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Top 10 Literature Review Templates with Samples and Examples

Hanisha Kapoor

The Harry Potter series has massively impacted pop culture. It marks the terminal moment of modernity. It has also showed that children are ready to read longer works.

If you have seen the Harry Potter movie or read the series, you would agree with the above example of a literature review. And if you have not, these observations will have created enough curiosity in you to encourage your children to watch Harry Potter movies or give JK Rowling’s book a workout.

A literary review is the amalgamation of extensive knowledge and understanding of the subject matter. A literature review, for all our purposes, needs to a critique that helps take the entire subject matter forward. It has to be a well-meaning critique.

A Literature Review Example for Better Understanding

An example where literature review could be done is on Malcolm Gladwell’s works on success and thinking, in the two books titled ‘Outliers’ and ‘Blink’.

As a sample literary review for these two works, one has to create a problem statement and then show how or why you take the discussion forward to a higher plane. In this case, a literary review could start by saying that success and the factors that influence it are always on the human mind.

The problem statement could be that does luck play a bigger part in success or is your talent and hard work are the major contributors? Then, one may also give examples of previous works that said the same or supported the opposite.

The key elements to a good literary review are balance, poise and evidence.

  Scholars, professors, and researchers dig deeper, find scientific or literary relevance to the subject, and help readers widen their horizons. Having done this, literature reviews also give us a window into works that we should read.

This blog will take you deep into literature reviews and how these need to be structured and delivered for greater impact.

As the first step, we have to be mindful that literature reviews are not a cakewalk. It involves a lot of work: From finding suitable material to evaluating it, critical thinking, paraphrasing, citation skills, creating a methodology, etc.

Conducting an ethical and structured research needs a systematic methodology to put forth your arguments and ideas. Read this blog to showcase your research in an effective manner.

What's even more challenging for a reviewer is to present his/her study without the right visuals.

To bridge this gap, SlideTeam brings you a collection of beautiful, jaw-dropping literature review PowerPoint Templates to showcase your research in a concise and easy manner. Browse the PPT Slides below and use them to present your scholarly review!

Template 1: Literature Review PowerPoint Template

This is a well-designed PowerPoint Template to help you highlight your literature review. Incorporate this state-of-the-art PPT design and present your analysis on the specific topic. This customizable PowerPoint slide shows the findings and your evaluation of a subject. Download this PPT layout and grab your audience’s attention with your balanced review.

Download this template

Template 2: Literature Review PPT Graphic

Here is another beautiful preset for showcasing your analysis on the subject. Support your research scope and evaluation with this actionable PowerPoint template. Deploying this fully editable PPT diagram helps you professionally showcase your knowledge on the topic. Use this ready-made PowerPoint Template and justify your thesis or research questions in detail. Grab this template now!

Want to organize and present your research to get under the spotlight? Explore this blog to find suitable thesis templates to document your dissertation.

Grab this slide

Template 3: Literature Review PowerPoint Slide

Want to elaborate on your literature study? Get access to this content-ready PowerPoint Template and help your audience get your point straightaway. This PPT Design comprises an illustration to capture your viewer’s attention. List down your points on the right side of the layout and confidently present your literature review. It is a custom-made template. You can use it as per requirement. Download now!

Template 4: Literature Review PPT Template

Grab another ready-to-use PowerPoint diagram to present your summary of the published work. Use this visually appealing PPT slide to discuss your contributions in the field. Narrow down your finding and showcase proof of rational investigation to impress your audience with this custom-made PowerPoint Template. Download now!

Template 5: Literature Review PowerPoint Diagram

Wish to exhibit your literature review? Get this exclusive PPT Template to discuss the topic's strengths and weaknesses. Incorporate this ready-made PowerPoint diagram to make a point with your critical analysis and objective evaluation. Use this PPT slide to present an executive summary of your research topic. Download this fully customizable PowerPoint design now!

Grab this template

Template 6: Literature Review PowerPoint Template

Looking for ways to showcase the steps to writing a professional literature review? Deploy this content-ready PowerPoint Template and walk your audience through the steps of writing a gripping research report. This PPT slide comprises an illustration demonstrating the ways of a research methodology. Use this pre-designed preset and help your audience write some striking research findings. Download now!

Template 7: Literature Review PowerPoint Graphic

Do you want to summarize your arguments on a particular topic? Incorporate this content-ready PowerPoint template and present your research on a chosen subject. Use this ready-made PPT graphic and provide an overview of the key findings and unresolved problems that your research has addressed. It is a custom-made PPT template. Download now!

Template 8: Literature Review PPT Slide

Here is another well-crafted PowerPoint Template for you to exhibit your theoretical framework for your research. This fully editable PPT diagram is perfect to help you highlight past work related to the topic. Walk your audience through your research study analysis using this ready-made PowerPoint template. Grab this preset now!

It is difficult to prove your plan of work in front of the audience. You might find our one-page research proposal templates useful to convince your readers the value of your project.

Template 9: Literature Review PowerPoint Template

Use this one-page literature review PowerPoint Slide and showcase your audience with a description, summary, and critical evaluation of your work. Incorporate this actionable PPT design and provide your audience with an overview of sources you have explored while studying the topic. Deploy this custom-made PowerPoint Template to demonstrate how and where your research fits within the broader field of investigation and research.

Template 10: Literature Review PPT Diagram

This is another well-designed one-page literature review PowerPoint Template to present your research on a particular topic. Give your audience a brief introduction on the subject and highlight its strengths and weaknesses using this actionable PPT Design. Showcase your research within the context of existing literature with this customizable PowerPoint diagram. Click the link below to grab this ready-made PPT slide.

Finally, the gist

Citing research is not enough. It is essential to bring your study into notice to make a point in public. Thus, deploy SlideTeam’s ready-made literature review PowerPoint Templates to justify and support your research. These PPT slides are easy to use and can be downloaded with just one click. Get access to these ready-made and premium PowerPoint Slides from our monthly, semi-annual, annual, annual + custom design subscriptions here .

PS: Wish to showcase your past research experience? Explore this exclusive guide replete with research statement PPT templates to communicate your findings in a clear and concise manner.

Literature Review FAQs

What are the important parts of literature review.

Like most academic papers, literature reviews also comprise three basic elements:

• An introduction or background information section
• The body of the review containing the discussion of sources
• Conclusion and/or recommendations section to end the paper.

What is reviewed in a literature review?

A literature review is a academic writing providing audience with the knowledge and understanding literature on a specific topic. A literature review includes a critical analysis of the material; this is why it is called a literature review rather than a literature report.

What are the characteristics of a good literature review?

An effective literature review provides an overview of an existing research in the following ways:

• Outlining research trends
• Evaluating strengths and weaknesses of the subject
• Identifying potential gaps in the topic
• Establishing the need for current/future research projects

Why is literature review important?

Literature review helps in gaining an understanding of the existing research. It expands your knowledge relevant to a particular topic or area of study. It is also important as literature reviews showcase improvements needed in a piece of literature. The key word to remember in speaking about literature reviews is critique. We critique to produce better body of literature the next time.

Why do we need literature review?

The purpose of any literature review is to summarize the arguments and ideas of existing knowledge on a particular subject without adding any new contribution. Being built on existing knowledge, literature review helps the researcher to bring new insights and even bring a fresh, unique perspective to view the original topic of research.

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PhD Dissertation Defense Slides Design: Start

• Tips for designing the slides
• Presentation checklist
• Example slides
• Additional Resources

Purpose of the Guide

This guide was created to help ph.d. students in engineering fields to design dissertation defense presentations. the guide provides 1) tips on how to effectively communicate research, and 2) full presentation examples from ph.d. graduates. the tips on designing effective slides are not restricted to dissertation defense presentations; they can be used in designing other types of presentations such as conference talks, qualification and proposal exams, and technical seminars., the tips and examples are used to help students to design effective presentation. the technical contents in all examples are subject to copyright, please do not replicate. , if you need help in designing your presentation, please contact julie chen ([email protected]) for individual consultation. .

• Example Slides Repository
• Defense slides examples Link to examples dissertation defense slides.

Useful Links

• CIT Thesis and dissertation standards
• Dissertations and Theses @ Carnegie Mellon This link opens in a new window Covers 1920-present. Full text of some dissertations may be available 1997-present. Citations and abstracts of dissertations and theses CMU graduate students have published through UMI Dissertation Publishing. In addition to citations and abstracts, the service provides free access to 24 page previews and the full text in PDF format, when available. In most cases, this will be works published in 1997 forward.
• Communicate your research data Data visualization is very important in communicating your data effectively. Check out these do's and don'ts for designing figures.

