To bring good luck and fortune people will pour the remaining perfume mixture over themselves, or perhaps lightheartedly pour it over their friends.

Traditional decorations

Siem Reap at New Year

Siem Reap isn’t excluded from the celebrations, which take place across the entire country. The Siem Reap Sangkranta Festival takes place in the city center near the Royal Residence. This festival offers a colorful display of traditional Cambodian artwork and costumes, along with martial art displays. Each year there is a Guinness World record attempt for the biggest Cambodian palm-leaf hat or ‘nom on som’, a Cambodian cake only for special celebrations like the Khmer New Year. Each year celebrations get bigger and better. What a time to spend a vacation in Southeast Asia!

At Rainforest Cruises we offer a variety of Mekong cruises  whilst also showing you some of Cambodia and Vietnam’s most exciting landmarks – Phnom Penh , Tonle Sap River , Angkor Wat . Every stop has new and interesting features, with the ability to cruise in ultimate luxury. If you are interested in taking a trip with us to Southeast Asia, our Asia travel specialist Eva will happily assist you in your requests to build the most stimulating and memorable vacation possible. Not only do we offer boat trips, but we can add additional land tours to the destinations you visit around your cruise, giving you a further in-depth look at the fascinating locality in Asia. If these opportunities spark your interest, please contact us by sending us an inquiry or calling us at 1-888-215-3555.

While Rainforest Cruises aim to provide accurate and up-to-date information, we make no representations as to the accuracy or completeness of any information herein or found by following any link on this site. Rainforest Cruises cannot and will not accept responsibility for any omissions or inaccuracies, or for any consequences arising therefrom, including any losses, injuries, or damages resulting from the display or use of this information.

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What is Khmer New Year?

Khmer New Year: A Cherished Cambodian Celebration

By Mengteang Thong

Greetings travelers! Allow me, as a proud Cambodian, to introduce you to the richness of our culture and traditions during Khmer New Year, locally known as “Choul Chnam Thmey.” Khmer New Year and Pchum Ben are my two favorite holidays. Let me share why.

Understanding Khmer New Year

In Cambodia, our calendar is adorned with various holidays, but none quite as significant as Khmer New Year. This vibrant celebration spans three glorious days, usually commencing  in mid-April, coinciding with the culmination of the harvest season. Khmer New Year is deeply entwined with Buddhist customs, and it serves as a sacred occasion for Cambodians to reunite with family, friends, and their entire community.

A Closer Look at the Three Days

Now, let’s dig into the distinct traditions observed on each of these remarkable days:

Day 1: Maha Songkran (មហាសង្រ្កាន្ត)

On the initial day of Khmer New Year, it’s customary for households to place an array of colorful fruits in front of their homes as offerings to the gods. This symbolic gesture reflects our belief that these offerings will entice benevolent deities to partake in the fruits, bestowing blessings upon our homes and loved ones.

Day 2: Virak Vanabat (វិរ:វ័នបត)

Day two is dedicated to familial bonds. Cambodians use this day to visit their relatives, present thoughtful gifts to their parents, and share a delightful meal together. It’s a heartfelt expression of love and unity among family members.

Day 3: Vearak Loeng Sak (វារៈឡើងស័ក)

The final day of Khmer New Year carries a profound spiritual significance. People engage in the act of gently bathing statues of Buddha, as well as their parents and grandparents, using water blessed by monks. In our native Khmer tongue, we express our reverence with the words “Srong Tek.” This ritual embodies our deep respect for Buddha and our elders, symbolizing our wishes for their good health, longevity, and a plea for forgiveness for any past transgressions.

Over the course of these three days, you’ll also witness Cambodians offering food to pagodas as a mark of reverence to their departed ancestors.

A Personal Perspective from Cambodia

As a local Khmer born and raised in the capitol city of Phnom Penh, I can attest to the magnificence, though, of experiencing Khmer New Year in Siem Reap, a city that brims with culture and tradition. The majestic trees that grace its streets are a sight to behold. The temples, steeped in history, are truly awe-inspiring.

