International Journal of Current Research and Review
Discontinued in Scopus as of 2021
Subject Area and Category
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous)
- Dentistry (miscellaneous)
- Health Professions (miscellaneous)
Radiance Research Academy
Publication type
09755241, 22312196
2014, 2019-2021
The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.
| Category | Year | Quartile |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) | 2020 | Q4 |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) | 2020 | Q4 |
The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.
| Year | SJR |
|---|---|
| 2020 | 0.112 |
Evolution of the number of published documents. All types of documents are considered, including citable and non citable documents.
| Year | Documents |
|---|---|
| 2014 | 1 |
| 2019 | 59 |
| 2020 | 555 |
| 2021 | 362 |
This indicator counts the number of citations received by documents from a journal and divides them by the total number of documents published in that journal. The chart shows the evolution of the average number of times documents published in a journal in the past two, three and four years have been cited in the current year. The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.
| Cites per document | Year | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2014 | 0.000 |
| Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2019 | 0.000 |
| Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2020 | 0.237 |
| Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2021 | 0.393 |
| Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2014 | 0.000 |
| Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2019 | 0.000 |
| Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2020 | 0.237 |
| Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2021 | 0.393 |
| Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2014 | 0.000 |
| Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2019 | 0.000 |
| Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2020 | 0.237 |
| Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2021 | 0.393 |
Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-citations received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. Journal Self-citation is defined as the number of citation from a journal citing article to articles published by the same journal.
| Cites | Year | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Self Cites | 2014 | 0 |
| Self Cites | 2019 | 0 |
| Self Cites | 2020 | 5 |
| Self Cites | 2021 | 60 |
| Total Cites | 2014 | 0 |
| Total Cites | 2019 | 0 |
| Total Cites | 2020 | 14 |
| Total Cites | 2021 | 241 |
Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.
| Cites | Year | Value |
|---|---|---|
| External Cites per document | 2014 | 0 |
| External Cites per document | 2019 | 0 |
| External Cites per document | 2020 | 0.153 |
| External Cites per document | 2021 | 0.295 |
| Cites per document | 2014 | 0.000 |
| Cites per document | 2019 | 0.000 |
| Cites per document | 2020 | 0.237 |
| Cites per document | 2021 | 0.393 |
International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country; that is including more than one country address.
| Year | International Collaboration |
|---|---|
| 2014 | 0.00 |
| 2019 | 0.00 |
| 2020 | 2.34 |
| 2021 | 5.52 |
Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year windows vs. those documents other than research articles, reviews and conference papers.
| Documents | Year | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Non-citable documents | 2014 | 0 |
| Non-citable documents | 2019 | 0 |
| Non-citable documents | 2020 | 0 |
| Non-citable documents | 2021 | 16 |
| Citable documents | 2014 | 0 |
| Citable documents | 2019 | 0 |
| Citable documents | 2020 | 59 |
| Citable documents | 2021 | 598 |
Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.
| Documents | Year | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Uncited documents | 2014 | 0 |
| Uncited documents | 2019 | 0 |
| Uncited documents | 2020 | 48 |
| Uncited documents | 2021 | 461 |
| Cited documents | 2014 | 0 |
| Cited documents | 2019 | 0 |
| Cited documents | 2020 | 11 |
| Cited documents | 2021 | 153 |
Evolution of the percentage of female authors.
| Year | Female Percent |
|---|---|
| 2014 | 66.67 |
| 2019 | 47.06 |
| 2020 | 50.50 |
| 2021 | 46.42 |
Evolution of the number of documents cited by public policy documents according to Overton database.
| Documents | Year | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Overton | 2014 | 0 |
| Overton | 2019 | 0 |
| Overton | 2020 | 0 |
| Overton | 2021 | 0 |
Evoution of the number of documents related to Sustainable Development Goals defined by United Nations. Available from 2018 onwards.
| Documents | Year | Value |
|---|---|---|
| SDG | 2019 | 24 |
| SDG | 2020 | 277 |
| SDG | 2021 | 172 |
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International Journal of Current Science Research and Review publish original research work of multidisciplinary field of Science .The Journal is welcoming original Research Articles, Book Reviews, Commentaries, Reviewed Articles, Technical Notes
Impact Factor : 7.943
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International Journal of Current Science Research and Review
ISSN: 2581-8341
DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr || Impact Factor: 7.943 || ASI-FACTOR: 3
IPI VALUE (2021): 2.90
Call For Paper Volume 7 Issue 08 August 2024 Submission Deadlines Last Date of Article Submission: 25.08.2024 Submit Online: Click Here to Submit Submit Offline: [email protected]
Publish original research work of multidisciplinary field of Science .The Journal is welcoming original Research Articles, Book Reviews, Commentaries, Reviewed Articles, Technical Notes, Snippets, Case Studies, Theses and Dissertations relevant to the fields of all subject . All types of articles submitted to the journal are double blind peer reviewed and subject to be referred at the discretion of the Members of the Editorial Board for publication.
