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The 2050 Lab of the Future: Sustainability

My Green Lab CEO James Connelly discusses all things laboratory sustainability, including changing attitudes, top tips, and common misconceptions

02/03/2023 | 7 min read | Interview

How did you get involved in laboratory sustainability?  

I trained as an architect, and worked for a decade in the green building industry. I created several sustainability programs, including Declare (an ingredients label for building products) and the Living Product Challenge, which became the most advanced sustainability standard for products that were net positive across their lifecycle. Seven years ago, I met Allison Paradise, a Harvard-trained neuroscientist who wanted to address the environmental impacts of research. We founded My Green Lab as a non-profit organization in 2013. Allison opened my eyes to the damaging ecological impact of laboratories, and I advised her on organization growth strategy. Inspired by the mission, I joined the board and three years ago, I became CEO when Allison left to pursue some personal passions. Since then, we have expanded from three to 16 members globally – many of them like-minded researchers who highlighted similar concerns in the industry.

How else has My Green Lab grown over the years?  

Since My Green Lab was founded, we’ve grown to be the most globally recognized organization in the lab sustainability space. We’ve worked with over 1,300 labs in 39 countries, and engaged with over 15,000 scientists. The industry has finally opened its eyes to the environmental impact of research – and the capacity for change! As we’ve grown, we’ve added new programs alongside My Green Lab Certification, including the Accountability, Consistency, and Transparency (ACT) label – the first eco-label for laboratory products – and the My Green Lab Ambassador program, which is a free online introduction to green labs. We have over 3,000 ambassadors from 59 countries, and aim to convene on a monthly basis to share new ideas and strategies.

How important is laboratory sustainability to the environment as a whole?  

At the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 26), My Green Lab released a study that proved biotech and pharma were one of the world's most carbon intensive industry sectors. Pharma companies alone have a larger carbon footprint than any other major emitters – such as semiconductors, forestry, and paper. Laboratories often use 10 times more energy than a typical office space, four times the amount of water, and produce huge amounts of hazardous waste and plastic. A 2015 study (1) estimated that academic research labs produce two percent of global plastic waste – and when testing and clinical labs are factored in, the scope of the problem becomes catastrophic. Fortunately, My Green Lab offers a program to lessen the impact of labs and their supply chains. Our mission is to conduct science in a way that is beneficial to the health of people and our planet. We believe that, in 10 years, all labs should be green labs, and all product design will put the environment first.

How have you seen attitudes about sustainability change in recent years?  

We have seen a dramatic increase in awareness surrounding sustainability and science, with a particular interest in carbon. Before COP 26, over 30 percent of the largest biotech and pharma companies committed to the UN Race to Zero. After we released a study evaluating the carbon impact of biotech and pharma, the UN selected My Green Lab’s certification as a “Breakthrough Outcome.” They set a goal that 95 percent of all labs in pharma and medtech should be My Green Lab certified at the highest level by 2030. Since then, there has been increased uptake in our programs, particularly in the biotech and pharma sectors. My Green Lab programs have now been implemented globally at 23 of the 25 largest pharmaceutical companies!

What are some relatively straightforward things companies and labs can do to be more sustainable?  

Basic measures – such as turning lights and equipment off when not in use – will have a significant environmental impact. Ultra-low temperature freezers use the same amount of energy as a house, so raising the temperature from -80 °C to -70 °C can drastically cut energy consumption. Furthermore, a fume hood uses as much energy as three houses; shutting the sash will reduce consumption by a third. Lastly, it is important to focus on the supply chain. Scope Three emissions – those not produced by companies themselves, but by those they’re indirectly responsible for – from biotech and pharma are 4.7 times higher than direct greenhouse gas emissions that originate from their own operations. Labs can also purchase ACT labeled products or encourage suppliers to adopt the ACT label, which will lower the emissions from purchasing decisions.

What common misconceptions exist?    

I think there is a wide misconception that practicing sustainability will impair the scientific process or hinder results. However, when scientists learn of their impact, they are eager to change, and many of the recommendations we suggest not only save resources, but also improve the efficiency of research itself. Science and sustainability should not be in opposition – and we have continuously proven that with our programs!

What is your blue-sky vision for the "analytical lab of 2050?"  

My blue-sky vision is a net zero carbon lab, filled with laboratory products that are certified to reduce their carbon impact to zero – or even composed from sustainable, carbon-sequestering materials. Labs could transform from producing waste and emitting carbon to becoming positive players in reversing global warming. In the future, the analytical lab will move from test tubes and equipment to computing power. Many experiments will be modeled with advances in processing power; here, the environmental consequences of research will stem from data storage and computing power. There will also be an increased impact on the supply chain and infrastructure that supports computational capacity and storage. My Green Lab is already focusing on how to manage and reduce this footprint in the next version of the program.

Will we ever get there?   

Absolutely! In fact, we must get there before 2050. The next decade is critical to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, which is why My Green Lab and the UN are so focused on taking action by 2030. We already know how to create zero-carbon labs and carbon sequestering products, so the challenge is to encourage the industry to follow suit. I believe that scientists should spearhead the response to climate change, considering our knowledge on climate science and our innovative capacity and resources to execute the shift to a zero-carbon future. Our industry is familiar with making strategic investments for potential, long-term pay-off. It takes around 10 years to bring a drug to market, and we have a similar time frame to keep global warming at 1.5 °C. Our current trajectory of growth makes me optimistic that our mission will be achieved. I believe that change depends on science to pave the way.