During Khmer New Year, Siem Reap comes alive with traditional Khmer performances, captivating Cambodian circuses, delectable cuisine, soul-stirring music, and a vibrant nightlife scene. It’s a celebration that etches beautiful memories into your heart. If you find yourself in Siem Reap during Khmer New Year, I am confident that you will treasure this experience and, like me, anticipate returning for more.

Khmer New Year in Cambodia is an extraordinary celebration that embodies our culture, traditions, and the warmth of our people. As you embark on your travels, immerse yourself in the festivities, savor the rich culture, and embrace the heartfelt hospitality that defines our beloved Cambodia. Safe and enriching travels await you!

Blog Post Author - Mengteang Thong

Mengteang Thong is the former Marketing Manager for Phare, The Cambodian Circus . She played a pivotal role in creating engaging marketing materials, managing media campaigns, and crafting insightful blog posts in both Khmer and English. Mengteang went on to open her own business, Angkor Pet Supplies with 2 locations, and helps manage her husband's dental clinic: Stunning Dental Clinic . She is a proud mother of two beautiful children.  

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As an American who grew up with a first-generation Cambodian best friend, I’ve always been fascinated by Cambodian or, Khmer, culture. I was introduced to Khmer cuisine, traditions, and its rich history at a very young age, so the first time I went to Southeast Asia, I headed straight to Siem Reap, Cambodia. I wanted to see for myself the country that my friend’s family had called home before having to flee during the Khmer Rouge , a genocide of the Khmer people by Pol Pot that lasted from 1975 to 1979.

That first visit to Cambodia had a profound effect on me. It was even more beautiful than the pictures I’d seen. The temples, Angkor Wat in particular, were the type of ancient architecture that takes your breath away. The first visit involved a lot of “pinch me” moments, as I explored the city solo and a guide drove me out to dozens of temples tucked in the forests of the countryside. Although I've been to over 40 countries, to this day, Cambodia remains my favorite. I have never met a more welcoming and kind group of people, so proud of their history.

Unfortunately, during that first visit, as the city was preparing for their New Year, I had an outbound flight to Chiang Mai. I promised myself I’d return during the Khmer New Year as soon as I could. I may have experienced aspects of it, thanks to my friendship with Thalika and her family, but to celebrate the most important and sacred holiday of the Khmer people while actually in Cambodia would be the experience of a lifetime — one I plan to be part of once travel is safe again.

Cambodian New Year is the celebration of the solar new year and the biggest celebration of the year in Cambodia. Similar to other New Year festivities in Asian cultures, it combines tradition with religion, and puts a big focus on honoring ancestors and elders. While there are parties with lots of traditional foods and drinks, the three days are filled with Buddhist ceremonies that center on giving thanks, making offerings to deceased loved ones, and donating to those less fortunate.

Running from Wednesday, April 14, to Friday, April 16, in 2021, Cambodian New Year is the perfect introduction to Khmer culture, history, traditions, and values. Here are six things to know about this important holiday that are bound to inspire you to book a flight to Cambodia as soon as you can go.

It’s Technically Khmer New Year

If we’re going to talk about the Khmer (pronounced kh-MY ) people, we should use the proper word for them, which is their word: Khmer (ភាសាខ្មែរ). Khmer people live in the country of Kampuchea , which can be translated to “Khmer country.” People who are Khmer speak Khmer, formally known as Khemarapheasa . Therefore, for the sake of this piece and out of respect, we’re going to be calling it Khmer New Year ( Chol Chnam Thmey ), or KNY for short.

It’s the Most Important Celebration of the Year in the Khmer Culture

Although it’s certainly not the only celebration in Cambodia, KNY is by far the most important. The country pretty much shuts down so families can gather to both celebrate the New Year and honor their ancestors. As is the case in most Asian cultures, honor and respect play a major role in everything the Khmer do, and celebrating the New Year is no exception. While there are parties to attend with lots of food, drinking, and dancing, these parties are steeped in tradition and honor family. If you’re lucky enough to find yourself in Siem Reap during KNY, you’re likely to end up on Pub Street enjoying performances and live music with a drink in hand. Having been to a handful of Khmer weddings, I can say from personal experience that they really know how to party.

