writing about education bac

Lessons and exercises for 2nd year Bac students

Starter: review, parts of the speech, english tenses, regular vs irregular verbs, unit 1: gifts of youth, vocabulary: gifts of youth, talents & qualities, function: expressing opinion, grammar: infinitive or gerund.

Video Lesson: Gerunds and Infinitives - Part 1

Video Lesson: Gerunds and Infinitives - Part 2

Reading Comprehension: Gifts of Youth

Writing: describing a person, unit 2: humor, vocabulary: humor, function: making requests, grammar: present modals & past modals.

Video Lesson: Present Vs Past Modals

Reading Comprehension: Humor

Writing: the narrative paragraph, units 1 and 2 review, unit 3: education, vocabulary: education collocations, function: expresssing purpose, grammar: the past perfect tense.

Video Lesson: The Past Perfect Tense

Video Lesson: The Past Perfect Negative

Video Lesson: The Past Perfect Continuous

Video Lesson: The Past Perfect Continuous Negative

Video Lesson: Past Perfect vs. Past Simple

Video Lesson: Past Perfect Continuous vs. Past Perfect

Reading Comprehension: Education

Writing: a report about an event, unit 4: sustainable development, vocabulary: sustainable development collocations, function: expressing cause and effect, grammar: the future perfect tense.

Video Lesson: The Future Perfect Tense

Video Lesson: The Future Perfect Negative

Video Lesson: The Future Perfect - Yes/No Questions

Video Lesson: The Future Perfect - Information Questions

Video Lesson: The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Reading Comprehension: Sustainable Development

Writing: the formal letter, units 3 and 4 review, unit 5: women and power, vocabulary: women's rights, word formation: suffixes (-ation; -ment; -ance; -ence; -ism; -ity), function: expressing addition and concession, grammar:the passive voice.

Video Lesson: Active vs. Passive

Video Lesson: The Passive Voice

Video Lesson: Passive with a form of "to get

Reading Comprehension: Women and Power

Writing: a book review, unit 6: cultural values, vocabulary: cultural values (definitions, antonyms, collocations), function: complaining + making & accepting apologies, grammar: phrasal verbs.

Video Lesson: Phrasal Verbs 1

Video Lesson: Phrasal Verbs 2

Reading Comprehension: Cultural Values

Writing: the informal letter (the personal letter), review: units 5 and 6, unit 7: citizenship, vocabulary: citizenship (definitions, collocations), function: asking for and giving advice, grammar: reported speech.

Video Lesson: Direct Speech

Video Lesson: Reported (Indirect) Speech

Reading Comprehension: Citizenship

Writing: application form, unit 8: international organizations, vocabulary: international organizations (acronyms, concerns & jargon), function: responding to good news & bad news, grammar: linking words.

Video lesson: How to use English connectors / Linking Words

Reading Comprehension: International Organizations

Writing #1: a short essay about an ngo, writing #2: a formal email to the un about causes and effects of a social problem., review: units 7 and 8, unit 9: science & technology, vocabulary: science & technology (branches, gadgets & collocations).

Video lesson: Technology - Its impact on your world of work

Function: Expressing Certainty & Uncertainty

Video Lesson: Expressing certainty

Grammar: Review of Conditional Type 2

Video Lesson: Review of Conditional Type 2

Grammar: Conditional Type 3

Video Lesson: Conditional Type 3

Reading Comprehension: Science & Technology

Writing: an essay about advantages and disadvantages, unit 10: brain drain, vocabulary: brain drain (definition, collocations, antonyms).

Video Lesson: What is brain drain?

Word Formation: Prefixes

Function: expressing regret about past events, grammar: restrictive (defining) vs non-restrictive (non-defining) relative clause.

Video Lesson: Defining Relative Clause

Video Lesson: Non-Defining Relative Clause

Reading Comprehension: Brain Drain

Writing: review (paragraph vs essay), review: units 9 and 10, more documents, irregular verbs list, verbs & verb tenses, communication/functions, grammar summary, linking words, writing samples, writing: short samples, english (شرح بااللغة العربية), national exams, national exam sh 2022, national exam sh 2021, national exam sh 2020, national exam sh 2019, national exam sh 2018, national exam sh 2018 (2), national exam sh 2017, national exam sh 2017 (2), national exam l 2018, national exam l 2018 2, national exam s 2018, national exam s 2018 2, national exam l 2017, national exam l 2017 2, national exam s 2017, national exam s 2017 2, national exam l 2016, national exam l 2016 2, national exam s 2016, national exam s 2016 2, national exam sh 2016, national exam sh 2016 2, national exam l2 2015, national exam s 2015 2, national exam sh 2015, national exam sh 2015 2, national exam l 2012, national exam s 2012, national exam sh 2012, national exam s 2011, national exam l 2011, national exam sh 2011, national exam s 2010, national exam sh 2010, national exam sh 2009, national exam sh 2008.

