immigration research topics

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110 Immigration Research Paper Topics

Immigration is the process of people moving to a country and can be either voluntary or involuntary. Immigration is a very interesting aspect of education, and you may be asked at one point or another to come up with a research paper in the immigration niche.

Immigration is a broad topic, and it can be difficult to choose immigration research paper topics. Here are some broad categories of immigration.

• Voluntary migration : This refers to people who move to another country on their own accord and are not forced by the government. It could be for health reasons, lifestyle change, economic reasons, educational reasons, tax evasion, etc.
• Involuntary migration : This refers to people who are forced to move to another country because there is no other option for them. Examples include migration during a crisis, migration due to fear of persecution, etc.
• Emigration : This refers to people who decide on their own not to stay in a particular country and return home.
• Internal migration : This refers to people who move within a country for work or school purposes or simply for personal reasons, such as living closer to family members or friends.

Why Do You Need Help Choosing Immigration Research Paper Topics?  

You’re ready to write your immigration research paper, but you’re scared. It’s easy to get overwhelmed when you’re looking for research paper topics. Why? Because there are so many things that you can write about, it can be hard to know where to start.

You’ve put a lot of thought into the topic, but you’re not sure how to start. Maybe you have a great idea but don’t know where to start writing. Or maybe you’ve already written the outline, but it’s not working out. You feel stuck.

Whatever the case may be, it’s normal to get stressed out when writing a research paper on an important topic like immigration. When you’re in this situation, it can be really helpful to have someone who can point out what works and what doesn’t work with your outline or subject matter. And that’s where we come in.

There are many benefits to getting help with your immigration paper research topics.

• Immigration research paper topics are hard to come by.

Immigration has been a hot topic for quite some time now. Since the government has been putting a heavy focus on it, there are a lot of different angles to research. This can make it difficult to find a topic that is interesting and relevant to your own life experience.

• Immigration research paper topics are often controversial.

Immigration is a very touchy subject, which means that it can be hard to find something that accurately reflects your views on the issue without being too extreme or inflammatory.

• You’ll save time.

If your research paper is due soon, you might not have enough time to do the necessary research and choose topics yourself. Seeking help out there makes your work easier and saves you from stress!

• It will be well detailed.

Other than just looking at things from your point of view, seeking help from other sources can help you get detailed in-depth approaches.

Immigration Research Paper Topics

As a result of the Covid-19 Pandemic and other global military wars, the difficulties associated with immigration are now more widely recognized in the world. Are you looking for good topics to write about for your immigration research paper? If so, the list below includes some of the top options:

• How did the Covid-19 pandemic affect immigration into the UK and the United States?
• How does immigration affect the global economy?
• What are the benefits and disadvantages of immigration?
• What are the top five benefits of being an immigrant?
• What is the relationship between immigration and crime?
• How does the cost of immigration compare with other factors that influence business?
• How do illegal immigrants affect our economy and society, and how can they be made legal?
• What are the most common reasons people apply for a U.S. visa?
• What are some of the benefits of having an immigration visa program in the U.S.?
• How many countries have a visa waiver program with the U.S. and how does it work?

Simple Immigration Essay Topics

Selecting a simple topic for an immigration essay is not always an easy thing to do. At times, it requires you to spend a lot of time doing research here and there. To save you from this stress, we have compiled the top ten simple immigration essay topics for you!

• How has immigration impacted your life?
• What are your thoughts on illegal immigration?
• How would you improve the process for naturalized citizens?
• What are some of the challenges associated with immigration?  
• Give some examples of how immigration benefits the U.S.  
• What is the motivation for immigration?
• Discuss the attitude of nativism towards immigrants.
• How has being an immigrant changed the way you think about yourself?  
• What is the greatest barrier to becoming a citizen?
• What would you say to people who believe that immigrants should not be allowed into the U.S.?

International Immigration Essay Topics

We have compiled 10 international immigration essay topics for your essay because when it comes to choosing topics about immigration internationally, you need to make sure it covers the entire world of immigration. This can often be a difficult process.

• How have international immigration policies changed over time?
• How can we increase our understanding of the diversity of the world’s cultures?
• What are some of the benefits of allowing more immigration?
• Describe the UK’s current immigration system.
• Discuss Canada’s 20th-century immigration policies.
• Talk about the EU’s current immigration problems and how they affect the terrorism rate.
• Examine the connection between immigration and Australian national identity.
• Describe Switzerland’s newest immigration law.
• Examine the effects of Muslim immigration on Britain.
• Examine the importance of gender in Irish immigration.

Best Immigration Research Topics

Do you want to come up with the best topic for your essay in your class? We also want you to be the best, so we’ve put together a list of some of the best topics on immigration that you could pick from.

• The impact of immigration on wages and employment levels
• The impact of immigration on public health and other social outcomes
• The impact of immigration on local governments and their budgets
• How immigrants help contribute to economic growth
• What are the best ways to attract immigrants to your country?
• The impact of immigration on education and health care
• What is the relationship between immigration and terrorism?
• Does immigration increase or decrease social cohesion?
• What effect immigration has on things like forests, water sources, and wildlife habitats.
• What are the best ways to encourage new immigrants to stay in their new home country?

Immigration Argumentative Essay Topics

Because you would need to compare and view the issue from all sides, choosing an argumentative immigration topics to write about could be challenging. To make your job easier, we have compiled a list of 10 argumentative immigration essay ideas for you below.

• Immigrants are taking jobs away from American citizens who deserve them.
• Should an immigrant be given a path to citizenship?
• Do you think that it is important for countries to take in refugees who are fleeing war-torn countries?
• Immigrants contribute to the growth of our economy, our culture, and our society.
• Should immigrants pay taxes?
• Should immigration from certain countries be limited based on their economic impact on the country?
• Should incentives be given to people who want to immigrate legally instead of illegally?
• Should businesses be permitted to hire foreign workers over Americans if they can’t find any eligible Americans?
• Should immigrants be allowed to stay in the country indefinitely?
• Should people be treated differently based on their immigration status?  

Controversial Immigration Topics

When we discuss contentious topics, we typically engage in debate or discussion of divergent viewpoints. Finding a topic on this can be difficult at times, but don’t worry; to relieve some of your tension, we’ve selected 10 contentious immigration topics for research paper that you can choose from or use as a reference:  

• Should gay couples be allowed to marry?
• Race and Immigration
• Ethnicity and Immigration
• Should non-citizens be able to vote?
• Is it okay for parents to get deported because they refuse to pay child support?
• Undocumented immigrants and identity theft.
• Deportation rates for undocumented immigrants
• Immigration: Illegals vs. Legal Immigrants
• The wall between the U.S. and Mexico.

Immigration Thesis Topics

Choosing a thesis topic on immigration requires extensive research because the paper needs to be outstanding and well written. Do you need a thesis for an academic degree? Here are 10 thesis immigration topics for essays that could help you.

• The historical impact of immigration on America
• The impact of immigration on the economy
• The impact of immigration on our culture and society
• Why should immigrants be allowed into the United States?
• How can we make sure that immigrants are treated fairly and humanely in America?
• Immigration is a major issue that affects Americans in many ways.
• Immigrants are less likely to commit crimes
• Immigrants do not make any significant difference in the unemployment rate of native-born Americans
• Immigrants create more jobs than they take
• Immigrants need government assistance to survive

Global Politics Immigration Paper Topics

Global politics is a large topic. So, finding suitable global political immigration topics may be a bit tiresome. Here are 10 global research topics on immigration that you can choose from!

• Immigration policies in the U.S., Canada, and Australia.
• International trade and immigration policies.
• The diversity of immigrants: A look at America’s immigrant population.
• The social structure of immigrants in the Netherlands.
• Globalization and migration patterns: A case study of Australia.
• Global recessions, financial crises, and the labor market.
• Immigration policy and human rights violations
• Migration patterns around the world
• The history of immigration in the U.S.
• Political and economic implications of immigration in Europe

Illegal Immigration Research Paper Topics

Illegal immigration is a big problem for law enforcement and the national security of many countries. It also often leads to violations of the human rights of the most vulnerable people.

Would you like to investigate this for a research paper? Here are some illegal immigration topics to research that can help.

• The effects of illegal immigration on businesses
• Illegal immigration and public safety
• Illegal immigration and workplace discrimination
• The impact of illegal immigration on the American workforce
• How does illegal immigration affect the U.S?
• Should illegal immigration be legalized?
• What are some of the consequences of legalizing illegal immigrants?
• What are some benefits of legalizing illegal immigrants?
• How many people illegally immigrate to the U.S. every year?
• How are illegal immigrants treated by society?

Research Paper Topics on Immigration in America

Are you seeking a topic to write about for a research paper about immigration in America? Here are 10 excellent American immigration research paper topics for you.  

• Why America’s immigration policies are unfair and unproductive, and why we need to change them.
• Why the Mexican border is a good immigration channel
• Border security and border policy in the U.S.
• How does immigrant crime compare to native crime?
• Immigrants are more likely to have good grades than native-born Americans
• Which groups of immigrants have been most affected by the rise in deportations and why?
• Are immigrants more likely to start businesses than native-born Americans?
• Immigrants have made incredible contributions to the U.S., like Levi Strauss and Albert Einstein
• Should undocumented immigrants have health insurance coverage in the U.S.?
• The Effect of Immigration on Social Security in the U.S.

Persuasive Speech Topics About Immigration

You need to make sure the topics you choose for your persuasive speeches are compelling enough to win over your audience. Finding a topic like this could be difficult, but we have nonetheless put together a list of the top 10 persuasive immigration topics for essay from which you can choose.

• Should immigration be a human right?
• Can immigrants help economies grow and make countries better
• Why immigration is not a threat to our culture but a benefit
• We need more immigrants in this country because it’s not sustainable otherwise!
• Immigrants are an asset to any country, not a burden.
• Are most immigrants hard-working, honest, and law-abiding citizens?
• Illegal immigration is not a problem—it’s a solution to problems—like unemployment and poverty
• The U.S. needs immigrants to keep growing and stay strong in the world economy
• Are immigrants good for business and do they make great contributions to society?
• Immigrants bring in new ideas and experiences that enrich culture and nation growth.

How to Choose a Topic on Immigration

Choosing a topic for your immigration research paper is a big decision. You have to consider your audience, the content of the paper, and how much time you have to write it. Here are some tips for choosing the best immigration research paper topics.

• Know your audience.

You can’t write an immigration research paper if you don’t know who you’re writing it for! Before you start writing, sit down with the person in charge of your assignment (usually the professor) and get their feedback on what they need from you. This will help you narrow down topics that they’ll find interesting and relevant, which will make them more excited about reading your work!

• Look at what’s already out there.

You may want to try writing something new, but don’t forget about other people’s work! Go online and check out any papers written by professors on similar topics in your field. Have them give their opinions about whether or not those papers are good examples of quality work done well. If they love something else, maybe those details can help inspire yours!

• Do your research.

Do some research on current events. This is where most of the immigration news comes from, so it’s a great way to find out what’s happening in your community.

Read blogs and articles from reliable sources like newspapers or websites that focus on profiling immigrants and people who are looking for asylum.

Immigration research paper topics could be challenging to find. Sometimes they are complex and require an in-depth understanding. Here are 110 immigration research paper topics you can choose from. Sometimes, you might need help in writing your research paper. You can always outsource your research paper to a trusted writing company to help you!

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As Putin continues killing civilians, bombing kindergartens, and threatening WWIII, Ukraine fights for the world's peaceful future.

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Immigration →

• 11 Apr 2024
• In Practice

Why Progress on Immigration Might Soften Labor Pains

Long-term labor shortages continue to stoke debates about immigration policy in the United States. We asked Harvard Business School faculty members to discuss what's at stake for companies facing talent needs, and the potential scenarios on the horizon.

• 08 May 2023
• Research & Ideas

How Trump’s Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric Crushed Crowdfunding for Minority Entrepreneurs

When public anxiety about immigration surges, Black, Asian, and Hispanic inventors have a harder time raising funds for new ideas on Kickstarter, says research by William Kerr. What can platforms do to confront bias in entrepreneurial finance?

• 14 Feb 2023

Is Sweden Still 'Sweden'? A Liberal Utopia Grapples with an Identity Crisis

Changing political views and economic forces have threatened Sweden's image of liberal stability. Is it the end of the Scandinavian business-welfare model as we know it? In a case study, Debora Spar examines recent shifts in Sweden and what they mean for the country's future.

• 01 Nov 2022
• What Do You Think?

Why Aren’t Business Leaders More Vocal About Immigration Policy?

Immigration fuels the American economy, feeds the talent pool, and can directly affect company performance. And yet few executives and entrepreneurs have waded into the policy dialogue, says James Heskett. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 30 Mar 2021
• Working Paper Summaries

Whose Job Is It Anyway? Co-Ethnic Hiring in New US Ventures

The impact of immigration has been particularly sharp in entrepreneurship, yet there is remarkably little evidence about how immigration in the workplace connects to the creation and scaling of new firms. The economic consequences of greater workplace and entrepreneurial diversity deserve closer attention.

• 11 Jan 2021

The Political Effects of Immigration: Culture or Economics?

This paper reviews and explains the growing literature focused on the political effects of immigration, and highlights fruitful avenues for future research. When compared to potential labor market competition and other economic forces, broadly defined cultural factors have a stronger political and social impact.

• 03 Nov 2020

An Executive Order Worth $100 Billion: The Impact of an Immigration Ban’s Announcement on Fortune 500 Firms’ Valuation

President Trump’s executive order restricting entry of temporary foreign workers to the United States negatively affected the valuation of 471 publicly traded Fortune 500 firms by an estimated $100 billion. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.

• 15 Jun 2020

The Seeds of Ideology: Historical Immigration and Political Preferences in the United States

Researchers test the relationship between historical immigration to the United States and political ideology today.

• 11 May 2020

Immigration Policies Threaten American Competitiveness

At this time of crisis, America risks signaling to global innovators and entrepreneurs that they have no future here, says William R. Kerr. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 21 Apr 2020

Changing In-group Boundaries: The Role of New Immigrant Waves in the US

How do new immigrants affect natives’ views of other minority groups? This work studies the evolution of group boundaries in the United States and indicates that whites living in states receiving more Mexican immigrants recategorize blacks as in-group members, because of the inflow of a new, “affectively” more distant group.

• 06 Apr 2020

Where Do Workers Go When the Robots Arrive?

Marco Tabellini and colleagues investigate where workers go after losing their jobs to automation and Chinese imports. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 17 Feb 2020

The Impact of Technology and Trade on Migration: Evidence from the US

Labor mobility can re-equilibrate local labor markets after an economic shock. Both robot adoption and Chinese import competition between 1990 and 2015 caused large declines in manufacturing employment across US local labor markets (commuting zones, CZs). However, only robots were associated with a decline in CZ population, which resulted from reduced in-migration rather than by increased out-migration.

• 01 Jan 2020

Why Not Open America's Doors to All the World’s Talent?

SUMMING UP: The H-1B visa program is exploited by some employers to replace high-paid talent, but that doesn't mean foreign workers should be shut out of working in the United States, according to many of James Heskett's readers. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 19 Jun 2019

Migrant Inventors and the Technological Advantage of Nations

This study provides robust econometric evidence for how immigrant inventors shape the innovation dynamics of their receiving countries. Countries receiving inventors from other nations that specialize in patenting particular technologies are more likely to have a significant increase in patent applications of the same technology.

• 08 Jun 2019

The Gift of Global Talent: Innovation Policy and the Economy

High-skilled workers in today’s knowledge-based economy are arguably the most important resource to the success of businesses, regions, and industries. This chapter pulls from Kerr’s book The Gift of Global Talent to examine the migration dynamics of high-skilled individuals. He argues that improving our knowledge of high-skilled migration can lead to better policy decisions.

