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Introduction to Power Supply

There are different types of power supplies such as DC power supply , AC power supply, etc. In today’s post, we will have a detailed look at different types of power supplies their working, applications and some other related parameters. So let’s get started with the Introduction to Power Supply.

Table of Contents

• The power supply  is an electric instrument that used to deliver electrical energy to the electrical load connected with it.
• The basic operation of a power supply is that it transforms electrical current received from the input source to such level of current, voltage and frequency that can operate load.
• Due to that power supplies also denoted as electrical energy converters.
• Power supplies are available in two forms first is a separate supply that delivers power to load and the other is built-in that is assembled with the device that has to use power.
• Examples of built-in power supplies are computers, laptops, mobiles, etc.
• There are some other functions that power supply do are to remains current used by the load at the safe level, cut off the use of the current in case of any fault, improvement in the P.F store the power for further use.
• In power supplies there are 2 main connections first is an input that received electric current from the source and second is the output that has more than one terminals and provides power to the load.
• The input current of power supply can be obtained from the grid station, battery, cells, generators, solar cells or other power supply.

Power Supply Classification

• There numerous methods to categorize power supplies such as functional specifications.
• For instance, a regulated power supply maintains the value of output voltage at the output terminals instead of variation in the current used by the load or input voltages.
• But the output voltages of unregulated power supply do not remain constant with the variation in the input voltage or current consumed by the load.
• The output voltages of variable power supplies can be controlled by using the knobs on the power supply or by varying the input control or by using these two at a time.
• There is a power supply whose output does not rely on the input is known as an isolated power supply.

Power Supply Packaging

• There are different packaging teachings of power supply and each has its own specifications.
• For instance for circuitry testing a bench power supply is used that is a stand-alone desktop unit.
• Open frame power supply has a limited mechanical packaging, occasionally containing of only a mounting base, these are usually built in the different machines.
• The Rack Mount power supply is manufactured to be installed in the rack of any electric device such you ever have seen in the racks of PLC .
• Such power supplies that are installed on the same PCB board with the load.

Power Supply Power conversion Method

• According to power conversion methods power supply is categorized in the two types first one is linear and the second one is switching.
• The input power in linear converts is directly processed and its all power converter elements are working in their linear functioning portions.
• While in switching power converter input first is transformed into AC or DC before processing.

Types of Power Supply

• There are numerous types of power supply lets discuss them with the detailed.

DC Power Supply

• The power supply that delivers the constant value of DC voltage to its output is known as DC power supply.
• The input source of dc power supply can be either DC or AC such as the main power supply.

AC to DC Power Supply

• These power supplies deliver DC voltage to the load but their input is AC voltage. These power supplies also use a transformer for varying the level of voltage at input terminals.

• The output of the transformer is then converted into DC by using rectifiers . There are two types of rectifiers first one is a half-wave rectifier and the second one is full wave rectifier .
• The output of the rectifier circuit than a filter to make pure DC by using a filter circuit .

Switched-Mode Power Supply

• In this type of power supply, the AC input received from the mains is rectified into the dc voltage and remove fluctuation from it by using filter circuits.
• These dc voltages are converted into the high frequency with the switching circuitry that generates AC current that will flow through the transformer of high frequency.
• There is a very high frequency is used for switching normally ten kilohertz to one megahertz. So the transformer is used for these high-frequency voltages and filtering circuits.
• The output of the transformer is then converted into DC by using the rectifier circuits.

Linear Regulator

• The linear regulator is used to make fluctuating DC voltage into the constant DC. They also provide protection to the power supplies from overcurrent by limiting current.
• In different power usage applications, the constant value of voltage is needed to form the power supplies but in some supplies voltage changes with the variation in the impedance of the load.

AC Power Supply

• The input source of AC power supply is the main supply after getting supply from the mains transformer further step up or step down to provide the required voltage.
• In these power supplies also filtration process done getting output from the transformer.
• In some cases, the isolation transformer is used. In some ac power supplies, there is no isolation from mains to the power supply due to the transformer. Such a transformer is known as an autotransformer.
• Some AC power supplies deliver the constant value of voltage and current and their output changes according to variation in the impendence offered by the load.
• If the input of AC supply is dc source such as battery then there is a need of inverter to convert it into AC.
• There are 2 main types of AC power supply first one is a single phase and the second one is 3-phase.
• For a generation of AC power normally, synchronous generators are used at the generating station.
• The difference between the one phase and 3-phase is the constancy in delivering.
• AC is used at different levels of frequency and voltages in different countries such as 230 volts, 50-hertz frequency, 115 volts sixty-hertz frequency or in some case frequency is four hundred hertz.

• AC adapter is also called plug pack, plug-in adapter, or wall wart is built in the ac main power plug.
• Its output is either AC or DC that transfers to the load through the wire some adapter provides more than one outputs that can be delivered through more than one wire.
• Universal types of AC adapters have switchable input connectors to get different AC mains voltages.
• The ac adapters are also called electricity vampires as they use power when there is no load attached to them.