It Hasn’t Always Been in April

Khmer New Year was originally celebrated on the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar, which would typically fall in November or December. However, in the 13th century, during the Angkor Era, the Khmer King at the time changed the date of the New Year so it fell in the fifth month of the lunar calendar, thereby making it the date of the traditional solar new year: April. This made sense both then and now, as November to March are the busiest months for farmers. The New Year thus lines up with the end of harvest season, but takes place before the rainy season begins in May.

It Lasts Three Days

KNY takes place over three days — or sometimes four days, if the third day is a Friday. Why stop celebrating when you still have the whole weekend to go?

The first day of the New Year is called Moha Sangkran . On this day, those celebrating will dress in new yet traditional Khmer garb so they look their best when welcoming the angel of the New Year, who will arrive and stay until the next New Year.

There are seven possible angels that can appear on Moha Sangkran, and the one that appears is based on the day of the week. For example, this year Khmer New Year starts on a Wednesday, so the angel who will appear, based on legend, is Mondar Tevy . She wears champa flowers in her hair, rides a donkey, and loves milk.

In preparation for this day, people clean their homes (every single corner in case the angel checks!) and decorate with lights, plants, and offerings for the inside altar, as well as the spirit house — an outdoor roofed shrine that sits on a pillar in front of someone’s home to house the protective spirit of the family.

Inside altars — some of which are kept up all year — are given offerings of fresh fruit, traditional Khmer food, and canned drinks (especially soda). After the Khmer Rouge regime, one of the worst human genocides in history, honoring the dead during Khmer New Year became an even more important aspect of the holiday.

Older generations pray the Dharma on the first day as a way to further welcome the angel into their home, and it’s also tradition that food offerings are brought to the monks at the local pagoda or Khmer temple. For those who strictly observe the holiday, bathing in holy water three times is done on the first day as well.

The second day of the New Year is called Vireak Vanabat (also known as Vanabot ). This is the day of giving. Throughout the daylight hours, donations of money and clothes are made to those in the community who need it, and gifts are given to family members, especially elders. Families also visit their Khmer temple to receive blessings from their ancestors. In some Khmer communities — as some of these traditions are altered a bit depending on where you live — monks are asked for blessings of love, happiness, and peace after families build a pointed mound of sand to represent the Valuka Chaitya . It’s here in Valuka Chaitya where the Buddha’s diadem and hair are buried.

The third day of the New Year is called T'ngai Loeng Sak . On this day, statues and images of Buddha, as well as the elders in the community, are washed with perfume water. This washing, called Pithi Srang Preah, is the last official ceremony of the KNY. The washing of statues or images of the Buddha symbolizes washing away bad behavior and mistakes from the past year, so the family can start fresh for the upcoming year. Washing parents and grandparents is seen as both a sign of respect and a good deed. The practice is meant to bring good luck, happiness, and posterity to the elders, while the children who are doing the washing receive advice and positive energy that will last the entire year.

It’s a Feast for the Senses

If you were raised in a Khmer household, you already know there’s always amazing food being cooked. But during the three days of the New Year, families bring out the big guns of traditional dishes, not just for those alive and celebrating, but also as offerings to their ancestors.

Some of the more popular traditional dishes that are served and offered during the New Year are egg rolls; ya-hon (Khmer hot pot); Kralan , a steamed rice cake mixed with peas, grated coconut, and coconut milk that’s stuffed inside a piece of bamboo and roasted; Lort Cha fried egg noodles ; Num Pang ; and Khmer Fish Amok . One of the most prized dishes, nom ansom , is typically served as a sweet sticky rice dessert, but can also be savory when it’s made with pork and a potato-like starch filling.

It Includes Games, Contests, and World Records

When you have three days, possibly four, to fill with activities, people can get really creative . Children and adults alike engage in traditional games like Chol Chhoung , which is similar to a dance off but with singing involved; Leak Kanseng , which is a modified version of the childhood game "Duck, Duck, Goose"; and Chab Kon Kleng , played on the first night of the New Year, when adults take on the roles of hens, crows, and chicks, as the first two fight to catch as many chicks as they can.

For a few years in a row, in Siem Reap, world records were set for the largest sticky rice cake (nom ansom) ever made. The largest weighed 8,906 pounds and 10 ounces.