Partners in Sustainability

Darlene Solomon adds to the sustainability conversation and discusses what labs can do to lower their carbon footprint

By Darlene Solomon, Chief Technical Officer, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, USA

What’s the view on sustainability from analytical labs?  

According to Agilent customer surveys, 85 percent of labs and organizations have sustainability goals in place, and 83 percent of lab leaders believe their current workflow requires optimization to meet sustainability ambitions (2). These results inspired a partnership with My Green Lab in 2019 – one that continues with high priority. Many labs want to reduce their environmental impact, alongside increasing productivity, lowering costs, and making the lab a safer place to work. Performance, cost, and sustainability need to work together – and this is a huge opportunity for innovation too! At Agilent, we have seen increased consumer demand for our sustainability innovations, including our oil free vacuum pumps, reduced footprint instruments, and column technologies that reduce solvent requirements and, therefore, hazardous waste. We also encourage labs to become fully digitized so the requirement for paper is lessened. Miniaturization is another key trend that not only solves the issue of lab space but could also help in terms of sustainability because smaller instruments use less material and disposal, and generally have reduced power requirements. Smaller samples may require less reagent use too – both in terms of sample preparation and downstream waste.  

What straightforward things can companies and labs do to be more sustainable?  

The first step to becoming more sustainable is promoting awareness and education throughout a company. Observe and understand the consequences of what you’re doing. Meet in teams frequently to discuss alternatives and enquire about the My Green Lab Certification process. Achieving net zero in the industry isn’t going to be easy, and solutions need to be actively sought, such as purchasing ACT certified instruments that meet your lab needs and talking to vendors about how energy resource intensive their instruments are. As an alternative to instrument disposal, our Certified Pre-Owned Instruments Program refurbishes used systems and extends the life of these materials. Perhaps this is an option that can meet lab purchasing needs whilst simultaneously reducing cost and waste.

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• MA Urbina, AJR Watts, and EE Reardon, “Labs should cut plastic waste too,” Nature, 528, 479 (2015). DOI: 10.1038/528479c
• Agilent, “Pharma Lab Leaders Survey Reveals Key Focus Areas” (2019). Available at: https://bit.ly/3FRygsH

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Laboratory Sustainability: The Need for Green

A practical deep dive into the world of lab sustainability – and answers to one crucial question: How do we go green?

Sheri Scott | 06/08/2023 | 11 min read | Discussion

Climate change has become the “greatest global health threat facing the world in the 21st century” (1). Climate change brings with it a decline of planetary and public health – and the effects we are already seeing on these systems are escalating on a global scale.

In 2015, nearly 200 countries recognized this threat and committed to a global collaboration in the form of the Paris Agreement. The aim? To limit the harm caused by climate change by setting a target to decrease global warming to below 2 °C. The Lancet Countdown came soon after, and was established to follow the 2015 Lancet Commission on Health and Climate Change. The annual Lancet report tracks the global progress of the commission across five key areas (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. The five keys areas of the annual lancet report (1)

The report also highlights the health impacts of climate change and potential health benefits that could result from our accelerated climate action. At the time of writing in 2023, the most recent version of the report (2022) presents a worrying view – the impacts of climate change are worsening. The number of extreme weather events is not just rising but accelerating, heat related deaths among our elderly population have risen by 68 percent over the last 20 years (1), infectious diseases are on the rise, and food security is declining.

As we continue through 2023 and reflect on the status of the economy and cost of living, we may find it difficult to focus on the wider picture of our climate and our planet. As a species, we have an addiction to the use of fossil fuels, which accelerates climate change. Unfortunately (or fortunately, depending on your view), if we are to have any hope of mitigating the worst scenarios of climate change, we need to curb our addiction. You need only look in the 2022 Lancet report to see the view that moving away from fossil fuels can save 1.2 million lives.

The healthcare sector is responsible for 4–5 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions (2); therefore, it has a role of responsibility in the mitigation of climate change, ultimately by substantially reducing its greenhouse gas emissions.

Here, I present an overview of my own healthcare sustainability advocacy and explore what we, as healthcare science professionals, can do to reduce the carbon footprint of clinical laboratory practice. By sharing these insights, I hope to add just one voice to the bigger conversation to help healthcare reach its targets for carbon-zero.

Developing a passion to promote change  

As a healthcare scientist currently working in academia, I have developed a passion for environmental sustainability. I have always had an interest in the environment and ecology preservation, recycling where possible, following a vegetarian diet, and ensuring minimal personal impact on my surroundings. However, it was only when I became an academic in a sustainability-conscious university that my passion evolved into action as a sustainability ambassador. 

As I developed skills of leadership and teaching, my knowledge for curriculum development grew to encompass the concepts of education for sustainable development (ESD). Sustainability became a consideration for student employability skills, student research projects, and for healthcare scientist continual professional development.