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Writing / Expression écrite au bac d’anglais

Scared of essays ? No worries. You are in the right spot to find all the info you need.

To start with, a brief video to remind you of the most common mistakes in the baccalauréat.

To check if you won’t make these mistakes, here is a little online exercise .

The most common exercise given is the essays. Here is a quick video about the method. You can also have a look at the page dedicated to «  Argumentative essays « 

and a PDF document to remind you of some basic rules :

[bsk-pdf-manager-pdf id= »19″]

Need help with vocabulary :

[bsk-pdf-manager-pdf id= »21″]

[bsk-pdf-manager-pdf id= »22″]

[bsk-pdf-manager-pdf id= »23″]

Assessment grid for writing

Now, just pick the type of work you’d like to study :

Argumentative Essays

Narrative Essays

Letters / Emails

Diary Entries

Or check the Games section for some fun activities related to writing.

Some links about writing here

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Sat / act prep online guides and tips, what is a baccalaureate degree how does it differ from a bachelor's.

College Info

Baccalaureate degree vs bachelor’s degree: you’ve likely heard and used that second term before, but maybe you’re not so sure what the first one means. Is it a different type of degree altogether? What is a baccalaureate degree and what does it do?

This article will go over the baccalaureate degree meaning, explain how it differs from other types of degrees, and introduce the different kinds of baccalaureate degrees you can get. To wrap up, we’ll give you some tips for helping you determine whether a baccalaureate program is ultimately right for you.

Baccalaureate Degree vs Bachelor’s Degree: Overview

First off, what is a baccalaureate degree exactly? This might come as a shock, but a baccalaureate degree is the same exact thing as a bachelor’s (or four-year undergraduate) degree . In other words, "baccalaureate degree" is just another way of saying "bachelor’s degree."

The word "baccalaureate" comes from the Medieval Latin word baccalaureātus , meaning the initial, or first, degree you obtain at a university.

So how long does it take to get a baccalaureate degree? A typical baccalaureate program lasts four years , but some students might earn their degrees in slightly less time (e.g., three years) or slightly more time (e.g., six years).

In a baccalaureate program, you choose a major, or primary field of study . Most students also choose a minor, or secondary field of study . And in some cases, a student might double major (have two majors) or enroll in a dual degree program to earn two baccalaureate degrees at once.

The field you study is completely up to you but does depend on what is offered at your particular school. For example, MIT specializes in STEM majors , so if you’re hoping to get a baccalaureate degree in comparative literature, another college would probably be a better choice.

The number of credits you’ll need in order to get a baccalaureate degree varies depending on the college and the type of academic calendar it follows, but normally you’ll have to have around 120 semester credits or 180 quarter credits . This is, again, usually spread out across four years of continuous study.

Note that only about 30-36 credits will be specifically for your major — the rest will go toward your minor or second major, General Education requirements, and your electives.

How Does a Baccalaureate Degree Differ From Other Types of Degrees?

We know that a bachelor’s degree and baccalaureate degree are the same thing, just with different names. But how does a baccalaureate differ from other types of degrees?

To answer this question, let’s first take a look at the four kinds of degrees you can get:

• Associate degree: Two-year undergraduate degree
• Bachelor’s/baccalaureate degree: Four-year undergraduate degree
• Master’s degree: One- to three-year graduate degree
• Doctoral degree/doctorate: Five- to eight-year graduate degree

The lowest degree you can get in higher education is an associate degree, which takes around two years and is offered mainly at community colleges . Many associate degrees are designed to teach you a specific trade so you can enter the workforce directly after college. Altogether, it’s less intensive (and less expensive!) than a baccalaureate degree.

A master’s degree is a type of graduate degree, with programs lasting one to three years (typically two years in the US). In these programs, you study a specific field or area , narrowing your focus even more than when you got your bachelor’s. Master’s degrees can be either academically oriented or professionally oriented . A baccalaureate degree is almost always a prerequisite. Many master's programs require you to write a master’s thesis as well.

Finally, a doctoral degree, or doctorate, is the highest degree you can receive . These degree programs last five to eight years and require you to write a heavily researched dissertation. You’ll usually need at least a bachelor’s degree to apply, sometimes a master’s.

As you can see, these four degree types are all very different from one another!

The chart below summarizes the main differences between a baccalaureate degree and the three other degrees:

What Types of Baccalaureate Degrees Can You Get?

As you likely know, there’s no single type of bachelor’s, or baccalaureate, degree . Depending on your major, you can get one of several kinds of bachelor’s degrees.

