computer fundamentals and problem solving pdf

Computational Thinking for Problem Solving

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Instructor: Susan Davidson

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Skills you'll gain

• Simple Algorithm
• Python Programming
• Problem Solving
• Computation

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There are 4 modules in this course

Computational thinking is the process of approaching a problem in a systematic manner and creating and expressing a solution such that it can be carried out by a computer. But you don't need to be a computer scientist to think like a computer scientist! In fact, we encourage students from any field of study to take this course. Many quantitative and data-centric problems can be solved using computational thinking and an understanding of computational thinking will give you a foundation for solving problems that have real-world, social impact.

In this course, you will learn about the pillars of computational thinking, how computer scientists develop and analyze algorithms, and how solutions can be realized on a computer using the Python programming language. By the end of the course, you will be able to develop an algorithm and express it to the computer by writing a simple Python program. This course will introduce you to people from diverse professions who use computational thinking to solve problems. You will engage with a unique community of analytical thinkers and be encouraged to consider how you can make a positive social impact through computational thinking.

Pillars of Computational Thinking

Computational thinking is an approach to solving problems using concepts and ideas from computer science, and expressing solutions to those problems so that they can be run on a computer. As computing becomes more and more prevalent in all aspects of modern society -- not just in software development and engineering, but in business, the humanities, and even everyday life -- understanding how to use computational thinking to solve real-world problems is a key skill in the 21st century. Computational thinking is built on four pillars: decomposition, pattern recognition, data representation and abstraction, and algorithms. This module introduces you to the four pillars of computational thinking and shows how they can be applied as part of the problem solving process.

What's included

6 videos 4 quizzes 2 peer reviews 4 discussion prompts

6 videos • Total 44 minutes

• 1.1 Introduction • 4 minutes • Preview module
• 1.2 Decomposition • 6 minutes
• 1.3 Pattern Recognition • 5 minutes
• 1.4 Data Representation and Abstraction • 7 minutes
• 1.5 Algorithms • 8 minutes
• 1.6 Case Studies • 11 minutes

4 quizzes • Total 50 minutes

• 1.2 Decomposition • 10 minutes
• 1.3 Pattern Recognition • 10 minutes
• 1.4 Data Representation and Abstraction • 15 minutes
• 1.5 Algorithms • 15 minutes

2 peer reviews • Total 60 minutes

• Applying Computational Thinking in Your Life • 30 minutes
• Project Part 1: Applying the Pillars of Computational Thinking • 30 minutes

4 discussion prompts • Total 40 minutes

• Applying Decomposition in Your Life • 10 minutes
• Applying Pattern Recognition in Your Life • 10 minutes
• Applying Data Representation and Abstraction in Your Life • 10 minutes
• Applying Algorithms in Your Life • 10 minutes

Expressing and Analyzing Algorithms

When we use computational thinking to solve a problem, what we’re really doing is developing an algorithm: a step-by-step series of instructions. Whether it’s a small task like scheduling meetings, or a large task like mapping the planet, the ability to develop and describe algorithms is crucial to the problem-solving process based on computational thinking. This module will introduce you to some common algorithms, as well as some general approaches to developing algorithms yourself. These approaches will be useful when you're looking not just for any answer to a problem, but the best answer. After completing this module, you will be able to evaluate an algorithm and analyze how its performance is affected by the size of the input so that you can choose the best algorithm for the problem you’re trying to solve.

7 videos 6 quizzes 4 peer reviews

7 videos • Total 68 minutes

• 2.1 Finding the Largest Value • 8 minutes • Preview module
• 2.2 Linear Search • 5 minutes
• 2.3 Algorithmic Complexity • 8 minutes
• 2.4 Binary Search • 11 minutes
• 2.5 Brute Force Algorithms • 13 minutes
• 2.6 Greedy Algorithms • 9 minutes
• 2.7 Case Studies • 12 minutes

6 quizzes • Total 65 minutes

• 2.1 Finding the Largest Value • 10 minutes
• 2.2 Linear Search • 10 minutes
• 2.3 Algorithmic Complexity • 10 minutes
• 2.4 Binary Search • 10 minutes
• 2.5 Brute Force Algorithms • 15 minutes
• 2.6 Greedy Algorithms • 10 minutes

4 peer reviews • Total 115 minutes

• Finding Minimum Values • 30 minutes
• Binary Search • 30 minutes
• Greedy vs. Brute Force Algorithms • 30 minutes
• Project Part 2: Describing Algorithms Using a Flowchart • 25 minutes

Fundamental Operations of a Modern Computer

Computational thinking is a problem-solving process in which the last step is expressing the solution so that it can be executed on a computer. However, before we are able to write a program to implement an algorithm, we must understand what the computer is capable of doing -- in particular, how it executes instructions and how it uses data. This module describes the inner workings of a modern computer and its fundamental operations. Then it introduces you to a way of expressing algorithms known as pseudocode, which will help you implement your solution using a programming language.