Power Point Template and other Resources

• CEE Powerpoint Slide Presentation Template 1
• CEE Powerpoint Slide Presentation Template 2

Source: CEE Department Resources https://www.cmu.edu/cee/resources/index.html

• CMU Powerpoint Slide Template

Source: CMU Marketing and Communications

https://www.cmu.edu/marcom/brand-standards/downloads/index.html

• Use of CMU logos, marks, and Unitmarks

Email me for questions and schedule an appointment

Top 7 tips for your defense presentation

1. show why your study is important, remember, your audience is your committee members, researchers in other fields, and even the general public. you want to convince all of them why you deserve a ph.d. degree. you need to talk about why your study is important to the world. in the engineering field, you also need to talk about how your study is useful. try to discuss why current practice is problematic or not good enough, what needs to be solved, and what the potential benefits will be. , see how dr. posen and dr. malings explained the importance of their studies..

• Carl Malings Defense Slides with Notes
• I. Daniel Posen Defense Slides with Notes

2. Emphasize YOUR contribution 

Having a ph.d. means that you have made some novel contributions to the grand field. this is about you and your research. you need to keep emphasizing your contributions throughout your presentation. after talking about what needs to be solved, try to focus on emphasizing the novelty of your work. what problems can be solved using your research outcomes what breakthroughs have you made to the field why are your methods and outcomes outstanding you need to incorporate answers to these questions in your presentation. , be clear what your contributions are in the introduction section; separate what was done by others and what was done by you. , 3. connect your projects into a whole piece of work, you might have been doing multiple projects that are not strongly connected. to figure out how to connect them into a whole piece, use visualizations such as flow charts to convince your audience. the two slides below are two examples. in the first slide, which was presented in the introduction section, the presenter used a flow diagram to show the connection between the three projects. in the second slide, the presenter used key figures and a unique color for each project to show the connection..

• Xiaoju Chen Defense Slides with Notes

4. Tell a good story 

The committee members do not necessarily have the same background knowledge as you. plus, there could be researchers from other fields and even the general public in the room. you want to make sure all of your audience can understand as much as possible. focus on the big picture rather than technical details; make sure you use simple language to explain your methods and results. your committee has read your dissertation before your defense, but others have not. , dr. cook and dr. velibeyoglu did a good job explaining their research to everyone. the introduction sessions in their presentations are well designed for this purpose. .

• Laren M. Cook Defense Slides with Notes
• Irem Velibeyoglu Defense with Notes

5. Transition, transition, transition

Use transition slides to connect projects , it's a long presentation with different research projects. you want to use some sort of transition to remind your audience what you have been talking about and what is next. you may use a slide that is designed for this purpose throughout your presentation. , below are two examples. these slides were presented after the introduction section. the presenters used the same slides and highlighted the items for project one to indicate that they were moving on to the first project. throughout the presentation, they used these slides and highlighted different sections to indicate how these projects fit into the whole dissertation. .

You can also use some other indications on your slides, but remember not to make your slides too busy.  Below are two examples. In the first example, the presenter used chapter numbers to indicate what he was talking about. In the second example, the presenter used a progress bar with keywords for each chapter as the indicator. 

Use transition sentences to connect slides 

Remember transition sentences are also important; use them to summarize what you have said and tell your audience what they will expect next. if you keep forgetting the transition sentence, write a note on your presentation. you can either write down a full sentence of what you want to say or some keywords., 6. be brief, put details in backup slides , you won't have time to explain all of the details. if your defense presentation is scheduled for 45 minutes, you can only spend around 10 minutes for each project - that's shorter than a normal research conference presentation focus on the big picture and leave details behind. you can put the details in your backup slides, so you might find them useful when your committee (and other members of the audience) ask questions regarding these details., 7. show your presentation to your advisor and colleagues, make sure to ask your advisor(s) for their comments. they might have a different view on what should be emphasized and what should be elaborated. , you also want to practice at least once in front of your colleagues. they can be your lab mates, people who work in your research group, and/or your friends. they do not have to be experts in your field. ask them to give you some feedback - their comments can be extremely helpful to improve your presentation. , below are some other tips and resources to design your defense presentation. .

• Tips for designing your defense presentation

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Literature Review Research Presentation

Related Papers

Gavin Mount

A literature review is ‘integral to the success of academic research’ and an indispensable component of a doctoral thesis. Brief versions are particularly important for the Confirmation phase of your candidature. Often this work will form a significant component of the introduction or early chapters of your thesis.

tecnico emergencias

Learning how to effectively write a literature review is a critical tool for success for an academic, and perhaps even professional career. Being able to summarize and synthesize prior research pertaining to a certain topic not only demonstrates having a good grasp on available information for a topic, but it also assists in the learning process. Although literature reviews are important for one's academic career, they are often misunderstood and underdeveloped. This article is intended to provide both undergraduate and graduate students in the criminal justice field specifically, and social sciences more generally, skills and perspectives on how to develop and/or strengthen their skills in writing a literature review. Included in this discussion are foci on the structure , process, and art of writing a literature review. What is a Literature Review? In essence, a literature review is a comprehensive overview of prior research regarding a specific topic. The overview both shows the reader what is known about a topic, and what is not yet known, thereby setting up the rationale or need for a new investigation, which is what the actual study to which the literature review is attached seeks to do. Stated a bit differently (Creswell 1994, pp. 20, 21) explains: The literature in a research study accomplishes several purposes: (a) It shares with the reader the results of other studies that are closely related to the study being reported (Fraenkel & Wallen, 1990. (b) It relates a study to the larger, ongoing dialog in the literature about a topic, filling in gaps and extending prior studies (Marshall & Rossman, 1989). (c) It provides a framework for establishing the importance of the study. As an overview, a well done literature review includes all of the main themes and subthemes found within the general topic chosen for the study. These themes and subthemes are usually interwoven with the methods or findings of the prior research. Also, a literature review sets the stage for and JOURNAL

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Public Health Doctoral Studies (PhD and DrPH): Literature Review Videos/Tutorials

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How to Write a Literature Review

Literature Review (Video)

Writing the Literature Review: Step-by-Step Tutorial for Graduate Students [Produced by University of Maryland University College]

Additional Resources

How to do a Successful Literature Review breaks the process down into ten easy steps and provides resources, tips, and tricks along the way. 

Please note that, while the interfaces of the Himmelfarb Library home page and PubMed have changed, the content remains the same. Also note that the instructor in this video conducts screening and extraction in Excel. However, you may wish to use Covidence, an online tool that helps facilitate and streamline these processes. 

• Covidence 101 Webinar Covidence offers a monthly webinar to introduce new users to the various features in Covidence. A recording of the prior month's webinar is also available.
• Learn to Use RefWorks in 20 Minutes Start here! Learn the basics of importing references from databases, organizing your references, and creating bibliographies.
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• Writing the Literature Review by Sara Efrat Efron; Ruth Ravid ISBN : 9781462536917 Publication Date : 2018-09-24
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The Literature Review as an integral part of PhD Research

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Whether you're a student or an academic, mastering the literature review is a key skill in scholarly writing. This fully customizable Google Slides and PowerPoint template can assist you in structuring your review seamlessly. Featuring a vibrant yellow design with captivating book illustrations, this template is designed to facilitate the organization and presentation of your research. Navigate your audience through chapters, themes, and references with ease and clarity using this versatile academic tool. Utilize this tool to craft an impressive literature review that leaves a lasting impression!

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Wrestling an elephant into a cupboard: how to write a PhD literature review in nine easy steps

Feb 10, 2019

When I was writing my PhD I hated the literature review. I was scared of it. One day, my supervisor took me to one side and told me that I had no choice: ‘It was going to have to be done before you start fieldwork’. I was terrified.

Sound familiar? According to Google, 5,000 people a month search for advice on how to conduct a literature review. And we know from the one-on-one PhD coaching we offer and from the theses we proofread that many students struggle with this part of their thesis. 

If you’re feeling lost, keep reading. In this guide, I’ll walk you through the nine steps involved in conducting and writing a PhD literature review.

You’ll realise what I eventually found out: C onducting a literature review is easy. Okay, perhaps that’s a bit much. Let me rephrase: Conducting a PhD literature review isn’t as hard as you think.

What a PhD literature review isn’t

Let us make one thing very clear. A PhD literature review isn’t just a summary of existing literature. That’s an annotated bibliography and that isn’t what a PhD literature review is about. This is the mistake I see most frequently in the PhDs I proofread.