Programmable Power Supply

• This power supply can be regulated from a distant position with the analog or digital interfacing.
• Thre are numerous applications of programmable power supplies such as testing of automated equipment, monitoring of crystal growth, and X-Ray generators.
• Programmable power supplies usually used in an integral microcomputer to regulate and observe the power supply process.

• The UPS stands for uninterruptible power supply there are 2 input sources that provide the power to the UPS at the same time.
• It gets power from the main source and also charges the battery connected with it.
• If some time main supply is off than within very less time UPS start power from the battery to load.
• In some applications, continuous power is required so the switching process should be high normally quasi-standard is four milliseconds but in some application is not fast.
•  UPS is normally installed in hospitals, call centers, telephones exchanges, etc for continuity of the process.

High-Voltage Power Supply

• The power supply whose output is more than hundreds and thousands of volts is called high volts power supply.
• To provide protection from the flashing, damaging of insulation, special types of output connectors are used at an output of these power supplies.
• For voltage above twenty kilovolts, federal standard connectors used while for SHV connectors uses for less voltage.
• Some types of these power supplies also used to control distant outputs due to features of analog or digital interfacing.
• These power supplies normally used in X-ray machines, electron microscope, electrostatics for focusing the beam of ions and electrons.

Bipolar Power Supply

• If we make a Cartesian plane between current and voltage than in all four quadrants bipolar supply functions. It means produces positive and negative voltage and currents for regulations.
• When its output is regulated with the less level analog signal than it called the Operational amplifier having less bandwidth with a large value of output.
• It used in magnetic devices for scientific applications.

Application of Power Supply

• The power supply is the basic part of any electronic device so it used in numerous industrial machines. So let’s discuss their different applications with the detail.
• The power supply used in computers is a switch-mode power supply that transforms AC signal coming from main into dc voltages.
• These power supplies preferred over the linear power supply due to less price, high efficiency and less weight.

Electric Vehicles

• Electrical vehicles operate on electricity. In these vehicles, different power supplies are used to provide power.
• In different aircraft, DC to DC or AC to DC power supplies is used for usage of power.
• The frequency of these power supplies is four hundred hertz.

Medical Instruments

• Different medical instruments such as ventilators, infusion pumps, surgical instruments operate on the power supply.

So friends that are complete post about the power supply, if you have any queries about this post ask in comments. See you in the next interesting post. Have a good day.

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Thank you for explaining to us that a power supply refers to the electric instrument used for delivering electrical energy to the electrical load connected with it, either as a separate supply or a built-in assembly. I recently got a shed built to use as a workshop for my new DIY hobby, and I need a power supply for it soon. I’ll keep this in mind while I look for a hardware store that sells the electrical supplies we need soon.

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Case Study on Regulated Power Supply

The reason that this case study is to educate on the scheme, modeling, process and usages of the regulated power supply which simply is an essential structured block of many electronic arrangements that we come across in everyday life such as in mobiles and laptop chargers, entertainment as well as many consumer microchip technology related items as well as portable biomedical devices.

Important acknowledgments when specifying power supplies are the sorts of output whether regulate or unregulated. The former means that the voltage will remain stable for at least while the supplied current is operating within its specifications, regardless of the load. Unregulated supplies usually have higher electric outputs than usually stated and normally they are used with devices that have their own internal regulating electrical system. According to Distels Waters (2008),

Using voltages that are exceeding than recommended for a particular part of equipment can cause perpetual destruction. Where wattage or VA rating is mentioned this rather refers to the total wattage available for that power supply. This figure is mostly used for multi railing pieces, so that when the VA is calculated for each output and then added together, the total Wattage / VA does not exceed the makers’ rating (n. p.).

Introduction

In this section, we define the notion of a simple power supply with a block diagram and a simple description of important subsections (e.g. transformers, rectifiers, etc). We will also briefly mention the classification of different types of power supplies – their key characteristics, advantages / disadvantages and applications.

Now, a regulated power supply is an inserted section, or standalone piece, that functions as a supply of a stable voltage (or less often called current) to a unit piece or device that must be workable within a certain power supply boundaries. The output of that regulated power supply may be changeable or in one direction flow, but is nearly always a DC ( Direct Current ). Now a DC can be unregulated and may control circuit of a current, however, that becomes unreasonable when the source varies continuously or at a wide range. A regulator simply provides less power necessity but at a dependable level despite the matter of the source swing, i.e., fluctuation.

This is much more common today,

A D.C. variable bench supply (or rather known as a bench power supply) usually refers to a power supply capable of supplying a variety of output voltages useful for bench testing electronic circuits, possibly with continuous variation of the output voltage, or just some preset voltages; a laboratory (lab) power supply normally implies an accurate bench power supply, while a balanced or tracking power supply refers to twin supplies for use when a circuit requires both positive and negative supply rails), mobile Phone power adaptors as well as regulated power supplies in appliances (Gates Energy Products, 1992, p.14).