6 videos 5 quizzes 5 peer reviews

6 videos • Total 45 minutes

• 3.1 A History of the Computer • 7 minutes • Preview module
• 3.2 Intro to the von Neumann Architecture • 8 minutes
• 3.3 von Neumann Architecture Data • 6 minutes
• 3.4 von Neumann Architecture Control Flow • 5 minutes
• 3.5 Expressing Algorithms in Pseudocode • 8 minutes
• 3.6 Case Studies • 10 minutes

5 quizzes • Total 50 minutes

• 3.1 A History of the Computer • 10 minutes
• 3.2 Intro to the von Neumann Architecture • 10 minutes
• 3.3 von Neumann Architecture Data • 10 minutes
• 3.4 von Neumann Architecture Control Flow • 10 minutes
• 3.5 Expressing Algorithms in Pseudocode • 10 minutes

5 peer reviews • Total 120 minutes

• (Optional) von Neumann Architecture Control Instructions • 20 minutes
• (Optional) Understanding Pseudocode • 20 minutes
• von Neumann Architecture Data & Instructions • 30 minutes
• Reading & Writing Pseudocode • 25 minutes
• Project Part 3: Writing Pseudocode • 25 minutes

Applied Computational Thinking Using Python

Writing a program is the last step of the computational thinking process. It’s the act of expressing an algorithm using a syntax that the computer can understand. This module introduces you to the Python programming language and its core features. Even if you have never written a program before -- or never even considered it -- after completing this module, you will be able to write simple Python programs that allow you to express your algorithms to a computer as part of a problem-solving process based on computational thinking.

9 videos 12 readings 12 quizzes

9 videos • Total 90 minutes

• 4.1 Introduction to Python • 6 minutes • Preview module
• 4.2 Variables • 13 minutes
• 4.3 Conditional Statements • 8 minutes
• 4.4 Lists • 7 minutes
• 4.5 Iteration • 14 minutes
• 4.6 Functions • 10 minutes
• 4.7 Classes and Objects • 9 minutes
• 4.8 Case Studies • 11 minutes
• 4.9 Course Conclusion • 8 minutes

12 readings • Total 125 minutes

• Programming on the Coursera Platform • 10 minutes
• Python Playground • 0 minutes
• Variables Programming Activity • 20 minutes
• Solution to Variables Programming Activity • 10 minutes
• Conditionals Programming Activity • 20 minutes
• Solution to Conditionals Programming Activity • 10 minutes
• Solution to Lists Programming Assignment • 5 minutes
• Solution to Loops Programming Assignment • 10 minutes
• Solution to Functions Programming Assignment • 10 minutes
• Solution to Challenge Programming Assignment • 10 minutes
• Solution to Classes and Objects Programming Assignment • 10 minutes
• Solution to Project Part 4 • 10 minutes

12 quizzes • Total 185 minutes

• 4.2 Variables • 10 minutes
• 4.3 Conditional Statements • 5 minutes
• 4.4 Lists • 10 minutes
• Lists Programming Assignment • 15 minutes
• 4.5 Iteration • 10 minutes
• Loops Programming Assignment • 30 minutes
• Functions Programming Assignment • 20 minutes
• 4.7 Classes and Objects • 10 minutes
• Classes and Objects Programming Assignment • 20 minutes
• Project Part 4: Implementing the Solution in Python • 25 minutes
• (Optional) Challenge Programming Assignment • 20 minutes

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We asked all learners to give feedback on our instructors based on the quality of their teaching style.

The University of Pennsylvania (commonly referred to as Penn) is a private university, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. A member of the Ivy League, Penn is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, and considers itself to be the first university in the United States with both undergraduate and graduate studies.

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1,358 reviews

Reviewed on Nov 18, 2018

Well taught with good examples and exercises that require thinking but still approachable. Very well laid out and taught. Definitely sparked an interest to go learn more.