Here are some examples of baccalaureate degree types:

• Bachelor of Arts (BA): One of the most common bachelor’s degrees. Awarded for study in the arts, humanities, social sciences, or natural sciences.
• Bachelor of Science (BS): One of the most common bachelor’s degrees. Awarded for study in science, math, technology, or a different STEM field.
• Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA): One of the most common bachelor’s degrees. Awarded for study of visual or performing arts.
• Bachelor of Music (BM): Awarded for study of music or musical performance.
• Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA): Professional degree awarded for study of business administration.
• Bachelor of Applied Science (BAS): Similar to a BA or BS, with a focus on hands-on approaches and practical applications. Usually awarded for study of a scientific or business-oriented discipline.
• Bachelor of Engineering (BE): Professional degree awarded for study of engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Engineering (BSE): Awarded for study of engineering (similar to a BS with a major in engineering).
• Bachelor of Architecture (BArch): Professional degree awarded for study of architecture.

Note that this is not an exhaustive list of all types of bachelor’s degrees .

You should also know that, in many cases, there is very little to no difference between some of these degrees . For example, at many US universities, a BSE is considered identical to a BE.

The basic rule to remember is that the BA, BS, and BFA degrees are more academic and theoretical than the more focused and career-oriented degrees, such as the BArch, BE, and BBA. Although the majority of colleges offer BA and BS degrees, only some offer these rarer professional degrees.

Is a Baccalaureate Degree Right for You? 4 Questions to Ask

While most high school seniors go straight into college to get their bachelor’s degrees, not all do — and that’s perfectly OK! After all, college is expensive and a big time commitment, so it’s important that you take the time to see whether a baccalaureate program is right for you.

Here are four questions to ask yourself before you start applying to colleges.

#1: Do You Want to Keep Learning?

This is probably the most important factor to think about when it comes to figuring out whether a baccalaureate program is right for you: do you want to continue learning? If your answer is yes, then it’ll be in your best interest to earn either an associate degree or a baccalaureate degree.

But which undergraduate degree type suits you better?

If you have an academic field in mind that you really want to learn more about — perhaps you just fell in love with chemistry but didn’t get a chance to study it much — a bachelor’s degree program can give you the time to home in on this topic and develop a high-functioning understanding of it.

Or maybe you want to keep learning but would rather spend less time in school and would like to focus on a particular career field. In this case, an associate degree might be a better fit for you.

Just be aware that bachelor’s degree holders usually have more job options and higher salaries than do associate degree holders (and those with only a high school diploma or GED).

#2: Is There a Specific Career You Want That Requires a Bachelor’s?

If there’s a certain career you want that requires at least a baccalaureate degree, then getting one will be the most logical next step for you to take.

These days, most employers strongly prefer or require candidates to have a minimum of a bachelor’s degree , often in a field related to the job being offered. For example, the majority of architecture engineering jobs require you to have at least a bachelor’s degree — and that’s just for entry-level work!

So if you opt not to get a bachelor's degree, know that it might be a lot more of a struggle for you to smoothly establish the career you want.

#3: Can You Afford to Attend College?

As you’re probably well aware, college can cost a ton of money, especially in the US. If you’re going for a bachelor’s degree, you have to be ready to pay quite a bit for your education.

Ultimately, how much you'll pay in tuition and fees will depend on several factors , including whether you’re an in-state or out-of-state student (for public universities), whether you qualify for need-based aid, and whether you’ve won any merit scholarships.

The following chart shows the average cost of tuition and fees at different types of US colleges:

Source: The College Board Trends in College Pricing 2019

As you can see, private four-year universities cost the most , while public four-year universities can vary by over $15,000 depending on whether you’re a resident of that state or not.

Generally speaking, the cheapest way to get a baccalaureate degree is to go to a public, four-year university in your state . For example, if you lived in Michigan, you'd save money by going to a state institution, such as the University of Michigan or Northern Michigan University, instead of attending a private school or a public school in another state.

That being said, many top-tier universities offer incredible financial aid to students , so it's certainly possible that you could attend an expensive private university for free (or close to it)!

Even in the case that the college you want to go to is expensive and doesn’t offer that good of aid, you can still apply for external scholarships through organizations and companies to help offset some of the costs.

On a related note, don't forget that you do have the option of first attending a community college before transferring to a four-year university to get your bachelor’s degree. This could save you lots of money, since two-year colleges are by far your cheapest option for higher education.

#4: Do You Plan to Go to Graduate School Eventually?

If you at all see yourself eventually going to graduate school, whether it’s to get a master’s degree or a doctorate, it’ll be worth getting that baccalaureate as soon as possible .

Remember that you can’t get a master’s or doctorate without first getting a bachelor’s, so there isn't much point in putting off college unless you’re OK with putting off your whole career.

Furthermore, it’ll probably be easier to get your baccalaureate while you’re still young , as you likely won't already have an established career and won’t have as many financial responsibilities.

Wrap-Up: So What Is a Baccalaureate Degree?

What's the difference between a baccalaureate degree vs bachelor’s degree? Nothing! The two are  the same exact thing, believe it or not.

A baccalaureate degree is just another term for a bachelor’s degree , a type of undergraduate degree usually awarded after four years of continuous study of a particular major. There are many types of baccalaureate degrees, including a Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, and Bachelor of Fine Arts.