I found that, although the research and academic laboratory environments were actively looking to practice more sustainably, clinical laboratories were behind – despite national efforts to reduce the carbon footprint of healthcare.

I adapted my own laboratory practice and became a sustainability ambassador for the Institute of Biomedical Science and Nottingham Trent University. From there, I went on to facilitate change across UK clinical laboratories. Using expertise gained through 21 years of clinical laboratory practice as a biomedical scientist – and knowledge collected from published research and case examples – I promote positive quality improvements in practice to lessen the carbon footprint of healthcare laboratory science. 

Current work includes collaboration with organizations, such as Laboratory Efficiency Assessment Framework (LEAF), to develop a clinical laboratory tool, acting as a core member of the European Federation of Laboratory Medicine’s Green and Sustainable Laboratory Taskforce, and launching the Centre for Sustainable Healthcare’s international network for clinical laboratory professionals – Clinical Labs Susnet. I bring these activities up not as a list of achievements but as an example of how an initial curiosity can blossom into a lifelong vocation. If you find yourself passionate about sustainability, know that the first steps are often the most important.

From fundamentals of laboratory sustainability to case examples of good practice, there are some practical steps that a laboratory (and you!) can take.

A circular economy – reducing the need for Earth’s resources  

As healthcare facilities increase to match global demand, so does global healthcare waste generation – at an accelerated rate of 2–3 percent (3). Global healthcare waste is fast becoming an environmental concern, and so targeted management and suitable treatment strategies before waste becomes waste are needed to limit the harmful impact. There is a need for healthcare environments to adopt safe mechanisms that segregate, collect, transport, and treat waste before disposal.

In truth, there are many challenges to implementing a healthcare waste management policy. A World Health Organization (WHO) assessment in 2015 highlighted that only 58 percent of the sampled facilities from 24 worldwide countries had proper systems for waste disposal. This deficit results from a lack of budget allocation, lack of workforce skill, and outdated technologies.

If we can adopt changes that reduce resources at the source, the need for treatment naturally decreases – as does the associated carbon footprint and environmental impact of waste accumulation and disposal.

The circular economy – unlike our current “take, make, waste” economy – is a viable solution. The concept is simple: promote the reuse, the repair, and the reconditioning of products. But for a circular model to be adopted, we need management of the sustainable healthcare supply chain. To get there, we will need information collection, supply analysis, discussion and collaboration with suppliers, consideration of service providers, investment by internal and external customers – and, of course, the involvement of end users (4).

For reuse, repair, and reconditioning to work, a clinical laboratory needs to work and share with every other link in the supply chain – including other departments, organizations, suppliers, and local education providers. Sharing resources reduces the need for new production, reselling resources offers possible financial benefits, and reusing equipment in new settings, such as education, not only supports the circular economy model, but provides realistic training opportunities for the future workforce.

Adapting practice: the carbon footprint of travel  

Adopting the principles of a circular economy is one of – if not the best – practices to halt the demand on new resources. But the requirement for change goes far beyond the scope of “recycle and reuse.” A laboratory needs to look at the practices that directly produce carbon and other greenhouse gases.

According to the NHS England’s 2018 report, Reducing the use of natural resources in health and social care , health and care-related travel constitutes approximately 5 percent of all road travel in England each year (5), while transportation accounts for 27 percent of total national emissions across the US (6).

Since 2010, the NHS has reduced its emissions by 30 percent, falling under the Climate Change Act requirements (5); however, when we consider the healthcare-related travel associated with pathology, we need to encompass travel by the patient, the sample, the suppliers, and the staff. Laboratory leaders need to consider promoting a reduction in carbon intensive modes of transport and consider changes in practice that can reduce the carbon footprint of sample and resource delivery. 

Healthcare organizations already have numerous initiatives to promote sustainable staff commuting – therefore, we need to consider current processes and their impact. Regular fluctuations in test demand can often lead to urgent “kit” orders, with suppliers receiving multiple requests for single delivery of items, often transported by carbon intensive methods. Looking at the comparison of carbon emissions by differing transportation options (see Figure 2), we can better understand the impact of urgent deliveries.

By encouraging organizations to share kits and consumables when an urgent need arises, we save carbon by eliminating the need for single item, long-distance deliveries.

Sample collection and processing  

The widely-understood concept of carbon footprint from travel can also be applied to sample transportation. Collection frequency, transport type, delivery route, and number of samples collected will all contribute to the carbon footprint of the laboratory. To promote evidence-based changes in practice, this data needs to be collated and analyzed to permit evaluation of sample delivery routes.

Furthermore, how we transport the sample to the laboratory is also an area for sustainability consideration. If you consider the production, use, and disposal of sample transport bags, it is easy to see how the laboratory feeds into the plastic waste of healthcare. Globally, 8,300 million tonnes of plastic were produced from 1950 to 2015, with only 7 percent recycled and more than half discarded into landfill or leaked into the environment (7). Although My Green Lab provides us with statistics on laboratory production of plastic (5 million tonnes per year from laboratories), the contribution for healthcare laboratories is unquantified. The move to single-use plastics is fundamental in this plastic waste production, but we can take steps to reverse this practice. 