Reviewed on Nov 2, 2019

Course content is good, graded assignments are good, I just had problems with my assignments in week 4 as I easily became confused with the implementation of all the lessons combined.

Reviewed on Jan 18, 2019

Useful course taught at an adequate rate. I recommend it for people who are interested in learning the basics of computational thinking, i.e. a systematic approach to problem-solving.

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Frequently asked questions

Do i need to know how to program or have studied computer science in order to take this course.

No, definitely not! This course is intended for anyone who has an interest in approaching problems more systematically, developing more efficient solutions, and understanding how computers can be used in the problem solving process. No prior computer science or programming experience is required.

How much math do I need to know to take this course?

Some parts of the course assume familiarity with basic algebra, trigonometry, mathematical functions, exponents, and logarithms. If you don’t remember those concepts or never learned them, don’t worry! As long as you’re comfortable with multiplication, you should still be able to follow along. For everything else, we’ll provide links to references that you can use as a refresher or as supplemental material.

Does this course prepare me for the Master of Computer and Information Technology (MCIT) degree program at the University of Pennsylvania?

This course will help you discover whether you have an aptitude for computational thinking and give you some beginner-level experience with online learning. In this course you will learn several introductory concepts from MCIT instructors produced by the same team that brought the MCIT degree online.

If you have a bachelor's degree and are interested in learning more about computational thinking, we encourage you to apply to MCIT On-campus (http://www.cis.upenn.edu/prospective-students/graduate/mcit.php) or MCIT Online (https://www.coursera.org/degrees/mcit-penn). Please mention that you have completed this course in the application.

Where can I find more information about the Master of Computer and Information Technology (MCIT) degree program at the University of Pennsylvania?

Use these links to learn more about MCIT:

MCIT On-campus: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/prospective-students/graduate/mcit.php

MCIT Online: https://www.coursera.org/degrees/mcit-penn

When will I have access to the lectures and assignments?

Access to lectures and assignments depends on your type of enrollment. If you take a course in audit mode, you will be able to see most course materials for free. To access graded assignments and to earn a Certificate, you will need to purchase the Certificate experience, during or after your audit. If you don't see the audit option:

The course may not offer an audit option. You can try a Free Trial instead, or apply for Financial Aid.

The course may offer 'Full Course, No Certificate' instead. This option lets you see all course materials, submit required assessments, and get a final grade. This also means that you will not be able to purchase a Certificate experience.

What will I get if I purchase the Certificate?

When you purchase a Certificate you get access to all course materials, including graded assignments. Upon completing the course, your electronic Certificate will be added to your Accomplishments page - from there, you can print your Certificate or add it to your LinkedIn profile. If you only want to read and view the course content, you can audit the course for free.

What is the refund policy?

You will be eligible for a full refund until two weeks after your payment date, or (for courses that have just launched) until two weeks after the first session of the course begins, whichever is later. You cannot receive a refund once you’ve earned a Course Certificate, even if you complete the course within the two-week refund period. See our full refund policy Opens in a new tab .

Is financial aid available?

Yes. In select learning programs, you can apply for financial aid or a scholarship if you can’t afford the enrollment fee. If fin aid or scholarship is available for your learning program selection, you’ll find a link to apply on the description page.

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Computer Science Fundamentals

Free set of elementary curricula that introduces students to the foundational concepts of computer science and challenges them to explore how computing and technology can impact the world.

Free, and fun, elementary courses for each grade

• Six courses, one for each elementary grade
• Equitable introductory CS courses
• Use the same course for all students in the same grade, regardless of their experience
• All courses make suitable entry points for students

Curricula at a glance

Grades: K-5

Level: Beginner

Duration: Month or Quarter

Devices: Laptop, Chromebook, Tablet

Topics: Programming, Internet, Games and Animation, Art and Design, App Design

Programming Tools: Sprite Lab, Play Lab

Professional Learning: Facilitator-led Workshops, Self-paced Modules

Accessibility: Text-to-speech, Closed captioning, Immersive reader

Languages Supported: Arabic, Bahasa Indonesian, Catalán, Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Czech, French, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Kannada, Malay, Marathi, Mongolian, Polish, Portuguese-BR, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Tagalog, Tamil, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Spanish Latam, Urdu, Spanish-ES, Uzbek, Vietnamese

I've been teaching the course since the Monday after the workshop. The students and I LOVE it (and so do their classroom teachers!!!)