In accordance with Gates Energy Products (1992),

Modern regulated supplies mostly use a transformer, silicon diode bridge rectifier, reservoir capacitor and voltage regulator IC. There are differing variations on this idea, such as units with multiple voltage lines, variable regulators, power control lines, discrete circuits and so on. Switched mode regulator supplies also include an inductor (p. 15)

Control of electricity supply is much more sophisticated. An example will be from a 1980s TV using a double-direction interface between the main unit and the out-coming electric line stage to make use of it (i.e, the electric current), making a variety of out-coming voltages with differentiated amounts of stabilization, and, since neither juncture could start without the other operating, the supply also includes a sort of “ignition” system to keep the system lively (i.e, working) in the process of the operation. The electric power supplies also detect the movement of voltages in the TV power circuits which shut down if these voltages ran off their designed for specifications. Under certain circumstances, particular applications, such as AKA supplies, can be presented in even much more sophisticated forms.

Circuit and Operation

For example, a 5V regulated supplies:

Each of the blocks is described in details as follows:

• The transformer lessens down ultra-voltage AC currents to low voltage AC.
• The rectifier carries out a conversion of AC to DC, another variable.
• Smoothing is a process that refers to passing of DC from high currents to the small ones.
• Finally, a regulator removes small currents by fixing the out-come DC current to a certain fixed voltage.

As presented by SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics (1995),

Some electronic circuits need a power supply with positive and negative outputs as well as volts equaling zero (0V) – meaning, at rest, which is called ‘dual supplying’ because they’re like two ordinary supplies linked together.The low voltage alternating current outsourced is suitable for lamps, heaters and special same like motors. They are not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a smoothing capacitor (n. p.).

Transformer + Rectifier

The differences that occur in direct current outcomes are suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors, not for electronic circuits unless smoothing capacitors are included (SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics, 1995).

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing

The smooth DC output has a small wave current and is suitable for most electronic units (SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics, 1995).

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

The controlled DC productivity is very plane with no wave. It is appropriate for all electrical paths. Convertors operate only with alternative currents and this is one of the explanations for why main power is an AC.

Converters amplifying voltage level are called step-ups; those converters that reduce voltage are referred as to step-downs. Irving (2011) suggests,

The feeding coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead, they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The percentage of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns’ ratio, defines the proportion of the voltages (p. 19).

Rectifier can adjust an alternative current to the direct one through linking diodes in different ways. Bridge rectifier creates a full current altering DC and, therefore, it plays a crucial role in the process. A full-current rectifier can also be made of just two diodes if a center-tap converter is used, but this method is infrequently used now that diodes are inexpensive. A unit diode may also be utilized as a rectifier in case applying positive (+) parts of the alternative current movement aimed at creating half-wave current changing the direct one.

Smoothing is carried out with the help of a large charge electrolytic capacitor that is connected with direct current acting as a pool and supplying output when the changing direct voltage of the direct current from the rectifier decreases. The diagram presented below provides the unsmoothed direct current and the smoothed one. The capacitor charges at the peak of the changing direct current. Further on, it discharges when it supplies the output (Discover Circuits, 2011).

Note that smoothing augments the mean DIRECT CURRENT voltage to almost the peak value. For example, 6V RMS AC is amended in accordance to direct current reaching 4.6V RMS, along with smoothing rising up to almost the highest level providing 6.4V of smoothed direct current.

Smoothing is not terrific because of the capacitor power failing a little as it releases energy giving a small wave current. For many circuits a wave which is 10% of the supply voltage is suitable. The value of the capacity must be increased twice while smoothing direct current of a half-wave type.

Zener diode regulator

As presented by Discover Circuits (2011),

For low current power supplies, a simple voltage regulator can be made with a resistor and a zener diode connected in reverse as shown in the diagram. Zener diodes are rated by their breakdown voltage Vz and maximum power Pz. The resistor limits the current. The current through the resistor is constant, so when there are no output current all the current flows through the zener diode and its power rating Pz must be large enough to withstand this (n. p.)

Example: output voltage required is 5V, output current required is 60mA.

• Vz = 5V (nearest value available)
• Vs = 9V (it must be a few volts greater than Vz)
• Imax = 77mA (output current plus 10%)
• Pz > 5V × 77mA = 385mW, choose Pz = 500mW
• R = (9V – 5V) / 77mA = 0.05kΩ= 50Ω, choose R = 50Ω
• Resistor power rating P > (9V – 5V) × 77mA = 308mW, choose P = 0.5W

Design and Simulation

“This kit provides a variable output power supply ranging from 1.2 to 15 V @ 3 A. It uses Low Dropout Positive Regulator LM1084 in TO220 package for delivering variable output voltage.

• Input – 18 VAC/DIRECT CURRENT
• Output – variable output from 1.2 ~ 15 V @ 3 A Regulated low ripple DIRECT CURRENT voltage
• Heatsink for regulator IC
• On board bridge rectifier to convert AC to DIRECT CURRENT
• LED indication at input of IC
• Zener trimmed band gap reference, current limiting and thermal shutdown (provided by IC feature)
• Power Battery Terminal (PBT) for easy input and output connection
• Onboard PCB mounted Potentiometer (POT) for varying the output voltage
• Filter capacitors for low ripple DIRECT CURRENT output
• Four mounting holes of 3.2 mm each
• PCB dimensions 46 mm x 58 mm” [Discover Circuits, 2011]

Schematic process

An inappropriately performed power tool is quite a quite complicated component to define. Therefore, it is commonly introduced while working on solving hardware problems at first. However, when using a reliable multi-meter, they can quickly check the links for proper current flow measurements. The main point of power supply problems is in the power input, so, when you move on testing these areas as explained before, you should be able to tell the functionality of the power supply as the malefactor.