But a baccalaureate is just one type of degree: others include the two-year associate degree, the master’s degree, and the doctorate, which is the longest and arguably most challenging of the four.

Not sure whether a baccalaureate program is right for you? Then ask yourself these questions:

• Do you want to keep learning?
• Is there a specific career you want that requires a bachelor’s degree?
• Can you afford to attend college?
• Do you plan to go to graduate school eventually?

In the end, it's up to you to decide whether a baccalaureate degree is the best path to take!

What’s Next?

Debating whether college is right for you? Then read our guides to the pros and cons of getting a baccalaureate degree and how to choose which colleges to apply to .

Decided to attend college? Wonderful! Now it's time to figure out what major works for you  and whether a double major or dual degree might be something you're interested in.

Thinking of attending graduate school? Get tips on whether a master's degree is the right move for you .

Hannah received her MA in Japanese Studies from the University of Michigan and holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Southern California. From 2013 to 2015, she taught English in Japan via the JET Program. She is passionate about education, writing, and travel.

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9th Grade Admissions Frequently Asked Questions

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT HIGH SCHOOL ADMISSION TO BACCALAUREATE SCHOOL FOR GLOBAL EDUCATION (BSGE)

How do I apply to 9th grade at BSGE?

Students apply through MySchools by ranking BSGE as one of their 12 schools.  Students must submit a video responding to a prompt, then selected students will be invited to complete writing prompts and an in-person interview. This is all done in MySchools.  

What is the high school program admissions code to BSGE?

Our NYCDOE High School Application Program Code is Q41A

Do I have to list BSGE as #1 on the NYCDOE High School Application form?

Students do not have to put BSGE first. List your school choices in your order of preference.

Do I need to take a test to get into your high school?

No. There is no high school admission test for BSGE.

Do I need to have an interview to get into your high school?

Yes! There is an interview, students will be invited to interview and complete the writing prompt based on their video submission. 

All my class grades except one are above 90. Do I need a minimum grade of 90 in every subject?

Average course grades consist of 10% of the application process. 

What types of transportation are available to reach the school?

We are accessible by NYC Transit subways and buses.

Should I send a letter of recommendation?

No. We do not read letters of recommendation.

When is the deadline to apply for 9th grade?

Applications are due in MySchools by December 1st.

Can I transfer into 10th, 11th, or 12th grade?

We can only review applications for 9th grade through the NYCDOE high school application process. Please contact your local NYCDOE Family Welcome Center if you have questions regarding transferring high schools.

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Connect with code E4045H to get instant alerts or log in with your eChalk user account for the latest updates from all your classes and groups.

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Biden Administration Releases Revised Title IX Rules

The new regulations extended legal protections to L.G.B.T.Q. students and rolled back several policies set under the Trump administration.

By Zach Montague and Erica L. Green

Reporting from Washington

The Biden administration issued new rules on Friday cementing protections for L.G.B.T.Q. students under federal law and reversing a number of Trump-era policies that dictated how schools should respond to cases of alleged sexual misconduct in K-12 schools and college campuses.

The new rules, which take effect on Aug. 1, effectively broadened the scope of Title IX, the 1972 law prohibiting sex discrimination in educational programs that receive federal funding. They extend the law’s reach to prohibit discrimination and harassment based on sexual orientation and gender identity, and widen the range of sexual harassment complaints that schools will be responsible for investigating.

“These regulations make it crystal clear that everyone can access schools that are safe, welcoming and that respect their rights,” Miguel A. Cardona, the education secretary, said in a call with reporters.

The rules deliver on a key campaign promise for Mr. Biden, who declared he would put a “quick end” to the Trump-era Title IX rules and faced mounting pressure from Democrats and civil rights leaders to do so.

The release of the updated rules, after two delays, came as Mr. Biden is in the thick of his re-election bid and is trying to galvanize key electoral constituencies.

Through the new regulations, the administration moved to include students in its interpretation of Bostock v. Clayton County, the landmark 2020 Supreme Court case in which the court ruled that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects gay and transgender workers from workplace discrimination. The Trump administration held that transgender students were not protected under federal laws, including after the Bostock ruling .

In a statement, Betsy DeVos, who served as Mr. Trump’s education secretary, criticized what she called a “radical rewrite” of the law, asserting that it was an “endeavor born entirely of progressive politics, not sound policy.”

Ms. DeVos said the inclusion of transgender students in the law gutted decades of protections and opportunities for women. She added that the Biden administration also “seeks to U-turn to the bad old days where sexual misconduct was sent to campus kangaroo courts, not resolved in a way that actually sought justice.”

While the regulations released on Friday contained considerably stronger protections for L.G.B.T.Q. students, the administration steered clear of the lightning-rod issue of whether transgender students should be able to play on school sports teams corresponding to their gender identity.