Editorial Policy
Authors should prepare their manuscripts consistent with the instructions given within the authors guidelines. Manuscripts which don’t conform to the format and elegance of the Journal could also be returned to the authors for revision or rejected. The Journal reserves the proper to form any longer formal changes and language corrections necessary during a manuscript accepted for publication in order that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.
Peer review process
We follow a strict double-blind reviewing of the submitted works that’s we promise to hide always the identity of both the reviewers and therefore the author from one another . If any submitted article fails to satisfy primary standards, it’ll be rejected and therefore the author are going to be communicated the choice promptly. If the editors are satisfied, they’re going to select two or more reviewers for detailed consideration of the articles. The editors may advise the author to revise the article for publication.
Open access policy
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that creating research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowladge.
Frequency of publication
IJCSRR is published as monthly journal with 12 issues per year. IJCSRR publishing peer reviewed papers of International and National level conferences conducted by various research and academic institutions.
Last Date of Final Submission : 25th of Every Month
VOLUME 07 ISSUE 08 AUGUST 2024
Vol 7 No 8(2024)
Combustion Properties of Biochar Briquettes Blend of Goat Manure Charcoal, Saboak Shell and Other Biomass
Febby I. Bahan, Upik Sy. Rosnah, Grace Maranatha, Heri Armadianto, Y.R. Noach
Page No. 5870-5875
Evaluating Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Customer Service Training Programs: A Study of IOH Outlets in Jakarta
Vania Talitha Nada, Nur Arief Rahmatsyah Putranto, S.T, M.HRMHons.
Page No. 5876-5884
Business Solution for Profit Optimization at PBS Clinic
Deas Mellyana, Mursyid Hasan Basri
Page No. 5885-5893
An Analysis of the Role of Work Motivation and Work Discipline in Improving Employee Performance: Job Satisfaction as a Mediating Factor (Case study on PT Prima Sejati Sejahtera I)
Bayu Kristiyanto, Rini Handayani
Page No. 5894-5901
Examining Clinical Practice and Short-Term Results in Ventral Hernia Repair
Dr. Priya Kiritkumar Chaudhary, Dr. Divya Garasiya, Dr. Chirag Parikh, Dr. Shantanu Nilak Rao
Page No. 5902-5906
Recycling Pesticide Plastic Containers in Indonesia: An Evaluation of Technical, Economic, and Regulatory Impact Feasibility
Nanang Sugih Nugroho, Gatot Yudoko
Page No. 5907-5919
The Effect of Stress on the Physical Health of High School Students between Grades 10-12 in Thailand
Napaschlee Pornboonmarung, Sarunporn Teachapinyawat
Page No. 5920-5924
The Interrelation between Obesity Management and Climate Change in Greece
John Vourdoubas
Page No. 5925-5935
Evaluation of Environmental and Social Safeguards Performance Assessment Method using Corrective Action Plan Compliance Rate in Financing and Investment
Retno Dwirestiani, S.T., Yunieta Anny Nainggolan, S.E, M.Com., Ph.D., Gan Gan Dirgantara Ph.D.
Page No. 5936-5940
Proposed Marketing Strategy and CRM for a Parking Technology Company (Case Study: PT. Oranye)
Viki Ismail Purwoko, Prawira Fajarindra Belgiawan
Page No. 5941-5951
Proposed Marketing Communications Strategy for a New Fighting Brand: A Case Study for SIG
Irma Oktarini, Neneng Nurlaela Arief, Iwan Setiawan
Page No. 5952-5962
The Relationship between Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Customer Perceptions, and Brand Loyalty at Nestle Indonesia Official Store in Shopee
Muhammad Madani
Page No. 5963-5969
Marketing Strategy for Online Condition Monitoring (Case Study: Nanoprecise Machine Doctor)
Paulus Aldo Wahjudi, Harimukti Wandebori
Page No. 5970-5980
Driving Organic Customer Acquisitions through Community Marketing in Digital Banking Application
Akhmad Theoreza Herdiyanto, Neneng Nurlaela Arief
Page No. 5981-5993
Assessing the Feasibility Study of XYZ Companys New Supermarket Branch in Menteng, Central Jakarta
Jessica Kristanti Purnama, Kurnia Fajar Afgani
Page No. 5994-5999
Driving Business Growth through Data Decision Making: The Role of Marketing Automation
Budi Johanes, Manahan Parlindungan Saragih Siallagan
Page No. 6000-6010
Propose Strategic Marketing Initiatives to Accelerate Market Share and Revenue of MEDTECH Company for Trauma Implant Device in Indonesia (Case Study at MEDTECH Company)
Aprianto Tri Nugroho, S.T.