Discover Circuits, 2011, A resource for engineers, hobbyists, inventors, students & consultants containing a collection of 28,000+ electronic circuits or electronic schematics cross-referenced into 550+ categories plus an extensive electronics engineering resource/reference section .

Distels Waters, 2008, Power Supply . Web.

Gates Energy Products, 1992, Rechargeable Batteries Applications Handbook , US: Butterworth Heinemann.

Irving M. Gottlieb, 2011, Regulated Power Supplies , US: Tab Books. Web.

Leads Direct, 2010, Power Supplie rs. Web.

SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics, 1995, Power Supply Design Basics. Web.

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About power supply

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

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Type of Power Supply and their applications

Power supply is a device used to provide the electric energy to operate the devices running by electric power. It has many special way to provide electric energy to a specific system “ it is mother of the system “ ( Brown, 2001, p.1 ).

The basic function of power supply is to convert Alternative Current voltage to regulated  Direct Current voltage that required by electronic devices. A typical power supply has four different modules each of them has a specific function. Transformer is the first module and its function is to convert high voltage Alternative Current  to low voltage Direct Current. The second module is Rectifier and its main function is to convert low voltage Alternative Current to Direct Current. The third module is smoothing, the Direct Current produced by the rectifier is varying, so smoothing reduce this varying to small rippling. Last module is regulator, it set the Direct Current voltage to constant value by remove the ripples. This is a basic design of power supply. The design can be huge and complicated based on the requirements.

This essay will present the four major types of power supply which are Linear Regulators and Switching Mode Power Supply, Programmable Power Supply, Uninterruptible Power Supply.

The first type of power supply is Linear regulated power supply. It is the basic type of power supply. It produce the regulated output voltage by drop the input voltage. “it is though, a very electrically quiet power supply” (Brown, 2001, p.11). they are often used in ground based equipments and distributed power system.

Linear regulated power supply function is to convert varying Alternative Current input to regulated Direct Current output. The typical circuit use in this type has tow range. One allow more voltage at low current and the other allow more current at low voltage.

Linear regulated power supplies come in tow basic forms called series regulators and shunt regulators. Series regulated power supplies are most common form of linear regulated power supply. The power dissipated in series regulated device is the product of power supply output current and the voltage drop. Shunt regulated power supplies are simpler form of Linear Regulated power supply, but they are less efficient. 

Simplicity is the main advantage of linear regulated power supplies. It is used in systems that require extremely low noise. They are more suitable and cost effective for low power applications. It is used in ground based applications and distributed power systems. Since the linear regulated power supply has very low power output voltage ripple, it is used in low noise / low ripple applications such as communication and radio device where noise is very sensitive. It is more efficient in the application which output voltage is nearly equal to input voltage.

Second type of power supply is Switching Mode. It operates in ON-OFF mode. It uses switching circuits and energy storage elements such as capacitors and inductors to get the regulated output voltage. “These circuits are ideally lossless with 100% energy transfer” (Johnny, 2006, p.1).

The main advantage of Switching Mode Power Supply is the higher efficiency because of low power dissipation. Switching Mode Power Supply is used in domestic products which often have universal inputs. Mobile phones have changed their power supply technology from linear regulated to Switching Mode Technology. It is widely used in aircraft electric power such as airplane ground support.

Third type of power supply is Programmable Power Supply. It provide the power through a computer interface. It generally depends on both Linear regulated and Switched Mode technologies to produce accurate output power.

Programmable power supplies are mainly used in automated equipment testing. They are also used in ultrasonic vibration measurement tools.

Last type of power supply is Uninterruptible power supply. It is widely known as UPS or power back up. It is widely used as backup power to protect the devices from crashing due to sudden power loss.

There are three major categories of Uninterruptible power supply, offline -standby, online and line-interactive.

Offline /standby Uninterruptible power supply provides surge protection and battery back-up up to 20 minutes. When the input power supply falls below the starting level, then Uninterruptible power supply turns on its power circuit providing power backup to the device up in certain time (In this type 20  minutes).

Line-Interactive Uninterruptible power supply generally uses only one main power convertor to generate the power. The typical protection time varies from 5 minutes to 30 minutes.

The operation of Online Uninterruptible power supply is very similar to Standby or Line-Interactive type. The typical protection time varies between 5 minutes to 30 minutes. But, it provides electrical firewall between incoming utility power and sensitive electronic equipment.

They are mainly used for surge protection and back power for computers, data centers and telecommunication equipment. They are used to provide the electric isolation for the equipments which are sensitive to power fluctuations.