One initiative is the use of sample transport boxes, replacing the single-use sample bag. Samples can be transported in boxes securely and safely, but the switch away from bags also improves confidentiality and reduces the risk of sample loss. A simple change like a reusable transport box can reduce single-use plastics, save time in sample unbagging, and reduce turnaround times – all from a small amount of initial effort.

Using POCT  

Point-of-care also has an impact on sustainability. It’s believed that the impact of point-of-care testing (POCT) is considerably less than laboratory analysis. This is not only because of the equipment manufacturing process and running emissions, but often as a direct result of the reduced need for patient, sample, and staff transportation requirements. Moreover, one case study explored the use of POCT CRP test in nursing homes (8), finding that application of the test for suspected lower respiratory tract infection safely reduced antibiotic prescribing compared with usual care in nursing home residents. This suggests that implementing POCT CRP in nursing homes might contribute to reduced antibiotic use. And because the POCT test would relieve the need for laboratory analysis, the approach also brought additional environmental gains.

That said, more robust research is needed in this area to truly quantify the carbon intensity of POCT versus laboratory analysis. When considering POCT implementation, we must also consider the fundamental clinical patient requirements and quality assurance practices. Though we may look for clever ways to reduce our impact, we must always meet safety and quality related regulatory requirements. 

Further studies and quality improvement approaches, such as Sustainability in Quality Improvement (SusQI), in healthcare professional development aim to promote evaluations of the patient pathways and the need for laboratory samples (9). In recent years, quality improvement (QI) and sustainable healthcare have become integral to healthcare professional curricula. QI is a fundamental requirement of good laboratory practice and accreditation, and by employing principles of SusQI, a laboratory can achieve sustainability and QI objectives in tandem.

Sustainability in clinical laboratories – getting it right first time  

My final thoughts on laboratory sustainability center on the frequency of pre-analytical errors seen in laboratories. Data from numerous studies puts the pre-analytical error rate at around 12.1 percent. A paper by Alcantara and colleagues gathered information on error rates from numerous countries and found preanalytical error rates ranging from 0.15 percent in India to 43.7 percent in Egypt (10). Regardless of these exact figures, conclusions can be drawn that pre-analytical errors contribute to an unnecessary carbon footprint. Some Initiatives, such as the UKs Getting It Right First Time and implementation of the international standard, ISO 15189, reduce the error rate, but there is an urgent need for further education. Mislabeling, sample rejection, and retests are just a few of the pitfalls that phlebotomy practitioners can fall into. But let’s not forget the need to educate clinicians on lowering their number of inappropriate testing requests. In all, by reducing the number of samples being transported, processed, and disposed of, true carbon savings and environmental benefits can be realized.

Doing no harm  

As responsible healthcare professionals, we need to connect, educate, and share sustainability practices to combat the climate and public health crisis. Leaders need to embed the sustainability agenda into current and future practice, and ensure that sustainability practice education becomes embedded into every single thread of what they do – inductions, professional development resources, and professional qualifications. 

Climate change affects every single aspect of our lives, and so sustainability should be considered at every single stage of our work.

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• M Romanello et al., “The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels,” Lancet, 400, 1619 (2022). PMID: 36306815.
• N Watts et al., “The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate,” Lancet, 394, 1836, (2019). PMID: 31733928.
• M Ranjbari et al., “Mapping healthcare waste management research: Past evolution, current challenges, and future perspectives towards a circular economy transition,” J Hazard Mater, 433, 126724 (2022). PMID: 34399217.
• G Daú et al., “The healthcare sustainable supply chain 4.0: The circular economy transition conceptual framework with the corporate social responsibility mirror,” Sustain, 11, 3259, (2019).
• Public Health England, “Reducing the use of natural resources in health and social care 2018 report” (2018). Available at: https://bit.ly/42CEGof .
• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, “Reducing Healthcare Carbon Emissions” (2022 Available at: bit.ly/3Id4oaK .
• J Boucher et al., “Review of plastic footprint methodologies,” ( 2019). Available at: https://bit.ly/3Bp6GQz .
• TM Boere et al., “Effect of C reactive protein point-of-care testing on antibiotic prescribing for lower respiratory tract infections in nursing home residents: cluster randomised controlled trial,” BMJ, 375:n2198, (2021). PMID: 34548288.
• S Scott, “Embedding education into clinical laboratory professional training to foster sustainable development and greener practice,” Clin Chem Lab Med (2022). PMID: 36537086.
• JC Alcantara et al., “Analysis of preanalytical errors in a clinical chemistry laboratory: A 2-year study,” Med, 101, 29853 (2022). PMID: 35801773.

Senior Lecturer and Biomedical Scientist at Nottingham Trent University and Fellow of the Institute of Biomedical Science

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Green Lab Analysis & Research Centre Private Limited, is an unlisted private company incorporated on 21 April, 2016. It is classified as a private limited company and is located in South West Delhi, Delhi. It's authorized share capital is INR 1.00 lac and the total paid-up capital is INR 1.00 lac. Green Lab Analysis & Research Centre's operating revenue range is Under INR 1 cr for the financial year ending on 31 March, 2019.