The administration stressed that while, writ large, exclusion based on gender identity violated Title IX, the new regulations did not extend to single-sex living facilities or sports teams. The Education Department is pursuing a second rule dealing with sex-related eligibility for male and female sports teams. The rule-making process has drawn more than 150,000 comments.

Under the revisions announced on Friday, instances where transgender students are subjected to a “hostile environment” through bullying or harassment, or face unequal treatment and exclusion in programs or facilities based on their gender identity, could trigger an investigation by the department’s Office for Civil Rights.

Instances where students are repeatedly referred to by a name or pronoun other than one they have chosen could also be considered harassment on a case-by-case basis.

“This is a bold and important statement that transgender and nonbinary students belong, in their schools and in their communities,” said Olivia Hunt, the policy director for the National Center for Transgender Equality.

The regulations appeared certain to draw to legal challenges from conservative groups.

May Mailman, the director of the Independent Women’s Law Center, said in a statement that the group planned to sue the administration. She said it was clear that the statute barring discrimination on the basis of “sex” means “binary and biological.”

“The unlawful omnibus regulation reimagines Title IX to permit the invasion of women’s spaces and the reduction of women’s rights in the name of elevating protections for ‘gender identity,’ which is contrary to the text and purpose of Title IX,” she said.

The existing rules, which took effect under Mr. Trump in 2020, were the first time that sexual assault provisions were codified under Title IX. They bolstered due process rights of accused students, relieved schools of some legal liabilities and laid out rigid parameters for how schools should conduct impartial investigations.

They were a sharp departure from the Obama administration’s interpretation of the law, which came in the form of unenforceable guidance documents directing schools to ramp up investigations into sexual assault complaints under the threat of losing federal funding. Scores of students who had been accused of sexual assault went on to win court cases against their colleges for violating their due process rights under the guidelines.

The Biden administration’s rules struck a balance between the Obama and Trump administration’s goals. Taken together, the regulation largely provides more flexibility for how schools conduct investigations, which advocates and schools have long lobbied for.

Catherine E. Lhamon, the head of the department’s Office for Civil Rights who also held the job under President Barack Obama, called the new rules the “most comprehensive coverage under Title IX since the regulations were first promulgated in 1975.”

They replaced a narrower definition of sex-based harassment adopted under the Trump administration with one that would include a wider range of conduct. And they reversed a requirement that schools investigate only incidents alleged to have occurred on their campuses or in their programs.

Still, some key provisions in the Trump-era rules were preserved, including one allowing informal resolutions and another prohibiting penalties against students until after an investigation.

Among the most anticipated changes was the undoing of a provision that required in-person, or so-called live hearings, in which students accused of sexual misconduct, or their lawyers, could confront and question accusers in a courtroom-like setting.

The new rules allow in-person hearings, but do not mandate them. They also require a process through which a decision maker could assess a party or witness’s credibility, including posing questions from the opposing party.

“The new regulations put an end to unfair and traumatic grievance procedures that favor harassers,” Kel O’Hara, a senior attorney at Equal Rights Advocates. “No longer will student survivors be subjected to processes that prioritize the interests of their perpetrators over their own well being and safety.”

The new rules also allow room for schools to use a “preponderance of evidence” standard, a lower burden of proof than the DeVos-era rules encouraged, through which administrators need only to determine whether it was more likely than not that sexual misconduct had occurred.

The renewed push for that standard drew criticism from legal groups who said the rule stripped away hard-won protections against flawed findings.

“When you are dealing with accusations of really one of the most heinous crimes that a person can commit — sexual assault — it’s not enough to say, ‘50 percent and a feather,’ before you brand someone guilty of this repulsive crime,” said Will Creeley, the legal director of the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression.

The changes concluded a three-year process in which the department received 240,000 public comments. The rules also strengthen protections for pregnant students, requiring accommodations such as a bigger desk or ensuring access to elevators and prohibiting exclusion from activities based on additional needs.

Title IX was designed to end discrimination based on sex in educational programs or activities at all institutions receiving federal financial assistance, beginning with sports programs and other spaces previously dominated by male students.

The effects of the original law have been pronounced. Far beyond the impact on school programs like sports teams, many educators credit Title IX with setting the stage for academic parity today. Female college students routinely outnumber male students on campus and have become more likely than men of the same age to graduate with a four-year degree.

But since its inception, Title IX has also become a powerful vehicle through which past administrations have sought to steer schools to respond to the dynamic and diverse nature of schools and universities.

While civil rights groups were disappointed that some ambiguity remains for the L.G.B.T.Q. students and their families, the new rules were widely praised for taking a stand at a time when education debates are reminiscent to the backlash after the Supreme Court ordered schools to integrate.

More than 20 states have passed laws that broadly prohibit anyone assigned male at birth from playing on girls’ and women’s sports teams or participating in scholastic athletic programs, while 10 states have laws barring transgender people from using bathrooms based on their gender identity.