In conclusion, there are different sources of power being used to provide the power to the systems effectively and efficiently. For example, solar energy and wind power are being converting to electric energy to provide the power to large industrial applications. Power supplies are the heart of any system which requires electrical energy. They not only provide power but also provide the protection to the system against outside disturbances. Therefore, design and development considerations of a power supply are more important. As technology is growing, more advanced power supplies are being invented to provide best protection and efficient power to the devices.

References:

Brown, M. (2001), Power Supply Cook Book, MA, U.S.A, Butterworth- Heinemann.

Bennet, C, Johnny (2006), Practical Computer Analysis of switched mode power supplies, FL, U.S.A, CRC Press.

Hoff, Michael. and Samstad, Jeffrey, Technical Comparison of On-Line VS. Line-Interactive UPS [online]. Available:

http:\\www.apcmedia.com/salestools/JSII-5YQSBR_R0_EN.pdf [accessed February 18, 2010]

Unknown. http://www.circuit-projects.com/power-supply/uninterruptible-power-supply-ups-basic-circuit-diagram.html , [accessed February 18, 2010]

Understanding Linear Power Supply Operation, Application Note 1554 [online]. Available:

http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5989-2291EN.pdf , [accessed February 16, 2010]

Unknown. http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/powersup.htm , [accessed February 17, 2010]

Zhang, J, Henry. Linear Regulating and Switching Mode Power Supply Basics[online]. Available:

http://www.techonline.com/article/pdf/showPDF.jhtml?id=1931034931 [accessed February 15, 2010]

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Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) Systems Research Paper

Introduction, types of ups, characteristics of a ups system, objectives of a ups system for emergency medical dispatcher, ups topologies, ups system management.

Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) is a device that supports electronic equipments such as computers or other intelligent systems such as automated machines, when there are some power faults.

Uninterruptable Power Supply system forms an interface between the power utility and the equipment that requires protection from the energy uncertainties. The equipment running under the UPS gets supply of power for several minutes before switching the power to an alternative or emergency power options such as batteries in case of electric failures.

In line with Godse and Bakshi (2009), the main function of the UPS is to smooth out voltage and eliminate sever risks such as power disturbances or circuit damages. Good examples of these risks include the slit second power losses that can cause a computer to restart. Others include long power outages, under voltage, over voltage, lightening and short time spikes of the voltage, which can easily damage equipments (Godse and Bakshi, 2009).

This research paper forms an analysis of the Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) system used in emergency dispatch centres, and mainly forms a close reference to the hospital dispatch centres. The centres are Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMD) or the Emergency Medical Services (EMS).

A UPS is able to stabilize voltage and maintain a certain level of energy flow for a short or a longer while depending on the size, whenever there are power attenuations or fluctuation. The emergency battery in the system helps to maintain supply until the system is switches either manually or automatically to a stable alternative source of energy.

In support of the medical automated systems, some of these UPS systems have a direct connection to the equipment and automatically enhances transfer of power source to an alternative, thus avoiding possible data losses due to shut downs (Schmidt, 2002).

In general, there are three types of UPS systems. To begin with is the offline UPS that have a connection through an electrical transition. The normal electrical voltage continuously recharges the system batteries and the system comes into action whenever there are fluctuations of the electric voltage.

The system fails to protect the system against the power failures due to slow response time. It consumes more time opening and closing the relay time. The second type is the online system that constantly regulates the amount of voltage coming in due to its series connection to the equipment.

Lastly is the line interactive UPS, which has a hybrid technological framework. The UPS connects in parallel with the electronic equipment and has a monitory system to detect high or low voltage supplies and consequently supply compensating voltage (Schmidt, 2002). In considering the automated Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMD) or the Emergency Medical Services (EMS), the third type would be most viable to implement.

The power protection support accorded by the UPS systems is in VA (Volt-Ampere) (Schmidt, 2002). An Emergency Medical Dispatcher (EMS) is a critical application machine that relies heavily on the respondents. For such vital connections, it is advisable to consider a support system that has a 1.6 times more capacity of power supply than consumption by the equipments connected to it. It is also critical to choose a UPS that has enough sockets to support devices that ought to be connected. Different UPS systems have different connectors such as the network, USB or the parallel connectors. Some of these ties are smart ties to control or instruct devices to safely shutdown, especially when the there are prolonged interruptions. However, the UPS systems do not support the telephone connections. This means that lightning can still affect a computer system that has telephone connections for the modem (Schmidt, 2002). It is thus advisable to have lighting arrestors to safeguard the machines.

The Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMD) is often important for accurate direction and transportation of ill patients or the injured. They also assist in dispatching of medical personnel/technicians through the paramedic programs to the needy emergency centres.

Due to this form of coordination, dispatch centres require constant power supply and in its support, a series of UPS systems can offer the required sufficiency until connection to a stable alternative source. UPS systems connected in series can supply electrical power for long periods before the generators can take over. In such cases, it is important to store the UPS in a different ‘self-sufficient’ room next to the generator especially when the system is manual.