• 07 Feb 2019

Immigrant Networking and Collaboration: Survey Evidence from CIC

This study compares United States-born and immigrant entrepreneurs’ use of networking opportunities provided by CIC, the former Cambridge Innovation Center. Immigrants clearly take more advantage of networking opportunities at CIC, especially around the exchange of advice. It remains to be seen whether this generates long-term performance advantages for immigrants.

• 01 Nov 2018

Forecasting Airport Transfer Passenger Flow Using Real-Time Data and Machine Learning

Passengers arriving at international hubs often endure delays, especially at immigration and security. This study of London’s Heathrow Airport develops a system to provide real-time information about transfer passengers’ journeys through the airport to better serve passengers, airlines, and their employees. It shows how advanced machine learning could be accessible to managers.

• 01 Oct 2018

Is the US Losing its Ability to Attract Highly Skilled Migrant Workers?

As debates sharpen on the benefits and drawbacks of migrant labor, William R. Kerr's new book explores why global talent flows matter to national economic development and security. Book excerpt and author interview. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 19 Sep 2018

From Immigrants to Americans: Race and Assimilation During the Great Migration

The Great Migration of African Americans and the mass migration of Europeans both contributed to forming the modern American racial and ethnic landscape. This analysis finds that native whites more readily accepted European immigrants as African Americans arrived in the US North during the first Great Migration, facilitating the assimilation of European immigrants in northern urban centers.

• 07 Aug 2018

Gifts of the Immigrants, Woes of the Natives: Lessons from the Age of Mass Migration

Investigating the economic and political effects of immigration across US cities between 1910 and 1930, this paper finds that political opposition to immigration can arise even when immigrants bring widespread economic benefits. The paper provides evidence that cultural differences between immigrants and natives were responsible, at least in part, for natives’ anti-immigration reactions.

Immigration's Effect on US Wages and Employment Redux

In this article we revive, extend and improve the approach used in a series of influential papers written in the 2000s to estimate how changes in the supply of immigrant workers affected natives' wages in the US. We begin by extending the analysis to include the more recent years 2000-2022. Additionally, we introduce three important improvements. First, we introduce an IV that uses a new skill-based shift-share for immigrants and the demographic evolution for natives, which we show passes validity tests and has reasonably strong power. Second, we provide estimates of the impact of immigration on the employment-population ratio of natives to test for crowding out at the national level. Third, we analyze occupational upgrading of natives in response to immigrants. Using these estimates, we calculate that immigration, thanks to native-immigrant complementarity and college skill content of immigrants, had a positive and significant effect between +1.7 to +2.6\% on wages of less educated native workers, over the period 2000-2019 and no significant wage effect on college educated natives. We also calculate a positive employment rate effect for most native workers. Even simulations for the most recent 2019-2022 period suggest small positive effects on wages of non-college natives and no significant crowding out effects on employment.

We are grateful for Rebecca Brough for her research assistance and suggestions. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

MARC RIS BibTeΧ

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Immigration in America

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Create research questions to focus your topic, find books @ the mjc library, featured books, find articles in library databases, find current news articles on immigration, videos on immigration, find web resources, cite your sources, key search words.

Use the words below to search for useful information in   books and articles .

• immigration
• illegal aliens
• illegal immigration
• legal immigration
• undocumented workers
• birthright citizenship

Background Reading:

It's important to begin your research learning something about your subject; in fact, you won't be able to create a focused, manageable thesis unless you already know something about your topic.

This step is important so that you will:

• Begin building your core knowledge about your topic
• Be able to put your topic in context
• Create research questions that drive your search for information
• Create a list of search terms that will help you find relevant information
• Know if the information you’re finding is relevant and useful.

All of these resources are free for MJC students, faculty, & staff.

• Issues and Controversies: Immigration Recent pro/con articles on immigration issues
• CQ Researcher: Immigrantion Overhaul See also sidebar on the right of the Immigration Overhaul article for additional related articles on the immigration issue.
• Immigration and Migration: In Context A two volume encyclopedia that provides readers with key data to understand the roots of the issues that make contemporary migration and immigration so contentious around the globe.
• Encyclopedia of American Immigration A three volume eEncyclopedia that covers the full depth and breadth of American immigration history—from the arrival of the early ancestors of Native Americans to a broad range of twenty-first century immigration issues.

Immigration is a complex issue that involves the law, the economy, and politics. You could concentrate on one issue and do in-depth research on that, or use several of the questions below to focus more generally on the topic of immigration.

• What is the history of immigration in America?
• Is immigration a serious problem in America?
• What are the laws regulating immigration in America?
• What are the issues involved in the enforcement of immigration laws?
• Why do immigrants come to America illegally?
• What are the economic affects of illegal immigration?
• What are the pros and cons of passing the Dream Act for undocumented students?
• Should Congress make it easier for people who immigrated illegally to become citizens? 

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Use books to read broad overviews and detailed discussions of your topic. You can also use books to find  primary sources , which are often published together in collections.  

Where Do I Find Books?

You'll use the library catalog to search for books, ebooks, articles, and more.  

What if MJC Doesn't Have What I Need?

If you need materials (books, articles, recordings, videos, etc.) that you cannot find in the library catalog , use our  interlibrary loan service .

All of these resources are free for MJC students, faculty, & staff.

Search using the Key Search Words in this guide, or use words more specific to your topic.

• Gale Databases This link opens in a new window Search over 35 databases simultaneously that cover almost any topic you need to research at MJC. Gale databases include articles previously published in journals, magazines, newspapers, books, and other media outlets.
• EBSCOhost Databases This link opens in a new window Search 22 databases simultaneously that cover almost any topic you need to research at MJC. EBSCO databases include articles previously published in journals, magazines, newspapers, books, and other media outlets.
• Access World News This link opens in a new window Search the full-text of editions of record for local, regional, and national U.S. newspapers as well as full-text content of key international sources. This is your source for The Modesto Bee from January 1989 to the present. Also includes in-depth special reports and hot topics from around the country. To access The Modesto Bee , limit your search to that publication. more... less... Watch this short video to learn how to find The Modesto Bee .

Find videos and documentaries about immigration in Films on Demand .  These film resources are free for MJC students, faculty, & staff. 

Type immigration  in the search box to access videos on this topic.

• Films on Demand This link opens in a new window Use Films on Demand when you want educational video content. This streaming video collection contains unlimited, 24/7 access to thousands of videos. Teachers can embed videos in Canvas. In addition, there are mobile options for iPad and Android. more... less... Instructions for embedding Films on Demand into Canvas .
• Kanopy This link opens in a new window Kanopy is a video streaming database with a broad selection of over 26,000 documentaries, feature films and training videos from thousands of producers. Instructions for embedding Kanopy into Canvas .

Use Google Scholar to find scholarly literature on the Web:

Browse Featured Web Sites:

• Migration Policy Institute "The Migration Policy Institute is an independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit think tank in Washington, DC dedicated to analysis of the movement of people worldwide."
• Pew Hispanic Center "The Pew Hispanic Center is a nonpartisan research organization that seeks to improve understanding of the U.S. Hispanic population and to chronicle Latinos’ growing impact on the nation. The Center does not take positions on policy issues."
• U. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services "U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is the government agency that oversees lawful immigration to the United States."
• U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement "ICE's primary mission is to promote homeland security and public safety through the criminal and civil enforcement of federal laws governing border control, customs, trade, and immigration."
• U. S. Customs and Border Protection "CBP has a responsibility for securing the border and facilitating lawful international trade and travel while enforcing hundreds of U.S. laws and regulations, including immigration and drug laws."
• MALDEF The Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, the nation's leading Latino civil rights organization, has many resources on immigration issues.
• Immigrant Resource Law Center The ILRC trains attorneys, paralegals, and community-based advocates who work with immigrants around the country. They inform the media, elected officials, and public to shape immigration policy and law.

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• Last Updated: Apr 18, 2024 12:03 PM
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• Frontiers in Sociology
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Immigration in the Global Era: Migrants and the People and Laws at Origin and Destination

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Every day, and all around the world, people are moving – from something, to something; with help, without help; openly or in secret ; for a short time or forever . Meanwhile, every day, and all around the world, people are expressing views and making ...

Keywords : Migrant selectivity, integration of immigrants and their descendants, impacts of immigration, laws on exit and entry, public attitudes toward migrants in both origin and destination countries

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Qualitative Methods in Migration Research

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• First Online: 04 June 2022

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• Ricard Zapata-Barrero 2 &
• Evren Yalaz 2  

Part of the book series: IMISCOE Research Series ((IMIS))

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The unprecedented demographic transformations due to global human mobility and its multifaceted social, political, and economic consequences in both countries of reception and origin, have motivated an increase of interest in having reliable information and deeper knowledge about migratory patterns and the subsequent accommodation of diversity issues both by policymakers and scholars. This is especially true considering that there is a general consensus that this phenomenon is a long-term trend of our more recent history, and it is featured by being complex and unpredictable while giving rise to a permanent atmosphere of uncertainty. We need methodological tools for increasing the understanding of our basic questions on why people move, why they move to certain countries rather than others, what we can do about forced migrants’ vulnerable situations, and how we can link cohesion and diversity, human rights, and security, and a long list of issues and frameworks that shape migration studies today. To have a universal toolkit for producing knowledge is almost a naive request. What we have learned after several decades of research is that migration research needs to be sited and contextualised (King, 2018), and always placed within a given process (Zapata-Barrero, 2018). Most migration-related problems have to do with how people perceive them and behave accordingly, rather than having objective value-free understandings. In other words, migration research is mostly about interpretations rather than facts . Hence, there is an importance to digging into a methodological technique that has a particular role in producing knowledge by analysing how people, institutions, and governments interpret human mobility and diversity dynamics.

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Mapping the qualitative migration research in europe: an exploratory analysis.

Qualitative and Quantitative Methods as Applied to International Migration

The unprecedented demographic transformations due to global human mobility and its multifaceted social, political, and economic consequences in both countries of reception and origin, have motivated an increase of interest in having reliable information and deeper knowledge about migratory patterns and the subsequent accommodation of diversity issues both by policymakers and scholars. This is especially true considering that there is a general consensus that this phenomenon is a long-term trend of our more recent history, and it is featured by being complex and unpredictable while giving rise to a permanent atmosphere of uncertainty. We need methodological tools for increasing the understanding of our basic questions on why people move, why they move to certain countries rather than others, what we can do about forced migrants’ vulnerable situations, and how we can link cohesion and diversity, human rights, and security, and a long list of issues and frameworks that shape migration studies today. To have a universal toolkit for producing knowledge is almost a naive request. What we have learned after several decades of research is that migration research needs to be sited and contextualised (King, 2018 ), and always placed within a given process (Zapata-Barrero, 2018 ). Most migration-related problems have to do with how people perceive them and behave accordingly, rather than having objective value-free understandings. In other words, migration research is mostly about interpretations rather than facts . Hence, there is an importance to digging into a methodological technique that has a particular role in producing knowledge by analysing how people, institutions, and governments interpret human mobility and diversity dynamics.

The use of qualitative research (QR) is one of the key imprints of how migration research has been developed over recent decades (Yalaz & Zapata-Barrero, 2018 ). The prominence of qualitative research in the research database of the Migration Research Hub makes this trend clear. This interpretative turn is currently providing a growing set of studies based on fieldwork, case, and multi-sited studies, that provides us with mainstreaming patterns and evidence that are driving the development of the migration research field and inform policy and social decision makers.

But what are QR’s main pillars? First, it provides us with a series of techniques to explore in detail how people, organisations, and structures shape the reality where they exist and how far all the reality is conceptually mediated. This approach is often labelled as constructivist, because it focuses on understanding how people/organisations/structures construct the environment and how, at the same time, the environment shapes their perceptions. The premise is always that the migration environment, policies, narratives, and practices, cannot be viewed as external value-free facts, but always as a reality that has been politically and socially constructed. Hence the importance of having a set of methods to deconstruct these cognitive processes and take for granted that migration-related challenges and conflicts are outcomes of a multiplicity of interpretations that often enter into tension and are viewed as irreconcilable. To understand a conflict is to assume that behind a conflict there is always a web of interpretations, a web of concepts, and a web of particular contextual circumstances which need to be inferred through the use of qualitative techniques (Zapata-Barrero, 2018 ) . This heuristic process of “interpreting interpretations”, of understanding the reality, rather than only explaining it, pose several epistemological challenges that the research needs to raise for the sake of producing reliable information and knowledge. We also need to identify the distinctive features and ethical issues that the researcher may encounter in drawing the research design and implementing it. Given the brevity of this chapter, our aim is to provide what we consider to be the nuts and bolts of carrying out QR in migration studies.

1 Raising Epistemological Awareness in Qualitative Research and Its Relevance for Migration Studies

Raising awareness of epistemological questions is key before and during the process of QR. The way we deal with these questions will have an impact on the quality of information and knowledge that the researcher will collect and produce, the potential to convince the large public in general, and the academic community in particular. If we roughly define epistemology as the second-order reflection on the different ways one generates knowledge, including questions of who produces it and how we communicate it, as well as how we ensure the impact of this knowledge, and also who can benefit from it, become straightforward questions one needs to answer from the very beginning. Given that qualitative research deals with subjectivities and perceptions of people/organisations/structures, pre-conceptions, and assumptions behind most of individual behaviors, institutional practices and policies, these epistemological questions become even more consubstantial to filter the fluidity of information one has to deal with, and discriminate its meaningfulness given the research question guiding his/her research.

The first key epistemological challenges are related to objectivity of information collected and knowledge produced, and how to ensure that the same researcher takes a necessary distance from its object of study and prevents the potential influence he/she can have when selecting and categorising information. These are the key issues behind the required self-positionality and self-reflectivity. The way one is related to sources of information is also a key epistemological issue, as well as the way the same researcher views migration studies as a research area capable of influencing reality.

As QR deals with perceptions, interpretations, subjectivities, and opinions, how to ensure the objectivity of findings in carrying out QR in migration studies is one of the key epistemological challenges. QR works then with a different understanding of objectivity in comparison with quantitative analysis. Objectivity in qualitative research is a great challenge, since instead of following the routes of quantity of collecting information, it combines this with quality of differentiated information required. Iosifides ( 2018 ) insists, for instance, that objectivity must always be seen in intersubjective terms, that is, it contains the plurality of differentiated subjective views of a given fact. Technically speaking, objectivity is linked with saturation of information, or the fact that we ensure that we have identified the differentiated variety of information on a given perception of a fact or a process. In other words, for more application to the same technique to different persons/institutions, we will not produce new and differentiated information. When we assume this circle is closed, then we have not only saturated the information, but we can say that the information collected is objective. This saturation technique is one distinctive feature of sampling in qualitative research (Barglowski, 2018 ) and it is used by researchers not only as an indicator of quality (Guest et al., 2006 ), but also as a technique that hampers content validity (Fusch & Ness, 2015 ). Once collected, a process of categorisation and content analysis takes place, namely a process of knowledge production. At this second stage, objectivity requires here the techniques of research that will be introduced in the next section.