The current status of Green Lab Analysis & Research Centre Private Limited is - Active. The last reported AGM (Annual General Meeting) of Green Lab Analysis & Research Centre Private Limited, per our records, was held on 30 September, 2023. The company has two directors - Gaurav Katyal and Saurabh Katyal. The Corporate Identification Number (CIN) of Green Lab Analysis & Research Centre Private Limited is U93000DL2016PTC298333. It's registered address is at A-74, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase- 1, New Delhi, South West Delhi, Delhi - 110028.

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Registered details, incorporation, company email, paid up capital, authorised capital, last balance sheet date reconfirm, faq - green lab analysis & research centre private limited, what is the incorporation date of green lab analysis & research centre private limited.

The incorporation date of GREEN LAB ANALYSIS & RESEARCH CENTRE PRIVATE LIMITED is 21 April, 2016

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The authorized share capital of GREEN LAB ANALYSIS & RESEARCH CENTRE PRIVATE LIMITED is INR ₹ 1.0 L.

What is the paid-up capital of GREEN LAB ANALYSIS & RESEARCH CENTRE PRIVATE LIMITED?

The paid-up capital of GREEN LAB ANALYSIS & RESEARCH CENTRE PRIVATE LIMITED is INR ₹ 1.0 L.

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The registered address of GREEN LAB ANALYSIS & RESEARCH CENTRE PRIVATE LIMITED is A-74, Naraina Industrial Area Phase- 1 New Delhi South West Delhi Delhi - 110028

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The CIN number of GREEN LAB ANALYSIS & RESEARCH CENTRE PRIVATE LIMITED is U93000DL2016PTC298333.

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Advancing Sustainability in the Scientific Industry: Embracing Net-Zero Goals with My Green Lab Certification

The scientific industry plays a pivotal role in the advancement of human knowledge. However, science also has a massive environmental impact, including outsized energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, water usage, and the generation of plastic and hazardous waste. The total carbon emitted annually by the scientific sector is more than the semiconductor and forestry & paper industries and is growing quickly [1]. Laboratories consume up to ten times more energy than a typical office space [2]. The high energy demand is primarily driven by the need for specialised equipment, such as fume hoods, freezers, as well as high-demand ventilation systems. The electricity used to power these systems largely comes from fossil fuel-based power plants, resulting in the release of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, into the atmosphere. Laboratories also consume up to five times more water than regular office spaces [3]. The water-intensive nature of research activities, such as sample preparation, cooling, and cleaning processes, contributes to the depletion of local water resources. In regions facing water scarcity, this heightened demand poses additional environmental challenges. Given the substantial environmental impact of scientific research, laboratories must be part of a net-zero future and increasingly adopt net-zero goals. Net zero refers to reducing energy consumption by as much as possible and then balancing the emissions produced with energy generated by renewable means. By committing to net-zero goals, scientific organisations foster a culture of sustainability and responsible research practices, including reducing energy and water consumption, promoting renewable energy use, and implementing efficient waste management and recycling programs, all of which are key components of net-zero commitment. Transitioning towards net-zero goals not only demonstrates leadership and dedication to global sustainability efforts but also fosters collaboration and encourages shared best practices. With increasing awareness of the environmental impact of scientific research and the growing demand for expert guidance and structured approaches towards net-zero goals, laboratories are actively seeking tools, frameworks, and external verification. Organisations such as My Green Lab have emerged as valuable partners in addressing this need. My Green Lab is the leading global non-profit organisation focused on sustainable science, which conducts education and awareness campaigns as well as develops sustainability standards for laboratories and laboratory products, creating a positive impact in the community responsible for life-changing medical and technical innovations. The organisation offers comprehensive tools, resources, and certifications to help the scientific community optimise its practices and work towards its net-zero goals. The flagship My Green Lab Certification program provides scientists and the teams that support laboratories with a framework of actionable ways to make a meaningful change towards sustainability. By leveraging My Green Lab’s expertise, laboratories can make measurable progress towards reducing their environmental footprint in support of their net zero goals.

Race to Zero: A Path to Net-Zero Emissions by 2050

The global biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry has been called upon by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to take decisive action to combat climate change. The industry is urged to join the UN Race to Zero initiative and adopt the UNFCCC High-Level Climate Champions’ 2030 Breakthroughs goals [4]. The Race to Zero initiative mobilises action towards a net-zero carbon economy by 2050 across more than 30 global sectors. Organisations participating in the Race to Zero program must commit to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 or earlier, establish a clear plan with interim targets, and transparently report their progress annually. The UNFCCC High-Level Climate Champions’ 2030 Breakthroughs Outcomes [4] defines a set of sector-specific goals or targets that need to be achieved to accelerate the transition to a zero-carbon economy. Recognising My Green Lab Certification as a critical leverage point [5] and a key indicator of progress for the science industry, the 2030 Breakthroughs set a goal that 95% of labs across major pharmaceutical and medtech companies are My Green Lab certified [4] at the highest level by 2030. By achieving the certification, labs demonstrate their commitment to sustainable practices and contribute to the overall goal of reducing emissions and achieving a net-zero carbon future. A 2022 study by My Green Lab in partnership with ICE, a financial exchange and climate risk analyst, highlights the progress of pharmaceutical and biotech companies towards the Race to Zero initiative [1]. The study reveals that 46% of the biotech and pharma sector by revenue has committed to the UN Race to Zero as of 2022, a significant increase from the previous year’s 31%. Moreover, over 53% of labs committed to the campaign have started a My Green Lab Certification, and 23% achieved the certification globally, indicating swift adoption and convergence around the sector’s 2030 Breakthrough Outcome.