“Some adults are showing up and saying, ‘I’m going to make school harder for children,” said Liz King, senior program director of the education equity program at the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights. “It’s an incredibly important rule, at an incredibly important moment.”

Schools will have to cram over the summer to implement the rules, which will require a retraining staff and overhauling procedures they implemented only four years ago.

Ted Mitchell, the president of the American Council on Education, which represents more than 1,700 colleges and universities, said in a statement that while the group welcomed the changes in the new rule, the timeline “disregards the difficulties inherent in making these changes on our nation’s campuses in such a short period of time.”

“After years of constant churn in Title IX guidance and regulations,” Mr. Mitchell said, “we hope for the sake of students and institutions that there will be more stability and consistency in the requirements going forward.”

Zach Montague is based in Washington. He covers breaking news and developments around the district. More about Zach Montague

Erica L. Green is a White House correspondent, covering President Biden and his administration. More about Erica L. Green

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Job cuts at Rutgers Writing Program turns strike anniversary into protest

4-minute read.

Howard Swerdloff, a 14-year veteran of Rutgers University's Writing Program on the New Brunswick campus, was preparing to celebrate the first anniversary of a historic faculty strike that ended with salary and job security wins for him and fellow lecturers — only to learn last week that he will not have a job this fall.

Unlike tenure-track faculty members, adjuncts are contractual educators without full-time status whose positions are typically renewed annually. At least 29 of 31 writing lecturers will not be returning to the program in the fall, said an email sent April 10 from Lynda Dexheimer, the Writing Program's executive director.

The large and well-known Writing Program teaches one-third of the 40,000 undergraduates on campus, according to the faculty union Rutgers AAUP-AFT. Class sizes will be increased beyond best-practice limits, union leaders said, putting more of a workload on lecturers and disadvantaging students. The current class size cap of 22 is "already beyond the maximum set by national academic organizations," the union said.The unexpected news brought some lecturers, who taught on the New Brunswick campus for decades, to tears at a Zoom meeting organized last week. "I had no inkling" of the news, said Swerdloff, a lecturer and secretary of the adjunct union of Rutgers-AAUP, calling it a hard blow for educators whose livelihoods depend on courses they’ve taught for years.

Another colleague who taught for 44 years lost their job, Swerdloff said. Even more "degrading" is that long-serving adjuncts, unlike tenured faculty, cannot avail themselves of services like permanent email addresses as a recognition of their connection to the university.

"What upsets me the most is the idea that when we leave Rutgers or any university that we teach at as adjuncts, it's like we were never there," Swerdloff said. "We just disappear. Our email addresses are canceled. And students who we've taught maybe for many years, who want to reach us, no more can find us."

"Its like the rug has been pulled from under our feet," said Kathleen Wilford, who taught for more than 20 years in the program. The news is especially hard for younger adjuncts, because they might use this job as a step to full-time positions, she said.

Barring freshman sections that might open up after June, there is no hope for contracts being renewed in the fall, according to discussions instructors had with Dexheimer, Wilford said.

"The writing program is not hiring any lecturers for the fall apart from in two specialized courses," said an email sent last week to instructors from Dexheimer.

The email said the decision was linked to new enrollment numbers that the university will have only after incoming freshmen make their admission decisions in June. "Because the university does not know with certainty the size of the incoming fall class, the dean’s office has asked that we schedule a limited number of first-year courses now until we know more definitively how many sections are needed in the fall," Dexheimer wrote.

"I will be back in touch with you on or about June 3 after 'decision day,' when students must commit to their institutions, with a further update," the email said.

Changes in student demand

Many advanced writing courses will also be eliminated. Students who are further along in their degrees would be encouraged to take writing-support classes offered in other departments, instead of at the Writing Program, the email said. "We have been asked to run a much-reduced slate" of courses, Dexheimer wrote.

Student demand, after changes to the Writing Program curriculum, drove the university's decision, a university spokesperson said in an email.

"In the current semester, sections are significantly under-enrolled, and each year numerous seats remain vacant in courses in other departments that meet the same core curriculum requirements," the university said.

"Consequently, in consultation with writing program leadership, the School of Arts and Sciences moved to decrease the number of sections currently scheduled for the fall," the statement said. "Additional writing program sections will be added if necessary to meet student demand."

Celebration into protest

Celebrations Wednesday afternoon to commemorate gains from a first-ever faculty strike that shut down classes on all three of Rutgers campuses one year ago turned into a protest on the Voorhees Mall on College Avenue, much like last April's megaphone-led rallies.

Tenure-track and adjunct faculty union members gathered with a group of students to call out university leaders whose cuts to the Writing Program made many gains from the strike moot for those losing jobs. Writing instructors walked out of the English Department offices in Murray Hall at 1:15 p.m. and delivered a petition to the School of Arts and Sciences.

Raises and better job security for adjuncts were key goals during last year's strike. Tenured faculty members, who typically have much better benefits, picketed alongside adjuncts and committed to "bargaining at one table" to make "a better Rutgers for all," AAUP President Rebecca Givan said at the time.