The current migratory scenario also stimulates humanitarian engagements and heightens the need to consider your own positionality and reflexivity. The concept of self-positionality helps us to directly address questions about the place of the migration researcher and their relations with the object of study. It invites the researcher, as a social scientist, to view him/her-self in the immediate external and internal surroundings of the object being researched. The neutrality, impartiality and/or involvement in the future of the participants are directly addressed. Self-positionality is a researcher’s attitude inviting researchers to analyse its own system of assumptions and pre-judgements, cultural and ideological assets, convention and norms framework that may interfere in the research process. Even if it is assumed that a complete abstraction of oneself is difficult, even humanly impossible, since the decision to interpret or not to interpret is not open to human beings (Ball, 1995 , p. 7), an effort is required to ensure distance from the values and web of knowledge surrounding the same participant. Self-positionality requires social, political, and cultural distancing and it is always preferable that the research does not belong to the same micro-environment as the participant. In this self-positionality process, migration researchers face various dilemmas about how to position themselves during their fieldwork. This includes questions of social class, but also, depending on the topic under research, can raise questions related to ethnicity, religion, ideology, gender, and so forth. For instance, can a researcher work on its same ethnic background? This highly debated insider/outsider dilemma raises elastic questions of how much disconnection is necessary for a scientific observation and how much participation is needed to approach the phenomenon under study (Iosifides, 2018 ; Carling et al., 2014 ; Pustulka et al., 2019 ). The dividing line between separation and participation and engagement is not a universal matter, but always depends on the contextual needs of the same researcher, given their guiding question. These positionality questions lead us towards reflexivity. Therefore, it is important that researchers develop a critical self-reflexivity and be aware of how their own positionality may take complex and contradictory forms.

Self-Reflexivity is a complementary angle that qualitative migration research needs to address. It helps to ensure we have a holistic perception of the object under our analytical scrutiny and even it allows us to broaden zoom of the same methodological process (these epistemological issues can be viewed as reflexivity thinking). It is sometimes better expressed as a mirror effect to how the researcher is conducting his/her study (Denzin & Lincoln, 2008 ; Lofland et al., 2006 ; Alvesson & Sköldberg, 2012 ). It is often viewed as a “check point” in the research, involving that neither the role of the researcher nor that of the participants can be assumed (Fedyuk & Zentai, 2018 , p. 181).

One of the assets of these second-order thinking requirements is that during all the stages of the research process it generates critical-thinking towards the information being collected, the conditions under which this information was collected and it may include the same influence of the researcher. For articulating self-reflexivity, it is often advisable to keep a research diary, where one take notes of all the circumstances when applying QR techniques. This can be a valuable reference framework to later interpret this information. Self-reflexivity helps the researcher avoid pre-judgements and influences of cultural and conventional systems on the same interpretative process. It also always help to keep an epistemological radar alert on how the same collection and interpretation of information can be socially and political influenced by the researchers own environment.

Combining self-positionality and self-reflexivity carry on necessarily a critical conscience (Aluwihare-Samaranayake, 2012 ) and have a situational stance and connect the research towards perspectivism, which necessarily invites the researcher towards a permanent self-criticism about how oneself conducts the research. It also produces reflections on the same social-class and power positions of the same researcher, which may influence the hermeneutic task of “interpreting the interpretations of others”.

This same combination of self-positionality and self-reflexivity can be made to the same way scholars in general are conducting research and producing knowledge on migration. Exploring questions on how knowledge is produced, who benefits from this knowledge, Footnote 1 and why the same facts may have differentiated centres of knowledge production. Further, we can even also wonder why some knowledge is hidden or why it circulates through parallel routes from the mainstream. Footnote 2 Issues such as the gap between knowledge and politics/policies, or the fact that there may be a “ political use of knowledge ” (Boswell, 2009 ), may also belong to these two second-order thoughts but made on behalf of migration studies. Following this path, eurocentrism and postcolonialism may nurture a debate, but also contested discussions about what is true information and fake migration related news. How migration-related knowledge circulates and influences perceptions and interpretations of the realities of migration is also a necessary epistemological exercise for migrant scholars. Finally, but not least substantial, this epistemological awareness applied to the same migration studies may allow us to enter in current evidence-based policy debates (Baldwin-Edwards et al., 2019 ) or the claim that we need to close the gap between knowledge and policies . In the last resort, struggling against these epistemological challenges may also help the researcher to avoid generalisations and oversimplifications on migration issues, so often followed by citizens and politicians.

2 Designing Qualitative Migration Research (QMR)

Designing qualitative research is best understood through a “process-oriented perspective” (Flick, 2009 , p. 4). While traditional quantitative designs tend to have a linear logic, where stages of research questions, hypotheses, theoretical frameworks, empirical data collection, verification, interpretation, and conclusion can follow each other consecutively and relatively independent of each other, this is rarely the case in qualitative research. The stages of qualitative research often move in a circular way, which makes the researchers reflect on the whole process at each stage. This circular logic can be frustrating since none of the research steps are truly complete until the end of the research process. The circular research process has another dimension for migration researchers. Migration is a dynamic phenomenon. Forms and volumes of mobility, socio-political context of sending and receiving countries, public debates around migration, perceived problems, and reactions change rapidly. Countries like Ireland, Spain and Italy that were once sending are now countries of immigration. Diverse and fragmented flows pose real challenges to academics that strive to explore contemporary migration (Borkert et al., 2006 ). Considering how time-intensive most qualitative research is, it is often the case that what is being studied changes along with the research process. Therefore, migration researchers, not only revise their initial ideas and assumptions during the circular research process, but also reflect on the very dynamic nature of the phenomenon under study.

Qualitative research process involves active decision making at all stages. Starting with deciding the main purpose of the study, it keeps on with formulating the research questions that serve best to the main research objective, choosing the theoretical framework that defines the main assumptions and concepts, defining the empirical data collection strategy, deciding how to access the field, which specific data collection methods to use, whom/what to include in the sample, and when to stop the data collection process and start with the analysis. As the research progresses, revising and refining keep on in a back-and-forth manner. For example, discovery of some new and unexpected findings can make researchers revise, re-formulate, or in some cases change their main questions. Again, it will be the researchers themselves who decide about whether and the extent of which the newly discovered information is relevant to their study and whether and what kind of revisions need to take place in their research design.

There is no magical formula to design good qualitative migration research. However, there are three key questions that must be asked throughout the entire research process:

What is this research about?

Why is it important?

How will it be carried out?

The first question clarifies what you are working on and develops a clear focus. The same migration phenomenon -for example, think about the topics of mobility, integration, or migration policies- can be studied through many different angles focusing on different questions. Therefore, a good qualitative research design starts with a clear purpose, which is focused but not too narrow; flexible enough to accommodate the modifications during the research process; socially, politically, or theoretically relevant that produces useful knowledge; and methodologically feasible that can be studied empirically considering the available resources (Lewis, 2003 ). Research questions that are designed too broadly provide no guidance for the empirical study. On the other hand, too narrow questions hardly contribute to the overall scholarship and can even “block rather than promote new discoveries” (Flick, 2009 , p. 129). For instance, let’s think about the question of whether immigration leads to social conflict. If it is not specified and clarified further, the way it is framed provides little empirical guidance and produces many more questions—such as what type of immigration, in what type of settlement, and what type of conflict—than answers. Moreover, it does not help the research design to flesh out the complex causal mechanism of the migration-conflict nexus. The social reality is often much more tangled than “yes, it does” or “no, it does not” type of answers. So instead of “whether or not” type of questions, asking “when”, “how”, and “why” would provide better guidance for empirical inquiry. Dancygier ( 2010 , p. 3) studies this topic through the questions of: “Why do we observe clashes between immigrants and natives in some locations, but not in others?” and “Why are some immigrant groups likely to become targets of native opposition, while others are more often engaged in conflicts with the state?”. These questions enable the researcher to design a clear empirical strategy that consists of cross-location and cross-group comparisons.

Qualitative research can carry various purposes. Marshall and Rossman ( 2010 ) conceptualise four types of qualitative research purposes: Description to document the researched phenomenon (e.g. what are the characteristics of migratory flows in a specific context? What are the social reactions they provoke? What are the policy responses?); Exploration to discover main categories and generate hypotheses (e.g. what are the salient patterns or categories of migratory flows? How are these flows linked to each other?), Explanation to explain the patterns and to identify plausible relationships (e.g. what is the role of economic scarcity on immigrant/native conflict? In what ways migrants’ economic integration affect their social and political integration?), and Emancipatory purposes to engage in social action (e.g. what are the best practices to minimise social conflict and promote peaceful co-existence?). Multiple purposes can be carried out through the same research. For example, researchers often start with a description before engaging in exploration and explanation. A good research design is the one that clearly identifies the main purposes upfront.

The second question— why is this research important?—makes you to think about the specific contribution that you are making through your research. It asks why others must care about your study. There are various potential ways of contributing. Claiming that your topic is under-explored, or your case study has never been studied before does not by itself justify the importance of your research. Qualitative studies are often well equipped to make contributions by challenging “conventional generalizations and social stereotypes” (Yin, 2010 , p. 221). For instance, qualitative migration research is good at unpacking the category of migrants and examining the crosscutting and intersecting identities. Some examples include King et al. ( 2017 ) that unpack the aging-migration nexus; Runfors ( 2016 ) that empirically shows the problems of the use of “ethnic lens” and brings in the perspectives of racialisation and transnationalism; or Kunz ( 2020 ) that explores the everyday socio-cultural production of the categories of “migrant” and “expatriate”.

Qualitative research is not only good for scrutinising the existing conceptions and theories, it also has a great potential for generating new hypotheses, coining new terms and concepts, and developing new theories. While quantitative research has the comparative advantage for theory testing and verification; the discovery of theory grounded in systematically collected empirical data can be considered as one of the distinctive aspects of qualitative research. In qualitative research, innovative thinking and discovery does not stem from so-called armchair contemplation but takes place in a bottom-up way as researchers collect and work through their data. As Glaser and Strauss ( 2006 , p. 6) put it: “Generating a theory involves a process of research”. Migration Studies is one of the richest fields in terms of generating new theories and concepts. This is mainly because of the close tie of migration research with the research context. For example, Favell ( 2008 ), through his in-depth ethnographic study, coins the terms “Eurostars” and “Eurocities” and explores highly skilled and educated migration in an integrating Europe.

Qualitative research can also make a contribution by calling for action i.e. calling for public policy changes, social justice, and participatory knowledge production. The use of participatory methodologies is quite new in the field of migration studies (Mata-Codesal et al., 2020 ). Through participatory methodologies, researchers take the ethical stance that aims to eliminate hierarchical relations between researchers and participants and recognises the participants as co-producers of knowledge. Participatory research strategies are particularly important when conducting research with vulnerable migrants, where the power discrepancies are starkly pronounced, and the research ethics needs careful considerations.

The third question— how will the research be carried out?—makes researchers conscious of their methodological choices that provide the tools to carry out their research. Research objectives and questions determine which methodological tools are needed to answer them, not the other way around. As Creswell ( 2007 , p. 101) puts it: “(t)he design of a qualitative study begins before the researcher chooses a qualitative approach. It begins by the researcher stating the problem …, formulating the central purpose of the study, and providing the research questions”. That is why the choice of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method designs cannot be the starting point of a research process but must be followed by the choice of research objectives and questions.

Migration researchers need to be conscious of how different methodological approaches and tools produce varied understandings of the same phenomenon. For example, Harries et al. ( 2019 ) demonstrates how bringing different methodological tools together (Census statistics, qualitative interviews, document analysis, and historical analysis) enabled them to challenge the ways in which diversity assumes an objective reality and reveal multiple representations of diversity in Cheetham Hill. The Census data provided them with the ethnic composition details of the research site. They could explore the lived experience of different ethnic groups as well as how diversity categories are perceived through the qualitative interviews.

Qualitative research tools are diverse and serve different purposes. One of the key distinctions is made between naturally occurring and generated data (Lewis, 2003 , p. 56). Researchers choose naturally occurring data -such as observation, document analysis, discourse and conversational analysis- when they are interested in exploring the researched phenomenon in its natural context with a minimum intervention. On the other hand, generated data -such as interviews, focus groups, photo elicitation, mental mapping- are produced out of the natural setting for research purposes. While naturally occurring data mainly rely on researchers’ interpretation of what is being studied, participants have a direct opportunity to explain themselves and convey their own interpretation in generated data (Lewis, 2003 , p. 57). Two main types of generated data—individual interviews and focus groups—also play different roles. Individual interviews are good for in-depth exploration of individual accounts. Focus groups, in addition to revealing individual opinions, generate group discussion and provide information on group consensus, conflicts, and interaction (Cyr, 2015 ). While a research design can use multiple data collection tools, it is important to have a good justification for each added method.

Starting a qualitative migration research fieldwork study brings up many questions such as how to gain access to the field e.g. individuals, groups, institutions, organisations under the study; whom to include in the study; how to negotiate researcher’s position in the field; how to build rapport and gain trust while ensuring the ethical conduct. Below, we will address some key issues that migration researchers face while conducting their qualitative fieldwork and discuss their research ethics implications.

Entering the field : Gaining access to the research site and participants can be particularly challenging for migration scholars, because they might be working on a group of people who are mobile and hard to track down; undocumented and not visible in local registries; and/or are vulnerable in different ways that their research participation needs to be supported rather than assumed. It is a common practice to gain access though gatekeepers (like community leaders) and key participants. Yet, migration researchers need to be aware of potential consequences of gaining access in such ways e.g. disabling the participation of certain groups or receiving biased answers influenced by the gatekeepers.

Sampling : One of the key differences between qualitative and quantitative research designs lies on their logic of sampling. Statistical research aims to make inferences about a larger population through a smaller sample. Therefore, having a sample as representative as possible is a key issue in statistics. Drawing a larger sample and using random sampling strategies when possible are useful practices in this sense. However, qualitative research has quite a different sampling logic. In qualitative research, relevant questions are “which cases?” rather than “how many?” (Flick, 2009 , p. 31) and what these cases represent i.e. what they are “a case of” (Gerring, 2007 ). Therefore, qualitative research includes sampling strategies such as theoretical sampling where emerging theory determines what cases to select (Glaser & Strauss, 2006 ) or purposive sampling where certain cases are selected because of their specific qualities such as extreme, deviant, typical cases (Patton, 2002 ). Many young researchers and students ask the question of “how many cases do I need for my qualitative study to be scientific?” (see Small, 2009 ). There is often a common belief that the more cases we study the more representative our research is. However, as Bloemraad ( 2013 ) rightly points out that interviewing 50 immigrants instead of 40 is not inherently good, unless these 10 additional participants represent a particular category or experience that is not already covered by the first 40 interviews. In qualitative research, it is a common practice to stop adding new cases once the “theoretical saturation” is achieved i.e. nothing new emerges with additional cases (Flick, 2009 , p. 138).

Research ethics : As institutional ethical regulations expand in social science research, there is an increasing call for field-specific and method-sensitive ethical considerations that address particular ethical issues faced by qualitative migration researchers (Zapata-Barrero & Yalaz, 2020 ; Ullah et al., 2020 ). The ethical guidelines that every research must follow include respect for participants’ autonomy i.e. ensuring voluntary participation, informed consent, confidentiality and anonymity; responsibility to identifiable benefits ( beneficence ); responsibility to avoid harm ( nonmaleficence ); and equal treatment of participants ( justice ) (Murphy & Dingwall, 2001 ). Yet, these abstract principles are too general to address the emerging ethical issues in day-to-day research practices especially in the field of migration. Migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers often suffer from varied sources of vulnerability and need particular ethical safeguards that are sensitive to the research context. Blindly following the formal codes may not provide real protection to these vulnerable participants and may even increase the risk of harm.

Dissemination of research findings : Qualitative research poses specific challenges in presenting their findings, since their data often includes narratives of the participants (Yin, 2010 ). Researchers need to decide what to quote, how long, when to include direct and indirect quotes, and how to include non-verbal cues. In-depth and detailed analysis of small number of cases brings up the issue of how to protect confidentiality and anonymity of the participants. While using pseudonyms is one option, it does not fully guarantee anonymity. Some findings, despite their importance and relevance, might need to be left out, if they include sensitive information that can be traced back to the participants and put them in risk. Migration research directly shapes public debates, controversies, and policymaking. Therefore, each decision at the dissemination stage -what and how to disseminate- needs to consider that it will have important and real consequences on migrants’ lives.