Not only will your examiners send this back for corrections, but it may mean the whole PhD thesis is problematic because it isn’t grounded in a critical review of the literature.

What a PhD literature review is

A PhD literature review is a critical assessment of the literature in your field and related to your specific research topic. When discussing each relevant piece of literature, the review must highlight where the gaps are and what the strengths and weaknesses are of particular studies, papers, books, etc. Also, different pieces of literature are compared and contrasted with one another so that themes and relationships are highlighted.

The job of a literature review is to show five things (if you’re using our PhD Writing Template , you may recognise these):

1. What has been written on your topic 2. Who the key authors are and what the key works are 3. The main theories and hypotheses 4. The main themes that exist in the literature 5. Gaps and weaknesses that your study will then help fill

Who cares what other people have written and said, or what they haven’t said? Well, you should and your examiners definitely will. For your own study to make sense, it has to be situated in the literature. That means you must relate it to what others are talking about.

If you wanted to build a new mobile phone, you would have to research how other mobile phones are built, find out where they can be improved and then design one that makes those improvements.

The literature review is the same.

But where do I start? Here, we list nine steps. Follow each and you’ll be on your way to literature review greatness.

We’ve made the infographic below to help you on your way. Click the image to download it.

Step One: Pick a Broad Topic

You will be reviewing literature on a particular topic, so knowing what your topic is beforehand means you can narrow down your search. At this stage your topic is broad. You won’t be able to know the specifics until you do the review itself.

For my PhD, which looked at the contributions that local government made to climate change policy, my literature review started with a broad topic of ‘climate change policy’. I didn’t focus in on local government until I had read the literature on climate change policy and realized there was a gap.

So, having a clearly defined purpose is really important. Otherwise you are searching blind. If you refer to your PhD Writing Template, take a look at the box titled ‘Aims & Objectives’ – you’ll need to make sure you have established your aims, scope and research questions.

Step Two: Find the Way In

If you search for your broad topic in Google Scholar, you’ll be presented with millions of results. With my own PhD, a search for ‘climate change policy’ bought up over 3 million results.

  Obviously it’s unfeasible to read through all these.

So where do you start? Easy: choose the biggest names in your field.

There are three ways to find these:

1. Textbooks 2. Review articles 3. Most-cited articles

Read through these seminal texts and you’ll begin to get an idea of the broad topic.

Step Three: Who’s Saying What & When

Your job at this stage is to find out the key debates in the field. 

• Who is making the most significant contribution?
• What are they saying?
• How are they saying it?
• What aren’t they saying?

Step Four: Notes, Notes, Notes.

Whenever you read anything you should be taking notes. Detailed notes. These need to cover the following points: 

• What is the author saying?
• How is it relevant to your research?
• What are the gaps/weaknesses?
• What are the key references that you should read?

The more of these kind of standardised notes you have, the easier it will be when you write your literature review.

Step Five: Narrow Down the Field

As you read the key texts, you will begin to see what the key debates are in your field. There might be a number of ’schools’, for example. When you become aware of them, start to focus your literature review around them.

Step Six: Filter Through Your Growing List of References

Don’t just read everything. You need to find a way to filter through the articles or books that are relevant. For example, scan the abstracts, introduction, keywords, titles and references.

Filter the sources you come across into three separate categories:

• Probably won’t read

Step Seven: Use Snowball Sampling

As you read through these articles, look at their reference list. Collect articles that you think will be relevant and use them in your literature review. This is known as snowball sampling.

Step Eight: Think About the Questions that Haven’t Been Asked

You must be reading critically, which means asking what the weaknesses are and where particular articles or book could be improved.

In order to tease out your own specific research topic, you need to think of the questions that haven’t been asked.

Master your lit review & theory framework.

Learn what goes where (and why), and how it all fit together with this free, interactive guide to the PhD literature review and theory framework.

Step Nine: Writing Up Your Literature Review

  The review will broadly follow the key debates you have spotted in step five above. As you write, focus on putting in more detail about particular sources (i.e. flesh out steps six and seven). The focus when writing is to elaborate upon the key patterns and themes that have emerged.

However, you need to include your own synthesis of the material. I said earlier that you shouldn’t just summarize the literature. Instead you should write critically. You should clearly and precisely present your argument. The argument will focus around the questions that haven’t been asked – step nine above – and will ground the literature review. We’ve written a guide to being critical in your literature review . You should read it if you’re unsure what’s required.

So, write early and write that first draft quickly. The earlier you start writing your literature review the better. You must accept that your first draft is going to be just that: a draft. When you write the first draft, focus on the broad structure first. This means focus on the broad themes you want to discuss in the review.

Something you need to consider is how to structure the chapter. The simple answer is that you can either structure it chronologically or thematically.

The long answer is that chronological literature reviews are restrictive and over-simplify the field. They are useful for very early drafts of the review and can help you to arrange the literature and trace threads and connections within it. However, your supervisors and examiners are looking for thematic reviews (unless they have told you otherwise), where you discuss the literature with reference to the themes that have emerged.

Equally important is knowing when to stop reviewing the literature.

The sooner you go out and do your fieldwork, the better. The literature review is a cruel mistress; you’ll struggle to fully nail down its various components and fully understand how everything you have read is related. But don’t despair; aspects of the literature review will become clearer when you enter the field and start to collect data.

Don’t fall into the trap of spending too long in the library and too little time doing fieldwork.

  It’s natural to be scared of the literature review. To conduct one, you have to read, process and synthesise hundreds of thousands of words. But it’s not impossible. Keep this guide to hand and refer to it when you feel yourself getting lost. Share it with your colleagues so they too can conquer their fear of the literature review.

Now read our guide to being critical in the literature review and, if you haven’t already, download our PhD writing template .

And if you need a little extra support, check out our one-on-one PhD coaching . It’s like having a personal trainer, but for your PhD. 

Hello, Doctor…

Sounds good, doesn’t it?  Be able to call yourself Doctor sooner with our five-star rated How to Write A PhD email-course. Learn everything your supervisor should have taught you about planning and completing a PhD.

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24 comments.

Good. Clear guidance

I have read the guidelines and noted numerous tricks of writing a thesis. My understanding of writing literature review has improved a lot. Thanks a lot

You’re welcome 🙂

Another Great piece.

It’s understandable and clearer now. I do appreciate you. Thanks so much

Many thanks for the kind words.

You are just brilliant. Outstanding piece for the literature review.

You’re too kind. Thanks!

Great insights! Thanks indeed.

Thank you very much for your clear advice. I am beginning to see where my early literature review drafts were lacking and my feelings of panic are reducing!

is the process the same a research paper?

Broadly speaking, yes. It’ll follow the same overall structure, but you won’t be going into as much detail.

This is very helpful. Thank you so much for sharing

Great advice. Thank you!

You’re welcome!

Thank you for this! I’m a first-year Ph.D. candidate, and I’m super nervous about writing my first literature review. I’ll be sure to use this for some more insight!

Thanks for the kind words. You’re welcome to join us on a PhD Masterclass. We’re currently putting together the Spring 24 calendar and we always run literature review sessions. You can bookmark this page to be the first to hear when our new programme is ready for bookings: https://www.thephdproofreaders.com/phd-workshops/

I cannot tell you how much more concise this makes everything for my ADHD brain. Thank you!

I’m so glad. Thanks for the kind words Kimberly.

I’m staring down the barrel of my literature review and this article made it much clearer what I’m trying to accomplish and actually feel more doable. Thank you!

You’re welcome. I’m glad it helped. Best of luck with it. If you need any support you can get me at max[at]thephdproofreaders.com

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What’s Included: Literature Review Template

This template is structure is based on the tried and trusted best-practice format for formal academic research projects such as dissertations and theses. The literature review template includes the following sections:

• Before you start – essential groundwork to ensure you’re ready
• The introduction section
• The core/body section
• The conclusion /summary
• Extra free resources

Each section is explained in plain, straightforward language , followed by an overview of the key elements that you need to cover. We’ve also included practical examples and links to more free videos and guides to help you understand exactly what’s required in each section.

The cleanly-formatted Google Doc can be downloaded as a fully editable MS Word Document (DOCX format), so you can use it as-is or convert it to LaTeX.

PS – if you’d like a high-level template for the entire thesis, you can we’ve got that too .

FAQs: Literature Review Template

What format is the template (doc, pdf, ppt, etc.).

The literature review chapter template is provided as a Google Doc. You can download it in MS Word format or make a copy to your Google Drive. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF.

What types of literature reviews can this template be used for?