The university eventually agreed to a contract that saw adjunct salaries go up by 44% over four years, with increases amounting to almost 30% in the first year for some of the lowest-paid lecturers, union leaders said.

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Biden’s new Title IX rules protect LGBTQ+ students, but avoid addressing transgender athletes

FILE - Demonstrators advocating for transgender rights and healthcare stand outside of the Ohio Statehouse on Jan. 24, 2024, in Columbus, Ohio. The rights of LGBTQ+ students will be protected by federal law and victims of campus sexual assault will gain new safeguards under rules finalized Friday, April19, 2024, by the Biden administration. Notably absent from Biden’s policy, however, is any mention of transgender athletes. (AP Photo/Patrick Orsagos, File)

FILE - House Education and the Workforce Committee Chair Rep. Virginia Foxx R-N.C., speaks on Capitol Hill in Washington, April 17, 2024. The rights of LGBTQ+ students will be protected by federal law and victims of campus sexual assault will gain new safeguards under rules finalized Friday, April19, 2024, by the Biden administration. Foxx said the new regulation threatens decades of advancement for women and girls. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana, File)

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The rights of LGBTQ+ students will be protected by federal law and victims of campus sexual assault will gain new safeguards under rules finalized Friday by the Biden administration.

The new provisions are part of a revised Title IX regulation issued by the Education Department, fulfilling a campaign pledge by President Joe Biden. He had promised to dismantle rules created by former Education Secretary Betsy DeVos , who added new protections for students accused of sexual misconduct.

Notably absent from Biden’s policy, however, is any mention of transgender athletes.

The administration originally planned to include a new policy forbidding schools from enacting outright bans on transgender athletes, but that provision was put on hold. The delay is widely seen as a political maneuver during an election year in which Republicans have rallied around bans on transgender athletes in girls’ sports.

Instead, Biden is officially undoing sexual assault rules put in place by his predecessor and current election-year opponent, former President Donald Trump. The final policy drew praise from victims’ advocates, while Republicans said it erodes the rights of accused students.

The new rule makes “crystal clear that everyone can access schools that are safe, welcoming and that respect their rights,” Education Secretary Miguel Cardona said.

“No one should face bullying or discrimination just because of who they are, who they love,” Cardona told reporters. “Sadly, this happens all too often.”

Biden’s regulation is meant to clarify schools’ obligations under Title IX , the 1972 sex discrimination law originally passed to address women’s rights. It applies to colleges and elementary and high schools that receive federal money. The update is to take effect in August.

Among the biggest changes is new recognition that Title IX protects LGBTQ+ students — a source of deep conflict with Republicans.

The 1972 law doesn’t directly address the issue, but the new rules clarify that Title IX also forbids discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity. LGBTQ+ students who face discrimination will be entitled to a response from their school under Title IX, and those failed by their schools can seek recourse from the federal government.

Many Republicans say Congress never intended such protections under Title IX. A federal judge previously blocked Biden administration guidance to the same effect after 20 Republican-led states challenged the policy .

Rep. Virginia Foxx, a Republican from North Carolina and chair of the House Education and the Workforce Committee, said the new regulation threatens decades of advancement for women and girls.

“This final rule dumps kerosene on the already raging fire that is Democrats’ contemptuous culture war that aims to radically redefine sex and gender,” Foxx said in a statement.

In the last few years, many Republican-controlled states have adopted laws restricting the rights of transgender children , including banning gender-affirming medical care for minors. And at least 11 states restrict which bathrooms and locker rooms transgender students can use, banning them from using facilities that align with their gender identity.

But the rule makes clear that treating transgender students differently from their classmates is discrimination, putting the state bathroom restrictions in jeopardy, said Francicso M. Negron Jr., an attorney who specializes in education law.

The revision was proposed nearly two years ago but has been slowed by a comment period that drew 240,000 responses, a record for the Education Department.

Many of the changes are meant to ensure that schools and colleges respond to complaints of sexual misconduct. In general, the rules widen the type of misconduct that institutions are required to address, and it grants more protections to students who bring accusations.

Chief among the changes is a wider definition of sexual harassment. Schools now must address any unwelcome sex-based conduct that is so “severe or pervasive” that it limits a student’s equal access to an education.

Under the DeVos rules, conduct had to be “severe, pervasive and objectively offensive,” a higher bar that pushed some types of misconduct outside the purview of Title IX.

Colleges will no longer be required to hold live hearings to allow students to cross-examine one another through representatives — a signature provision from the DeVos rules.

Live hearings are allowed under the Biden rules, but they’re optional and carry new limits. Students must be able to participate from hearings remotely, for example, and schools must bar questions that are “unclear or harassing.”

As an alternative to live hearings, college officials can interview students separately, allowing each student to suggest questions and get a recording of the responses.