3 Conclusion

QR has always been at the heart of migration studies. Yet, the systematic attention to methodological issues in migration studies is relatively new (Zapata-Barrero & Yalaz, 2018 ). Studying migrants and migration-related phenomena has its own methodological challenges. While not all migrants are vulnerable, QR has an important role in exploring the lived experiences of migrants who live at the margins of their societies, informing the policymakers and stakeholders about the causes and consequences of such vulnerabilities and calling for action to change. The multi-faceted and unbounded nature of the migration phenomenon, challenges traditional research practices and requires cross-national, transnational, and inter-disciplinary methodological perspectives. Qualitative migration researchers have a key role in demonstrating the constructed nature of the categories such as ‘migrant’, ‘undocumented’, ‘citizen’, ‘border’ and so on. Even though these categories are socially and politically produced, they have real material effects on how states and societies are organised. QR, through a bottom-up knowledge production process, has a distinctive advantage in exploring how these constructed migration categories are perceived and experienced in the everyday life of individuals, organisations, and institutions. Last but not least, qualitative migration researchers must pay attention to recent calls for democratising qualitative research methods (Edwards & Brannelly, 2017 ). Inclusive, participatory, and emancipatory research practices not only aim to ensure research ethics, but also fundamentally transform the nature of knowledge-production in terms of “what counts as knowledge and who produces, owns, uses and benefits from it, with implications beyond that for wider social relations” (Edwards & Brannelly, 2017 , p. 272). Avoiding traditional hierarchies between researchers and participants and recognising migrants as co-producers of migration knowledge will be an important step toward democratising migration research and its methodological tools.

The question of who may potentially benefit from the knowledge produced is an important ethical enquiry (Zapata-Barrero & Yalaz, 2020 ).

The role knowledge plays at the level of migration politics, policies and actors involved is well addressed by Boswell ( 2009 ).

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Ullah, A. K. M. A., Hossain, M. A., Azizuddin, M., & Nawaz, F. (2020). Social research methods: Migration in perspective. Migration Letters, 17 (2), 357–368. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i2.869

Yalaz, E., & Zapata-Barrero, R. (2018). Mapping the qualitative migration research in Europe: An exploratory analysis. In R. Zapata-Barrero & E. Yalaz (Eds.), Qualitative research in European migration studies (IMISCOE Research Series). Springer.

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Zapata-Barrero, R., Yalaz, E. (2022). Qualitative Methods in Migration Research. In: Scholten, P. (eds) Introduction to Migration Studies. IMISCOE Research Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92377-8_25

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240 Immigration Essay Topics

Immigration is a permanent move to a foreign country. It takes place all over the globe, including the United States. It played an important role in history, and it continues to influence society today.

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This article offers a variety of immigration essay topics. They are suitable for college-level works, as well as middle and high school papers.

But first, take a look at our custom writing company . If your task seems overwhelming, we can write an immigration essay for you!

🔝 Top 10 Immigration Topics to Write About

• ✍️ How to Choose a Topic

❓ Top 10 Immigration Research Questions

• ✈️ Legal Immigration
• 🗺️ Illegal Immigration
• 🗽 Immigration in the U.S.
• 🌐 Worldwide Immigration
• 🧳 Personal Immigration
• 🌎 Environmental Migration
• 🎓 Job and Education
• ⚖️ Immigration Pros and Cons

🔍 References

• The harm of immigration policies
• Push and pull factors of immigration
• Immigration as an escape from poverty
• Reproductive health of women immigrants
• Racism in the American housing market
• Mexican economy and the immigration rate
• Immigration increase vs. welfare decrease
• Challenges of immigrant assimilation in the US
• The cause of discrimination towards immigrants
• Immigration detention effects on mental health

✍️ How to Choose an Immigration Topic

The subject of immigration is broad. You can explore it from many points of view. Focus on economics, sociology, or the legal system. Here are a few things to remember as you chose the essay title:

• Use verified up-to-date information. As simple as it seems, it’s essential.
• Do not judge. We cannot know the life story of every immigrant and what they went through.

You may try to approach the subject from the political viewpoint. Or, try to stand in the shoes of someone looking for a better life.

Below you will find many great questions and topics on immigration. Choose the one you like best, and get down to writing!

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• Do expats boost innovations?
• Is terrorism related to immigration?
• How does migration influence culture?
• What is seasonal labor immigration?
• Can immigration reduce global poverty?
• What is the economic effect of refugees?
• How does immigration affect social capital?
• How do immigration control measures vary?
• Is Third World immigration a threat to the US?
• Why do immigration laws differ among the states?

✈️ Legal Immigration Essay Topics

• Pros and cons of sanctuary cities
• Modern immigration policy in the UK
• ICE’s policy under Obama vs. Trump
• The process of naturalization in the US
• The importance of the DACA program
• Should the TPS program be permanent?
• Health concerns of illegal immigration
• The effect of immigration on international students
• The difference between an asylum and refugee status
• The Second Industrial Revolution’s impact on immigration
• The role of visas in the modern world.
• Does federal immigration law ensure safety for the U.S. citizens?
• Changes in immigration policies following 9/11 .
• What will happen if the U.S. declares open borders for all countries?
• How is multiculturalism a good thing?
• How much time does it take to complete immigration documents?
• What rights do immigrants have in the U.S.?
• Does congress limit the number of immigrant visas?
• What are the main functions of immigration?
• Why does the U.S. refuse to accept Syrian refugees?
• The majority of immigrants seek to receive the U.S. citizenship.
• Fake marriage for the sake of legal immigration.
• How can immigrants ensure a legal status for their children?
• Why do people applying for U.S. citizenship have to live in America for five years?
• What’s the difference between naturalization and citizenship ?
• Is it fair that children can have citizenship by being born in the U.S.
• What does the government look for in a person before granting them legal status?
• Ways to pass the test for naturalization for a person with disabilities.
• How can children become the U.S. citizens through their parents?
• What are the physical presence requirements for naturalization?
• Steps necessary to prepare for a naturalization test.
• How to reapply for citizenship.
• What is a naturalization ceremony?
• Can a person become a citizen through military service ?
• Do all visas allow legal immigration?

The immigration process should be legal. There is an “Immigration Law” in the U.S. that provides legitimate ways to become an American citizen. In this section, you will find ideas for your research paper or informative essay on legal immigration.

🗺️ Illegal Immigration Essay Topics

According to Washington State Department of Social and Health Services , the main difference between legal and illegal immigration lies in documentation. That’s why illegal immigrants are also called undocumented. The following list can provide an idea for a topic sentence or a thesis statement in a persuasive essay.

• Can there be any valid excuse for immigrating illegally?
• Do undocumented aliens harm the U.S.?
• The overstaying legal migration period is common for illegal immigration.
• What is more valuable for the government: paperwork or people?
• Which countries do most undocumented immigrants come from?
• Human trafficking is a tragedy that feeds illegal immigration.
• Settled undocumented immigrants should still get punished.
• The presence of undocumented immigrants indicates corruption.
• Do illegal immigrants affect the local economy of southern states?
• Does illegal immigration bring American society out of balance?
• The presence of undocumented aliens affects crime rates.
• The issues associated with illegal immigration in America.
• What organizations support illegal immigration?
• Children of immigrants bear the consequences of their parents’ actions.
• Should undocumented immigrants be provided legal help?
• The term “illegal immigrant” must be rejected as offensive.
• Does the problem of illegal immigration feed the issue of racism?
• Undocumented immigrants deserve to be treated with respect.
• The term “ illegal immigrant ” stirs up racial fear in the U.S.
• Does the phrase “No human is illegal” have any truth to it?
• Is illegal immigration a threat to hosts and immigrants?
• Are undocumented aliens treated with hostility by the government?
• Can illegal immigration for personal reasons be justified?
• Should we consider the absence of proper documentation an offense?
• Do the lives of illegal immigrants matter in America?
• Can an undocumented immigrant be considered an American?
• Does the “Drop the I-word” campaign provide valid arguments?
• Is there anything good about illegal immigration?
• Immigration detention brings more harm than good.
• Should the “catch and release” policy function in the U.S.?
• Should a person take a chance to obtain a legal status by entering the country illegally?
• Will the construction of a wall resolve the issue of illegal immigration?
• If America is the land of opportunities , why doesn’t it accept undocumented aliens?
• Does illegal immigration promote terrorism ?
• Should the U.S. government introduce specific policies for elderly immigrants?

🗽 Immigration in the U.S. Topics

Millions of people worldwide want to get a taste of the American Dream. After many decades, America is shaped by the immigrant presence. Think about the cultural components and history of immigration in the U.S. This list may provide you with ideas for thesis topics.

• Should immigrants be allowed to vote?
• Can aliens who received U.S. citizenship be called Americans?
• Should Americans be concerned about the “green card lottery?”
• Mexican immigration as a political controversy.
• Difference between citizenship and a green card.
• The immigrants are fulfilling the labor market demand in the U.S.
• Professional psychologists must cooperate with immigrants.
• Children born to undocumented aliens should receive U.S. citizenship.
• Should there be a mandatory English language test for all immigrants?
• Should resident aliens use international driver licenses in the U.S.?
• Does the U.S. immigration policy need reform?
• From a historical perspective, could the U.S. survive as a country without immigrants?
• Immigration is at the core of American history.
• What were the reasons for the migration wave in the 1960s?
• Homeland security and immigration policy in the U.S.
• How did the 18th-century Chinese emigration influence America?
• The U.S. language policy regarding immigration.
• The 9/11 tragedy changed the way Americans view foreigners.
• Should children of illegal aliens be denied U.S. citizenship?
• How does immigration change life in bigger cities in the U.S.?
• Benefits of the DREAM act.
• Do legal aliens affect the American education system?
• Can a child raised by immigrants in the U.S. be called an American?
• Do Americans move to other countries?
• Immigrants come to the U.S. for religious purposes.

🌐 Worldwide Immigration Topics

History proves that people have always been moving around. Sometimes they immigrate because “the grass is greener on the other side.” But some have to flee their countries as refugees. The U.S and the European Union are receiving large numbers of immigrants. Here are some topic ideas for a paper on immigration worldwide.

• Was border control possible before the invention of visas?
• Syrian children refugees in Canada and ethics of care.
• What benefits does a country receive by granting someone asylum status?
• Can asylees feel safe in their host country?
• What is the difference between the words “immigrant” and “refugee?”
• Refugees need psychological assistance to overcome stress.
• Most refugees hope to come back to their home countries.
• What attitude locals usually have towards emigrants?
• There is a substantial prejudice against immigrants and refugees.
• Should the government invest in education for displaced people?
• The refugee crisis is a growing global issue.
• Assimilation policy as a form of aborigenal control in Australia.
• Wars have been one of the primary reasons for migration throughout history.
• How did 9/11 affect international traveling and global immigration?
• What happens to people who are rejected by the border control service?
• The impact of globalization on immigration control.
• Does Europe benefit or suffer from immigrants?
• The effects high numbers of refugees have on the European economy.
• Does the tourism industry in Europe suffer from the refugee presence?
• Effect of immigration on European history.
• Influence of globalization citizenship in the EU.
• What are the benefits of the asylum status in Europe?
• The effect of the Cold War on global immigration.
• Do most of the refugees in Europe want to receive EU citizenship?
• Does immigration rate vary amongst men and women?

🧳 Personal Immigration Topics

There is a person behind each number on immigration statistics. You may be wondering why somebody would want to leave home. Immigration is a serious step that forever changes one’s life. If you would like to look at the heart of immigration, this section is for you.

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• Should immigration be perceived as an act of courage?
• Can the elderly have a better retirement in other countries?
• Religious persecution as a reason for moving.
• People often immigrate to provide a better life for their children.
• Racial persecution is a valid reason for moving abroad.
• The decision to relocate should have a solid reason behind it.
• Refugee families suffer enormous emotional pressure.
• Health problems are a sufficient reason for immigration.
• Immigration as a way to provide for one’s family is a noble act.
• Parent’s love for their children can motivate them to move abroad.
• Immigrant children and the governmental responsibility.
• People shouldn’t judge the financial instability of refugees.
• Disagreement with the country’s politics can push citizens to move.
• Are certain personality types more likely to immigrate?
• The lack of a sustainable education system in a home country pushes young people to move abroad.
• For some, the only hope for a good life is in immigration.
• Relocation for romantic reasons is common in the modern world.
• Experiences of Lithuanian and Chinese immigrants in America.
• Can relational complications drive people out of their native countries?
• An urge to be free from oppression leads to immigration.
• Loss of a family member can force a person to move abroad.
• Some choose immigration as a way to escape financial responsibility.
• Because of the internet, some people identify with foreign cultures.
• Immigration is a way to change one’s life.
• Athletes choose to relocate to have better conditions for training.

🌎 Environmental Migration Topics

You can define migration as the movement from one place to another. It can happen within or outside country borders. Migration isn’t always permanent. Nature is full of surprises, and sometimes natural disasters occur. Some people don’t have other options but to migrate. This section includes a variety of topics on environmental migration.

• Climate change is a significant reason for migration.
• Should environmental migrants receive a refugee status?
• Countries with significant environmental problems should encourage immigration.
• How many people choose to migrate due to ecological issues?
• Should the border control require documentation from environmental refugees?
• For how long environmental migrants are allowed to stay in the host country?
• Do climate refugees receive support from their host countries?
• Describe the Haitian migration following the 2010 earthquake.
• Migration after the tsunami in the Indian Ocean in 2004 .
• Chinese citizens migrate due to floods .
• Do Americans move to different states because of ecological issues?
• Documented cases of mass environmental migration throughout history.
• The role of sea-level rise in climate migration.
• How polluted oceans affect human population movement.
• What are the main factors of environmental migration?
• Does the global warming influence migration levels?
• Is the number of climate refugees likely to increase in the future?
• How often do environmental migrants become legal immigrants?
• How can those who have lost their possessions afford to move abroad?
• Which countries receive the most climate migrants?
• Is the status of “environmental refugee” legitimate?
• Do environmental migrants consider going back to their home countries?
• Which organizations provide help to climate migrants worldwide?
• From which countries do people flee the most due to ecological reasons?
• People migrate due to the lack of clean water .

🎓 Immigration Essay Topics: Job and Education

Not all countries have a reliable education system. Sometimes there are not enough resources to provide jobs for everyone. Immigration gives people a chance to pursue a better career path. The following list can inspire your immigration thesis topic.

• Should international students be encouraged to return after graduation?
• Can online job opportunities decrease immigration rates?
• High-quality education in the U.S. attracts immigrants.
• What steps must one take to receive a work visa?
• Religious missionaries should receive governmental support.
• How often do people move to a different country for educational reasons?
• Immigrants in Toronto: social and economic challenges.
• How do institutions check the language abilities of international students ?
• Do all U.S. institutions receive international students?
• What does it take to receive a student visa?
• Cross-cultural management and work abroad.
• Can immigrants find jobs without knowing the local language?
• What are the primary countries people immigrating to for occupational purposes?
• Which countries people are most likely to leave to receive a better education?
• Is America the land of opportunities for immigrants?
• Is it economically sufficient for the U.S. to receive workers from other countries?
• Why are international students willing to pay a high price for education in the U.S. ?
• The industrial revolution caused a wave of immigration.
• Some people move to less developed countries to help with their development.
• Poverty often pushes people to move abroad.
• Immigrants from developing countries aren’t picky when it comes to jobs.
• Do immigrants regret moving to the U.S. if they’re faced with discrimination?
• What’s the average age of international students that are coming to the U.S.?
• Health of expatriates often worsens due to the nature of their jobs.
• Examples from history of people seeking education abroad .