The template follows the standard format for academic literature reviews, which means it will be suitable for the vast majority of academic research projects (especially those within the sciences), whether they are qualitative or quantitative in terms of design.

Keep in mind that the exact requirements for the literature review chapter will vary between universities and degree programs. These are typically minor, but it’s always a good idea to double-check your university’s requirements before you finalize your structure.

Is this template for an undergrad, Master or PhD-level thesis?

This template can be used for a literature review at any level of study. Doctoral-level projects typically require the literature review to be more extensive/comprehensive, but the structure will typically remain the same.

Can I modify the template to suit my topic/area?

Absolutely. While the template provides a general structure, you should adapt it to fit the specific requirements and focus of your literature review.

What structural style does this literature review template use?

The template assumes a thematic structure (as opposed to a chronological or methodological structure), as this is the most common approach. However, this is only one dimension of the template, so it will still be useful if you are adopting a different structure.

Does this template include the Excel literature catalog?

No, that is a separate template, which you can download for free here . This template is for the write-up of the actual literature review chapter, whereas the catalog is for use during the literature sourcing and sorting phase.

How long should the literature review chapter be?

This depends on your university’s specific requirements, so it’s best to check with them. As a general ballpark, literature reviews for Masters-level projects are usually 2,000 – 3,000 words in length, while Doctoral-level projects can reach multiples of this.

Can I include literature that contradicts my hypothesis?

Yes, it’s important to acknowledge and discuss literature that presents different viewpoints or contradicts your hypothesis. So, don’t shy away from existing research that takes an opposing view to yours.

How do I avoid plagiarism in my literature review?

Always cite your sources correctly and paraphrase ideas in your own words while maintaining the original meaning. You can always check our plagiarism score before submitting your work to help ease your mind. 

Do you have an example of a populated template?

We provide a walkthrough of the template and review an example of a high-quality literature research chapter here .

Can I share this literature review template with my friends/colleagues?

Yes, you’re welcome to share this template in its original format (no editing allowed). If you want to post about it on your blog or social media, all we ask is that you reference this page as your source.

Do you have templates for the other dissertation/thesis chapters?

Yes, we do. You can find our full collection of templates here .

Can Grad Coach help me with my literature review?

Yes, you’re welcome to get in touch with us to discuss our private coaching services , where we can help you work through the literature review chapter (and any other chapters).

Phd literature review sample

Apr 26, 2018

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Many students struggle to conduct an effective Ph.D. literature review. To write an effective PhD literature review writing, it is an essential factor to synthesize and evaluate it according to the guiding concept of your dissertation or research question. <br><br>We can assist with your topic, title, proposal, introduction, methodology, background, evidence, conclusion, recommendations, referencing and appendices. <br>We can even write you a full Ph.D. thesis to your exact specification or we can revise your work and edit it to improve it. <br><br>Our experts will review your dissertation proposal, plans, ideas, introduction - or whatever chapter you completed so far- and create a concise, valuable literature review for you.<br><br>Contact Us<br>India : 91 8754446690<br>UK : 44-1143520021<br>Email: [email protected]<br>Visit Us: http://bit.ly/2I0tlWU

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• technical efficiency
• reforms period
• small scale
• small scale industrial
• small scale industrial sector

Presentation Transcript

Globalization and Productivity Analysis of Indian Small Scale Industrial Sector © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 1

Table of Contents CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE Section I 3 Section II 8 Section III 14 Section IV 15 References 25 © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 2

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE The present chapter is the review of literature pertaining to the study with the purpose of conveying the knowledge and ideas that have been established on the topic previously. The intention of this chapter is to formulate the problem statement precisely and develop the basis for undertaking the research. The review of previous literature is to identify and state the objective in a clear manner and postulate the premise of the study. The present chapter will be a review of the number of studies which elucidate the efficiency and productivity levels in the Indian industrial sector, and in specific the small scale industrial sector of the country. This aids on the formulation of the suitable methodology for the present study. Global economic integration, open market policies, rapid growth of technology, the intense competition between traders and productive companies and the revolution in media created a positive stir in the Indian economy which led to the emergence of a vast number of small scale industrial and productive units in India. In this context, the present study will analyse various empirical studies that have been conducted which are based on the examination of different growth and performance aspects of the Indian industrial sector, especially small scale units. The chapters are categorised into three sections. Section I deals with the review of previous studies pertaining to the measurement of technical efficiency in the Indian manufacturing sector. Section II analyses the empirical studies relating to the performance and productivity of the Indian industrial sector. Section III examines economic reformation in India and sustainability of Indian Small scale industries. Lastly, section IV will focus on reviewing studies that are relating to the challenges and problems faced by the Indian small scale industries. Section I Parameswaran (2002) analysed the performance of the Indian manufacturing sector in the selected industries in terms of assessing the technical efficiency against the industrial and trade liberalisation introduced in the year 1991. Time varying firm specific technical efficiency is measured using the stochastic frontier production function. The results of the study revealed that the selected industries showed high rate of technical progress during the post reforms period which is accompanied with the decline in the level of technical efficiency. However, the effect of economic liberalisation on the technical efficiency of the selected firms varied from one another. In addition, the study discerned that international trade involvement with respect to import and export of industrial raw materials had a positive effect on the technical efficiency. Kumar (2004) evaluated the growth and development of the Indian industrial sector by measuring the Total factor productivity (TFP) for 15 major states in India for the period 1982-83 to 2000-01. Non- parametric linear programming methods were used to calculate the TFP growth © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 3

in Indian states. The growth measured through TFP is disintegrated into efficiency and technological changes and the bias in the technical change is also measured. The results obtained from the use of non- parametric linear programming methods are used to examine whether economic liberalisation had positive impacts on the efficiency and productivity in the Indian economy. Post and pre reforms period analysis was conducted. The findings of the study revealed significant growth in the Indian economy after liberalisation. The growth is attributed to the changes in TFP which is governed by the progress in technical aspects. The progress in technological aspects in the productive sector of the state exhibited a capital bias during the period of study. The differences in the region wise TFP is evident; however, the difference in the variation significantly declined in the post –reforms period. In addition, it is also found that the rate of TFP growth is converging among the different states of the country during the post- reforms period and those states which were efficient technically during the post-reforms period had significant growth. Sivakumar and Patnaik (n.d.) estimated and analysed the efficiencies of the Indian industrial sector in terms of technical productivity within the period 1973-74 to 1997-98. The study covered 144 three-digit industries and calculated their efficiency within the specified time period. The study is aimed to capture the technical efficiency behaviour during the pre and post economic reforms period. Time-varying stochastic frontier production function in the transcendental logarithmic form is employed in the study wherein the analysis using the selected methodology revealed that the efficiency of the selected industries in the period of 1973-74 to 1997-98. The findings of the study revealed that the effects of industry specific inefficiency hinder the growth of production in the selected industries in achieving the maximised output. Other factors such as weather, strikes and luck are neglected in the study. The study further identifies that the technical efficiency of the selected industries is low in post –reforms period when compared with that of the pre-reforms period. Madheswara et al. (2007) applied the Stochastic Production Frontier analysis to examine the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth during the period between 1979-80 and 1997-98. Sector level data within the Indian industrial sector was used for the analysis. The study is concentrated on the trends of technical efficiency change (TEC) and technical progress (TP). Stochastic Production Frontier analysis is employed in the study to segregate the two principal components, technical efficiency change (TEC) and technical progress (TP). This process of segregation is also used to recognise the growth in productivity which could be either due to improvement in efficiency or progress in technology. The significance of utilising the frontier approach as an alternative to the traditional index number approach to measure the growth of productivity lies within the identification of unobservable and idealized production possibility frontier with production-unit specific one-sided deviation from the frontier. If a unit of production functions below the production frontier, then the maximal distance is the measure of © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 4