Page No. 6011-6030
Recent Evidence on the Digitalization Process in Indonesia's Micro and Small Enterprises
Tulus TH. Tambunan, Ida Busnetti
Page No. 6031-6049
Coping Stress Strategies to Reducing Work and Home Demands to Job Burnout Woman Nurses
Praptini Yulianti, Noorlaily Fitdiarini, Kris Hekayanti
Page No. 6050-6056
Ideal Integration Approaches for Enhancing ASDP Group's Performance Post-Subsidiary Acquisition
Ekine Wahyuning Tyas, Ilma Aulia Zaim, Widhyawan Prawiraatmadja
Page No. 6057-6072
Comparing Company Valuation Before and After IPO Study Case PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy Tbk
Anita Nur Afidah, Ana Noveria, Subiakto .
Page No. 6073-6086
Strategic Decision-Making: Implementing Artificial Intelligence for Customer Experience in XYZ Electricity
Puspa IFM Pasaribu, Manahan Parlindungan Saragih Siallagan, Kevin Suryaatmaja
Page No. 6087-6104
A City Image Study by Kevin Lynchs Theoretical Approach: A Case Study of Pontianak City, West Kalimantan Province of Indonesia
Patamuan, M. R. S., Naufal, A. I., Jeke, D. N., Hutagalung, I. P., Sasongo, I., Mulyadi, L., Heltra, A. H.
Page No. 6105-6112
Stock Valuation of PT. Panca Budi Idaman, Tbk. (PBID) based on Free Cash Flow to the Firm and on Relative Valuation
Adrianus Atma Adiwijaya, Isrochmani Murtaqi
Page No. 6113-6127
The Effect of Health Education with Audiovisual on Increasing Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices on Maintaining Reproductive Health in Vocational School Adolescent Girls
Riska Wulandare, Ii Solihah, Tutiany .
Page No. 6128-6136
Analysis and Development of Clarity Project Marketing Strategy XYZ Insurance
Eli Sulistyowati, Nurrani Kusumawati
Page No. 6137-6143
Modifying The Think Pair Share Technique based on The Metacognitive Reading Strategy to Enhance Students Reading Comprehension
Suri Widhya Kesuma, Cucu Sutarsyah, Ari Nurweni
Page No. 6144-6149
Applications of Fuzzy Decision Support Systems in Human Resource Management by using TOPSIS approach
S. N. Murty Kodukulla, K. Harikrishna Prasad, Dr. B. S. N. Raju
Page No. 6150-6154
Proposed Business Strategy in Improving Customer Base to Promote Company Growth (Case at PT. AKSI)
Senopati Diinan Muhammad, Sonny Rustiadi, Sahat Hutajulu
Page No. 6155-6166
Analysis of Vousinas Fraud Hexagon Theory on the Detection of Financial Statement Fraud in Service Companies Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) 2018-2022
Amalia Utami, Rina Br. Bukit, Abdhy Aulia Adnans
Page No. 6167-6183
The Interplay of Digital Maturity, Financial Performance, and Stock Returns in Indonesian Publicly Listed Banks
Sarayesa Hutari Hutapea
Page No. 6184-6189
Nanosponges Overview on Novel Drug Delivery Formulation
Arpitha G., Preethi S.M., Poojitha Wodeyar, Kalyani D.S., Tejas P., Harish K.M.
Page No. 6190-6197
Proposed Business Strategy for PT AceInno Technologies to Increase Revenue by Implementing Software Test Automation Services
Rakesh Kumar Mudavath
Page No. 6198-6213
Impact of Sharia Inclusion and Financial Ratios on Stock Price: An Analysis of Companies Listed in the SRI-Kehati Index (2014-2023)
Jasmine Aretha Idris, Atika Irawan, M.Sc.
Page No. 6214-6226
Stock Valuation Analysis of Technology Sector Companies Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in the Year 2018-2022
Queen Umbaran, Ana Noveria, Sylviana Maya Damayanti
Page No. 6227-6241
The Influence of Inclusive Brand Image in Indonesian Cosmetic Products on Customer Loyalty
Rufina Steva Ong, Ilma Aulia Zaim, Herry Hudrasyah
Page No. 6242-6252
The Influence of Social Media Engagement, Consumer Brand Engagement on Satisfaction and Loyalty of Tourists Visiting Coffee Shops in Kintamani, Bangli District, Bali
Dewa Ayu Ambarawati, I Nyoman Sudiarta, I Ketut Antara
Page No. 6253-6257
The Impact of Intellectual Capital on Company Value with Profitability as a Mediator
Nisa Hajja Qadri Harahap, Mulia Saputra, Muhammad Arfan
Page No. 6258-6264
Obesity and Cholinesterase Level Related to Impaired Fasting Glucose in Indonesian Farmers
Larasati, TA, Fardiansyah, AI
Page No. 6265-6270
Comparative Analysis of Demand Forecasting Methods to Optimize Supply Chain Efficiency in PharmaHealth Group
Farrell Muhammad Rizaldy, Yuanita Handayati, Togar Mangihut Simatupang, Liane Okdinawati, Yulianto Suharto, Rizal Ginanjar
Page No. 6271-6276
Designing Effective Training to Enhance Performance of Branch Managers in Bank XYZ at Jakarta Region
Fattan Habibi Rahman, Nur Arief Rahmatsyah Putranto, S.T, M.HRMHons.