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Picking the right CS Fundamentals course for your classroom

With the diverse set of options offered for CS Fundamentals, there is a course for all different needs.

How will your students engage with the content?

Courses specifically designed for your elementary classroom.

Find the course for the grade you teach. Each course is approximately a month long.

Kindergarten

Program using commands like loops and events. Teach students to collaborate with others, investigate different problem-solving techniques, persist in the face of challenging tasks, and learn about internet safety.

Through unplugged activities and a variety of puzzles, students will learn the basics of programming, collaboration techniques, investigation and critical thinking skills, persistence in the face of difficulty, and internet safety.

Create programs with sequencing, loops, and events. Investigate problem-solving techniques and develop strategies for building positive communities both online and offline. Create interactive games that students can share.

Review of the concepts found in earlier courses, including loops and events. Afterward, students will develop their understanding of algorithms, nested loops, while loops, conditionals, and more.

Make fun, interactive projects that reinforce learning about online safety. Engage in more complex coding such as nested loops, functions, and conditionals.

Look at how users make choices in the apps they use. Make a variety of Sprite Lab apps that also offer choices for the user. Learn more advanced concepts, including variables and “for” loops.

Self-paced elementary curriculums

Teachers play a critical role in student learning by teaching our unplugged activities and leading whole class discussions, however, we recognize that CS Fundamentals isn't always taught in a traditional classroom setting. We provide two self-paced express courses alongside Courses A-F. These express courses are designed for situations where teachers allow each student to work at their own pace independently.

Grades: K-1

Pre-Reader Express

Learn the basics of drag-and-drop block coding by solving puzzles and creating animated scenes. Make art and simple games to share with friends, family, and teachers.

Grades: 2-5

Learn to create computer programs, develop problem-solving skills, and work through fun challenges! Make games and creative projects to share with friends, family, and teachers.

No devices? We have you covered

Go ahead, cut the cord (for a while)!

CS education does not always need to be in front of a screen and device access shouldn't be a barrier to learning computer science concepts.

Resources that support you every step of the way

Sign up for a Code.org account to get access to materials that will help you teach computer science with confidence. Code.org has extensive resources designed to support educators, even those without prior CS teaching experience.

Lesson Plans

Get step-by-step guidance, learning objectives, and assessment strategies for effective teaching.

Helpful resources include slide decks, activity guides, rubrics, and more — all organized in one place. Each lesson plan is accompanied by tips for classroom implementation, differentiation ideas, and extension activities to cater to students of all abilities.

Instructional Videos

Watch easy-to-understand overviews of computer science and programming concepts.

Code.org video series are designed specifically to support your classroom and are engaging and fun to watch.

Slide Decks

We offer educators an organized, visually engaging, and pedagogically sound framework to deliver computer science lessons.

Code.org slide decks provide step-by-step instructions, examples, and interactive activities that align with curricular objectives.

Assessments

Our curricula includes a comprehensive system of formative and summative assessment resources.

These include rubrics, checklists, mini-projects, end-of-chapter projects, student-facing rubrics, sample projects, and post-project tests — all designed to support teachers in measuring student growth, providing feedback, and evaluating student understanding.

Programming Tools

Code.org's integrated development environments (IDEs) cater to students of all skill levels.

We offer a versatile and user-friendly platform that supports a variety of programming paradigms. This enables learners to seamlessly transition from block-based coding to text-based languages, and fosters creativity and innovation.

Professional learning that meets your needs

Get the support you need as you prepare to teach. Teachers love it, with over 90% ranking it the best professional development ever!

Facilitator-led Workshops

Join local teachers for inspiring and hands-on support to implement computer science in your classroom. Our Regional Partners offer high-quality, one-day Code.org workshops for individual teachers or for schoolwide PD. Sign up for a professional development workshop near you!

Self-Paced Online Modules

Through reading, viewing videos, completing interactive puzzles, and reflecting on your learning, you will develop your own understanding while preparing to teach computer science in your classroom.

Frequently asked questions

CS Fundamentals was written using both the K-12 Framework for Computer Science and the CSTA standards as guidance. Currently, every lesson in CS Fundamentals contains mappings to the relevant CSTA standards. The summary of all CSTA mappings for each course can be found at:

• Course A Standards
• Course B Standards
• Course C Standards
• Course D Standards
• Course E Standards
• Course F Standards

A Google Sheets version of the standards can be found at CSF Standards .