⚖️ Pros and Cons of Immigration: Essay Ideas

There are two sides to the immigration: positive and negative. Think about the economy, food, art, sociology, and politics. Decide what are the benefits and downsides of immigration. The following list of topic ideas on migration will help you with this task.

• International employees fill the gaps in the workforce.
• Foreigners bring a unique perspective that can benefit the host country.
• Some expatriates possess rare skills that can be useful.
• Cuisine of immigrants often becomes popular in the host country.
• International students add numbers to struggling institutions.
• Talented immigrants find themselves useful in a host country.
• Foreigners improve international trade and business.
• International employees are often enthusiastic about their job position.
• Foreigners have an unusual view on life.
• Immigration brings cultural diversity to the host country.
• Foreign presence pushes host countries towards ethnic inclusiveness.
• Immigrants are more willing to take less prestigious jobs.
• People from abroad bring their mentality everywhere they go.
• Children of immigrants can have better opportunities in life.
• The money earned by foreigners in the host country is spent in their home countries.
• Immigration is a channel for the drug industry.
• Immigration gives hope for a brighter future.
• In some cases, aliens take job opportunities from the locals.
• Immigrants tend to increase the crime rate of the hosting country.
• Home countries of immigrants suffer from “brain drain.”
• Foreigners are subject to racial intolerance.
• Immigration causes overcrowding .
• The language barrier creates social complications.
• Immigration takes away the attention of the government.
• Resident aliens might suffer from strained relationships with locals.

We hope this article helped you to choose the topic for your essay. In conclusion, we want to wish you good luck with your assignment!

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• Immigration: Encyclopedia Britannica
• Population Reference Bureau: Trends in Migration to the U.S.
• Myths and Facts about Immigrants and Immigration: Anti Defamation League
• Resident Alien Definition: Investopedia
• Nonresident Aliens: Internal Revenue Service
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Immigration Law Research Guide: Home

• Federal Agencies
• 1. Statutory Authority
• 2. Administrative Regulations
• 3. Administrative Decisions
• 4. Case Law
• General Secondary Sources
• News, Journals & Blogs
• Business Immigration Law
• Immigration & Criminal Law
• Organizations

Important Note About Access to Databases

Be sure to read the access to databases guide carefully before beginning your research., guide outline.

I. Federal Agencies

A. Department of Homeland Security

B. Department of Justice

C. Department of Labor

D. Department of State

II. Primary Sources of Immigration Law

A. Statutory Authority

B. Administrative Regulations

C. Administrative Decisions

D. Case Law

III. General Secondary Sources

IV. News, Journals & Blogs

V.  Asylum Law

VI. Business Immigration Law

VII. Immigration & Criminal Law

VIII. Statistics

IX. Organizations

X. Self-Help

This guide describes primary and secondary legal sources related to immigration law.  It is intended to provide a wide range of materials for beginning research in immigration topics and is not intended to be an exhaustive presentation of all relevant materials.

Researching immigration law can be confusing because it is a complex patchwork of laws, administrative regulations. and decisions from multiple federal agencies and the federal courts of appeal.  Additionally, immigration law is continuously changing.

The guide proceeds as follows:

• Section I describes online government resources . 
• Section II describes primary sources of immigration law: statutes, administrative regulations, and case law. 
• Section III describes general secondary sources .
• Section IV covers newsletters, journals & blogs . 
• Sections V, VI and VII cover specialized secondary sources: Asylum Law , Business Immigration Law , and Immigration & Criminal Law , respectively. 
• Section VIII provides sources for locating immigration statistics . 
• Section IX includes websites of immigration-related organizations which provide useful resources and materials.  
• Section IX covers immigration self-help resources .

Please note that some databases may only be accessed by UCLA or UCLA LAW users; also, LexisNexis and Westlaw passwords are necessary to access the LexisNexis and Westlaw databases. *NOTE: UCLA School of Law provides Bloomberg Law, LexisNexis & Westlaw accounts for UCLA law students, faculty, and staff only.

For a detailed account of landmark immigration cases, see:

Immigration Stories , edited by David A. Martin & Peter H. Schuck (Foundation Press; Thomson/West, 2005). *Also available online (via West Academic Study Aids Subscription).

More Immigration Research Guides

• Georgetown Law: Immigration Law (U.S.) Research Guide
• Loyola Law School, Los Angeles: U.S. Immigration Law Research Guide
• Next: Federal Agencies >>
• Last Updated: Nov 8, 2023 8:48 AM
• URL: https://libguides.law.ucla.edu/immigration

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417 Immigration Topics to Write about & Essay Examples

Welcome to our list of catchy immigration essay titles! Here, you will find a variety of immigration topics to write about as well as writing prompts and presentation ideas.

🔝 Top 10 Immigration Titles for Essays

📝 key points to use to write an outstanding immigration essay, 🏆 best immigration topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on immigration, 🎓 simple & easy immigration essay titles, 🥇 most interesting immigration topics to write about, 📌 immigration writing prompts, ✅ good research topics about immigration, ❓ immigration essay questions, ✨ creative titles for immigration essays, 🚀 immigration topics for presentation.

• How Migration Shapes Identities
• Assimilation vs. Multiculturalism
• Immigration Policies and Their Effects
• Global Responses the Refugee Crisis
• Immigration and Crime: Fact vs. Fiction
• Immigration’s Impact on Social Integration
• Educational Challenges and Opportunities for immigrants
• What Are the Health Impacts of Immigration?
• The Effects of Immigration on Family Separation
• What’s the Role of Immigrants in Entrepreneurship?

Immigration essay is a popular type of assignment in various topics, including politics and social sciences. In a globalized world, people can migrate from one country to another for work, study, and other reasons.

This post will discuss some points that you could include in your essay on immigration to earn a high mark!

First of all, you should provide some background information on the subject. For example, if you are writing an essay about immigration in the United States, describe and discuss the key periods when immigration was high. Try to think about the following questions:

• What motivates people to immigrate a certain country?
• Why is immigration higher in developed countries than in developing ones?
• What are some examples of government policies promoting or reducing immigration?

Secondly, you should cover the key pro/con immigration arguments. Whether your essay is argumentative, persuasive, or informative, you need to acknowledge that immigration has both advantages and disadvantages. Here is a list of questions that you might want to ask yourself while writing the paper:

• What influence does immigration have on the economy?
• Does immigration make it easier or harder for people to find employment?
• Why are some people against immigration, even when it’s legal?

The third point you should address in your essay is illegal immigration.

This is a significant topic in many countries, including the United States. To make sure that your paper receives an excellent mark, answer the following questions:

• What are the reasons that make people immigrate illegally?
• What are your country’s policies with regards to illegal immigrants?
• What impact do illegal aliens have on the economy and society?
• Why are some countries targeted by illegal immigrants more often than others?
• What can governments do to prevent illegal migration without violating human rights and freedoms?

One of the most important immigration essay topics is the immigrant experience. While many students write about immigration, they often fail to present a comprehensive view of the concept.

To avoid this mistake, consider what immigrants feel and experience when they decide to come to a different country. If you have a friend who is an immigrant, you can interview them. Here are a few ideas to think about:

• What are the most widespread challenges faced by immigrants?
• How do people plan their life in a different country?
• Do language barriers affect their relationships with other people, access to medical care, and education?
• How do immigrants adjust to a new culture?
• Can an immigrant integrate fully into the community?

Lastly, when thinking of essay topics about immigration, it is impossible to ignore the impact of immigration on society. Indeed, most essay titles in this area are focused on positive and negative social consequences of immigration. To cover this point in your paper, you may try to answer these questions:

• Does immigration facilitate social division and can this effect be prevented?
• Why do some people oppose cultural and racial diversity? What is cultural assimilation, and is it helpful to modern societies?
• How can cultural pluralism and multiculturalism influence communities in immigrant-rich countries?
• What can we do to ensure that immigration benefits all people, including native citizens?

Hopefully, this post has provided you with some things to talk about in your future immigration essays. Make sure to check sample papers and free essay titles about immigration on our website!