Reducing Emissions Through Sustainable Procurement Practices

As the scientific industry seeks ways to align with global sustainability efforts in the face of the escalating climate crisis, sustainable procurement practices have emerged as a critical avenue for reducing emissions and achieving net-zero targets. Sustainable purchasing involves the preferential selection and buying of products and services that have a reduced environmental impact. Notably, within the biotech and pharma sector, the carbon impact from the value chain is 4.3 times higher for public companies and 3.3 times higher for private companies than the carbon emitted from company-owned operations [1], highlighting the need for action to reduce carbon footprint throughout their entire value chain. By selecting suppliers committed to eco-friendly practices and incorporating sustainability criteria into procurement decisions, organisations can lower emissions throughout their supply chain, adhere to environmental regulations, and achieve cost savings. To ensure transparency in the sustainability impacts of lab products, My Green Lab offers the ACT Environmental Impact Factor (EIF) Label, addressing the need of both scientists and procurement specialists for clear, third-party verified information about the environmental impact of laboratory products. This initiative promotes Accountability, Consistency, and Transparency (ACT) in reporting a product’s sustainable impacts, its operations, and its end-of-life. My Green Lab maintains a database of suppliers and lab products that have undergone the ACT label process, detailing their EIF scores across manufacturing, energy and water use, packaging, and end-of-life. This resource facilitates informed purchasing decisions, making it easier for organisations to choose more sustainable products. As of August 2023, the program database holds approximately 3,000 labels across several categories including lab equipment, consumables, and chemicals.

My Green Lab Certification: A Commitment to Sustainable Science

The My Green Lab Certification program is recognised globally as the ‘gold standard’ for green lab certification, helping the scientific community reach its net-zero goals. As of 2023, the program has empowered 22,000 scientists and over 1,750 laboratory teams with actionable strategies to drive meaningful change - minimising waste, conserving energy, and promoting responsible resource management. The certification process offers a comprehensive and structured approach toward the adoption of sustainable practices across 14 key areas including energy, water, waste, and green chemistry. To obtain a My Green Lab Certification, at least 50% of laboratory users must complete an initial online ‘Baseline’ assessment survey covering 14 topics. My Green Lab provides specific recommendations for further improvements based on the results of this assessment. With support from their organisation’s sustainability, safety, facilities, or EH&S teams, labs are encouraged to implement these suggested changes. After making improvements, labs retake the assessment survey to receive an overall score and certification level, which remains valid for two years. To maintain their certified status, labs actively pursue re-certification within two years or sooner, fostering a culture of sustainability through a continuous improvement process within their workspace. With five levels of achievement - bronze, silver, gold, platinum, and green - the certification represents a laboratory’s progress and dedication to sustainability. Laboratories interested in obtaining My Green Lab Certification can reach out to My Green Lab to embark on their sustainability journey.

Conclusions

The scientific community must be part of a net zero future. Through proactive efforts to address emissions, collaborative engagement with stakeholders, and alignment with global climate agendas, laboratories can make significant contributions to the fight against climate change on a global scale. The My Green Lab Certification is a powerful tool for promoting laboratory sustainability, offering practical strategies and guidelines to reduce carbon footprints. Further, prioritising sustainable procurement through the ACT Environmental Impact Factor Label can help drive carbon and other environmental reduction across the laboratory supply chain. Science can and should lead the world in addressing climate change, starting with its own footprint.

1. Study Finds Rapid Progress in Biotech & Pharma Companies Committing to UN Race to Zero through My Green Lab Certification Program. https://www.mygreenlab.org/blog-beaker/study-finds-rapid-progress-in-biotech-pharma-companies-committing-to-un-race-to-zero-through-my-green-lab-certification-program (2022).   2. Laboratories for the 21st Century: An Introduction to Low-Energy Design (Revised). https://www.osti.gov/biblio/907998 (2008).   3. Daniel Watch & Deepa Tolat. Sustainable Laboratory Design. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainable-laboratory-design (2016).   4. Climate Champions release master plan to halve sector emissions by 2030. https://climatechampions.unfccc.int/upgrading-our-systems-together (2021).   5. Green Lab Certification Named Key Player in the UN Climate Change’s Race to Zero. https://www.mygreenlab.org/blog-beaker/my-green-lab-measures-carbon-impact-of-biotech-and-pharma (2021).  

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When Online Content Disappears

38% of webpages that existed in 2013 are no longer accessible a decade later, table of contents.

• Webpages from the last decade
• Links on government websites
• Links on news websites
• Reference links on Wikipedia
• Posts on Twitter
• Acknowledgments
• Collection and analysis of Twitter data
• Data collection for World Wide Web websites, government websites and news websites
• Data collection for Wikipedia source links
• Evaluating the status of pages and links
• Definition of links

Pew Research Center conducted the analysis to examine how often online content that once existed becomes inaccessible. One part of the study looks at a representative sample of webpages that existed over the past decade to see how many are still accessible today. For this analysis, we collected a sample of pages from the Common Crawl web repository for each year from 2013 to 2023. We then tried to access those pages to see how many still exist.