The leading K-12 CS curriculum in the United States, our elementary program has been proven effective in major urban school districts like Dallas, as well as small rural districts in Iowa. There is no need to hire specialists to teach CS. Our program is uniquely designed to support teachers new to CS while offering the flexibility to evolve lessons to fit student needs. Share this brochure with your school and district administrators, or suggest they take a look at our administrators page specially designed to answer administrators' most common questions.

Our curriculum and platform are available at no cost for anyone, anywhere, to teach!

New to teaching computer science? No worries! Most of our teachers have never taught computer science before. Join local teachers for inspiring and hands-on support to implement computer science in your classroom. Our Regional Partners offer high-quality, one-day Code.org workshops for individual teachers or for schoolwide PD. Sign up for a professional development workshop near you !

Join over 100,000 teachers who have participated in our workshops. The majority of our workshop attendees say, 'It's the best professional development I've ever attended.' In fact, 90% of attendees would recommend our program to other teachers !

Each CSF course includes 13-17 lessons designed for 45-minute periods. We recommend all students move from lesson to lesson at a pace set by the teacher. There are many teacher-led project levels designed to be experienced in unison while the skill-building lessons can be completed by students at their own pace.

Many lessons have handouts that guide students through activities. These resources can be printed or assigned digitally. Some lessons call for typical classroom supplies and manipulatives. Visit the CSF Syllabus to learn more .

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1: Fundamental Design and Analysis Techniques

• Last updated
• Save as PDF
• Page ID 46775

• Godfry Justo
• University of Dar es Salaam via African Virtual University

Unit Objectives

Upon completion of this unit you should be able to:

• Describe concepts of algorithm design and analysis
• Demonstrate knowledge of algorithm complexity analysis
• Apply iteration and recursion in problem solving
• Apply dynamic programming in problem solving

Unit Introduction

The design and analysis of algorithms has become an indispensable skill in applied computer science as it is the core for developing efficient software applications, especially, due increasing demand for complex software systems to support the contemporary world applications. This unit acts as prelude to the study of advanced data structure and algorithms discussed in this course. It highlights the basic concepts related to this subject and introduces the notions of algorithm analysis and design.

The unit provides a concise description of the key concepts used in algorithm analysis under the time and space complexity dimensions. Furthermore, a review of algorithm design methods is provided including the iteration, recursion and dynamic programming.

• 1.1: Activity 1 - Overview of Algorithm Design and Analysis
• 1.2: Activity 2 - Recursion and Recursive Backtracking
• 1.3: Activity 3 - Dynamic Programming
• 1.4: Unit Summary

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Computer Fundamental Tutorial

What is computer, introduction to computer fundamentals, history and evolution of computers, components of a computer system, computer hardware, computer software, data storage and memory.

• Computer Memory

Basics of Operating System

Computer networks and internet, introduction to programming, computer security and privacy, functionalities of computer, the evolution of computers, applications of computer fundamentals, faqs on computer fundamentals.

This Computer Fundamental Tutorial covers everything from basic to advanced concepts, including computer hardware, software, operating systems, peripherals, etc. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced professional, this tutorial is designed to enhance your computer skills and take them to the next level.

The computer is a super-intelligent electronic device that can perform tasks, process information, and store data. It takes the data as an input and processes that data to perform tasks under the control of a program and produces the output. A computer is like a personal assistant that follows instructions to get things done quickly and accurately. It has memory to store information temporarily so that the computer can quickly access it when needed.

Prerequisites: No prerequisites or prior knowledge required. This article on Computer Fundamentals is designed for absolute beginners.