Electric power supplies often suffer from network overloads, emergency interruptions and accidents that can cause blackouts, frequent drifts, sags, power swells, brownouts, surges and spikes (Gregory, 2009). Most electrical equipments can tolerate majority of this faults, while others delicate systems such as the Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMD) or the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) are critical due to the dispatching functions.

Think of a situation where a person is in urgent need of medical assistance and therefore the dispatcher must provide planned or scripted pre-arrival instructions before the dispatched team arrives for the rescue services, then the power breaks before administration of assistance. Worse still would be the interferences of the medical self-help program and the assistant cannot give out the quality assurance procedures. Power interruptions can interfere with dispense recordings and telephone conversations.

Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMD) installations require stable continuity of power supply, since it cannot tolerate any form of faults due to compromise on health. Some of the emergency cases for the dispatch units cater for the emergency labour cases during pregnancy or childbirth, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or chocking.

There are some vital requirements for a UPS system in support of an Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMD) system/machine. To begin with is the need for the hold-up period. The time mainly depends on the conversion time.

The capacitive and inductive elements of a UPS can only store power for a certain limited time-frame for instance, an efficient switch-mode period for such an equipment ranges between ten and thirty minutes. Secondly, the time required for transfer from the main power switch to batteries or generator if it is not the automatic switching system. This time ought to be less than the period the application can hold-up, for provision of a safe margin.

The Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMD) or the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) is more sensitive compared to normal computerised system and therefore requires more time to allow for safe changeover margins. It is also crucial to consider the power handling abilities of the system. The UPS must supply normal power consumptions over the specified conversion interlude during emergency periods.

The UPS must equally cater for the inrush power. This is a common input power requirement since the new input supplier may fail to produce as per the expectations at the initial point. The effect occurs due to the charge uploads (Gregory, 2009).

Regulation of power occurs when there is a proper power stipulation thus the voltage supply is free from ripple, attenuation and electrical noise. Some of the conversion systems require total isolation between the UPS output and the input power suppliers. This also assists to maintain the right load sequencing to minimize chances for inrush currents that can be fatal to machines.

Before installing a UPS, it is furthermore very important to know the time taken for the system to recharge after current usage. This caters for cases when there are frequent interruptions. Lastly, one must consider the ability to perform a hot-swap. Hot-swap is a manual changeover done while the power is in use especially when there is need to change the battery packs.

The basic elements of a UPS system are chargers, batteries and an inverter. These elements apply for all the three topologies. The first topology is the stand-by or off-line UPS system. They are mainly for the basic power protections, where the UPS provides a direct connection of power to the load.

“A main direct current line maintains the charge of batteries during low voltage […], the inverter turns on, to have power loads directly from batteries” (Gregory, 2009). The topology is not suitable for the Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMD) because the conversion period might prolong and thus disrupt operations. The lack of fulltime conditioning of the power is also a loophole for simple filters, spikes and electric noises (Gregory, 2009).

The second topology is the online UPS system. The system has no power breakups and supports zero transfer periods. This means that the system has better frequency regulation mechanisms and voltage supports, compared to the offline or the interactive UPS systems. In this system, the main power has provisions with a double direct power lines, as a concurrent support to both the charger and inverter.

This means that the topology has a permanent power supply, which provides alternating current for the application (Gregory, 2009). This is the automatic switching required for medically approved dispatch protocols, such that when there is failure, the inverter gets power from the direct current supply of the batteries. The AC-DC conversion provides the fulltime conditioning where certification remains safe from all forms of disturbances.

The system is mainly an implementation in major emergency cases such as Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMD), where any form of conversion delay is unacceptable. The systems are more costly to acquire, implement and maintain due to high rates of consumptions and heat generation.

Lastly are the interactive UPS systems, which have the offline inverters as well as transformers to provide output power during shortage. The transformer acts as a power conditioner but provides powers output just for a while, to increase the holdup time.

Business or organization pressure such as need to have a stable dispensing machine often requires introduction of alternative sources of sustainable energy. There are various benefits of adopting and complying with new incentives of UPS systems for alternative supports. It is imperative for an Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMD) to have stable power conversion system. Such a system suffers huge losses from short power cuts.

The system requires medically permitted dispatching protocols where there must be clarification procedures to qualify any form of dispatch. The trained professionals provide first-hand responses. It is vital to have the UPS systems that offers strong workbench with high power levels. The sensitivity of the system calls for high-level power controls because even the smallest amount of power change such as surge can cause a big difference due to emergency programs interruptions (Schmidt, 2002).

Today it is easy and cheap to achieve the best technological changeover systems, since there are constant modernization and introduction of new elements of the UPS systems, thus making energy saving more easier to achieve. The current technological advancement presents the new modular UPS system, which enhance full cover up of the power load requirement for a long period.

The importance of load requirement depends on the quality of the UPS. Current technology provides modular systems that have ability to involve dynamic changes and cater for critical requirements of power load, thus allowing continual efficiency and stability.

The Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMD) also depends on various transactional systems such as the UPS. Alternating current failures automatically calls for direct conversions to alternative means. Today’s new modular designs provide a better level and approximately 94% of the medical dispatch units utilize UPS to support the pre-arrival programs or instructions and supports improved efficiency due to real-time dispatch of personnel.