its technical efficiency. Henceforth, the Stochastic Production Frontier analysis method captures the change in efficiency and the change in technologies as the constituting parts of the change in productivity which is an additional dimension for analysis of policy perspectives. The results of the study suggest that during the period 1997-98, the total factor productivity growth in a majority of companies improved when compared with the same during the pre-reforms period, and in specific 1980-81. In addition, the study findings also revealed that the TFP growth is steered by progress in technology and technological change adaptation in the companies rather than change in technical efficiency. Bhaumik and Kumbhakar (2008) employed the use of plant-level data for the years between 1989-90 and 2000-2001 in order to assess if the growth that occurred after 1991 resulted in the use of resources more efficiently. This is inclusive of the assessment for factor inputs inclusive of capital. The findings of this study are indicative of the fact that the increase in productivity during the 1990’s was largely attributed to the increase in factor inputs. Other findings of the study included the alteration of the technical efficiency. This was evidenced with the decline in the median technical efficiency across all industries except one in the set timeline as above, however, this change in the technical efficiency offers a partial explanation as to the change in the added gross value. The analysis of the research points to the aspects of the increase in return for the factor inputs in these two years which explains the change in gross value increase across these industries more adequately. Another study by Mazumdar et al. (2009) evaluated the technical efficiency in order to measure the competitiveness of pharmaceutical firms in India from 1991-2005. The study employs a non-parametric approached of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The analysis reveals that even though the efficiency outputs were found to be declining, the evidence also depicted that resources were being made use of adequately in this period. An aspect of the study that attempted to identify the factors contributory to technical efficiency revealed that the export expenditure, research and development (R&D) or the use of imported and expensive equipment did not improve the technical efficiency of the firm. Mitra et al. (2011) in this regard explores the role of factors such as infrastructure, information technology, communicative technology and R&D as predictors for technical efficiency and total factor productivity growth. The study was carried out from 1994-2008 in the Indian manufacturing industry. In this study advanced estimation techniques are used in order to counteract the existing limitations such as non-stationary omitted variables, reverse causality and endogeneity. This was carried out by the application of a fully modified OLS, panel co- integration and also system GMM. The findings of the study reveal that infrastructure and the IT with communicative technology are strongly associated with the technical efficiency. Another interesting finding is that the companies that are more globally acquainted were more likely to © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 5

have deficiencies in the infrastructure (like transport or chemical companies). The implications of the findings are that the improvement in the infrastructure and the IT components of the firm can aid to the enhancement of these sectors further improving the competitive edge for India. The findings also shed light on the current scenario of infrastructure in India. Lastly, as with the study above this study too finds for R&D being a weak predictor for technical efficiency, to the extent that it does not impact the manufacturing industry, but however that it may play a more vital role in industries that depend on research. Bhandari et al. (2010) too explored the economic realms of the manufacturing sector in India and employed the DEA in order to study the economic reforms. This was done to measure the technical and scale efficiency changes that occurred before and after 1991 as per the reform initiatives. It was found that the efficiency of the industries declined in the post reform period as compared to the pre reform period. These implied that the findings are rather significant for the manufacturing industries but also implies that the changes are varied across different industries. Another study conducted by Kathuria et al. (2013) in the manufacturing industry in India post the economic reforms in 1991. This study too employed the use of advanced estimation techniques such as non-parametric accounting, semi-parametric product function accounting for endogeneity and parametric stochastic production frontier to measure the total factor productivity (TFP). The study assessed the same for the periods of 1994-95 and 2005-06. The study findings reveal that the TFP for both the formal and informal sectors differed vastly over the timeframe. There was a decline in the TFP in the formal sector between 1994 and 2001. In the case of the informal sector, all the three methods showed a decline in TFP for 2001-2006. This evidences that the inconsistencies in the measure for TFP exist, especially between the formal and informal sectors of the manufacturing industry. Baliyan et al. (2015) analysed the changes in efficiency and productivity in the 17 major Indian states known for its considerable growth in the manufacturing sector during the period 1971-82 to 2009-10. State-wise productivity change and efficiency are measured using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach which is calculated over the period of 1973-1974 to 2009-2010. The period is divided into pre-liberalisation (1980-1981 to 1989-1990), first phase of post-liberalisation (1990-1991 to 1999- 2000) and second phase of post-liberalisation (2000- 2001 to 2009-2010). Total Factor Productivity (TFP) change is calculated using the non- parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. In addition, the paper evaluates the performance metrics of the major inputs used in the Indian industrial sector and reveals the reasons for inefficiency across the different segments. The findings of the study revealed that the productivity growth and efficiency vary across the different states in the country. © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 6

Chaudhuri (2016) examined the impacts of economic reformation (liberalisation) on the technical efficiency and technical progress of the electronics and hardware manufacturing units in India. Translog stochastic frontier production function is used in the present study to assess the technical progress and technical efficiency of the industries in the era of economic reformation. The findings of the study revealed that the electronic manufacturing units in India experience improvements in the technical progress during the period of 2001-2002 to 2009-2010. However, the mean level of technical efficiency of the firms had a declining rate during the same period. The study thereby discerns that a majority of companies failed in spite of the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) of World Trade Organization (WTO) implementation and such implementation does not impact the technical efficiency of the electronic manufacturing firms. Section II Unel (2003) analysed the trends of productivity in the manufacturing sector of India during the period of 1980-81 to 1998-1999. The findings of the study revealed that the labour and total factor productivity (TFP) growth in the Indian industrial sector were significantly higher till the 1980s; however, the accelerated growth of the TFP is attributed to factor elasticities and the production function structure. The productivity growth of the manufacturing as well as the subsectors improved after the liberalisation. In the same context, Banga and Goldar (2004) assessed the contribution of services to the productivity and output growth of the Indian industrial sector during the pre and post reforms period. The KLEMS (capital-labor-energy-materials-services) production function framework is used to analyse the contribution of the services to the productivity and growth of the Indian manufacturing sector. The utilised production framework considers services as inputs to the process of production. The study used panel data of 148 three-digit level industries during the time frame of 1980-81 to 1997-98 (18 years) and the data is used to estimate the production function. The results of the analysis revealed that the increasing use of services brought favourable effects on the productivity and output growth of the Indian manufacturing sector in the 1990s. It is also to be noted that such favourable could even be due to the economic liberalisation that was carried out. It is revealed in the study that the percentage of contribution of services that are input to the growth of the manufacturing sector is just one per cent in the 1980s; however, the rate increased to 25 per cent in the 1990s. A multilateral total factor productivity index is used to study the effect of services on the productivity of the manufacturing units. The index is constructed for a majority of 41 industry groups for the period of 1980-81 to 1999-00 and the index is constructed for both with and without services. It is revealed that the estimate for productivity growth during the period of post-reforms is found to be over-stated when the services are not considered. The findings of the study indicated that the economic reforms are responsible for the growth of manufacturing units in the country post liberalisation. © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 7

Kaur and Kiran (2008) the trends in the partial productivity and the total productivity factor in the all Indian manufacturing units for 22 industrial groups at the aggregative and disaggregative levels. Other trends in the output and inputs are also analysed in the study. The period selected for the study is 1980-81 to 2002- 03 wherein for the purpose of evaluating the growth of the indian industrial sector, the period for study is divided into two: 1980-81 to 1990- 91 as the pre-reforms period and 1991-92 to 2002-03 as the post reforms period. The study assesses the changes in the growth of inputs and output and productivity during the pre and post reforms period. The comparison of results based on the pre and post reforms growth in productivity in the Indian industrial sector revealed that the post reform era had a slower growth rate than the pre-reforms period for both aggregative and disaggregative levels. In the same context, Das and Kalita (2009) computes the productivity growth of the industrial sector in aggregate levels. The Domar aggregation technique is used to compute the productivity growth in the Indian manufacturing sector which is the steering factor for the overall growth of the industrial sector. However, the study states the measurement of the productivity growth is still an issue due to two reasons. Firstly, a firm’s productivity should be reflected in the productivity of the lower levels which form the aggregate. Secondly, the aggregate productivity should highlight the importance of the inter-industry transactions in the analysis of the productivity growth. Domar weights were used to compute the total factor productivity (TFP) growth for the ten two-digit industries that are selected for the study during the period of 1980- 2000. A comparison of the estimates on the basis of Domar aggregation technique and traditional aggregate value added approach revealed that the estimates are half the same obtained using the traditional aggregate value added method. This further marks significance for the productivity numbers. Senapati and Paltasingh (2010) attempted to identify the effects of liberalisation on the industrial sector of three selected states (Orissa) in India. The period for study is from 1980-81 to 2004-05 and the study period is divided into pre liberalisation (1980-81 to 1989-90) and post liberalisation period (1991-92 to 2004-05). The study analyses the growth trends in the growth performance of the Indian industrial units using variables such as gross value added (GVA), capital stock, labor force, investment level in both pre and post reforms period. Though the objectives of liberalisation are to transform Indian industrial sector into more efficient and competitive sector in the global market, the end findings of the study revealed that liberalisation does not regulate growth in the industrial sector. In addition, the improvements in the productivity in the industrial units of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh are significant whereas the same is reverse in the state of Orissa. Das et al. (2010) analyses the different sources of growth of Indian sectors for the period of 1980-2004. The INDIA KLEMS project database is selected for the study and the data is © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 8