Page No. 6277-6285
The Effect of Gamification toward Customer Engagement in Shopee E-Commerce
William Octavius Halim, Mustika Sufiati Purwanegara
Page No. 6286-6296
Analyzing the Impact of Personal Interventions on The Consequences of Work-Life Balance for Lecturers Pursuing Doctoral Degrees in Indonesia
Maria Listya Puspitarini, Shimaditya Nuraeni S.Psi., M.S.M., M.Eng.
Page No. 6297-6310
Strategic Competitor Analysis for Market Re-entry: The Case of PT. Primacon Mahatama Sejahtera
Dara Pramadanty Shafira
Page No. 6311-6317
Knowledge Management Readiness Assessment in the Internal Audit Division of Bank Sinar Syariah
Muhammad Radhiansyah, Dedy Sushandoyo
Page No. 6318-6335
The Influence of Economic Value and Environmental Threat on Waste Management Behavior Among University Students
Vania Sarah Emya Tarigan, Dr. Ir. Mustika Sufiati, M.Sc
Page No. 6336-6344
Implementation of Knowledge Management at PT Multi Phi Beta to Prevent Knowledge Loss
Anugerah Pranasidi, Achmad Fajar Hendarman
Page No. 6345-6367
The Chemical Quality of Beef Se'i with Different Marination Length Using Evaporated Rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn) Extract
Leonard Y. Lidik, Geertruida M. Sipahelut, Yakob R. Noach, Tri R. Zainal
Page No. 6368-6372
The Effect of Subjective Norm and Perceived Risk on Consumers Purchase Intention towards Secondhand Clothes
Muthia Shafira Azzahra, Mustika Sufiati Purwanegara
Page No. 6373-6377
The Effect of Eco-Efficiency and Eco-Innovation Disclosure on Firm Value: Does Profitability Matter?
Mia Rizky Safitri, Yossi Diantimala, Muslim .
Page No. 6378-6385
The Laboratory Test of AOS and ABS Surfactant at 60oC for EOR Process
Samsol ., Syamsul Irham, Sigit Rahmawan, Asri Nugrahanti, Onnie Ridaliani, Kevin Endryan Nugroho, Nabilla Afzan Abdul Aziz
Page No. 6386-6391
Designing Innovative Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Social Media Marketing, and Sales Promotion to Increase Customer Retention in an Indonesia Local Fashion Brand: A Case Study of Nors Studio
Hanafiah Noor Esa, Dina Dellyana
Page No. 6392-6404
Development and Evaluation of Nutrient Rich Mixed Seed Laddu
Ashwini N, Anil B
Page No. 6405-6411
Financial Feasibility Study of Binjai Langsa (Pangkalan Brandan Langsa Section) Toll Road Project
Mahar Muliawan, Isrochmani Murtaqi
Page No. 6412-6421
Building Learning and Leadership Ecosystem Using Knowledge Management Perspectives in PT Tri Satya Jaya
Alifa Al Nawiswary, Jann Hidajat Tjakraatmadja
Page No. 6422-6440
Effects of Katuk Leaf (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr) Meal Supplementation on Physiological and Hematological Status of Peranakan Etawah Goats
Muhammad Syalahudin Abdullah, Yakob R. Noach, Marthen Yunus
Page No. 6441-6448
The Influence of Green Human Resource Management on Pro-Environmental Performance with Environmental Awareness as Mediation and Leadership Serving as Moderators
Nurfitri Kurniawati, Asri Laksmi Riani
Page No. 6449-6459
Estimation of Polyphenol and Antioxidant Content from Papaya (Carica papaya) and Mango (Mangifera indica) Seed, Peel and Leaves
Mehraj Begum, Anil B
Page No. 6460-6465
Sima Assaparang Atuwong: Tax Policy and Collection at the End of Coloniality in South Sulawesi
Page No. 6466-6475
Optimization of Staffing Levels and Personnel Budgeting Through Standardized Job Descriptions and Workload Analysis: A Case Study of Operations Director 1's Projects at PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) TBK
Adibowo Wicaksono Wahyu Utomo, Nur Budi Mulyono
Page No. 6476-6491
The Impact of Social Media Communication on Brand Association and Repurchase Intention in Local Beauty Brand in Indonesia
Elsamita Yolanda, Prof. Indrawati
Page No. 6492-6499
The Effect of Perceived Ease of Use and Service Quality on Customer Loyalty with Customer Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable: Case Study on Tokopedia
Savella Gizcha Agni Andita Permata Susanto, Indrawati .