The quantity of UPS has also reduced, thus making them more mobile and compatible to most environments. Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMD) is today emergency medical care; it has caused evolution of the medical centres to become centres of EMS assistance. They explicitly assist both the public and dispatch personnel in their roles.

Godse, A. Bakshi, U. (2009). Electronic Circuits and Applications . (Fourth Ed). New Zealand, Australia: Technical Publications. Print.

Gregory, P. (2009). CISSP Guide to Security Essentials . Canada: Cengage Learning Publishers. Print.

Schmidt, C. (2002). The Complete Computer Upgrade & Repair . New Delhi, India: Dreamtech Press. Print.

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Essay On Replacing A Power Supply

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Power , Connection , Connectors , Motherboard , Cable , Driving , Plastic , Plug

Published: 11/26/2019

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Before embarking on replacing a power supply, the old power supply will have to be removed from the drive. The power connectors will then be pulled from the motherboard and external devices. When pulling, hold the white plastic part of the plug and wiggle it back and forth until it loosens enough to remove easily. The old power supply will be unscrewed from the case.

Before someone puts a new power supply in place, they are supposed to look at the back of it. At the back, just under the plug is the power code. This is used to set the correct power voltage. After this, the power supply will need to be inserted to the case in a way that will fit. There is a way in which the power supply will fit to the case. After it fits in the case, the power supply will be screwed so that it stays securely. There will be cables coming out of the power supply. The cables will then be sorted so that each cable group is isolated according to their functions.

After this, the first connectors to be connected are those for the motherboard. When connecting, one should be careful so that they do not connect the wrong way. One way to achieve this is to use the shape of the connectors and the clip and the notch on the motherboard where the connectors will be inserted. These are used to connect the motherboard.

After the motherboard power connection, connect the power connectors for other devices. The bigger connectors are used for hard-drives and CD-ROM while the smaller ones are used for the floppy drive. All the other hanging cables will have to be tied with plastic zip ties in an orderly manner. This will make sure there is free airflow in the case and make it easy to working in the case. After this, ensure that there are no hanging cables dangling around, no cable near a fan, and that the power supply is set to the correct voltage. Also, make sure that all drives have been connected. If the power supply is that of AT instead of AT-X, there will be need to connect an extra cable, power button connector.

Bibliography

Alex. (2011). Installing the new power supply. Retrieved August 23, 2011, from PC911: http://pcnineoneone.com/howto/powersupply3/ Billings, K. (1999). Switchmode power supply handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.

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What is Power Supply?

A power supply is a critical part of a particular measurement instrument. Almost all parts of a particular measurement instrument require electricity to run. The power supply in this case provides electricity to energize the system right from the transducer (sensor) ; we mean the passive one, goes to the microcontroller , and all the way down to the display (LCD) or another output for example an actuator. Without a power supply, the system will not work and stays off.

As a basic thing, a power supply is necessary to learn for beginners. In this post, we are going to explain what is power supply, its types, working principles, etc.

So, What is Power Supply?

A power supply is an electrical device that is used to energize (give the electricity) to electrical appliances. The energizing is done through several processes until the electricity is ready and suitable to use by the electrical appliances. The processes can be easily understood by the following block diagram.

Block diagram of a power supply. A typical power supply will have the following system blocks.

Types of Power Supply

There are three main types of power supply. The types are determined according to the blocks that build the overall system and the dc output signal that the power supply produces. Below are the types of power supply:

1. Unregulated Linear Power Supply

This power supply type consists of a step-down transformer, rectifier, filter capacitor for smoothing/filtering, and a drain (bleeder) resistor. It is low-cost and suitable for low-power devices. The only drawback is that its output is not constant. It means that there is a ripple that is not good and suitable for electronic devices. An inductor-capacitor (LC) filter can be used to reduce the ripple, but the cost will be higher.

2. Regulated Linear Power Supply

It is basically the unregulated linear power supply, but it is equipped with a regulator in the place of the drain resistor. The main purpose of this power supply type is to provide a constant dc output voltage over a wide range of different application loads.

The advantages of this type are simplicity, low-cost, reliability, and low noise level. On the other side, the disadvantages of it are the high heat loss, size, and low-efficiency level.

3. Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS)

It is more complex and different than the previously explained types. The SMPS block diagram contains a rectifier, filter capacitor, series transistor, regulator, transformer, and drain resistor. The drawbacks of this type are that its complexity is not suitable for low-power applications and the transformers must be custom-made.

Working Principle of Power Supply

We have discussed that there are several types of power supplies. In this case, we are going to dig deeper into how it works specifically for the types of power supply we can easily make DIY for small projects.

The working mechanism can be easily and clearly explained per system block. The following is the explanation order:

• A step-down transformer . As its name implies, the transformer here has the function to step down the AC input voltage 220V into the required level of the rectifier.
• Rectifier . It is used to convert the AC to raw DC form. The circuit has two types that are half-wave rectifier and full-wave rectifier. It consists of the diodes arranged in a certain order.
• Filter capacitor . The produced DC from the rectifier is smoothened by the capacitor and reduces the unwanted ripples.
• A drain resistor . It is also known as a bleeder resistor and connected parallel to the filter capacitor to drain the stored charge so the system remains safe.