While there are solemn aspects to Khmer New Year, more than anything it’s a celebration of life, family, food, and tradition. In the capital of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, the last day of the New Year is filled with horse races, fireworks, boxing matches, and partying in the streets. Each part of the country puts their own spin on the holiday, as do Khmer expats all over the world, making every celebration unique in its own way.

Main photo by Dara TEK /Shutterstock.

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Colorful Pages

Celebrating Khmer New Year through Reading and Talking About Cambodian Experiences

My family came to America as refugees from the Cambodian Genocide in the 1970’s. As a child, I witnessed the grief and trauma that resulted from my family’s memories while they were processing and healing from the tragedy. 

In the States, my parents quickly learned English and began working to support our family. It angered me whenever they experienced racism/discrimination, like the time when a cashier at a clothing store mocked Ma for the way that she spoke. I wanted others to understand the sacrifices that my parents had to go through. Our Khmer community had to be strong and adaptable with the sudden drastic changes they needed to make with their lives and futures.

During my K-5 public schooling, I only knew two peers that were Cambodian like me. While we had firsthand knowledge of the recent histories and experiences of our Khmer community, I did not have the opportunity to share my stories at school until my fourth and fifth grade teacher, Ms. Cochran, assigned a special project for Multicultural Night. We got to research, write, and draw about any country of our choice. And of course, I naturally wanted to teach about where my family came from. 

This year, Khmer New Year will fall between April 14 th  and 16 th . I encourage you to share with your community of students, families, and friends about the country of Cambodia and its courageous people. 

I put together a list of six books written about or by Cambodian people. The picture book illustrations remind me of the style of paintings that my Ba (dad) enjoys making when he recalls his life in Cambodia.

Any of these books can be turned into Conversation Books if you explain the history behind the events.

In short, Pol Pot, the dictator that led the Khmer Rouge, wanted to “cleanse” the country of Cambodia to rise above other countries in the world and also perpetuate discrimination among the people of Cambodia. 

Six Books Celebrating and Exploring Cambodian Experiences

1. the cambodian dancer: sophany’s gift of hope written by daryn reicherter and translated by bophal penh [picture book].

On The Spectrum of Multicultural Literature, “The Cambodian Dancer” is an Exploration Book if you focus on how the traditional dancing is a part of Sophany’s identity and culture. 

It can be a conversation book if you teach into the history that is implied through Sophany’s journey of being banned from her job as a dancer, needing to escape from the country, and moving to the United States.  

2. A Path of Stars by Anne Sibley O’Brien [Picture Book] 

On The Spectrum of Multicultural Literature, “A Path of Stars” is an Exploration Book because Dara’s grandmother recounts her experiences growing up and living in Cambodia. This book is based on real-life experiences with dreamy-like illustrations.

3. Dara’s Cambodian New Year written by Sothea Chiemruom and illustrated by Dam Nang Pin [Picture Book] 

On The Spectrum of Multicultural Literature, “Dara’s Cambodian New Year” is an Exploration Book. As Dara’s family prepares for their New Year celebrations, Dara connects with her Da (grandpa) and their culture through his paintings of his beloved country.  

4. Half Spoon of Rice: A Survival Story of the Cambodian Genocide written by Icy Smith and illustrated by Sopaul Nhem [Picture Book]

On The Spectrum of Multicultural Literature, “Half Spoon of Rice” is a Conversation Book because it delves into the story of nine-year-old, Nat, who was taken away from his family and forced to work in the rice fields. This book provides perspective on how Cambodians, including youth, were mistreated during the genocide. 

5. The Kind Monk by Rachael Fox [Picture Book] 

On The Spectrum of Multicultural Literature, “The Kind Monk” by Rachael Fox is a Representation Book because it is based on Stevid John, a Buddhist Monk, who helps sick, injured, and abandoned animals in Siem Reap, Cambodia. His actions show readers the importance of having compassion for everyone around us, including animals!

6. First They Killed My Father by Loung Ung [Autobiography Chapter Book]

On The Spectrum of Multicultural Literature, “First They Killed My Father” is a Conversation Book because the Khmer author, Loung Ung, explains her story as a young girl enduring and surviving through the time of the Khmer Rouge. The realities of the tragedy are tough but necessary to read for young adults and adults to understand what the conditions were like. 