A second part of the study looks at the links on existing webpages to see how many of those links are still functional. We did this by collecting a large sample of pages from government websites, news websites and the online encyclopedia Wikipedia .

We identified relevant news domains using data from the audience metrics company comScore and relevant government domains (at multiple levels of government) using data from get.gov , the official administrator for the .gov domain. We collected the news and government pages via Common Crawl and the Wikipedia pages from an archive maintained by the Wikimedia Foundation . For each collection, we identified the links on those pages and followed them to their destination to see what share of those links point to sites that are no longer accessible.

A third part of the study looks at how often individual posts on social media sites are deleted or otherwise removed from public view. We did this by collecting a large sample of public tweets on the social media platform X (then known as Twitter) in real time using the Twitter Streaming API. We then tracked the status of those tweets for a period of three months using the Twitter Search API to monitor how many were still publicly available. Refer to the report methodology for more details.

The internet is an unimaginably vast repository of modern life, with hundreds of billions of indexed webpages. But even as users across the world rely on the web to access books, images, news articles and other resources, this content sometimes disappears from view.

A new Pew Research Center analysis shows just how fleeting online content actually is:

• A quarter of all webpages that existed at one point between 2013 and 2023 are no longer accessible, as of October 2023. In most cases, this is because an individual page was deleted or removed on an otherwise functional website.

• For older content, this trend is even starker. Some 38% of webpages that existed in 2013 are not available today, compared with 8% of pages that existed in 2023.

This “digital decay” occurs in many different online spaces. We examined the links that appear on government and news websites, as well as in the “References” section of Wikipedia pages as of spring 2023. This analysis found that:

• 23% of news webpages contain at least one broken link, as do 21% of webpages from government sites. News sites with a high level of site traffic and those with less are about equally likely to contain broken links. Local-level government webpages (those belonging to city governments) are especially likely to have broken links.
• 54% of Wikipedia pages contain at least one link in their “References” section that points to a page that no longer exists.

To see how digital decay plays out on social media, we also collected a real-time sample of tweets during spring 2023 on the social media platform X (then known as Twitter) and followed them for three months. We found that:

• Nearly one-in-five tweets are no longer publicly visible on the site just months after being posted. In 60% of these cases, the account that originally posted the tweet was made private, suspended or deleted entirely. In the other 40%, the account holder deleted the individual tweet, but the account itself still existed.
• Certain types of tweets tend to go away more often than others. More than 40% of tweets written in Turkish or Arabic are no longer visible on the site within three months of being posted. And tweets from accounts with the default profile settings are especially likely to disappear from public view.

How this report defines inaccessible links and webpages

There are many ways of defining whether something on the internet that used to exist is now inaccessible to people trying to reach it today. For instance, “inaccessible” could mean that:

• The page no longer exists on its host server, or the host server itself no longer exists. Someone visiting this type of page would typically receive a variation on the “404 Not Found” server error instead of the content they were looking for.
• The page address exists but its content has been changed – sometimes dramatically – from what it was originally.
• The page exists but certain users – such as those with blindness or other visual impairments – might find it difficult or impossible to read.

For this report, we focused on the first of these: pages that no longer exist. The other definitions of accessibility are beyond the scope of this research.

Our approach is a straightforward way of measuring whether something online is accessible or not. But even so, there is some ambiguity.

First, there are dozens of status codes indicating a problem that a user might encounter when they try to access a page. Not all of them definitively indicate whether the page is permanently defunct or just temporarily unavailable. Second, for security reasons, many sites actively try to prevent the sort of automated data collection that we used to test our full list of links.

For these reasons, we used the most conservative estimate possible for deciding whether a site was actually accessible or not. We counted pages as inaccessible only if they returned one of nine error codes that definitively indicate that the page and/or its host server no longer exist or have become nonfunctional – regardless of how they are being accessed, and by whom. The full list of error codes that we included in our definition are in the methodology .

Here are some of the findings from our analysis of digital decay in various online spaces.

To conduct this part of our analysis, we collected a random sample of just under 1 million webpages from the archives of Common Crawl , an internet archive service that periodically collects snapshots of the internet as it exists at different points in time. We sampled pages collected by Common Crawl each year from 2013 through 2023 (approximately 90,000 pages per year) and checked to see if those pages still exist today.

We found that 25% of all the pages we collected from 2013 through 2023 were no longer accessible as of October 2023. This figure is the sum of two different types of broken pages: 16% of pages are individually inaccessible but come from an otherwise functional root-level domain; the other 9% are inaccessible because their entire root domain is no longer functional.

Not surprisingly, the older snapshots in our collection had the largest share of inaccessible links. Of the pages collected from the 2013 snapshot, 38% were no longer accessible in 2023. But even for pages collected in the 2021 snapshot, about one-in-five were no longer accessible just two years later.

We sampled around 500,000 pages from government websites using the Common Crawl March/April 2023 snapshot of the internet, including a mix of different levels of government (federal, state, local and others). We found every link on each page and followed a random selection of those links to their destination to see if the pages they refer to still exist.