Those hearings were a major point of contention with victims’ advocates, who said it forced sexual assault survivors to face their attackers and discouraged people from reporting assaults. Supporters said it gave accused students a fair process to question their accusers, arguing that universities had become too quick to rule against accused students.

Victims’ advocates applauded the changes and urged colleges to implement them quickly.

“After years of pressure from students and survivors of sexual violence, the Biden Administration’s Title IX update will make schools safer and more accessible for young people, many of whom experienced irreparable harm while they fought for protection and support,” said Emma Grasso Levine, a senior manager at the group Know Your IX.

Despite the focus on safeguards for victims, the new rules preserve certain protections for accused students.

All students must have equal access to present evidence and witnesses under the new policy, and all students must have equal access to evidence. All students will be allowed to bring an advisor to campus hearings, and colleges must have an appeals process.

In general, accused students won’t be able to be disciplined until after they’re found responsible for misconduct, although the regulation allows for “emergency” removals if it’s deemed a matter of campus safety.

The American Council on Education, which represents higher education institutions, praised the new guidelines. But the group criticized the Aug. 1 compliance deadline. The timeline “disregards the difficulties inherent in making these changes on our nation’s campuses in such a short period of time,” ACE said in a statement.

The latest overhaul continues a back-and-forth political battle as presidential administrations repeatedly rewrite the rules around campus sexual misconduct.

DeVos criticized the new rule, writing on social media site X that it amounts to “ an assault on women and girls .” She said the new procedures for handling sexual assault accusations mark a return to “days where sexual misconduct was sent to campus kangaroo courts, not resolved in a way that actually sought justice,” she wrote.

The DeVos rules were themselves an overhaul of an Obama-era policy that was intended to force colleges to take accusations of campus sexual assault more seriously. Now, after years of nearly constant changes, some colleges have been pushing for a political middle ground to end the whiplash. ___

Associated Press writers Geoff Mulvihill, Annie Ma and Moriah Balingit contributed to this report.

The Associated Press’ education coverage receives financial support from multiple private foundations. AP is solely responsible for all content. Find AP’s standards for working with philanthropies, a list of supporters and funded coverage areas at AP.org .

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I – Letter Writing :

1- formal letter :.

F ormal letter is written for business or professional purposes with a specific objective in mind. It uses simple language, that can be easy to read and interpret.

a- Planning of a Formal Letter :

• 1- Sender’s address
• 3- Recepient’s address
• 4- Formal salutation
• 5-  Body of the letter
• 6- signature

2- Informal letter:

letter which is written to a friend or a relative. A letter should include a heading, an opening, the body, conclusion, and closing.

Hay Sandi, N 33

Rabat, Morocco

April 8, 2012

Dear John ,

I hope you’re doing great. Thank you very much for your letter. I was interested in learning about some aspects of American culture. Well, I thought I’d write to tell you a little bit about Morocco and its culture.

Morocoo is a north African country. It’s home to a variety of ethnicities that live now together in peace. These include the Arabs , the Amazigh, people of Andalusian origin, and people of sub-suharian descent. Islam is the predominant religion here. Also, the country is home to a considerably large Jewish community, and a minority of Christians, as well. Generally, Moroccans are friendly, easy-going, nice people, who are yet mostly known for their good sense of humor and hospitality.

The influences of tradition and history reflect on the clothes that Moroccans wear. The “jellaba” is a full-sleeved robe that is commonly worn by Moroccan women. The “gandora”, which is another popular robe worn by men, is a short-sleeved male version of the women’s jellaba. Moroccan people are a heterogeneous group par excellence . They owe such diversity to the many cultures that have influenced them.

Moroccan cuisine is a mix of Arab-Amazigh and Mediterranean influences. The two main dishes the country is best-known for are tajine and couscous. Other popular dishes include “pastila”, “ ttanjia”, and meat balls. Drinking mint tea is an important ritual that is performed with family and friends.

I hope this gives you an idea about Moroccan culture. Please write to me soon, and give my best wishes to your family.

Best wishes ,

II- E-mail Writing :

Email is a typed message (or mail) distributed by an electronic means (computer, smartphone …) to a person via network. An e-mail should include : a salutation /greeting , an opening , the body, conclusion , and closing

Example of en Email  :

Dear Helen,

Thanks Helen a lot for your last E-mail . I hope you are doing well. I’m writing to tell you a little about the culture of Morocco.

Morocco’s cultural heritage is very rich. Each area of the country has its special  traditions. Morocco has different traditional dresses like Caftan. It’s now worn worldwide. Concerning the food, Moroccan cuisine is famous for its typical like Tagine and Couscous, and drinks like  mint tea . Finally,  Morocco has wonderful monuments which attract millions of tourists every year.

I hope this gives you an idea about Morocco’s culture. Please write me back soon.

  Best wishes.

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Paragraph and essay writing.

• Bac2 writing
• writing letter
• wrtiting email
• الامتحانات الوطنية الانجليزية

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