• Essay About Immigration Causes and Effects Some of the major causes of immigration in the current world include; Political unrests and wars This is one of the common causes of immigration in various regions of the world.
• Immigration: Advantages and Disadvantages It is important to mention how immigrants tend to affect the economy of the country. According to the statistics received from the US Bureau of Labor, the participation of foreigners in the workforce was 3.
• The History of Jamaicans Immigration to Canada The final section examines and discusses the migration of Jamaicans to Canada from 1960s to the financial year 2000. Despite the importation, the Maroons who in 1976 migrated to Halifax became the earliest Jamaicans to […]
• Thunder in the Sun – A Tale of Basque Gold-Rush Immigration The examination of the plot of Thunder in the Sun and credible sources focused on the Basques’ culture and immigration into the United States has revealed some inconsistencies in terms of historical evidence.
• Immigration and Discrimination in the Workplace The ability to see a big picture and the need to appreciate the contribution of immigrants to U.S.economy will reduce the incidences of discrimination in the workplace.
• The Texas Border, Security, and Immigration Immigration from Mexico is not thought to represent a violation of U.S.security, but the issue of the Texas border remains relevant and intriguing.
• Chinese Immigration to Cambodia in Personal Story Mom was forced to gather up some money from relatives who were already in the refugee camp to exchange for the release of my sister.
• Ferguson v. Canada: Citizenship and Immigration Case The applicant and the council counter this claim by stating that the officer’s dismissal was based on not finding evidence credible and failing to consider statements such as “Ms.
• Current Immigration Issues in the United States First of all, the goal of this speech is to inform the audience of the current immigration issues in the country and how they have been and are promised to be treated by the politicians.
• Effect of Immigration on American Economy On the other side of the fence there business leaders and economists who asserted that immigrant workers can be a boon to the US economy.
• Operation Jump Start in Immigration Issues: Pros and Cons The chief of the National Guard Bureau claimed that according to the requirements, the National Guard will send more than 2000 groups along the border.
• Analysis of Immigration Issues The lack of protection for the work of immigrants demands compared to people born in this country and who had the opportunity to get a job because the state protects them.
• Immigration in California: “Moving Still” by Francisco Jimenez The atmosphere of fear and poverty forced the families to break the rules and to overcome the frontier in the pursuit of welfare.
• Is Immigration an Economic benefit to the Host Country? Economically, the rate of payment of tax to the host country is always lower than the services it provides to the immigrants.
• Women Immigration to US It is certain that poverty is one of the major factors that propel women to move from their native countries to US.
• Immigration Policies Challenges Policies should therefore be enacted to reinforce the implementation of the 1990 Immigration Act that emphasizes on family reunification and employment to be the main reasons for allowing immigration to the U.S.
• Irish-Catholic Immigration to America The importance of this event appeared from the fact that the Irish migration was one of the most significant contributors to the American immigrants’ inflow.
• The Effects of Immigration in Texas The period between 200 and 2006 saw the population of the foreign-born in the Texas state increase by twenty-four percent and it was during this same period that the state gained over 650,000 immigrants bringing […]
• Immigration Issues in Alfonso Gonzales’s Book “Reform Without Justice: Latino Migrant Politics and the Homeland Security State” Focusing on the emotions associated with the discussed ideas about the necessity of the comprehensive immigration reform, it is necessary to pay attention to the desire to support the claims of the Latino migrant activists […]
• Free-rider Problem and Illegal Immigration The issue of free riding is inevitable in each and every country because of the presence of the presence of minors, tax evaders and illegal immigrants just to mention but a few.
• How Immigration Relates to Post-Human and Globalization? The interrelationship between post-human, globalization and immigration comes as a result of a process that takes ages to materialize. It explains the origin of immigration and globalization which in conjunction gave rise to the post-human […]
• Immigration as Political Issue in the USA The country has been witnessing a surge in the number of immigrants, and it is estimated that the number of illegal immigrants superseded that of the legal ones.
• The IDEAL Immigration Policy Advocacy All IDEAL candidates, like most applicants nowadays, would be required to pay a processing fee in advance to cover the price of doing background checks and conducting visa interviews.
• Immigration in the United States and Canada in the Post Hart-Cella Act (1965) and Canadian Immigration (1976) Act Era Two basic factors motivate Immigration in the world; the first one is the reason to move from country of origin and second, the reason to move to a host country.
• Immigration in New York City and Its Effects Steele and Perkins examine the impact of the apparent volume of migrants in the neighborhood on the propensity to redistribute in New York City.
• The Maya Immigration to the United States Therefore, each narrative included in the article “Maya Youth in Los Angeles” by Alicia Ivonne Estrada helps a reader to determine the factors that affected the Maya immigration to the U.S.
• The Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada The IRB is comprised of the Immigration Appeal Division, the Immigration Division, and the Refugee Protection Division. The governor-in-council appoints the Chairperson of the IRB who is supported by the vice-chairperson and deputy chairperson.
• The National Immigration Enforcement The intention of ICE to employ their agents in sanctuary cities will only make the gap between the cities and enforcement agencies wider.
• Migration Patterns: American Immigration However, it is also crucial to refer to the effects of such processes, including the overview of local communities, the impact on the economy, and the overall development or lack thereof when multiple individuals move […]
• The Harvest of the Empire: Immigration in the US The situation has become more acute in the last few years because of global problems like the coronavirus. The entire economic development of the colonies was subordinated to the interests of Spain and Portugal.
• Climate Change and Immigration Issues Due to its extensive coverage of the aspects of climate migration, the article will be significant to the research process in acquiring a better understanding of the effects of climate change on different people from […]
• Immigration: The Key Challenges As evidenced in the four articles, the key challenges of immigration revolve around high unemployment, border militarization, and legality of DACA. The border agents, as explicated in the Carroll’s article, have doubled to 23,000 for […]
• Aspects of Immigration From Mexico to the United States In the 20th century, the employment of immigrants was an ambiguous decision due to the possibility of hiring a cheap labor force and the necessity of legal registration.
• Immigration in the US: Historical Background Therefore, it is likely that he would have supported the introduction of quotas and would have taken a position similar to Jefferson.
• The Immigration Crisis in Texas The clash between the federal government and the state of Texas over the implementation of immigration law and the exercise of these powers has been ongoing for decades now.
• The 0 Visa: Immigration Case Study The purpose of the work is to consider an example of a 0 visa case from a family of three people and the possible issues that an officer may encounter.
• Soledad Castillo’s Immigration to the USA To reach the USA at that time, the group of people Soledad was with had to stay invisible and quiet because the actions they took were illegal.
• Irish Immigration to America and the Slavery Despite the fact that the Irish encountered a great number of obstacles, the immigration of Irish people to the United States was advantageous not only to the immigrants but also to the United States.
• Discussion of Holocaust and Immigration In “Holocaust Education and Remembrance in Australia,” Suzanne D.and Suzanne H.discuss the adverse effects and after-issues of immigration among the Jewish community and how it led to the concept that the Holocaust had a long-lasting […]
• Phenomenon of Immigration Analysis The phenomenon of immigration is often viewed as a complex one due to the concerns and fears associated with the increase in the number of immigrants within a community.
• A Caribbean Immigration Policy in the United States Thus, United States policy has a significant influence on the economic and social condition of the Caribbean Islands. The Caribbean, the so-called third border of America, impacts the internal security of the United States.
• Immigration Controversy in the United States This might have a significant influence on the quality of decisions and the care provided to immigrants. The financial and emotional obstacles that children of immigrants encounter in a new nation are sometimes complex.
• Immigration in American Economic History Because of the discriminatory attitudes that existed in society, I was not able to find a high-paying job. Those were the physical challenges I had to face in the form of sickness and starvation.
• Migration to the Caribbean vs. African Immigration While the 19-20-th-centiury migration to the Caribbean historically has nothing to do with African immigration, the underlying cause of racism and discrimination case the main reason for migration connects the specified phenomena.
• Abolishing the Immigration and Customs Enforcement Detention Centers Although the abolition of ICE detention centers could potentially encourage the violation of the country’s immigration policies, they constitute a tool for racial subordination and exacerbate the problem of mass incarceration.
• The Irish Immigration to America in the 19th Century The increase in food production and income from the war led to increased fertility rates among the Irish. The abrupt end of the war in the early nineteenth century precipitated the emigration.
• Immigration System and Homeland Security The combined efforts of the agencies constituting the Department of Homeland Security in addressing the safety needs of American citizens have a predominant impact on the immigration system.
• Immigration and Homeland Security as Issues It is important to note that the issues of immigration and homeland security are the problem of the moral duty of the United States as a beacon of democracy and the safety of its current […]
• The Issue of Immigration and Immigration Policies Therefore, it is a moral duty and responsibility for a wealthy nation to help the poor, and immigrants mostly arrive in the United States to seek a better life and leave the poverty of their […]
• Geopolitics, Diplomacy and Small States: Immigration Challenges in Switzerland The current foreign policies of the country have remained ineffective in regulating the influx of foreigners in the country. The following are some of the specific challenges that are associated with the high rate of […]
• Globalization, Immigration, and Class Division It includes the widespread globalization of countries, diverse economic perception of each, and the acute ethical and legal side of the immigration issue.
• The Florence Project: Immigration According to a fellow volunteer at the Florence Project, one of the biggest non-profit organizations in Arizona, the need for social and emotional support for Mexican immigrants has been of utmost importance across the state […]
• The Immigration Stations of Ellis Island and Angel Island Although the Angel Island Immigration Station was often referred to as the “Ellis Island” of the West, the conditions in these sites were very different, and so was the treatment of the arriving immigrants.
• Alabama and California Immigration Policies The higher population of immigrants in California pushes the states to create a positive environment for the majority as opposed to Alabama.
• Waves of Immigration: Recognizing Race and Ethnicity In 1965, Congress overturned the discriminatory immigration quota system and passed legislation based on the principles of family reunification and the attraction of a highly-skilled workforce to the United States.
• Immigration: Social Issue Feeling Analysis From the global perspective, the most influencing countries in the world use visa and other conditions of entering the country as a migration regulating tool.
• The Problem of Immigration in the US Puerto Rico came to capitalism and imperialism, and the transformation of this territory into a state “under the wing” of the United States led to the loss of culture, tourism, and an increase in poverty […]
• Illegal Immigration Policies and Violent Crime The authors of this article discuss how illegal immigration and border enforcement influence the level of crime along the U.S.-Mexico border.
• Strategies for Solving the Issue of Illegal Immigration in the US The first one is enforcing the measures preventing it, and the second one is changing immigration policy in order to make legalization easier.
• Immigration: Life Chances and Difficulties Other factors are unsuitable weather conditions, persecution, threats to life or health, poverty in the country, risks of disease, and infection. Therefore, immigrants want to find a better place to live in order to improve […]
• The Crisis of Cultural Identity of Luxembourg Due to Massive Immigration The possibility of a city-wide display exhibiting the workmanship and specialties of Luxembourg could be a method for opening the secret of the nation’s way of life. There is an incredible blend of individuals who […]
• Resolving Mexico’s Immigration Crisis A stable rate of immigrants and refugees, particularly traveling in so ‘caravans’ coming from South and Central Americas into Mexico with the hopes of reaching the U.S.or finding permanent residence in Mexico at the least.
• Immigration, Cultural Encounters, and Cultural Clashes He also obeyed the religious traditions of his country by avoiding beef in his food, opting for milk and cornflakes as a meal.
• The Birth of Illegal Immigration In addition, Americans blamed Chinese immigrants for low wages and the unemployment rate, which further influenced the ban on Asians to move to the U.S.
• Immigration: Orientalism and Yellow Power The migration was propelled by drought and floods on the Opium trade between the Chinese and the British. The initial resistance against the Chinese started in 1875 with the enactment of the Page Act.
• Researching of Issue of Immigration Inclusion of this level helps to appreciate local policies and attitudes that can affect the immigrants and improve their quality of life.
• Biden Ends Workplace Immigration Raids, Reversing Trump Policy Firstly, the announcement will contribute immensely towards the integrity of most employers in the sense that it is going to push employers to pursue only documented immigrants for labor without putting excessive pressure on the […]
• Immigration: The Costs and Benefits According to the author, due to the prevailing ethnocentrism and the division of society into “us” and “outsiders,” the community often treats immigrants with prejudice.
• Analysis of DACA and Immigration Illegal immigration and its handling has always been a hot button topic in the US, especially after the events of 9/11 and the creation of the department of homeland security.
• Cost of Immigration Enforcement and Border Security Functional Components of the Incident Command System Out of the functions described in the table focusing on the NRF, the most useful and important one is definitely prevention of terrorist attacks and associated incidents.
• US Immigration Policy and Its Correlation to Structural Racism That may create breaches in the immigration policy and cause social instability that could endanger the status of immigrants and even negatively affect the lives of the nationals.
• Immigration, Social Construct, Race and Ethnicity As a result, the movement has impacted the United States positively and negatively, although the pros outweigh the cons. A social construct is defined as the thoughts or ideas established and accepted by individuals in […]
• Immigration to the US in Relation to Covid-19 Overall, the human right to change the place of residence should be upheld by the nations of the world. To conclude, the issues related to immigration should be of more significant concern to the world’s […]
• Ambiguous Loss: Immigration and Separation of Families To lessen the impact of ambiguous loss, immigrants and their families need therapy, community support, and advocacy for policy change to keep them safe.
• Impacts of Immigration and Urbanization Urbanization is a special term that describes the decreasing proportion of people who live in rural areas, the population shift from rural to urban areas, and the possible ways of societies’ adaption to these changes. […]
• The Implications of Immigration When considering the results of the process, both the sender and the receiver country must be discussed, as well as the implications for the migrants themselves.
• Aspects of Immigration Reform Creating a fair, legal, and humane immigration system requires the legalization of almost 11 million immigrants already staying in the country and the simplification of obtaining citizenship in the country.
• COVID-19 and Immigration Issues On March 20th, 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the US Department of Health and Human Services issued a special order to curb the spread of COVID-19.
• Homeland Security Analysis: The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services The mission and duties of this agency are closely related to the September 11 events not to face similar losses and threats in the future.
• Immigration Policy in Germany and the United States Germany and the United States contrast each other in resolving the public issue of immigration. The immigration policies of Germany and the United States cater to specific key stakeholders.
• Immigration and Naturalization Service Officer Career For the present paper, I have selected to profile the careers of Custom Officer and Immigration and Naturalization Service Officer. However, the entry-level position for customs is often administrative assistant, who works mainly with documents […]
• Immigration: Benefits for the Nation or a Drain on Society? Immigration is a topical issue in the contemporary U.S., which has divided the community into two opposing camps.
• Immigration: Where Did Your Ancestors Live? Officially, it is referred to as the Republic of Haiti, and the population of this country is approximately ten million people.
• Immigration from Asia and India: Political Impacts In retrospect, the literature review of the issue at hand has shown that there is a significant gap in the study of the factors that shape immigrants’ ability to reconnect with their cultural roots.
• Immigration: Political Impacts and Social Changes Particularly, the author posits that the increase in the amount of labor force that immigration entails leads to the improved performance of local companies, hence the rise in GDP rates and the overall increase in […]
• Angel Island Immigration Station While European immigrants coming into the country at the beginning of the twentieth century were more familiar with Ellis Island of New York, the Orientals underwent the experience of the immigration station at Angel Island.
• Hearth and Home Perception in 19th-Century Victorians Due to Immigration Nevertheless, the Victorian perception of what constitutes the concept had undergone severe changes in the 19th century, when the heart of the British Empire saw a significant wave of migration into the metropolis from its […]
• Debate on Immigration Policy: Law Enforcement Practices It is presumed that a wise immigration policy performed by the representatives of the police departments is likely to stabilize the current set of things and to reduce the number of illegal unregistered immigration cases.
• Immigration Museum and Cultural Diversity in Australia History The timeline presenting the main periods of immigration which is exhibited in the gallery can help to understand the development of the cultural diversity in Australia from the historic point of view because various periods […]
• Immigration Debate: Literature Study The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U. The Immigration Debate: Studies On The Economic, Demographic, And Fiscal Effects Of Immigration.
• Immigration Asylum and Nationality Law In the UK it is very easy to move from a temporary settlement to a permanent one and it has increased the levels of net migration to the brimming level.
• Immigration Policy, Border Security and Migrant Deaths The research design that was used to collect this data was to investigate the rate of deaths that were experienced among the immigrants since the enactment of the immigration policy.
• Immigration and Refugee Law in New Zealand Consequently, the refugee policy comes about due to the flow of obligations courtesy of the 1960 UNHCR Convention, that is to say, the provision of refugees’ protection.
• The Current Immigration and Customs Immigration has always been the backbone of American history and the country’s rich cultural and ethnic diversity. Immigration in the U.S.is overseen by the Department of Homeland Security and its various agencies.U.S.
• Immigration and Its Impact on Employment Opportunities of Local People On the macroeconomic level, the inflow of immigrants to a country leads to an expansion in the size of an economy.
• Immigration and the United States On the other hand, the approximated number of immigrants in the region is 58 million, and the group is projected to be the main source of the future labor force.
• The Immigration in Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi, in particular, is a noteworthy case study subject due to its history as the center of the UAE government and its corresponding influence on the question of immigration in the nation.
• Immigration Programs in the US Despite its economic, military and cultural power and the concept of an American dream, the US is far from the land of hopes it is portrayed to be.
• US Politics of Immigration The representatives of the Democratic and the Republican Parties of the United States have opposite viewpoints on immigration-related issues. In conclusion, the views of Democrats and Republicans on immigration are completely different.
• Immigration and Multiculturalism: Flow of Workers This paper aims to address the question of whether the flow of workers makes a positive impact on the host country in the context of society and business.
• The Immigration Benefits Specialists define labour migration as an advantageous process that positively affects the development of the economy in countries of employment and the improvement of the quality of life of families of labour migrants in their […]
• Immigration in Canada and Ethnicity: New Perspectives Such a reality will continue to influence and affect the life outcomes of the greatest number of Canadian citizens with diverse backgrounds in the future.
• Immigration From Mexico to the United States In the present day, the immigration of Mexican citizens to the United States is a topic of considerably intense debates for various political and economic reasons.
• Role of Immigration in Development of Canadian History Changes to the Immigration Act in the 1960s and the Royal Commission recommendations that led to the bilingual framework and multiculturalism stance of the Canadian government signified the significant shift for the country from being […]
• The History of Immigration to the United States and the Nature of Racism The development of the idea of race and ethnicity along with the idea of racial antagonism has two main stages in the history of the United States.
• Immigrant Adaptation Patterns Generally, the main difference of this form of adaptation is in the fact that immigrants may continue having their own cultural perceptions as their connections with the motherland are still strong due to family ties, […]
• Mitt Romney Softens Stance on Immigration The minority vote, particularly the Latino, has been on the increase and could have an effect on the election by providing a margin of victory on some of the states such as Nevada, Colorado and […]
• Illegal Immigration Control in the Texas Although the public assigns immense powers to the governor’s office, Texas’ office of the governor enjoys weak institutional powers because of the constitution’s provision of multiple offices that server alongside the office of the governor.