It is already known that the regulated power supply is similar to the unregulated power supply except that the drain resistor is replaced by the regulator. The voltage regulator consists of BJT or MOSFET type transistors (active) and resistors (pass device either series or shunt) controlled by a high gain differential amplifier. Then, the voltage regulator here can be divided into two types.

• Series regulator . It is the most used regulator type for linear power supplies. Its place is series with the load to make sure that the output is linear to the current taken by the load.
• Shunt regulator . It is the least-used regulator type. Here, a source resistor is in series connection with the input, and a variable shunt resistor to ensure the constant voltage across the load.

3. Switch Mode Power Supply

The AC input voltage is rectified by the rectifier to an unregulated DC signal form with the series transistor and regulator. This DC signal is then chopped to be a constant high-frequency voltage. It means that the transformer size can be decreased and make a smaller size power supply. After being chopped and a constant high-frequency voltage, then the signal is smoothened by the filter capacitor and ready to use. A drain resistor is thereafter the filter resistor to keep the system safe.

Specifications of Power Supply

Prior to selecting a power supply, here are several things that are important to know.

1. Voltage and current specifications

These two parameters are the main and primary specifications you should consider. The power supply may have a fixed or variable output voltage. If it is a fixed output type, then it may need a certain adjustment to meet the required voltage. If it is a variable output type, make sure that the range covers the requirement you are about to fulfill. This rule also applies to the current specification.

2. Line regulation

It determines the regulation of the allowed input voltage changes. These changes then may be seen on the output. It is commonly written in millivolts of an input variable voltage.

3. Load regulation

It is similar to line regulation in terms of quotation in millivolts or a percentage of the maximum output voltage. It can be found that the output voltage drops slightly when a load is added or connected to the power supply output.

4. Ripple and noise

These two are considered as single specifications. The ripple frequency should be twice the line frequency for linear power supplies. As for the SMPS, the switching actions make the ripple and spike arise.

Noise and ripple should be more than 10mV for most good power supplies. As for the SMPS, 50mV or less should be available for many cases.

5. Temperature stability

The temperature can influence the output voltage changes. The information about the temperature can be obtained in the datasheet. It is measured as a percentage or absolute voltage change per degree C. For example, it may be in the region of 0.02%/oC or 2mV/oC.

6. Stability with time

The performance of an electronic device will change over time. It is often quoted in the overall power supply specifications. The stability with time is measured over a period of time under a constant load, input voltage, and the measured voltage drift. It is mostly in a few millivolts (5-10) over a ten-hour period.

7. Current limiting and over-voltage

To prevent damage in case of a failure, the protections are there to protect the power supplies. There are two types of it.

• Short circuit protection . It is needed when the short circuit happens or the taken current is beyond the initially designed current.
• Over-voltage protection . It is there to protect the device from the full pre-regulated output voltage. The device will be cut out by the over-voltage protection to prevent the full-over voltage condition from happening.

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Power supply Essay Assignment Paper

Power supply

Power supply with a diagram i should write about it and how it work. Explain how the power-supply panel in this site are feeding from power-supply feeding from two main substation and to transformer to the UPS .

It should explain the four main things 3.1 substation supply 1,2 : 3.2 transformers : 3.3 Uninterruptible Power-Supply: 3.4 Special Protection Systems:

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

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Power Reforms in Nigeria

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Published: Jul 17, 2018

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Regulated Power Supplies - Essay Example

• Subject: Miscellaneous
• Type: Essay
• Level: Masters
• Pages: 4 (1000 words)
• Downloads: 0
• Author: jadynkoss

Extract of sample "Regulated Power Supplies"

The zener diode will take up the variations in current required to keep the voltage across the diode the same. Limitations: the zener diode cannot accommodate an infinite variation of current. There is a minimum level of current it must carry to maintain the voltage, and if too much current is taken, and then it will overheat, and could be destroyed. When designing a simple regulator circuit, it is necessary to design the circuit to accommodate the likely variations. b) Transistor series regulator: A voltage regulator whose circuit has a transistor in series with the output voltage, a Zener diode, and a resistor chosen so that the Zener diode is approximately in the middle of its operating range is termed as transistor series regulator.

Mode of operation: The basis of operation of the circuit hinges around controlling the conductance of this series element by a control voltage. If the voltage of the output is tending to rise, then this will be detected and the control voltage will be adjusted to reduce the conductance of the series element which will cause the voltage across the series element to rise. As the series element and the load form a potential divider circuit, any voltage increase across the series control element will cause the voltage across the load to fall.

Similarly if the voltage across the load is tending to fall too low, then this will be detected, the control voltage for the series element will then cause the conductance of the series element to rise and the voltage across the load will be maintained. This is a typical form of negative feedback system. The control voltage must have a reference against which the output can be compared. This is often provided by a voltage reference circuit based around a zener diode. The output voltage from the regulator is taken, often through a potential divider, and compared

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