Page No. 6500-6510
A Modish Glance of Integer Solutions to Non-homogeneous Cubic Diophantine Equation with Three Unknowns 7 (x2-xy+y2)= 12 z3
Dr. N. Thiruniraiselvi, Dr. M.A. Gopalan
Page No. 6511-6515
Assessing Organizational Restructuring and Crafting Solutions to Manage Workload in Shared Service and Support Unit PT Telkom Regional III
Anisa Fitri Safarini, Nur Budi Mulyono
Page No. 6516-6537
A Content Analysis of Deixis and References in Jakarta Post
Fizri Ismaliana SNA
Page No. 6538-6542
The Influence of Social Media Marketing Activities on Brand Equity and Customer Response on Laidlunos
Diesty Zakyah Prayogi, Maria Sugiat
Page No. 6543- 6556
Financial Impact Analysis of Carbon Pricing on Geothermal Power Plant Project Investment at PT PLN (Persero)
Arief Heryan, Oktofa Yudha Sudrajad
Page No. 6557-6567
Evaluation of Prevention of Patients at Risk of Falls in Nurses in Inpatient Department: A Qualitative Case Study
Diana Helen Cantika, Bayu Anggileo Pramesona, Betta Kurniawan
Page No. 6568-6579
Teaching Language Skills with Comics: A Case Study in Adolescent Girl with Deafness
Maria Drossinou Korea
Page No. 6580-6591
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The International Journal of Indian Psychȯlogy
Deeds in the Dark: Relationship between Dark Triad and Sociosexuality in the Indian Context
| Published: August 17, 2024
This research investigates the interplay between Dark Triad personality traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) and sociosexuality, with a focus on potential gender variations. Data from 132 individuals, primarily from Southern India, were collected using Google Forms and paper questionnaires. The review of literature highlights existing research on the association between Dark Triad traits and sociosexuality, providing a foundation for the current study. The study employed the Sociosexual Orientation Inventory-Revised (SOI-R) and the Short Dark Triad (SD3) scales to assess sociosexuality and Dark Triad traits, respectively. The results indicated a positive relationship between Dark Triad and sociosexuality. There exist gender differences in sociosexuality and psychopathy, but are absent in Machiavellianism and Narcissism. The study’s significance lies in its potential implications for relationship counselling, sexual health education, and the development of targeted interventions.
Dark Triad , Machiavellianism , Narcissism , Psychopathy , Sociosexuality , Gender
This is an Open Access Research distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any Medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
© 2024, Muralidharan, V.
Received: May 10, 2024; Revision Received: August 13, 2024; Accepted: August 17, 2024
Vyshnavi Muralidharan @ [email protected]
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Photobiomodulation efficacy in age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
- Tiago N. O. Rassi 1 , 4 na1 ,
- Lucas M. Barbosa ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-2115 2 na1 ,
- Sacha Pereira 3 ,
- Eduardo A. Novais 4 ,
- Fernando Penha 4 , 5 ,
- Luiz Roisman 4 &
- Mauricio Maia 4
International Journal of Retina and Vitreous volume 10 , Article number: 54 ( 2024 ) Cite this article
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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss. Photobiomodulation (PBM) offers a controversial approach for managing dry AMD, aiming to halt or reverse progression through mitochondrial activity modulation. However, the efficacy and clinical relevance of PBM as a potential approach for managing dry AMD remain debated.
We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing PBM versus a sham in patients with dry AMD. We performed trial sequential analysis (TSA) and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) calculations to assess statistical and clinical significance applying a random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
We included three RCTs comprising 247 eyes. The pooled analysis showed that PBM significant improved BCVA (MD 1.76 letters; 95% CI: 0.04 to 3.48) and drusen volume (MD -0.12 mm³; 95% CI: -0.22 to -0.02) as compared with a sham control. However, the TSA indicated that the current sample sizes were insufficient for reliable conclusions. No significant differences were observed in GA area. The MCID analysis suggested that the statistically significant results did not translate into clinically significant benefits. In the quality assessment, all studies were deemed to have a high risk of bias.
This meta-analysis points limitations in the current evidence base for PBM in dry AMD treatment, with issues around small sample sizes. Statistically significant improvements do not translate into clinical benefits. The research underscores need for larger RCTs to validate PBM’s therapeutic potential for dry AMD.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) significantly impacts global visual health, particularly its advanced forms, such as geographic atrophy (GA), which leads to severe visual impairment and blindness. With population aging, the prevalence of AMD is expected to increase, highlighting the urgency for effective treatments and management strategies to mitigate its impact on quality of life and burden on healthcare systems [ 1 ].
Current therapeutic options for dry AMD are scarce and focus on lowering the progression to advanced stages such as GA, although their efficacy is often questionable [ 2 ]. Until recently, there were no treatments available specifically for GA. In 2023, the FDA approved two complement inhibitors for slowing the progression rate of GA areas [ 3 , 4 ]. However, accessibility remains a major challenge. This underscores the critical need for novel therapies that can halt or ideally reverse the progression of dry AMD and GA, thereby preserving visual function.
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a therapeutic option for dry AMD, focusing on slowing disease progression by influencing mitochondrial activity, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating inflammation through LEDs at specific wavelengths (590, 660, 850 nm) [ 5 , 6 ]. Despite anecdotal reports and early studies indicating potential benefits, such as improved microperimetry outcomes for some patients, [ 7 ] its efficacy and scientific validity in preventing the progression from dry AMD to GA are subject of substantial controversy [ 8 , 9 ].