Thank you for adding books about the Cambodian community into your collection of Colorful Pages. Suo Sdey Chnam Thmey (Happy New Year)!

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Published by Jasmine Kasar Nguon

Cambodian American. Kindergarten Teacher in SPS. Graduate from the Seattle Teacher Residency (STR) program. Member of the Educators of Color Leadership Community (ECLC) through the PSESD. View all posts by Jasmine Kasar Nguon

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Local News | Lowell celebrates Khmer New Year

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Members of Angkor Dance Troupe perform during the Khmer New Year Celebration at Clemente Park in Lowell on April 20, 2024. (Aleah Landry photo)

The parade makes its way through Clemente Park during the Khmer New Year Celebration on April 20, 2024. (Aleah Landry photo)

Attendees play a game called Choal Chhoang in Clemente Park in Lowell during the 2024 Khmer New Year celebration. (Aleah Landry photo)

The 2024 Khmer New Year parade makes its way up School Street in Lowell on its way to Clemente Park on April 20. (Aleah Landry photo)

Cecilia Kosol-Neak, 13, a performer from Angkor Dance Troupe, walks in the parade dressed as the 2024 Welcome Angel Mohothareak Tevy. Behind her walks Curtis Mai, dressed as the peacock upon which the welcome angel rides. (Aleah Landry photo)

State Rep. Vanna Howard waves a miniature Cambodian flag as she walks in the 2024 Khmer New Year parade on Broadway Street in Lowell. (Aleah Landry photo)

Sokunthary Svay, of New York, recites her poem, "Don't Let Your Heritage Be Past Tense," on the stage in Clemente Park. (Aleah Landry photo)

Musical artists Kimsan Le, aka Nasmik, Sam Hy, aka Genocide Exkp, and Sam Man, aka Real, pose for a photo on the stage at Clemente Park after their performance during the 2024 Khmer New Year celebration. (Aleah Landry photo)

A group of children play tug of war on the volleyball courts at the 2024 Khmer New Year Celebration at Clemente Park in Lowell. (Aleah Landry photo)

Phonny Cheng recites Khmer poetry on the stage in Clemente Park during the 2024 Khmer New Year celebration on April 20 in Lowell. (Aleah Landry photo)

Event attendees dance along to a performance by rappers Genocide Exkp, Real, and Nasmik during the 2024 Khmer New Year Celebration in Clemente Park in Lowell. (Aleah Landry photo)

Event attendees listen as Sokunthary Svay, of New York, recites a poem called, "Don't Let Your Heritage Be Past Tense." (Aleah Landry photo)

Event emcee Leakena Phal dances along to a performance by local rappers Genocide Exkp, Real, and Nasmik during the 2024 Khmer New Year Celebration in Clemente Park. (Aleah Landry photo)

Members of UMass Lowell's Cambodian American Student Association perform the coconut dance during the Khmer New Year Celebration at Clemente Park in Lowell on April 20, 2024. (Aleah Landry photo)

Community members wave miniature Cambodian flags as they march in the 2024 Khmer New Year parade in Lowell. (Aleah Landry photo)

CMAA board President Vannak Theng, right, hands off the offering basket to members of the Clemente Park Committee Sambath Bo, left, and Jon Cheam to transition the festivities from the morning events hosted by CMAA to the afternoon events hosted by the Clemente Park Committee. (Aleah Landry photo)

Vice Mayor Paul Ratha Yem speaks to the crowd in Clemente Park during the 2024 Khmer New Year Celebration. (Aleah Landry photo)

Seila Chuop, member of the Cambodian Mutual Assistance Association's Board of Directors, walks in the parade as it makes its way through Clemente Park on April 20, 2024. (Aleah Landry photo)

Curious residents peek out their front door as the 2024 Khmer New Year parade moves along Broadway Street in Lowell. (Aleah Landry photo)

Cambodian and Bhuddist flags fly above the crowd during the Khmer New Year parade in Lowell on April 20. (Aleah Landry photo)

Cambodian Mutual Assistance Association board President Vannak Theng carries the offering during the parade as it enters Clemente Park on April 20, 2024. (Aleah Landry photo)