• Chinese American Immigration The Chinese American immigration consists of two distinct periods: first wave occurred between the 1850s and 1880s and ended in the appearance of federal laws that restricted the immigration: and the second wave that started […]
• US Immigration: Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Philippines The origins of Philippines immigration lie in its historical and political links with the United States Philippines used to be first annexed by the United States in 1989 and then an insular area of the […]
• Immigration Of Mexicans Into The United States In The Early 20th Century In the book, “Becoming Mexican American: ethnicity, culture, and identity in Chicano Los Angeles 1900-1945”, the author, Sanchez, addresses various issues that led to the immigration of Mexican into the United States. Community crisis is […]
• Berlin: Music, Spies, and Turkish Immigration And I think that Berlin’s split during the XX century has also influenced the music that was produced and written here: in its core, it reflects the differences and similarities between the East and West.
• The Illegal Immigration Prevention Policy For example, one of the biggest of them would be the necessity to analyze all the gathered information. Therefore, it is safe to assume that there would be no shortage of information for the Chef […]
• The Immigration Crisis by Armando Navarro This is a strategy that has been incepted to reduce the immigration of the people especially in countries that have direct business transactions.
• Birthright Citizenship in the US This is whereby a foreigner travels to the United State for a short period for the sole reason of giving birth in the U.S.in order to guarantee the citizenship of the child.
• Failure of Immigration Laws in Pakistan and Its Influence on American Economy The military death and announcement of the Al Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden by the president of the United States of America have raised eyebrows on the immigration policies of Pakistan as a sovereign nation.
• “Arizona Immigration Law Debate Triggers National Shockwaves” by Nowicki While the motives of the author are unknown, it is likely that proposing the debate as so contentious will cause the audience to be more enticed to read and more engaged in the material.
• Immigration: The Ethical Side So, in order to make it clear, the essay will touch upon ethical advantages and disadvantages of immigration for the countries of origin and for the US.
• Mexican-US Immigration: Causes and Effects The drift of Mexicans or Latinos into the US is begging for increased concerns recently, especially among Republicans and the concern around decision tables is to itemize and resolve causes and effects that are directly […]
• Current Immigration Patterns in Canada The refugee population is made up of the populace who come to seek refuge in Canada as well as the populace made up of persons brought to Canada by churches, private sponsors as well as […]
• Arizona’s 2010 Immigration Law and US Economy A challenge is thrown to this clause by the 2010 Arizona immigration Law in America. It is this very thing that the founding fathers of the American Constitution had feared and thus took steps to […]
• The American Immigration Debate In the context of the present discussion of the immigrant debate in the US, one should turn to the work of Brimelow who has offered a rather radical solution to the problem of immigration.
• Immigration Issues in the USA The USA is the country that was built up of immigrants at the period of British colonization about three centuries ago; people who could not find their happiness and welfare in the Old Land came […]
• Causes and Consequences of Immigration to Canada The Chinese and Japanese still kept their oriental culture while the rest of the immigrants adapted to the new way of living in Canada.
• The Problems of Immigration on the Example of an Interview With an Immigrant In his book, The Location of Culture, Hommi Bhabha, pointed out the fact that, by being constantly confronted by the realities of post-industrial living, ethnic immigrants eventually cease to think of their individuality in specifically […]
• European Neighborhood Policy Effectiveness As a Tool of Immigration Policy ENP Action Plans sets out the terms of engagement between the European Union and each of the nations and the relevant political and economic agenda with a timeline perspective.
• Ellis Island as an Immigration Station The minority of the un-admitted immigrants who had spent time and energy on the long journey to the Island led to the Island being referred to as “The Heartbreak Island” or the “The Island of […]
• Intercultural Communication, Culture Shock and Immigration in Literature Westerners on the other hand believe in individualism so much that they forget that harmonious living is important for personal and society’s development.
• Race Relations in Britain. Immigration Situation This was the first large-scale migration of colored immigrants as compared to the minimal migrations that Britain had gotten used to.
• Immigration, National Identity and Citizenship The essay then examines the issues of immigration and its link to national identity in America and the ethical dilemmas that denial of citizenship can cause to national philosophies of the Western world.
• The Role of Immigration in Australia: Positive and Negative The thing is that the immigration and multiculturalism, as a result, impact positively on the economy, security, and social stability in the country.
• Immigration and Assimilation in US The children do not live in the control of their parents and the parents give all freedom for them to decide their life and career of their own choice.
• Saenz’ Opinion on Comprehensive Legislation on Immigration In addition to this is the fact that, it would be in accordance with the respect for human rights that the country stands for.
• Russian Immigration to America after 1945 The first wave of migration of the Russians was in the second half of the nineteenth century and during the early 20th Century before the First World War.
• France: Position in the EU and Immigration The social framework of France is presupposed with the whole European trends in making social and economic programs for the citizens of the EU.
• Social Issues in Kuwait: Immigration Workforce Among the frequently highlighted issues in the country, one is the low productivity among the local workforce due to the high influence of favoritism and nepotism in promotions and merits.
• Hispanic Americans as Illegal Immigration Thus a historical loyalty to the Democratic Party is still sustained even today At 15% the Hispanic-American population of the United States makes up the fastest growing minority in the United States.
• Immigration Welfare Policy Analysis An unprecedented influx of immigrants Immigration has resulted in a lot of social, economic, and other problems and the need to have a strong and rational policy that is beneficial to both the immigrants and […]
• US Immigration in Late 19th Century In the late 19th century, following the stream of the “Gold Rush”, millions of immigrants entered the United States, most of them attracted by the opportunity to earn “easy money” and to escape the hardships […]
• Humanities. Immigration Issues in the United States The scope of the problem of illegal immigration in the United States has remained undefined due to the vagueness of the immigration policies.
• Jobs and the American Economy: The Issue of Immigration The issues of immigration to the USA, either legal or illegal are of great significance for the US government. Since the 1990s, lots of academic researches have tried to charge the extent to which immigration […]
• Catholic and Jewish Immigration in the United States The experiences and challenges of starting a new life in America were very different for both the Catholics and the Jews primarily because of their different social cultural and social economic disparities.
• Immigration in New York 1990-2008 The earliest debate regarding the distribution of powers over immigration between the federal and state governments arose in the context of the Alien Act of 1798.
• Immigration and Schools in the United States To understand the magnitude of the immigration and school issue, it is important to first understand the perspective that most people in the public domain, political and education circles, have on immigrants.
• The History of Canadian Immigration and Innovative Federal Immigration Policy Though this phenomenon has outlined in positive financial growth in Canada there are lots of fundamental complexities that immigrants usually have to challenge when immigrating to Canada comprising the underdevelopment of community services, difficulties in […]
• Canadian Immigration and Multiculturalism The number of Aboriginal peoples in the total Canadian population is growing. The third force consists of the racial and ethnic minorities that are not included in the Charter groups.
• French Immigration: Rights of Foreign-Born Citizens An analysis of the impact of immigrants on the average level and distribution of income among the native population shows that immigrants with higher levels of skill are more likely to raise the average level […]
• Women Study: Immigration and Mothering One of the most essential areas of such studies is immigration in relation to gender and specifically mothering.”Immigration and Mothering; Case Studies from Two Generations of Korean Immigrant Women” by Seungsook Moon is an attempt […]
• Immigration Restrictions in American History The opinions of politicians, scientists, and statesmen were opposite as some of them kept to the point of view that immigration was necessary for the development of American society, while others were convinced of the […]
• Immigration in Post-war France France is the only European country that has experienced a reduction of immigrants in Europe even though it has the highest number of immigrants.
• Illegal Immigration: Difference in Covering the Matter The aim of the paper is to discover the difference in covering the matter of illegal migration to Canary Islands from sub-Saharan including periodical issues, radio broadcasts, and a photo, in order not only to […]
• Immigration and Students in America For many students coming from Asian and post-soviet countries, the aim of immigration is to stay in the USA while European students want to receive good knowledge in technical and management spheres. The difference is […]
• Amending Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 The arguments for the former side include the following: first is that there is an unprecedented increase in the inflow of illegal workers in the United States.
• Why Immigration Is a Problem When Amir came to rescue him, he is beaten by Assef and Sohrab hits Assef with a stone from the sling in the eye and it is when they manage to escape and go back […]
• Necessity of Immigration Reform in America Basically, immigration reform pertains to policies and programs that aim to improve the development of the quality of life that will aid in the adjustments of the immigrants.
• Open Immigration Borders Migration: Effects of Muslim Ideologically, the presence of the Muslim religion has affected the lives of the people of France in one way or the other.
• History of Puerto Rican Immigration to New York Amid the earliest Puerto Ricans to immigrate to New York were Spanish crown exiles both men and women, due to their political beliefs and resistance for the cause of Puerto Rican sovereignty In 1917 United […]
• Latino Migration: The Issue of the Mexican – US Immigration and the US Border Policies This policy brief is dedicated to a specific problem, namely the problem of the Latino migration, or, to be more exact, to the issue of the Mexican US immigration and the US border policies towards […]
• Immigration Asian Indians in America For American immigration history, it means that it coincides with the settlement of the country: the settlement of America was influenced more by the immigration processes rather than by the natural increase of the citizens.
• Americanism or Trans-National America: Immigration So according to Theodore Roosevelt that Americans must persist that if the immigrant reaches America in fine reliance turns out to be an American and incorporates himself to America and the citizens of America, one […]
• Immigration, Hispanics, and Mass Incarceration in the U.S.
• Immigration and Labor Law
• Immigration as a Source of Community Problems
• How Immigration Affects Global Business
• Problem of Immigration in the United States
• Federal Immigration Policy: Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
• Immigration History of New York City: The Most Significant Center for New Arrivals
• Understanding Canadian Immigration Policy Change
• The Migrant and Immigration Issues in the US Society
• Health Policy and Immigration Issues in California
• The History of Korean American Immigration Experience
• Immigration Issues in the United States
• New Waves of Immigration to the United States
• Immigration in the United States
• Immigration and Crime Rates in the United States
• Immigration Effects on the Median Household Income
• Travel and New Land: Immigration Experience
• Labor Economy and Immigration
• The Immigration Museum: Cultural Diversity in Australia
• Immigration to the United States of America
• Immigration and Control Policies in the US
• International Immigration Flows: Economic Pressure
• Social Issues of the Immigration Journal
• Irish and German Immigration to the 19th-Century US
• Employment Law: Immigration Reform and Control Act
• Ethics of Illegal Immigration Effects on the US
• Immigration Effects on Marketing Activities in Canada
• Immigration Threats in the USA
• Immigration Influence on Israeli Residents’ Personality Traits
• Current International Interest: Immigration in the US
• Changes in Immigration Policy
• Fiscal Concerns and Public Attitude towards Immigration
• Illegal Immigration Issue in the USA
• Immigration Services Against Crime and Terrorism
• Muslim Immigration to European Countries
• Women’s Immigration and Its High Price
• The New Immigration Laws Creating a New Realty
• Donald Trump’s Immigration Speech
• Immigration Pros and Cons for the Immigrants Themselves
• Immigration in Britain and Social Cohesion
• Immigration as the Positive Economic Consequences in the USA
• Immigration and Urban Change in the USA
• Open Immigration, Its Benefits and Morality
• Illegal Immigration, Its Causes, Methods, Effects
• California’s Immigration Policy and Its Impacts
• Immigration in Trump’s Candidate Speech
• Immigration and Healthcare in the United States
• Immigration and Refugee Protection Act for Women
• Illegal Immigration Crisis: Problems and Solutions
• Reid Luhman’ View on History of Immigration to the US
• The Economics of Immigration
• Immigration Pros and Cons for the United States
• The Problems of Immigration: Muneera Qahtani Views
• A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life
• German, Irish, and Jewish Migration to the US
• Identity, Immigration and American Public Opinion
• New York Times: Obama Vows to Push Immigration Changes
• Media View in Shaping Immigration
• The Canadian Contemporary Policy of Immigration
• Immigrants’ Human Rights in America: The Issue of Immigration as Old as the Country
• Immigration Effects in Patrick Buchanan’s The Death of the West
• Immigration in America: the Current Understanding
• Basque Immigration and Culture in Idaho
• Justice of Immigration in the United States
• Ontario Immigration Rates Growth
• Immigration, Voting and Naturalization Laws
• Reasons of Immigration Literature Growth
• Illegal Immigration as a Major Problem for the USA
• Immigration and Its Effects to the Middle East
• Relationship of Immigration and Median Household
• America and the Problem of Illegal Immigration
• Sheriff Joe’s Illegal Immigration in Arizona
• Immigration Laws in Arizona State
• Illegal Immigrants: Eviction or Amnesty
• UK Immigration in 2015
• Ethnic Groups in the US Immigration History
• Political Sciences: American Immigration
• Immigration Debate in the US
• Waves of Immigration to the United States
• Immigration Issues in Different Spheres
• Controversial Immigration Policy in Brazil
• Chinese Americans Immigration
• Illegal Immigration in the United States
• Illegal Immigration Problem in the United States
• Illegal Immigration in the USA
• Immigration and Deportation Processes
• Is the Legalization of Illegal Aliens a Good Solution to Illegal Immigration in America?
• Middle Eastern Immigrants in Australia
• Immigration as Social Issue in Australia
• The Aspects of Immigration into Australia
• Role of Frontex in Combating Illegal Immigration in the European Union Territory
• Illegal Immigration in the United States as an Economic Burden
• The Issue of Muslims’ Immigration to Australia
• Stopping Illegal Immigration: Border Security
• Analysis of Race and Ethnicity in U.S. Immigration History
• History of Immigration to the United States
• Arab Immigration in USA
• U.S. Immigration Reform Policy Circa 2001 to Present
• Domestic and Immigration Policies
• Immigration and Changes in British Society around the Time Period the Novel is Set
• Bridging People Together: When Immigration Issue Comes to the Forth
• Immigration and Multiculturalism in Australia
• Economics and Immigration in Japan
• Comparing Sweden Immigration Policy with German Immigration Policy
• Immigration and Illegal Foreigners in Japan
• Legal Mexican Immigration Wave Since 1965
• Immigration to Australia (Arabic Case)
• Impact of the DREAM Act on Immigration in America
• Immigration of Filipino Nurses to the United States
• History of Immigration in the United States
• Immigration to the US After the Second World War
• Women and Immigration Challenges
• Immigration Reform in the United States
• Immigration Admission and Control Polices
• Immigration Policies and Economy
• Types of Diasporas: Articles Analysis
• Public Opinion on Immigration and Ethnic Relations in the US
• African Americans: Immigration and Ethnic Relations
• Effects of illegal immigration on the economy of the United States and the measures that be taken to minimize the effect
• Controversy Surrounding Immigration
• How Has Immigration Transformed the Life and Culture of London Over the Past 150 Years?
• Canadian Immigration Policies: Points-Based System
• U.S. Immigration Encouragement
• Errors Made by the United States Citizen and Immigration Service When Processing Immigration Forms
• Socio-Economic Benefits of Immigrant Population in the US and Canada
• Immigration in the Film ‘The Guest worker’
• Illegal Immigration to the United States
• Economic advantages and disadvantages of immigration into the U.S.
• Economic of Immigration and Economics of Mexico
• Sweden and Denmark: Immigration policies
• The Impacts of Illegal Immigration on the Country of Destination
• Age at Immigration and Second Language Proficiency Among Foreign-born Adults by Gillian Stevens
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• Immigration Reform and the Economic Impact
• Immigration Reform in US Government
• Why US Attracts Immigration From All Over the World
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• Immigration: “City on the Edge” and “Friends or Strangers”
• The Political Affairs and Strategies of Immigration Laws in the State of North Carolina
• Immigration Bill in US
• Immigration bias on Hispanics in North Carolina
• Myths About Immigration in the U.S.
• Immigration, Socioeconomic and Upward Mobility and Cultural Assimilation
• United States Immigration History
• Concept of Race and Ethnicity in U.S. Immigration History
• The Root Cause of Racism and Ethnic Stratification in the US
• A Speech Touching on Immigration Reforms
• American Immigration History
• History of Immigration and Its Timeline in the United States
• History of Immigration – United States
• Rights of Immigrants and Immigration Policy
• Globalisation, Immigration, Race and Ethnicity in Vancouver
• Immigration Debate: Romney & Obama
• Immigration’s Influence on the USA
• Economic Consequences of Immigration
• Economic Consequences of Immigration on Socioeconomic Activities
• Immigration in the Contemporary American Society
• Factor that Cause Immigration
• Consequences of Immigration
• Positive Economic Consequences of Immigration vs. Negative Socioeconomic Consequences of Unskilled Immigrants
• The Issue of Illegal Immigration
• Coming to America: An Exploration of Immigration
• Annotation of Immigration Effects on Homicide Offending for Total and Race/Ethnicity-Disaggregated Populations
• Anti-Anti Immigration: Principles to Make Migration Work
• The Impact of Immigration on the American Society and Culture
• Immigration Policy: Government Approach and Solutions
• Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in Egypt
• Illegal Immigration: Views of Policy Makers, Media and General Public
• The Impact of Immigration on the Economy of the USA
• The Chief Tool of the “White Australian Policy” was the Immigration Restriction Act, 1901
• The Immigration History in the United States
• Argument for Measures to Control Illegal Immigration
• The Immigration Status for Students
• History of the Illegal Immigration into the U.S.
• The History of Canada, Its Position on Immigration
• Economic Contribution of Slaves and Present Day Legal and Illegal Immigration
• Legal Immigration versus Illegal Immigration in America
• Crossing Borders: Immigration Issue
• Immigration and Crime Rate
• Pros and Cons of Immigration for the Immigrants
• Implications of Illegal Immigration in the US
• Immigration Admissions and Control Policies
• Analyzing the Issue of Illegal Immigration in the US
• Immigration and Ethnic Relations
• World Publics Welcome Global Trade – But Not Immigration
• Arizona Immigration Law Reform
• The Fact of Immigration in the US and Media Reaction
• Arizona Immigration Law: What For?
• Maria Full of Grace and De Nadie: Immigration in Terms of Shots and Angles
• Are Attitudes Towards Immigration Changing in Europe?
• Should Anti Immigration Measures Between the Us and Mexico Be?
• Are There Valid Economic Grounds for Restricting Immigration?
• Can Illegal Immigration Ever Be Solved?
• Does Education Affect Attitudes Towards Immigration?
• Should Nations Restrict Immigration?
• Why Do Americans Think Immigration Hurts the Economy?
• Can Illegal Immigration Lead to Terrorism?
• Can Immigration Alleviate the Demographic Burden?
• Does Immigration Affect Demand for Redistribution?
• Should America Encourage Immigration?
• Can Immigration Compensate for Europe’s Low Fertility?
• Are Concerns Over Immigration to Do With Culture of Economic Reasons?
• Can Immigration Reduce Imbalances Among Labor Markets?
• Does Immigration Affect the American Economy?
• Can Immigration Slow U.S. Population Aging?
• Can Old Immigration Theories Be Applied to New Immigrants?
• How Unification and Immigration Affected the German Income Distribution?
• Can Selective Immigration Policies Reduce Migrants’ Quality?
• Can Immigration Mitigate the Rising Pension Burden in Europe?
• Does Border Enforcement Protect U.S. Workers From Illegal Immigration?
• How Was Immigration Throughout the 1960s?
• Does Educational Choice Erode the Immigration Surplus?
• Should Countries Implement Immigration Quotas?
• Does Europe Need Mass Immigration?
• Can Immigration Save Our Social Protection System?
• Does Immigration Affect Public Education Expenditures?
• How Should the United States Treat the Present Day Immigrants?
• Should Immigration Standards Tougher?
• Who Has the Most Impact on Illegal Immigration Policy?
• Immigrant Stories: A Visual Journey
• How Cultural Identity is Redefined in Modern Immigration
• How Immigration Transforms Culinary Traditions
• Symbolism of Borders, Walls, and Bridges in Immigration Narratives
• Analysis of Science Fiction Works on Alien Immigration
• Does Language Unite or Divide Communities?
• Ways to Depict the Emotions of Immigrant Experience
• Immigration Stories in Song Form
• How Digital Technology Impacted Immigration
• The Possibility of Extraterrestrial Immigration
• Global Migration Patterns Throughout the 20th Century
• Immigration Policies Around the World: Comparison
• Push and Pull Factors of Immigration.
• The Impact of Immigration on Host Country’s Language.
• Approaches to Immigrant Inclusion.
• Challenges Faced by Refugees and Asylum Seekers
• The Role of Migrant Workers in a Country’s Economy
• Educational Opportunities for Immigrant Youth
• Myths and Reality of Undocumented Immigration
• How Immigration Detention Relates to Human Rights Concerns?
• Border Security and Migration Management Strategies
• How Do Migrants Negotiate Their Sense of Belonging?
• Humanitarian Issue of Family Separation
• Immigration Biases and Stereotypes in Media Representation
• Celebrating Diversity of Immigrants in Host Countries
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2024, February 25). 417 Immigration Topics to Write about & Essay Examples. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/immigration-essay-examples/