Herein, we perform an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy of PBM versus a sham procedure in patients with dry AMD. We performed a trial sequential analysis (TSA) to evaluate if the sample was sufficient for making statistical inference [ 10 , 11 , 12 ] and assessed the minimum clinically important differences (MCID) calculated by pooled standard deviation (SD) to check if any statistical differences would translate to clinical significance [ 13 , 14 ].
Our study was performed and reported following the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Statement guidelines [ 15 , 16 ]. The protocol was prospectively registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under protocol number CRD42024521983.
Data source and search strategy
We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Our search was last updated in February 2024. The search terms included “photobiomodulation” and “age-related macular degeneration”. The complete search strategy is provided in Supplemental Methods 3. All records retrieved were independently assessed by two authors, L.M.B. and T.N.O.R., and a decision regarding full-text retrieval was arbitrated by consensus between them. Full texts were reviewed by L.M.B. and T.N.O.R. and discussed regarding inclusion and exclusion criteria. References of eligible papers and systematic reviews were also searched for additional studies of interest. Conference abstracts and prospective trials were also searched.
Eligibility criteria
There was no restriction regarding publication date, status, or language. We considered studies eligible for inclusion if they [ 1 ] were RCTs; [ 2 ] directly compared PBM with sham; [ 3 ] included patients with diagnosed non-exudative AMD.
Our clinical outcomes of interest were: [ 1 ] last visit best corrected visual acuity (BCVA); last visit drusen volume in mm 3 ; last visit GA area in mm 2 . Our pooled analyses last visit included a follow-up of at least 9 months.
Risk of bias assessment
Two independent authors (TR. and S.F.P.) assessed the risk of bias in the included RCTs using the Cochrane tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized controlled trials (RoB-2) [ 17 ]. Disagreements were resolved through consensus.
Statistical analysis
We applied the Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model with a restricted maximum likelihood variance estimator for all outcomes. We pooled risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for binary endpoints and mean differences (MD) with 95% CI for continuous endpoints. When needed, we extracted data using the WebPlotDigitizer tool.
We assessed heterogeneity with Cochran’s Q and I 2 statistics, with p ≤ 0.10 indicating statistical significance for heterogeneity. We determined the between-study heterogeneity based on I 2 values of 0%, ≤ 25%, ≤ 50%, and > 50%, indicating no observed, low, moderate, and substantial heterogeneity, respectively. All statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.3.2.
Trial Sequential Analysis
We performed TSA using the TSA software (Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Copenhagen, Denmark) on the outcomes of BCVA, drusen volume, and GA area. We utilized a MD measure of effect and a random-effects model, setting a conventional 95% CI. The analysis incorporated a two-sided conventional boundary with 5% types I error rate. Alpha-spending boundaries were established using a two-sided boundary type, maintaining a 5% types I error rate and an 80% statistical power. The alpha and beta spending function adopted was the O’Brien-Fleming approach. In determining the required information size (RIS), we opted for an empirical method with heterogeneity correction, applying the model variance to accommodate study variability.
Minimal clinically important difference
We established the MCID for each outcome exhibiting statistical differences by calculating the pooled standard deviation (SD) and then multiplying this pooled SD by 0.5 [ 13 , 14 , 18 ].
Study selection and characteristics
Our systematic review initially yielded 150 results. After removal of duplicates and screening based on title and abstract, 10 full-text articles were reviewed for possible inclusion. Finally, three RCTs fulfilled our inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis, [ 7 , 19 , 20 ] comprising a pooled population of 247 eyes, of whom 151 (61%) were randomized to the PBM group. Comprehensive details of the study selection are detailed in Fig. 1 .
PRISMA flow diagram of study screening and selection. Abbreviations PBM, photobiomodulation; PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis
The mean age was 75.1 years. Total follow-up ranged from 9 to 13 months. All included studies were sham-controlled. Individual study characteristics are detailed in Table 1 [ 7 , 19 , 20 ].
Clinical endpoints
PBM showed a statistically significant improvement in BCVA over sham treatment, with a MD of 1.76 ETDRS letters among 241 eyes (95% CI [0.04; 3.48], p = 0.04) despite a high heterogeneity (I²=77%), as shown in Fig. 2 . However, while statistically significant, the observed improvement did not meet the threshold for clinical relevance as defined by the MCID of 6.8 ETDRS letters. The TSA also indicated a RIS of 555 eyes for statistical inference, as the z-curve did not meet the monitoring boundary, suggesting the current sample size is insufficient, as shown in Fig. 3 .