Vice Mayor Paul Ratha Yem waves a miniature Cambodian flag as Middlesex Community College President Phil Sisson walks behind him carrying an American flag during the parade on April 20. (Aleah Landry photo)

The 2024 Khmer New Year Parade makes its way up Broadway Street in Lowell as it begins its journey throughout the Acre neighborhood to Clemente Park on April 20. (Aleah Landry photo)

State Rep. Rady Mom walks in the parade as it makes its way through Clemente Park in Lowell for 2024 Khmer New Year. (Aleah Landry photo)

As the parade begins, Cambodian Mutual Assistance Association board member Tara Hong, center, can be seen carrying the Cambodian flag. Hong is campaigning for the 18th Middlesex District, a position currently held by state Rep. Rady Mom. (Aleah Landry photo)

Elected officials stand with Lowell Police officers for a photo during the 2024 Khmer New Year Celebration at Clemente Park. From left, Jake Vitali, legislative aide for state Rep. Rady Mom, Vice Mayor Paul Ratha Yem, Capt. Daniel Desmarais, Officer Paul Paradise, Mom, state Rep Vanna Howard, Officer Chris Kelly, and Officer R. Joyce. (Aleah Landry photo)

The Year of the Dragon roared anew in Lowell Saturday, with a parade and live music, dance and poetry performances at Clemente Park.

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Bestiality references allegedly made during presentation at Renmark High School

Warning for readers: This article contains graphic language.

The South Australian Department for Education is investigating a presentation delivered to year 9 girls in a regional high school that allegedly referenced bestiality as being accepted by the LGBTQIA+ community.

Female students said teachers at Renmark High School told them to leave their lessons and attend a presentation in a separate classroom.

Students who attended the presentation on March 22 say two staff from the Headspace centre in the neighbouring town of Berri introduced a "third-party" presenter who facilitated an hour-long presentation focused on relationships.

Parents said they were not notified about the presentation, nor was it consented to.

Students said they were left unsupervised for the duration of the presentation.

Student Courtney White, 14, said she felt confused and blindsided by the presentation.

"We had a teacher that told us to grab a chair and sit in front of the board, and then the Headspace people came in and then [the teacher] left, so then we're sitting in front of a board alone with no teachers, just the Headspace people," she said.

"The first slide of the PowerPoint on the board was 'You can see queerly now' and 'No point hiding.'"

Girls felt 'really uncomfortable'

Fourteen-year-old Emelia Wundenberg said the presenter was graphic when referencing their own sexual preferences and spoke in sexually explicit terms about growing up and being confused about whether they idolised people of the same gender or wanted to be intimate with them.

Students say they were then given an explanation of the initialism LGBTQIA+, with each word and its meaning displayed on the screen.

"There was a slide for what the 'plus' means, and they just started randomly saying words that no-one knew, like bestiality," Emelia said.

"It was on the board when they were showing what the 'plus' meant."

The students said bestiality was then explained in detail and the presenter seemed to imply it was something practised by people who identified as LGBTQIA+.

"They said [the queer community] just accepts all of it, even though … isn't it illegal?" Emelia said.

As the talk went on multiple girls, including Courtney, began to feel uncomfortable and asked to leave the classroom to "go to the bathroom".

"We're all just sitting there like, 'What the hell? What are we doing here? Why are we learning about animals having sex with humans?'" she said.

"It was really disgusting, it was really uncomfortable."

Emelia said many of those who asked to leave the classroom did not return.

When the ABC sought comment from the presenter a response was sent on the person's behalf asking that reporters refrained from reaching out or naming them in its coverage.

'Normal procedure' not followed

Letters seen by the ABC that were sent to parents on behalf of Renmark High School principal Mat Evans stated that the presentation was meant to discuss "respectful relationships".

The letter acknowledged that the school's "normal procedure for notifying parents ahead of specific presentations was not followed".

Mr Evans said the third-party presenter had "been suspended from department schools while the department undertakes an investigation".

"We are undertaking an internal review to ensure that processes around such notifications and procedures with regard to third parties attending at our school are always met," he said.

The ABC contacted the Department for Education, which provided a similar statement and said the presentation was being investigated.