acquired for 31 sectors. The study specifically examines the contributions of productivity growth and the factor accumulation in the selected sectors of the Indian economy. The study revealed that there has been notable growth in the nation’s economy during the past decades which is evident from the increasing service sector GDP share. A growth accounting framework is used to analyse and document the different sources for the economic growth of India. The study assessed the productivity performance of all the selected sectors during the period 1980-2004 and four sub-sectors were also selected. The findings of the study revealed that the growth in the TFP is attributed to the of labour-quantity, quality and capital-ICT and non ICT assets. In addition the study documents the evidence that the service sector led to the growth of productivity in the Indian economy. Evidences were also found based on the factor accumulation as the sources of growth for the Indian economy and its various sectors as well as industries. Raj (2011) analyses the productivity performance and growth of the Indian manufacturing sector during the period 1978-79 – 2000-01. The study reveals the evidence of the increase in the size of the sector with a slowdown during the reformation period. The findings of the study revealed that the rate of growth in the two-digit industries varies predominantly but the growth rate variation in the 90s is low. During the reforms period, it is revealed that machinery manufacturing and textiles industries were rapidly growing industries. The study further discerned that the total factor productivity and the partial factor productivity factors reflected that the production in the sector has improved in the period for study. Furthermore, decomposing the productivity growth into efficiency change and technical change revealed that efficiency change contributes more to the total factor productivity growth during the period considered for the study. In addition, the study revealed that wage rate and capital intensity are vital factors for the augmentation of labour productivity in the sector. Aggarwal and Sato (2011) examine the impacts of industry dynamics on the productivity growth of the Indian industrial sector during the period 2000-01 to 2005. Plant level panel data of 22 manufacturing industries was selected for the study and the empirical analysis of the industries’ data is performed by decomposition techniques of aggregate productivity growth. The scope of the analysis is restricted to the data from large sector plants. The results of the analysis revealed that the in most industries, the emergence of new plants contributed significantly to the aggregate productivity growth. Though the effect of newly established plants is small, the growth of these plants is deemed to have substantial impacts on the productivity growth of the industrial sector. The entry effects of industries embracing low technologies are supported by the productivity growth of the continuing firms. The entry effects of medium tech industries are moderate and the productivity growth of continuing firms is assisted by the relocation effects. Ray (2012) estimated the economic performance of the Indian automobile industry with respect to capacity utilisation in the industry during the period 1991-92 to 2005-06. In addition, © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 9

the study also assesses the different factors impacting the capacity utilisation of the Indian automobile industry. An econometric model is used to determint eh optimal capacity output which is the minimum point on the short turn total cost curve of the firm. The results of the study revealed that after the economic liberalisation, the capacity utilisation improved at the rate of 5 per cent per annum. In addition, the results showed that capacity utilisation in firms with high import penetration and export intensity is low and is indicated by the negative coefficient of export-intensity variable and import penetration. Furthermore, size and capacity utilisation has a positive relation which is similar to capital utilisation and market share. Singh (2012) aspires to analyse the trends of TFP growth in the Indian manufacturing industries. Both inter –state aggregate and disaggregated levels were considered in the study and the Malmquist productivity index is used to calculate the annum growth of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) using the panel dataset of 16 selected major industrial states of the country. Data is collected for the period of 1979-80 to 2007-08 (29 years). The results of the Malmquist productivity index revealed that the Indian manufacturing sector is improving with an annual growth of 9.1 per cent. In addition, the study further revealed that among the 16 states selected for the study Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and Gujarat witnessed a double digit TFP growth. Uttar Pradesh is identified to be growing at the highest rate of 12.8 per cent growth rate annually which is followed by Madhya Pradesh wherein the growth rate of the state is 11.8 per cent per annum. The analysis of the different sources of the TFP growth revealed that both technical progress and technical change contribute to the TFP growth in the Indian manufacturing sector. In addition, the study also revealed that the efficiency change contributes more to the TFP growth than technical progress. Arnold et al. (2016) demonstrated the contribution of the India’s economic policy reforms in the services. The study utilised the panel data of 4,000 Indian firms for the period 1993-2005. The finding of the study revealed that the reforms in the different sectors such as telecommunications, banking, insurance and transport had all significantly regulated the productivity of the Indian manufacturing firms. Reforms in services had positively affected both local and foreign owned manufacturing units: however, foreign owned firms tend to be strongly regulated. Services liberalisation impacted in the form of increase in productivity of 11.7 per cent for the local firms and 13.2 per cent for foreign owned firms. The study further suggests that in addition to the hindrances affecting the development of the services sector, they also affect the manufacturing sector adversely. Mitra and Sharma (2012) in depth analyses the changes in the policies due to economic liberalisation and the effects of the same in the productivity and efficiency of the Indian manufacturing firms. The study in specific tested the effects of policy changes on import, export, R&D and technology over the period of 1994-2008. The results of the analysis revealed that © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 10

infrastructure is an important factor determining the performance of manufacturing units in India. In addition, infrastructure is also a determinant for other variables such as communication technology, transport and energy sectors. Furthermore the results also suggest that the knowledge transfer through exports is more significant than the same through imports. Since Indian firms rely on the utilisation of foreign technologies, the study further discerned that the rate of contribution by the R&D is very little. Thomas and Narayanan (2012) endeavours to understand the nature of heterogeneity in productivity and firm level export market participation in the Indian industrial sector. The study includes the testing of two hypotheses: one is the self-selection of the most productive companies into the export market and the other is the learning by exporting where manufacturing units become more productive once they enter the export market. The study utilises firm level data from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) for the period of 1990-2009. Levinsohn and Petrin method is used to estimate the value of Total factor productivity in firm level. The findings of the study revealed that the productivity rate of exporting companies is higher than the non-exporting firms in the Indian manufacturing industries. Compared with the magnitude of productivity of other countries, the study revealed that the magnitude of productivity is not large. The study further revealed that productivity growth contributes to the sustained participation of Indian industrial and manufacturing firms in the export market. Babu and Natarajan (2013) assess the performance of regional manufacturing units in India with the aid of analysing factors such as total factor productivity and labour. The study is limited to the scope of considering 15 major Indian states and Malmquist total factor productivity index is computed using Data Envelopment Analysis approach. The results of the analysis revealed that labour productivity improved during the reforms period and its TFP growth follows the same pattern. The study also identifies that the growth in productivity varies across the selected states and this variation is attributed to the differences in the regional infrastructural developments. Furthermore, the study recommends that other than improving factors of power generation, uninterrupted power supply should be available to increase the total factor productivity. Other factors such as better telecommunication facilities and improved road connectivity are also recommended to improve the performance of industrially strengthened states through improved productivity. Deshmukh and Pyne (2013) examined the productivity of Indian industrial firms and analysed their capabilities to enter the export market. The study analysed the determinants of labour productivity at the firm level during the period 1991-2009 and examined whether the intensity of exports differs between foreign owned and domestic owned companies. Similarly the intensity of exports is analysed between private and public owned firms. The findings of the study revealed that local firms/domestic controlled firms are more export-intensive than foreign- © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 11

owned firms. Similarly private firms are found to be more export intensive than public firms. Considering the labour productivity determinants at the firm level, raw material intensity and the size of firm play major role as determinants whereas the status of ownership is not considered elsewhere. Bhat (2014) explains categorically that, of late, structural changes have been witnessed in the Indian manufacturing sector. Nevertheless, the speed of change is not quick enough to modify the path of development. Manufacturing drives export higher and generates opportunities for employment and increases business opportunities, but it has occurred sufficiently in the context of the Indian economy. The contribution towards GDP is around 14 to 16 by the manufacturing sector, which is not only low bit close to stagnation. Technology utilisation in manufacturing has not progressed from the basic or intermediate level. R&D expenses are too low to be able to stimulate industries. Development of manufacturing sector has been one the decline from early 2007 due to poor investments from the private as well as public sectors. Poor demand and sluggish growth of GDP seriously affects new investment in consumer and capital goods industries. Higher interest rates, have added to the aggravating factors of investment climate. The reduction in demand for manufacture and employment is due to the increased capital intensity on all manufacturing firms. The route to restore and give and impetus to manufacturing sector growth calls for an allround development of infrastructure, greater access to land and acquisition, and the application of advanced technology, education, development of skills and promoting innovation in cutting edge technologies. Section III Subrahmanya, (2005) examined whether sustained growth of Indian small sector relies post-reformation relies on innovation and technology. The previous research stated that small scale industries of India are positioned with great importance in the economic structure of the nation which is evident from their share in the nation’s output, employment and exports. The cumulative effects of investment regime liberalisation and open market for Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) in 1991 and formation of World trade Organisation (WTO) in 1995 are evident from the transformation of the small scale sector. However, fluctuations in the development of the small scale industrial sector pose a serious threat to the nation’s development as well as the welfare of the Indian small scale industrial units. The previous study recommends policy makers to keep the sector competitive and eliminating the factors which reduce the size of the industry. Furthermore, the Indian SSI sector needs to be technologically competitive so as to acquire sustainable contribution. Raju, (2008) examined the past, present and future scenarios of Indian small and medium scale industries and provided a sustainability framework for development of the sector. The © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 12