Forest plot for best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). There was a slight overall improvement favoring PBM versus sham with a mean difference of 1.76 ( P = 0.04). Abbreviations CI, confidence intervals; MD, mean difference; PBM, photobiomodulation; SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance
Figure 3 shows a TSA for evaluating treatment efficacy in a cumulative meta-analysis. On the x-axis, the number of eyes reaches 241 across 3 studies, as shown by the blue curve. The y-axis measures the Z-score, assessing statistical deviation from the null hypothesis. The curve falls short of the required information size (555 eyes), indicated by the perpendicular line, suggesting more data is needed for a robust conclusion. The curve does not cross the monitoring boundaries, which, along with the conventional ± 1.96 Z-score boundaries, assess significance; therefore, the analysis does not conclusively favor either treatment group over the other
Anatomical endpoints
There was no significant difference between groups in GA area (73 eyes; MD -0.53 mm 2 ; 95% CI [-1.44; 0.37]; p = 0.25; I 2 = 0%), as shown in Fig. 4 . However, TSA indicated that a RIS of 436 eyes would be necessary for a statistical inference, as shown in Fig. 5 . Moreover, the z-curve did not reach the monitoring boundary.
Forest plot for of geographic atrophy (GA) area between Photobiomodulation (PBM) and sham treatment. The combined results yield a mean difference of -0.53, indicating no significant difference between PBM and SHAM treatments in reducing GA area ( P = 0.25). Abbreviations CI, confidence intervals; MD, mean difference; PBM, photobiomodulation; SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance
TSA for GA area. On the x-axis, the number of eyes reaches 73 across 3 studies, as shown by the blue curve. The y-axis measures the Z-score, assessing statistical deviation from the null hypothesis. The curve falls short of the required information size (436 eyes), suggesting that more data are needed for a robust conclusion. The curve does not cross the monitoring boundaries, which, along with the conventional ± 1.96 Z-score boundaries, assess significance; therefore, the analysis does not conclusively favor either treatment group over the other. Abbreviations PBM, photobiomodulation
As compared with a sham procedure, PBM significantly reduced drusen volume (242 eyes; MD -0.12mm 3 ; 95% CI [-0.22; -0.02]; p = 0.02; I 2 = 74%), as shown in Fig. 6 . However, the observed improvement did not meet the threshold for clinical relevance as defined by the MCID of 0.39 mm 3 . In addition, TSA indicated that a RIS of 444 eyes would be necessary for statistical inference, indicating insufficient sample size, as shown in Fig. 7 . Moreover, the z-curve did not reach the monitoring boundary.
Forest plot for drusen volume. Results show a small mean difference of -0.12 mm³, with overall findings favoring PBM ( P = 0.02). Abbreviations CI, confidence intervals; MD, mean difference; PBM, photobiomodulation; SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance
TSA for drusen volume. On the x-axis, the number of eyes reaches 242 across 3 studies, as shown by the blue curve’s progression. The y-axis measures the Z-score, assessing statistical deviation from the null hypothesis. The curve falls short of the required information size (444 eyes), indicated by the perpendicular line, suggesting more data are needed for statistical inference. The curve does not cross the monitoring boundaries, which, along with the conventional ± 1.96 Z-score boundaries, assess significance; therefore, the analysis does
Risk of Bias Assessment
Using the Cochrane Collaboration’s RoB-2 tool, our quality assessment suggests that all three RCTs are at a high risk for bias. The primary concern was related to bias in measuring outcomes. Additionally, one of the studies experienced issues with bias due to missing outcome data attributed to disruptions caused by COVID-19 [ 20 ]. Individual RCT appraisal is detailed in Fig. 8 .
This meta-analysis included three RCTs with 247 eyes to assess the efficacy of PBM in patients with dry AMD. Our pooled data showed an improvement in BCVA and drusen volume in patients treated with PBM as compared with a sham with no significant difference in terms of progression of GA area. However, these statistical inferences could not be confirmed due to insufficient sample size, as indicated by the TSA. Even if the TSA was favorable, BCVA and drusen volume were not clinically significant, as they did not meet the MCID.
One may argue that the significant findings of RCTs of PBM therapy for dry AMD may not translate into clinical benefits. The largest RCT on the subject found a MD of 2.4 ETDRS letters compared with sham [ 19 ]. Nonetheless, visual acuity measurements in intermediate AMD may vary by an average of 9 ETDRS letters in patients who do not receive any treatment, much higher than the above cited MD [ 21 ]. For instance, the established MCID for photodynamic therapy in patients with neovascular membranes is 7.5 letters [ 22 ]. Of note, the FDA requires a minimum improvement of at least 15 letters for approving a pharmacological intervention in this setting [ 23 ]. Therefore, it could be contended that the benefits of PBM therapy do not meet clinical significance, which indeed was corroborated by our findings through the MCIDs results.