SA education department chief executive Martin Westwell said the presentation was "unacceptable" and "shouldn't have happened".

Speaking with ABC Radio Adelaide on Thursday, Professor Westwell said conversations about sexual health, societal norms, stereotypes and sexuality were normal parts of the Australian curriculum, but the presentation at Renmark High School was not.

"The core idea that students should understand sexuality and other sexualities is, I think, really important — but the way [the presenter] went about it was unacceptable," he said.

"The school has clearly made some mistakes.

"There should have been a teacher in the room when that occurred, but there wasn't and the principal has apologised for that.

"They hadn't reviewed the content.

"There was a few things that went wrong and it ended up with this inappropriate language and a few things being discussed in that session that were just not appropriate."

Support being provided to students

Headspace's national head of clinical leadership Nicola Palfrey said the organisation was aware of concerns raised by members of the Renmark community.

"We take all feedback very seriously and are reviewing how we can support and guide Headspace centres … to ensure presentations they facilitate or deliver are aligned with evidence and best practice and are safe and appropriate for young people," she said.

FocusOne Health Board chair Ian Gartley said the "focus at Headspace Berri, operated under licence by FocusOne Health, is on the mental health and wellbeing of young people".

"We are aware of concerns raised by local members of the Renmark community following a presentation delivered by a lived experience speaker that Headspace Berri facilitated at Renmark High School," he said.

"Our priority right now is ensuring that any young people and their families who may be experiencing distress receive the support they need."

All parties involved in the alleged incident declined to provide the presentation to the ABC.

Following the presentation, a follow-up letter seen by the ABC was sent to parents offering counselling services from the education department, which had arranged a social worker to attend the school to help support affected students.

Parents express shock and outrage

Parents of students who attended the presentation said it was a poor representation of the queer community and had raised many concerns about the school's protocols for third-party presentations.

"Who vetted this material? Who made sure it was safe for 14- and 15-year-old girls? Some of them are still 13," Emelia's mother Kristy Fyfe said.

"It has done a huge disservice to the [queer] community."

Following the presentation, Courtney's mother Nicki Gaylard removed her three children from Renmark High School. 

"My kids are in limbo," she said.

"They're not in an education department at this point.

"I'm not putting them anywhere until I know this won't happen again.

"Under no circumstances should a child in that school ever feel trapped and unsafe without someone with their certificate, meaning a teacher."

The ABC has spoken to five other parents whose children attended the presentation.

They substantiated the two girls' claims.

LGBTQIA+ educators condemn 'slur'

Sexuality educators and LGBTQIA+ inclusion advocates Mel Brush and Eleonora Bertsa-Fuchs conduct consent and queer inclusion training for schools, parents and workplaces via their social enterprise Let's Talk About X.

Both are secondary teachers and Mx Bertsa-Fuchs said queer education was important but should be delivered in a safe and appropriate setting.

"The teachers are the people that these young people have a relationship with, that they are familiar with, that they're comfortable with," Mx Bertsa-Fuchs said.

"When you're in a vulnerable situation, like a respectful relationships workshop or seminar, there should be someone in the room that you are familiar with."

Mx Brush said the alleged use of the word bestiality in the presentation was damaging to the queer community.

"It's pretty shocking to think about that term being thrown around like that, especially given how loaded it is, and for a historical context of the way that it's been used as a slur and to discriminate against LGBT+ people," Mx Brush said.

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AI Index: State of AI in 13 Charts

In the new report, foundation models dominate, benchmarks fall, prices skyrocket, and on the global stage, the U.S. overshadows.

This year’s AI Index — a 500-page report tracking 2023’s worldwide trends in AI — is out.

The index is an independent initiative at the Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI), led by the AI Index Steering Committee, an interdisciplinary group of experts from across academia and industry. This year’s report covers the rise of multimodal foundation models, major cash investments into generative AI, new performance benchmarks, shifting global opinions, and new major regulations.

Don’t have an afternoon to pore through the findings? Check out the high level here.

A Move Toward Open-Sourced

This past year, organizations released 149 foundation models, more than double the number released in 2022. Of these newly released models, 65.7% were open-source (meaning they can be freely used and modified by anyone), compared with only 44.4% in 2022 and 33.3% in 2021.