previous research discerned the fact that Indian Small and medium scale industries constitute the major share of the nation’s economy and have been steering the growth of the nation in terms of economic developments. The previous research crucially explored the development and growth in the Indian small scale sector beginning with the economic liberalisation in the year 1991. The previous study further revealed that technological advancements and innovations in in-house environment of Indian small scale sector can boost productivity and tends to improve sustainable development of the sector. Furthermore, technology could be the only solution to proceed consistently and consciously. The previous study further revealed that a proper financial infrastructure needs to be established wherein for Indian small scale sector, adequate credit inflows should be facilitated. Mishra, (2012) examined the contribution of Indian small and medium scale industries and assessed the need for sustained development in the sector. The paper titled “Small Scale Industries: Striving and Thriving in the Era of Globalization” claims that the Indian Small and medium scale industrial sector contributes a significant part to the Indian economy in terms of output, employment and the nation’s export rate. The previous study revealed that more than 45 per cent of the entire manufacturing output of the nation is accounted by the Small and medium scale industries and 40 per cent of the total exports of the nation is contributed by this sector. Furthermore, the study revealed that the sector is predicted to employ more than 65 million persons in the year 2012. However, the sustainable growth of Indian small and medium scale industries is questioned wherein the previous researcher recommends the government to take active roles in improving the sector through creation of awareness, support through government programs and funds. Such an approach would aid Indian small and medium scale industries to sustain in the era of economic liberalisation. Rakesh, (2014) conducted a PEST analysis to examine the different factors affecting sustainability of Indian SSIs. The previous study discerned that Indian small and medium scale enterprises require changes in their technologies, practices wherein there is a dire need to identify the factors that could drive towards sustainment. It is further claimed that for Indian small and medium scale industries, sustainability is complicated unless there is cost reduction and control. The previous study identified two different dimensions- external and internal. Internal factors such as technological changes could be established so as to improve sustainability. However, external factors could not be changed and hence require adaptation. Section IV Garg (1996) carried out in depth studies on the performance of large industries, modern Small scale industries and traditional industries. The assessment and review in the study relies on the data disseminated by the ASI; Development Commissioner. It was observed that smaller SSIs © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 13

were expanding in terms of numbers as well as number of employees, the scale of investment and the quantum of total output. SSIs functioning in the factory segment (at par with larger SSIs) have however, not projected any growth in the total units of factories and number of employees; though there has been fast paced accumulation of capital. There is a widespread opinion that some of the Government policies are making capital available cheaper with respect to labour and there has been an inclination to replace capital for manpower in the large scale units and SSIs in the factory sector. When it comes to size, the larger units among the SSIs are growing bigger whereas the smaller units are shrinking and becoming smaller. With regard to the efficiency of the units, while there is higher labour productivity in larger SSIs, smaller SSIs units utilise their reduced capital better and are also observed to be more labour intensive. The traditional industries have performed well in terms of absorption of labour and their capability to earn forex. This study analyses if the current policies of the Government to establish new units be encouraged, or whether the policies of the Government need to be focused towards promoting the growth of the existing SSIs. It is also necessary to review the growth of Small Scale Industries in the context of a liberal economy and understand what types of technology - flexible specialisation or mass production-needs to be taken up to spur growth and to drive up generation of employment. Sonia and Kansal (2009) studied and evaluated the performance of SSIs, both prior and post liberalization and compared them with the average annual rates of growth, to gauge the impact of Globalization on the actual performance of SSIs. The study is for the period between 1973- 2007 and based on secondary information. In this study, efforts have been made to assess the effect of globalization on the growth of SSIs. The comparison of growth patterns of the key parameters between the Pre- and Post – Globalization periods reveals that “globalization” actually had a negative effect on the development of SSIs that were considered in terms of numbers of units, the volume of production, the number of employees and export data. A steep drop in the rate of growth of number of units and in employment generation in the post liberalisation period is a matter of serious concern for the policy-makers and planners of policy reforms. To sum up, we can establish conclusively that the recent pattern of growth of the SSI sector was a display of the reliance of the Indian economy on globalization and liberalisation, which had on earlier occassions failed to positively impact the growth of SSIs in India. Subrahmanya (2005) carried out extensive studies on the performance, potential and prospects of SSIs in India in the era of globalisation. SSIs have strategic importance in the Indian economy mainly due to its significant contribution to generation of employment, production and increased exports. But, from the year 1991, SSIs in India have been in a highly competitive environment mainly due to globalisation, domestic liberalisation of the economy and dilution of specific protective measures for the sector. This study investigates the consequences of globalisation and domesticv economic liberalisation for SSIs and examines its growth © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 14

performance by quantifying them in terms of units, number of employees, the volume of output and exports. The study attempted to present solutions to these questions. In this study, the official definition of small enterprise and their role as laid down from time to time by the Government of India under the Industries Development and Regulation (IDR) Act, 1951 are followed. Presently, small-scale enterprises are categorised as those that have original investment in plant and machinery, and if they are held on ownership terms or on lease,’ hire purchase basis, below Rs. One Crore. The study concludes with recommendations on policies to maintain the sustenance and to spur competitive growth of SSIs in India. Garg (2013) reviewed the Performance & Challenges of Small Scale Industries in India. This study analysed the existing microeconomic evidence to check if SMEs promoted growth and reduced poverty. During the present economic meltdown the SME sector had been affected very badly primarily due to the hike in interest rates and the financial crunch. The small size and capacity of the SMEs combined with their lack of knowledge have created many obstacles to their growth and development such as under-utilization of capacity, insufficient and un-timely credit flows, inability to adapt technology upgradation, inadequate raw-material procurement, inability to market finished goods, and ineffective monitoring and feedback mechanism. The problem which continues to be obstacles for the development of the sector is the inability to raise funds in time. The importance of SMEs in the nation is significant and irreplaceable. This is entirely because of the number of burgeoning units in the country. This sector, contributes greatly to the development and employment sector. This sector discharges the task of providing employment to minorities, the backward classes and to women. This sector faces problems on a daily basis, such as shortage of electricity, and lack of basic infrastructure along with the market related problems. To effectively solve these problems and promote and develop the SME sector, major concerted efforts have been undertaken in the eleventh plan. However the efforts are insufficient. For the all round development of rural and farming group, separate departments need to be formed. Likewise, in the development of industrial ministry for urban Micro and Small and Medium Industries separate and targeted efforts need to be initiated. SMEs have always been a represention of the model of socio-economic policies of the Government of India which has stressed on the responsible use of foreign exchange for importing capital goods and inputs; manpower intensive mode of production; for employment generation; no focus or diffusion of economic power in the hands of a few (similar to large houses); frowning and rejecting practices of production and marketing that can be called monopolistic; and lastly, effective and significant contribution to the foreign exchange earnings and reserves of the nation through operations that rely on low import operations. SMEs are the de facto growth engine of the economy and help to maintain and support sustain other sectors such as allied services. Kanagarathinam and Sukumar (2013) carried out in-depth studies of the challenges in the marketing Strategies in Small Scale Industries. This empirical study encompasses the socio- © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 15