In addition, inadequate sample sizes limit the primary studies from definitively assessing the efficacy of PBM for dry AMD, as highlighted by previous meta-analyses that were only able to collect data from 2 studies and 96 eyes [ 8 ]. The individual trials, LIGHTSITE I and II, [ 7 , 20 ] also recognized the constraints of their small cohorts. On top of the limited sample size, there are only three RCTs evaluating PBM for dry AMD, highlighting the need for additional and larger RCTs. Additionally, some might argue that the pooled sample size lacked statistical power for measuring outcomes such as the drusen volume. This issue arises because drusen size may vary, and drusen regression is a well-described phenomenon in the natural course of the disease, [ 24 , 25 ] underscoring the need for larger sample sizes to draw more robust conclusions [ 26 ]. All these data and insights were corroborated by our TSA, which revealed that the existing pooled sample did not meet the required information size to make statistical inferences.
A significant challenge in evaluating treatments for dry AMD is selecting appropriate clinical endpoints. The FDA only recognizes GA volume as a valid outcome for dry AMD, whereas visual acuity and changes in drusen volume are not accepted by the regulatory agency [ 3 ]. This obstacle in finding appropriate measuring outcomes may explain the barriers that current studies on PBM face when trying to assess treatment efficacy in dry AMD. This is reflected heavily in the quality assessment, where all the studies were deemed to be at high risk of bias, consistent with evaluation of a previous meta-analysis [ 8 ]. One of the reasons for this high risk of bias was the reliance on BCVA as a measure of efficacy.
It is highly questionable whether BCVA stands as an optimal measure for treatment efficacy for drusen, since visual acuity may not be sensitive enough to detect changes in visual function in patients with intermediate AMD [ 27 ]. Another study showed lack of correlation between large drusen and BCVA [ 28 ]. Visual acuity has also shown major variations in intermediate AMD, which could potentially interfere with results. [ 21 ].
Additionally, the application of short-term drusen volume tracking as an effective endpoint for assessing efficacy in AMD has its restrictions. Studies with extended durations have demonstrated that a reduction in drusen can actually be indicative of a risk for progressing to advanced stages of AMD [ 3 , 24 , 25 ].
Our study has limitations. First, the small size of our pooled population may have hindered our statistical power, despite the inclusion of all studies that met eligibility criteria. Second, the absence of patient-level data precluded assessment of subgroup analyses and whether individual factors may interfere in the relative efficacy of PBM in this patient population. Finally, we could not assess the incidence of new-onset GA owing to the incomplete reporting in some of the individual studies.
In this meta-analysis evaluating PBM therapy for patients with dry AMD, there was a statistically significant improvement in visual acuity and drusen volumes, but not in incidence of GA. However, definitive statistical inferences are limited by an insufficient sample size, as indicated by the TSA. In addition, the significant results in terms of visual acuity and drusen volumes did not translate into clinically important benefits, as they did not meet the MCID casting doubt on PBM’s real-world efficacy. Larger RCTs with longer follow ups and more appropriate outcome measures are warranted to conclusively evaluate the role of PBM in patients with dry AMD.
Data availability
No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
Abbreviations
Related macular degeneration
Related eye disease studies
Corrected visual acuity
Confidence intervals
Early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study
Food and Drug Administration
- Geographic atrophy
Minimum clinically important differences
Mean difference
- Photobiomodulation
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis
International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews
Randomized controlled trial
Required information size
Risk of Bias Assessment Tool 2
Standard deviation
Trial sequential analysis
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Acknowledgements
We thank Rhanderson Cardoso, MD, FACC for his review of the manuscript.
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Tiago N. O. Rassi and Lucas M. Barbosa contributed equally to this work.
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Department of Ophthalmology, Banco de Olhos Foundation of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
Tiago N. O. Rassi
Department of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Lucas M. Barbosa
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
Sacha Pereira
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Tiago N. O. Rassi, Eduardo A. Novais, Fernando Penha, Luiz Roisman & Mauricio Maia
Department of Ophthalmology, Regional University of Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
Fernando Penha
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L.M.B. and T.N.O.R. designed the paper, wrote the main manuscript text, interpreted the data, and prepared the figures; S.P. interpreted the data; E.A.N., F.P., L.R., M.M. substantively reviewed the manuscript.
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Correspondence to Lucas M. Barbosa .
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Rassi, T.N., Barbosa, L.M., Pereira, S. et al. Photobiomodulation efficacy in age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Int J Retin Vitr 10 , 54 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-024-00569-x
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Received : 21 June 2024
Accepted : 15 July 2024
Published : 15 August 2024
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-024-00569-x
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International Journal of Research and Review (P-ISSN: 2454-2237; E-ISSN: 2349-9788;)is an Indexed, double-blind, peer-reviewed, open access international journal dedicated to promotion of research in multidisciplinary areas.
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Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss. Photobiomodulation (PBM) offers a controversial approach for managing dry AMD, aiming to halt or reverse progression through mitochondrial activity modulation. However, the efficacy and clinical relevance of PBM as a potential approach for managing dry AMD remain debated. Methods We systematically searched ...
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Background: Mobile technologies are increasingly being used in health care and public health practice for patient communication, monitoring, and education. Mobile health (mHealth) tools have also been used to facilitate adherence to chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) management, which is critical to achieving improved pain outcomes, quality of life, and cost-effective health care.