But At a Cost of Performance?

Closed-source models still outperform their open-sourced counterparts. On 10 selected benchmarks, closed models achieved a median performance advantage of 24.2%, with differences ranging from as little as 4.0% on mathematical tasks like GSM8K to as much as 317.7% on agentic tasks like AgentBench.

Biggest Players

Industry dominates AI, especially in building and releasing foundation models. This past year Google edged out other industry players in releasing the most models, including Gemini and RT-2. In fact, since 2019, Google has led in releasing the most foundation models, with a total of 40, followed by OpenAI with 20. Academia trails industry: This past year, UC Berkeley released three models and Stanford two.

Industry Dwarfs All

If you needed more striking evidence that corporate AI is the only player in the room right now, this should do it. In 2023, industry accounted for 72% of all new foundation models.

Prices Skyrocket

One of the reasons academia and government have been edged out of the AI race: the exponential increase in cost of training these giant models. Google’s Gemini Ultra cost an estimated $191 million worth of compute to train, while OpenAI’s GPT-4 cost an estimated $78 million. In comparison, in 2017, the original Transformer model, which introduced the architecture that underpins virtually every modern LLM, cost around $900.

What AI Race?

At least in terms of notable machine learning models, the United States vastly outpaced other countries in 2023, developing a total of 61 models in 2023. Since 2019, the U.S. has consistently led in originating the majority of notable models, followed by China and the UK.

Move Over, Human

As of 2023, AI has hit human-level performance on many significant AI benchmarks, from those testing reading comprehension to visual reasoning. Still, it falls just short on some benchmarks like competition-level math. Because AI has been blasting past so many standard benchmarks, AI scholars have had to create new and more difficult challenges. This year’s index also tracked several of these new benchmarks, including those for tasks in coding, advanced reasoning, and agentic behavior.

Private Investment Drops (But We See You, GenAI)

While AI private investment has steadily dropped since 2021, generative AI is gaining steam. In 2023, the sector attracted $25.2 billion, nearly ninefold the investment of 2022 and about 30 times the amount from 2019 (call it the ChatGPT effect). Generative AI accounted for over a quarter of all AI-related private investments in 2023.

U.S. Wins $$ Race

And again, in 2023 the United States dominates in AI private investment. In 2023, the $67.2 billion invested in the U.S. was roughly 8.7 times greater than the amount invested in the next highest country, China, and 17.8 times the amount invested in the United Kingdom. That lineup looks the same when zooming out: Cumulatively since 2013, the United States leads investments at $335.2 billion, followed by China with $103.7 billion, and the United Kingdom at $22.3 billion.

Where is Corporate Adoption?

More companies are implementing AI in some part of their business: In surveys, 55% of organizations said they were using AI in 2023, up from 50% in 2022 and 20% in 2017. Businesses report using AI to automate contact centers, personalize content, and acquire new customers. 

Younger and Wealthier People Worry About Jobs

Globally, most people expect AI to change their jobs, and more than a third expect AI to replace them. Younger generations — Gen Z and millennials — anticipate more substantial effects from AI compared with older generations like Gen X and baby boomers. Specifically, 66% of Gen Z compared with 46% of boomer respondents believe AI will significantly affect their current jobs. Meanwhile, individuals with higher incomes, more education, and decision-making roles foresee AI having a great impact on their employment.

While the Commonwealth Worries About AI Products

When asked in a survey about whether AI products and services make you nervous, 69% of Aussies and 65% of Brits said yes. Japan is the least worried about their AI products at 23%.  

Regulation Rallies

More American regulatory agencies are passing regulations to protect citizens and govern the use of AI tools and data. For example, the Copyright Office and the Library of Congress passed copyright registration guidance concerning works that contained material generated by AI, while the Securities and Exchange Commission developed a cybersecurity risk management strategy, governance, and incident disclosure plan. The agencies to pass the most regulation were the Executive Office of the President and the Commerce Department. 

The AI Index was first created to track AI development. The index collaborates with such organizations as LinkedIn, Quid, McKinsey, Studyportals, the Schwartz Reisman Institute, and the International Federation of Robotics to gather the most current research and feature important insights on the AI ecosystem. 

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