Computer Fundamentals Index

• What are Computer Fundamentals?
• Importance of Computer Fundamentals in Digital Age
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer
• Classification of Computers
• Application area of Computer
• History of Computers
• The Origins of Computing
• Generations of Computer
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory Units
• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Motherboard
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
• Solid State Drives (SSD)
• Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
• Power Supply Unit (PSU)
• Computer Peripherals (Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, etc.)
• Introduction to Software
• Types of Software
• Application Software
• System Software
• What is a Storage Device?
• Types of Data Storage
• Optical Storage ( CDs , DVDs, Blu-rays )
• Flash Drives and Memory Cards
• Cloud Storage
• Register Memory
• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory
• Secondary Memory
• What is Operating System?
• Evolution of Operating System
• Types of Operating Systems
• Operating System Services
• Functions of Operating System
• Introduction to Computer Networks
• Types of Networks (LAN, WAN, MAN)
• Network Topologies (Star, Bus, Ring)
• Network Protocols (TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP)
• Network Devices (Hub, Repeater, Bridge, Switch, Router, Gateways and Brouter)
• World Wide Web
• What is Programming?
• A Categorical List of programming languages
• Language Processors: Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter
• Variables ( C , C++ , Java )
• Data Types ( C , C++ , Java )
• Operators ( C , C++ , Java )
• Control Structures (Conditionals, Loops)
• Functions and Procedures
• Importance of Computer Security
• Common Security Threats
• Malware (Viruses, Worms, Trojans)
• Network Security Measures (Firewalls, Encryption)
• Access Control
• User Authentication
• Privacy Concerns and Data Protection

Any digital computer performs the following five operations:

• Step 1 − Accepts data as input.
• Step 2 − Saves the data/instructions in its memory and utilizes them as and when required.
• Step 3 − Execute the data and convert it into useful information.
• Step 4 − Provides the output.
• Step 5 − Have control over all the above four steps

A journey through the history of computers. We’ll start with the origins of computing and explore the milestones that led to the development of electronic computers.

• Software Development: Computer fundamentals are fundamental to software development. Understanding programming languages, algorithms, data structures, and software design principles are crucial for developing applications, websites, and software systems. It forms the basis for creating efficient and functional software solutions.
• Network Administration : Computer fundamentals are essential for network administrators. They help set up and manage computer networks, configure routers and switches, troubleshoot network issues, and ensure reliable connectivity. Knowledge of computer fundamentals enables network administrators to maintain and optimize network performance.
• Cybersecurity : Computer fundamentals are at the core of cybersecurity. Understanding the basics of computer networks, operating systems, encryption techniques, and security protocols helps professionals protect systems from cyber threats. It enables them to identify vulnerabilities, implement security measures, and respond effectively to security incidents.
• Data Analysis : Computer fundamentals are necessary for data analysis and data science. Knowledge of programming, statistical analysis, and database management is essential to extract insights from large datasets. Understanding computer fundamentals helps in processing and analyzing data efficiently, enabling data-driven decision-making.
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning : Computer fundamentals provide the foundation for AI and machine learning. Concepts such as algorithms, data structures, and statistical modelling are vital in training and developing intelligent systems. Understanding computer fundamentals allows professionals to create AI models, train them on large datasets, and apply machine learning techniques to solve complex problems.

Q.1 How long does it take to learn computer fundamentals? 

The time required to learn computer fundamentals can vary depending on your prior knowledge and the depth of understanding you aim to achieve. With consistent effort and dedication, one can grasp the basics within a few weeks or months. However, mastering computer fundamentals is an ongoing process as technology evolves.

Q.2 Are computer fundamentals only for technical professionals? 

No, computer fundamentals are not limited to technical professionals. They are beneficial for anyone who uses computers in their personal or professional life. Basic computer skills are increasingly essential in various careers and everyday tasks.

Q.3 Can I learn computer fundamentals without any prior technical knowledge? 

Absolutely! Computer fundamentals are designed to be beginner-friendly. You can start learning without any prior technical knowledge. There are numerous online tutorials, courses, and resources available that cater to beginners.

Q.4 How can computer fundamentals improve my job prospects? 

Computer skills are highly sought after in today’s job market. Proficiency in computer fundamentals can enhance your employability by opening up job opportunities in various industries. It demonstrates your adaptability, problem-solving abilities, and ability to work with digital tools.

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Computer Fundamentals Notes For BCA 1st SEM PDF Download[Part-1/4]

What You Will Learn (toc)

Computer: .

It is a man-made electronic machine. Which use 0 or 1 to store data or information.

It takes data, processes it, and produces meaningful information for the users as output.

"A computer accepts data from an input device and processes it into useful information which it displays on its output device."

Works very fast as compare to humans but its capacity is limited.

• Computer Fundamental Notes For BCA 1st SEM [Part-2/4] ( Read Now )
• Computer Fundamental Notes For BCA 1st SEM [Part-3/4] ( Read Now ) 
• Computer Fundamental Notes For BCA 1st SEM [Part-4/4] ( Read Now )

Components of Computer:

All computers follow the same basic logical structure and perform the five operations for converting raw input data into useful information to their users:

i) Take Input - the process of entering data & instructions.

ii) Storing Data - save data and instruction for the future when required.

iii) Processing Data - performing arithmetic, and logical operations on data to convert into useful information

iv) Output Information -  the process of producing useful information for the users.

v) Control the Workflow - directs the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed.