"417 Immigration Topics to Write about & Essay Examples." IvyPanda , 25 Feb. 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/topic/immigration-essay-examples/.

IvyPanda . (2024) '417 Immigration Topics to Write about & Essay Examples'. 25 February.

IvyPanda . 2024. "417 Immigration Topics to Write about & Essay Examples." February 25, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/immigration-essay-examples/.

1. IvyPanda . "417 Immigration Topics to Write about & Essay Examples." February 25, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/immigration-essay-examples/.

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IvyPanda . "417 Immigration Topics to Write about & Essay Examples." February 25, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/immigration-essay-examples/.

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Q&A: Researcher finds immigration doesn't threaten welfare states

by Leiden University

It is often thought that immigration threatens the solidarity on which redistribution relies. But looking at the post-war period, Ph.D. candidate Emily Anne Wolff finds that this is not the case.

The post-war period was an age of welfare expansion but also of decolonization and migration. What can this time tell us about immigration, race, and welfare today? Wolff studied the social inclusion of postcolonial migrants from (present-day) Indonesia, Algeria, and the Caribbean in the Netherlands, France and the U.K., respectively, between 1945 and 1970. Wolff will defend their thesis on Tuesday 18 June.

You set out to measure the inclusion of migrant groups in their new home countries. How do you measure inclusion?

Good question! I came up with a framework for evaluating inclusion that focused on different dimensions. One dimension was the extent to which individuals had access to material welfare. Were they eligible for social assistance or social security? And did they actually receive these benefits? A second dimension focused on whether people were treated with respect, as a moral equal.

The need for these dimensions became especially clear when I realized that sometimes people had a lot, but the type of thing they got was demeaning or degrading, forcing them into cultural practices or jobs that they might not have wanted to be in.

What patterns of exclusion or inclusion did you find?

I found a lot of cases where, as time went by, policymakers and members of the national community at large—the national media, civil servants , the general public—constructed identities of specific migrant groups as particularly deserving or undeserving of welfare. In France and the Netherlands, these efforts led to several different forms of inclusion in the welfare state.

One of the clearest examples is the harkis, Algerians who supported French military efforts during the Algerian independence war. Some 50,000 of them came to France. They were formally eligible for French social assistance, but rarely received it, and were explicitly redirected towards occupations in isolated forests such as forest ranger or cattle herder.

One of the reasons given by French policymakers at the time was that certain Harki characteristics made them better suited to these professions. For instance, that the harkis were from a rural background and were unprepared for urban life. Which was racialized and untrue: in one 1962 survey, more harkis had training in industrial or construction than in agriculture, and Algerians had been powering the French automobile sector for decades.

The U.K. responded to these migrations somewhat differently. Caribbeans were eligible for social assistance on (formally) equal terms. However, civil servants and politicians used this to justify their exclusion under immigration reforms of the 60s and 70s.

What do you think was the real reason for constructing these identities?

Its easy to underestimate how disruptive the Second World War and decolonization had been for Europeans understanding of who they were. The war, coupled with a flurry of UN reports debunking race as a biological concept, delegitimized the racial order that had powered the empire-state. I think that introduced a lot of confusion about what it meant to be French or Dutch and which migrants deserved welfare. National identity needed a new source of fuel.

What does your research tell us about immigration today?

There's lots of concern in academic circles and the public sphere about the impact of immigration on welfare states. The reigning idea is that if we have immigration, it will introduce cultural and racial diversity and decrease the publics willingness to share their resources.

My research shows that diversity flows from our ideas of who is like us and that these ideas are subject to change and vulnerable to influence from political, cultural and social actors. So its possible that immigration has an effect on a welfare state. But if it does, its not because of diversity, but because of vigorous efforts to police the boundaries of, and at the same time give meaning to, national identity .

In other words, it comes from a process in which were constantly telling each other who's in and who's out.

Provided by Leiden University

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Introducing Immigration Matters: A tip sheet with resources, story ideas and reporting examples

In our first edition, we offer background and ideas for journalists covering immigration, whether they are veterans or new to the beat.

Editor’s note: The following collection of immigration reporting resources, story ideas and examples is the first in a series of tip sheets for new and experienced journalists covering immigration at the local and community levels. This tip sheet series is made possible through funding from the Catena Foundation.

I immigrated to Florida with my parents at a young age from Cuba. When I first stepped into a small daily newsroom in Tampa, where I was raised and attended college, my native Spanish became an essential tool for reporting on Latino issues and immigration. 

The gift of knowing two languages became obvious two weeks into the job when I was asked to translate for a Spanish-speaking customer who wanted to place a classified. I was in my mid-20s and still a rookie reporter when, a few months later, the editor sent me to cover a strike by Mexican migrant farmworkers against abusive farm owners. 

Immigration reporting and writing have always been my passion. 

I later reported for The Miami Herald on the Mariel boatlift that carried more than 125,000 refugees from Cuba to South Florida, wrote about my homeland in news stories and a memoir , covered the struggles of the Salvadoran exile community in Washington, D.C., for The Washington Post, and more recently, dove into migration to the U.S.-Mexico border, where I now live and work.

During nearly two decades teaching multimedia journalism at the University of Texas at El Paso, which straddles the El Paso-Ciudad Juarez border, I led a team of faculty and students to create Borderzine , a web magazine about border life and culture. 

Immigration is a complex, fast-changing, evolving topic that affects not just the Southern border but most cities, regions, and states across the country where migrants (whether refugees, asylum seekers, the undocumented or legally admitted new arrivals) are resettling. As they become established into receiving communities, their impact is felt across most sectors of society, including the workplace, the housing sector, the business community and within health, education and government services.

With Poynter courses and this tip sheet series, I hope to help fellow journalists, sharing with them the knowledge and expertise I have gained over the last several decades covering immigration stories.

Free Poynter course: Understanding U.S. Immigration From the Border to the Heartland

This is a great starting point. This course provides an overview of immigration enforcement and legal immigration processes, legal historical context and examples of compelling immigration stories, and advice from seasoned veteran journalists. 

Paid Poynter course: Beat Academy: Immigration in Focus  

Beat Academy is a webinar series that focuses on emerging and trending beats. I was involved in the recent Immigration in Focus session, recorded on March 14 and available for replay. (The $75 price tag includes almost a dozen webinars total, ranging across a series of eight topics.) The tip sheets included with that Beat Academy session offer comprehensive takeaways, including links to recent immigration research by major policy organizations and news stories about developments in immigration enforcement and practices. If you have the means, I recommend enrolling, watching the replay and downloading the tip sheets at the end of the course.

Worker shortage in your area? Here’s how to find out.

Employers and business groups are worried about worker shortages across a variety of sectors (restaurants, farms, processing plants, janitorial services, childcare centers, etc.). To find out where critical worker shortages exist in your community, consider interviewing leaders of the local Chamber of Commerce and the local Hispanic Chamber, if one exists. Then interview supervisors and employers in those industries, along with citizens who use impacted services. How do these shortages affect their businesses or their lives, and what is the impact on the larger community? 

Here’s an interesting infographic on immigrant workers in the healthcare industry.  

Hurt on the job?

This recent Bureau of Labor Statistics report found a disproportionate number of injuries among foreign workers, especially Hispanics. Check on the number of injuries and deaths among workers in your city, town or region.  

Good Samaritans

Local, state, and federal governments aren’t the only entities helping to resettle newly arrived migrants. Individuals, churches, civic groups, and even employers are also stepping up to help with housing, food, health care, education, and other necessities. Consider identifying some good Samaritans in your community. Below are some examples (some of them may appear behind a paywall):

• A Haitian pastor in Boston: ‘They are assets, they are not liabilities’: “Haitian-American pastor’s leadership shines amid migrant crisis”
• A Girl Scout group in Manhattan: “Girl Scout Troop Resolved to Support Migrants Despite Backlash”
• A retired professor in Modesto, California: “Driving With Mr. Gil: A Retiree Teaches Afghan Women the Rules of the Road”

Shortage of immigration judges and huge court backlogs 

• U.S. government reports, research from immigration policy organizations and TRAC, a data-gathering center at Syracuse University, reveal the critical shortage of immigration judges to preside over detention cases and process legitimate asylum requests. Spend a day or two inside the immigration court(s) in your region. Story ideas on individual cases are likely to emerge.
• This U.S. Department of Justice manual provides detailed explanations of immigration court terminology, and all aspects of the hearing processes.
• This helpful tool from TRAC provides detailed information on immigration court backlogs from 1998 to last month. The breakdown is by state and nationality. 

A new development to watch out for

As reported by The New York Times and other major news outlets, the Biden administration is considering an executive action to cap the number of migrants processed at the border daily and/or weekly, as well as possibly other enforcement actions included in the bipartisan immigration bill that failed to pass Congress last month. Here is Biden’s latest public statement  on the possibility of adopting this action. 

Thanks, gracias for reading! We’ll be back in May with more resources.

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Immigration status, educational attainment, poverty status, homeownership, top states of residence, marital status, methodology, facts on hispanics of mexican origin in the united states, 2021.

An estimated 37.2 million Hispanics of Mexican origin lived in the United States in 2021, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Mexicans in this statistical profile are people who self-identified as Hispanics of Mexican origin; this includes immigrants from Mexico and those who trace their family ancestry to Mexico.

Mexicans are the largest population of Hispanic origin living in the United States, accounting for 60% of the U.S. Hispanic population in 2021. From 2000 to 2021, the Mexican-origin population increased 79%, growing from 20.9 million to 37.2 million. At the same time, the Mexican foreign-born population living in the U.S. grew by 23%, from 8.7 million in 2000 to 10.7 million in 2021.

For a downloadable spreadsheet of these findings, see “ U.S. Hispanic population data (detailed tables) .”

Note: Figures greater than 1 million are rounded to the nearest 100,000; other figures greater than 100,000 are rounded to the nearest 10,000; figures that are less than or equal to 100,000 and greater than 25,000 are rounded to the nearest 5,000.

Source: Pew Research Center tabulations of the 2000 census (5% IPUMS) and the 2010 and 2021 American Community Surveys (1% IPUMS).

The following key facts compare demographic and economic characteristics of the Mexican-origin population in the U.S. with the characteristics of U.S. Hispanics and the U.S. population overall. They are based on Pew Research Center tabulations of the 2021 American Community Survey.

• Among Hispanics in the U.S., 32% are foreign born, compared with 29% of U.S. Mexicans.
• 62% of foreign-born Mexicans have been in the U.S. for over 20 years, and 35% of foreign-born Mexicans are U.S. citizens.
• 20% of U.S. Hispanics ages 25 and older have obtained at least a bachelor’s degree, compared with 15% of Mexicans.
• Among Mexicans ages 25 and older, the U.S. born are more likely than the foreign born to have a bachelor’s degree or higher (21% vs. 9%).
• Among U.S. Hispanics and Mexicans, the median annual personal earnings for those ages 16 and older was $30,000.
• Looking at full-time, year-round workers, U.S. Hispanics earned $40,000, while Mexicans also earned $40,000.
• The share of U.S. Hispanics overall who live in poverty is 18%. The share is the same for Mexicans.
• 18% of U.S.-born Mexicans live in poverty, as do 17% of foreign-born Mexicans.
• The rate of homeownership among U.S. Hispanic households is 51%, compared with 53% for Mexicans.
• Among Mexicans in the U.S., rates of homeownership are 54% for the U.S. born and 53% for foreign born.
• The Mexican population is concentrated in California (34%), Texas (26%), Arizona (5%), Illinois (5%) and Colorado (2%).
• The median age of U.S. Hispanics  (29.5) is similar to that of Mexicans (27.9) and lower than that of the U.S. population (37.8).
• U.S. Hispanics ages 18 and older are about as likely to be married (46%) as Mexicans (47%).
• Among Mexicans ages 18 and older, those who are foreign born are more likely to be married than U.S.-born Mexicans (62% vs. 37%).
• 6% of U.S. Hispanic females ages 15 to 44 gave birth in the 12 months prior to the July 2021 American Community Survey. That was similar to the rate for Mexican females (7%).
• 72% of U.S. Hispanics ages 5 and older speak only English at home or speak English at least “very well,” compared with 74% of Mexicans.
• Meanwhile, 67% of Hispanic adults are English proficient, as are 69% of Mexican adults.

Note: This is an update of a fact sheet originally published in September 2019, which former Research Analyst  Antonio Flores contributed to and co-wrote.

Pew Research Center’s fact sheets on U.S. Latinos and the accompanying blog post examine the Latino population of the United States overall and by its 17 largest origin groups – Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Salvadorans, Dominicans, Cubans, Guatemalans, Colombians, Hondurans, Spaniards, Ecuadorians, Peruvians, Venezuelans, Nicaraguans, Argentines, Panamanians, Chileans and Costa Ricans. These sheets provide detailed geographic, demographic and economic characteristics for all Latinos and for each Latino origin group. They are based on the Center’s tabulations of the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2010 and 2021 American Community Survey (ACS) and the 2000 U.S. decennial census.

The ACS is the largest household survey in the United States, with a sample of more than 3 million addresses . It covers the topics previously covered in the long form of the decennial census. The ACS is designed to provide estimates of the size and characteristics of the resident population, which includes persons living in households and group quarters. For more about the ACS, including the sampling strategy and associated error, see the 2010 or 2021 American Community Survey’s Accuracy of the Data document provided by the Census Bureau.

The specific data sources for these fact sheets are the 1% samples of the 2010 and 2021 ACS Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) provided by the University of Minnesota and the 5% sample of the 2000 decennial census. IPUMS assigns uniform codes, to the extent possible, to data collected by the decennial census and the ACS from 1850 to 2021. For more information about IPUMS, including variable definition and sampling error, please visit the “ IPUMS Documentation and User Guide .”

Due to differences in the way in which IPUMS and Census Bureau adjust income data and assign poverty status, data provided on these topics might differ from data that are provided by the Census Bureau.

For the purposes of these fact sheets, the foreign born include those persons who identified as naturalized citizens or noncitizens and are living in the 50 states or the District of Columbia. Persons born in Puerto Rico and other outlying territories of the U.S. and who are now living in the 50 states or D.C. are included in the U.S.-born population.

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