Across the government websites we sampled, there were 42 million links. The vast majority of those links (86%) were internal, meaning they link to a different page on the same website. An explainer resource on the IRS website that links to other documents or forms on the IRS site would be an example of an internal link.

Around three-quarters of government webpages we sampled contained at least one on-page link. The typical (median) page contains 50 links, but many pages contain far more. A page in the 90th percentile contains 190 links, and a page in the 99th percentile (that is, the top 1% of pages by number of links) has 740 links.

Other facts about government webpage links:

• The vast majority go to secure HTTP pages (and have a URL starting with “https://”).
• 6% go to a static file, like a PDF document.
• 16% now redirect to a different URL than the one they originally pointed to.

When we followed these links, we found that 6% point to pages that are no longer accessible. Similar shares of internal and external links are no longer functional.

Overall, 21% of all the government webpages we examined contained at least one broken link. Across every level of government we looked at, there were broken links on at least 14% of pages; city government pages had the highest rates of broken links.

For this analysis, we sampled 500,000 pages from 2,063 websites classified as “News/Information” by the audience metrics firm comScore. The pages were collected from the Common Crawl March/April 2023 snapshot of the internet.

Across the news sites sampled, this collection contained more than 14 million links pointing to an outside website. 1 Some 94% of these pages contain at least one external-facing link. The median page contains 20 links, and pages in the top 10% by link count have 56 links.

Like government websites, the vast majority of these links go to secure HTTP pages (those with a URL beginning with “https://”). Around 12% of links on these news sites point to a static file, like a PDF document. And 32% of links on news sites redirected to a different URL than the one they originally pointed to – slightly less than the 39% of external links on government sites that redirect.

When we tracked these links to their destination, we found that 5% of all links on news site pages are no longer accessible. And 23% of all the pages we sampled contained at least one broken link.

Broken links are about as prevalent on the most-trafficked news websites as they are on the least-trafficked sites. Some 25% of pages on news websites in the top 20% by site traffic have at least one broken link. That is nearly identical to the 26% of sites in the bottom 20% by site traffic.

For this analysis, we collected a random sample of 50,000 English-language Wikipedia pages and examined the links in their “References” section. The vast majority of these pages (82%) contain at least one reference link – that is, one that directs the reader to a webpage other than Wikipedia itself.

In total, there are just over 1 million reference links across all the pages we collected. The typical page has four reference links.

The analysis indicates that 11% of all references linked on Wikipedia are no longer accessible. On about 2% of source pages containing reference links, every link on the page was broken or otherwise inaccessible, while another 53% of pages contained at least one broken link.

For this analysis, we collected nearly 5 million tweets posted from March 8 to April 27, 2023, on the social media platform X, which at the time was known as Twitter. We did this using Twitter’s Streaming API, collecting 3,000 public tweets every 30 minutes in real time. This provided us with a representative sample of all tweets posted on the platform during that period. We monitored those tweets until June 15, 2023, and checked each day to see if they were still available on the site or not.

At the end of the observation period, we found that 18% of the tweets from our initial collection window were no longer publicly visible on the site . In a majority of cases, this was because the account that originally posted the tweet was made private, suspended or deleted entirely. For the remaining tweets, the account that posted the tweet was still visible on the site, but the individual tweet had been deleted.

Which tweets tend to disappear?

Tweets were especially likely to be deleted or removed over the course of our collection period if they were:

• Written in certain languages. Nearly half of all the Turkish-language tweets we collected – and a slightly smaller share of those written in Arabic – were no longer available at the end of the tracking period.
• Posted by accounts using the site’s default profile settings. More than half of tweets from accounts using the default profile image were no longer available at the end of the tracking period, as were more than a third from accounts with a default bio field. Tweets from these accounts tend to disappear because the entire account has been deleted or made private, as opposed to the individual tweet being deleted.
• Posted by unverified accounts.

We also found that removed or deleted tweets tended to come from newer accounts with relatively few followers and modest activityon the site. On average, tweets that were no longer visible on the site were posted by accounts around eight months younger than those whose tweets stayed on the site.

And when we analyzed the types of tweets that were no longer available, we found that retweets, quote tweets and original tweets did not differ much from the overall average. But replies were relatively unlikely to be removed – just 12% of replies were inaccessible at the end of our monitoring period.

Most tweets that are removed from the site tend to disappear soon after being posted. In addition to looking at how many tweets from our collection were still available at the end of our tracking period, we conducted a survival analysis to see how long these tweets tended to remain available. We found that:

• 1% of tweets are removed within one hour
• 3% within a day
• 10% within a week
• 15% within a month

Put another way: Half of tweets that are eventually removed from the platform are unavailable within the first six days of being posted. And 90% of these tweets are unavailable within 46 days.

Tweets don’t always disappear forever, though. Some 6% of the tweets we collected disappeared and then became available again at a later point. This could be due to an account going private and then returning to public status, or to the account being suspended and later reinstated. Of those “reappeared” tweets, the vast majority (90%) were still accessible on Twitter at the end of the monitoring period.

• For our analysis of news sites, we did not collect or check the functionality of internal-facing on-page links – those that point to another page on the same root domain. ↩

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