1) Input Unit -

Input units are used to enter the data into a computer system. It creates the link between user and computer. The Input Units translate the information into computer-readable form.

2) CPU - 

CPU is known as the Brain of the Computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores intermediate results, programs & data. Mainly CPU controls the operations of the computer's parts.

* Components of CPU

a) Arithmetic Section-  It performs all the arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

b) Logic Section -  It performs logical operations such as comparing, matching, selecting & merging data.

ii) Memory Unit - 

Memory is used to store instructions, data & intermediate results. It sends the information to other units when required. Mainly memory unit is known as Internal,  Main & Primary memory, or RAM (Random Access Memory).

iii) Control Unit - 

It controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual data processing.

3) Output Unit - 

Output Units are used to get information from a computer system. It creates the link between user and computer. The Output Units translate the computer's data into human-readable form.

Generations of Computers:

Generations.

The development of computer systems is normally discussed as the development over different generations.

1) First Generation (1942-55)

i) Computer Systems are Entirely electronic.

ii) Magnetic drums are used for memory.

iii) Vacuum tubes are used to store instructions.

iv) These systems can calculate in milliseconds.

v) Takes entire room space for a single system.

vi) These systems consume a large amount of energy. And very expensive to operate and I/O ( input/ output) is very slow.

vii) Constant maintenance is required for these systems. And only can understand low-levels.

Example: ENIAC, IBM650, UNIVAC1, etc.

2) Second Generation (1955-65)

i) Transistors are used at the place of vacuum tubes.

ii) And use Magnetic core as Primary Internal Storage.

iii) In this generation main storage capacity and speed are increased.

iv) And Punched Card or Magnetic Tapes are used in these computer systems.

v) Input/Output speed was fast as compared to the first-generation computer system.

vi) Reduces the size of the entire computer system and these systems generate less heat.

vii) High-Level Programming Languages are used in these systems (COBOL and FORTRAN).

Example: IBM-1401, Honewell 200, CDC 1607, etc.

3) Third Generation (1965-74)

i) These systems replace transistors with IC (Integrated Circuit) Chips. 

ii) And Magnetic Core also uses for primary storage.

iii) Input and Output are more flexible in these systems.

iv) Working speed of these systems is also increased.

v) High-Level Programming Languages are used in these systems.

vi) And Operating Systems are available for Input/Output in these computer systems

vii) Size of the systems was reduced and perform better performance or these systems are reliable for the uses

Example: IBM System/360, NCR 395, Burroughs B6500, etc.

4) Fourth Generation (1974-89)

i) These computer systems use Large Scale IC Chips

ii) Modular designs are available for the users.

iii) In this generation use of microcomputers is increased

iv) Storage capacity and speed of the systems are increased.

v) A greater versatility of Input/Output devices is introduced

vi) These computer systems use RAM for temporary data storage

vii) Microprocessor  and microcomputers cames in this computer generation

Example: IBM PC-XT(microcomputer), AppleII, IBM PC, STAR 1000, etc.

5) Fifth Generation (1989-Present & Beyond)

i) This generation totally based on Artificial Intelligence

v) Come with great speed of I/O devices

iii) Consume less power and generate very less heat. 

ii) Use Ultra-Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) Technology

iv) Speed of this generation computer systems is very fast and accuracy and reliability increases as compare to 4th generation computer systems

vi) Size of these computer systems is very small and these are cheapen than other generation computer systems

vii) Use High-Level Programming Languages Like Python, C#, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, etc.

Example: Desktop, Laptops, Smartphones, Voice Recognition, Tablet, etc.

Characteristics of Computer

I) automatic.

It can work by itself without human  interaction.

We need to instruct a computer using coding.

They cannot start themselves and cannot find any problem solution.

The speed of computers is very fast as compare to humans.

A computer system can perform any task within seconds.

It can work continuously day and night and it will never tire.

iii) Accuracy

The computer is a very accurate device and computes cannot make errors.

It can perform any calculation with the same accuracy up to last.

iv) Versatility

Is the most powerful feature of a computer.

It Means a computer system has the ability to perform different kinds of tasks at the same time with the same accuracy.

v) Diligence

Unlike, human being a computer never tired, with no lack of concentration and haziness it can perform any task for a long period of time.  

vi) Storage Capacity

Computers are capable of storing an enormous amount of data and instructions. And with the increasing speed of a computer, it can retrieve data within a second.

vii) Power of Remembering

With day-to-day life, the storing capacity of a computer is increasing and it can retrieve any data within a second from the millions of data. 

Classification of Computer

I) digital computer.

According, to its name these are the computers that are used to represent data in digital form.

Such as letters, numbers, and special symbols. Example: PC, Calculator, Digital Clock, Laptops, etc.

ii) Analog Computer

Analog computer data is represented as physical quantities.

In these computers, data is represented continuously.

These computer systems are used where data is always changeable. Example: Voltmeter, Barometer, Thermometer, etc.

iii) Hybrid Computer

A hybrid computer is the combined feature of digital on analog computers.

It takes input in analog form process it in digital form and then gives the output in the form of analog. 

Example: Scientific Laboratory, Airline Sector, etc.  

iv) Super Computer

These computer systems are very fast, large in size, large storage capacity, as compare to other computer systems.

These computer systems are specially designed to perform a large amount of data in a short time period with full accuracy.

Example: Param, Fugaku, etc.

v) Mainframe Computer

These computer systems are not made for a normal person or normal work.

These computers are mainly used in big organizations, commercial purposes, scientific problems, etc.

vi) Mini Computer

Minicomputers are smaller in size, faster, and less expensive.

But these computers are costly as compare to Personal Computer(PC).

Minicomputers are designed for real-time dedicated multi-user applications.

Example : HP-9000, IBM-17, etc.

vi) Micro Computer

Microcomputers are mainly used for personal work, education, and entertainment.

A normal person can buy a microcomputer easily because of less expensiveness and these computers are easy to use.

Example: Apple MAC, IBM PS/2, etc.

Hardware is the physical parts of the computer which we can see, touch and feel.

These are the main electronic devices that are used to build a computer system.

Example: Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, etc. 

Software is a set of programs that are used to perform a specific task. It tells to the hardware of the computer system what to do.

Mainly a software process the data into information.

Example : Paint, MS-Word, Photoshop, etc. 

And there are two types of software are i) System Software, ii) Application Software.

Firmware is the combination of hardware and software.

A Firmware is an instruction program on the hardware it tells to the hardware how to communicate with software.

Memory and Its Types

Memory is one of the fundamental components of all computer systems.  That is used to store data of information for the future.

There are basically three types of memory: i) Primary Memory, ii)Secondary or Auxillary Memory, and Cache Memory.

Primary Memory

Primary memory in the computer is known as main memory. This memory is a volatile type of memory.

And it  can store data and instruction only temporarily. Example: RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM (Read Only Memory).

Secondary Memory

In the computer system, it is known as, External or Auxiliary Memory.

It is a non-volatile type of memory. This means it can store data permanently or in the case of power-off.

Example: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, CD, DVD, etc. 

Sequential Access

Data and information can be read or store in a sequential form.

In this type of memory data or information are processed in order means one data or information after the other.

Magnetic Disk

Data is store in magnetize medium.

Data can be access one or more time from this memory.

This type of memory stores data in form of non-volatile memory.

Optical Disk

Data is store in digital form(0 or 1).

This type of memory uses optical technology and techniques to read and write data.

In this memory, data is sequentially accessed. Laser beam technology is use for data reading and writing.

Flash Memory

It is non-volatile memory. And use to transfer data between PC and Digital Devices.

This type of memory has the ability to be reprogrammed and electrically erase.

It is found in USB Flash Drives, MP3 Players, etc.

Programming Language

Use to communication with the computer system.

Programming languages are the set of Keywords, symbols, and syntax rules.

Every Programming Languages have their own syntax and specific rules.

Types of Programming Languages

I) low-level language.

Which is called Machine code or Object code and is directly understood by the CPU. And very difficult to understand for humans. 

ii) High-Level Language

These programming languages are machine-independent and user translator. These languages are closer to humans and called as Source Code.

The assemble translates the source program in assembly language in machine code.

The compiler translates user code to an object code. It read the entire source code, collect and reorganize the errors. It translates the entire program.

Interpreter

An interpreter translates individual lines and instructions and then executes the translated object code without saving it. It gives the result of the executed program.

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