economic conditions, marketing strategies of SSIs and highlights the marketing problems faced by SSIs. The primary aim of this study is to share knowhow with the SSIs regarding the blind spots and grey areas in the marketing of their products. Data was collected collated from both primary and secondary sources. The sample size was around 50 small industrial units selected from among 1900 registered Industrial Units to train the spotlight on the performance of the entrepreneurs. Of the selected sample size, a two stage stratified simple random sampling technique was adopted to conduct the test. In the first step the industries were classified under 9 segments based on the nature of the products viz, Agro based, Textiles, Chemicals, rubber and plastics, Engineering, food and food processing, metallic, paper and wood building material, industrial units etc. In the second part 50 per cent of the selected units that were in existence for three years were selected for focused and intensive study. The sample units that were selected were from all the strata, clubbed together and equally allocated for each strata. The analysis observed that more than 50 per cent of the sample units did not have any dedicated marketing personnel, and the marketing activity was being taken care of personally by the entrepreneur himself. But, the statistics reveal that less than 50 per cent of the sample units had some kind of a marketing setup with a small marketing section, around 60 per cent of them have reported to the personal selling method, 28 per cent of sample units have accorded second and third place priority in terms of importance towards marketing function. Around 42 per cent of the sample units did devise an annual marketing plan, while 10 per cent opted for plans for one full year to sell their products. Around 54 % of the sample units had sufficient marketing opportunities for their products and 80 per cent of them have not made any efforts to update regarding the cost effectiveness of their marketing strategy. 62 per cent of the sample size of the SSIs faces stiff competition and a similar percentage of sample units sell their products to customers from industrial sector, whereas 56 per cent of small units offload their products in the national market. Around 74 per cent of the sampled units do not conduct any kind of market survey. Similarly, an equal number of the sample units have attained the goal of customer satisfaction. 71.05 per cent of the sample units have encountered serious issues regarding quality of their products. 60.53 per cent of the units have had to contend with moderate problems of pricing their products. 42.11 per cent of the sample units have had to bear the brunt of customers’ for not sticking to the time schedules and introduction of their products into the markets. 50 per cent of the sample units have faced moderate problems of incorrect segregation. 55.26 per cent of sample units have faced serious issues of unreasonably high cost of marketing personnel. 73.68 per cent of the sample units have undergone unpleasant experiences during distribution of their products. 60.53 per cent of the sample units have had to face issues during sales promotion. 89.47 per cent of the sample units have had to contend with their competitors. 65.79 per cent of the sample units in the district have experienced similar problems to a moderate extent. A significantly high percentage (89.47) of the sample units faced serious issues created by the competition. Other minor issues such lack of sufficient knowledge regarding product design, packaging, branding, Indian © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 16

Standard Institution (ISI) mark, and shortage of packaging materials etc., were encountered by 65.79 per cent of the small units to a moderate extent. Pandey (2013) examined the trends, opportunities & challenges in small scale and cottage INDUSTRIES in India with special focus on the state of Uttar Pradesh. The study postulates the issues and prospects of SSIs and cottage industries in the state of Uttar Pradesh, where there are no existing large and medium scale industries and whose development is directly related to the various initiatives, programmes and policies designed to alleviate poverty, unemployment and backwardness of the rural people. Data, both primary and secondary were used in the study. The information thus collected and collated from the primary and the secondary sources has been edited, classified and sorted in a logical order. During this process, errors and omissions were detected and the same were corrected after due validation. Tabular analysis was done in two manners - manually as well as digitally with the “Statistical Package for Social Scientists” (SPSS) and SYSTAT software. The findings proved that after recognizing the important role that SSIs play in the national economy, the central as well as the state governments have taken initiatives to develop, promote and nurture their growth. Many of these programs have been effective: whereas most of the problems of SSI still continue to affect the smooth functioning and growth of the sector. Small scale and cottage industries are witnessing an upheaval from a host of problems; some are similar to the whole gamut of industries whereas others are particularly relevant only to a specific group or category of industries located in certain rural and backward area. A reorientation or realignment of the attitude of the citizens of the particular state in general, and the educated aspiring youth, and the capitalist class in particular is an urgent requirement that needs to be undertaken to pave the way for reforms and industrialization in the state. Vaijayanti (2013) delved further and studied extensively the problems faced by the small scale sector in India. The study revealed that in terms of value, the SSI sector contributed around 40 per cent market share of the value added in the manufacturing sector and around one third of the total national export share. In order to infuse vitality and growth in the small scale sector, a separate policy statement has been released for the benefit of small, tiny & village enterprises on 6th August 1991. Numerous problems have been tagged with marketing in Small Scale Sector. For this purpose the researcher has categorised the problems into six different sets viz; 1. Market Structure Problems 2. Logistic Problems 3. Managerial Problems 4. Economic Problems 5. Communication Problems 6. Socio-psychological Problems. A majority of these problems arose because of traditional mind set or shortfall in infrastructural requirements. The major problem is the socio-economic conditions and the socio-psychological setups. Various issues faced by the individual unit owners of Small Scale industries have been ascribed different weightage as per different points of view. Concerted efforts need be made to be able to come out with a solution that's acceptable to all. © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 17

Chandraiah and Vani (2014) closely examined the Prospects and Problems of MSMEs sector in India. This study carried out an in-depth analysis of the definition of MSMEs, their role and the performance of MSMEs in the context of the Indian economy, Government policies towards MSMEs and issues of MSMEs. The relevant secondary data was compiled from the official publication of “Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, journals, Government of India” published by the Reserve Bank of India and the Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy. The general performance and contribution of SSIs to the Indian economy is explained in terms of the total growth in terms of such units, the number of employees, the output production and quantum of exports. The MSMEs Development Act of 2006 is the most important of the changes in policy effected recently. The formulation and implementation of policies and initiatives or projects or schemes or programmes in the MSME sector is executed by the Ministry with the inputs and assistance of organisations that are both associated and autonomous. The development of SSIs can be assessed, based on the growth rates of units, the number of employees, the quantum of output and exports of SSIs in 2013 vis a vis that of 1990s. At the same time the MSMEs sector encountered Key Challenges such as Lack of sufficient and timely credit, steep or High rate of credit, difficult collateral requirements, Limited access to equity capital, inability to Procure raw materials at a competitive cost, storage Problems, designing, packaging and display of the product, Lack of access to global markets, poor and insufficient infrastructure facilities such as power, water, roads, abysmally Low technology levels, Lack of skilled manpower for manufacturing, services, marketing, etc. Though the numerous challenges that had to be contended with, the MSME sector has shown remarkable innovation, versatility, and Resilience to be able to survive and come out unscathed from the recent economic downturn and recession. The small scale sector has developed and grown admirably and rapidly over the years. The era of liberalization and the growth of the MSMEs sector comprise an important segment of Indian economy. MSMEs are a very crucial segment in the Indian industrial sector and would be an ongoing process in the Indian Economy in the near future. A beneficial aspect of economic growth in India is due to the remarkable development of modern MSMEs. Modi (2014) analysed the issues and prospects of SSIs in India. Small Scale Industries exist in all nations. A developing nation like India provides a special place for the small scale sector in the industrial structure. Hence, the Government of India has provided this sector an important position in the framework of Indian economic planning for reasons that are both ideological as well as economic. Due to this, small sectors have clocked an impressive growth rate in the total numbers of units and the volume of production during the last sixty year since independence. Despite possessing huge potentialities, the Indian SSIs could not progress as satisfactorily as desired, since these industries have many drawbacks. Hence, this research study is an attempt to identify the problems faced by the Indian SSIs and to understand the prospects of these SSIs. © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 18

Patil and Chaudhar (2014) studied the issues of Small Scale Industries in India by collecting and collating secondary data from the website of the Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises, from the Government of India and from other published material. The review of prospects and issues of MSMEs have shown that the total number of SSIs have increased from 105.21 lakhs in 2001- 02 to a staggering 298.08 lakhs in 2009-10. They have grown by three times within a span of one decade. But, the growth was consistent till 2005-06 and in 2006-07 the growth rate shot very high (i.e. 111.18 per cent) but subsequently, the growth rate has been only around 4.5 per cent till the year 2009-10 when compared to the same period in the respective previous years. Though the SSIs have made commendable contribution to the nation's economy, the SSI sector does not receive the necessary support from the concerned Government Departments, Banking Institutions, Financial Institutions and Corporates, which has become a handicap while competing in National and International Markets. Varied issues such as acute shortage of skilled manpower, poor and insufficient credit assistance, poor and irregular supply of raw materials and lack of proper infrastructure have attributed to the decline in progress of SSIs. To empower the SSIs to regain their rightful place as the growth engine of the economy of India, it is necessary that support is extended to the MSMEs that they are educated and empowered to be able to optimise utilization of resources, both human and economic, to achieve the elusive success. The SSIs need to be informed, educated and updated of the latest developments occurring globally and helped in acquiring the necessary skills to be abreast of the global developments. Ziniya (2014) studied the complex nature of SSIs in India. Small scale industries perform an important role in a developing nation's economy. If the population of India is considered then it can be inferred that this sector has great potential in India. Globally, the unorganized industrialized sector has been recognized as Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) whereas in India it has been identified as SSI. The SSIs in India have become an engine of development for the financial system, making significant contributions towards increase in the GDP, employees and volume of exports. This sector has constantly contributed to India’s economic progress but SSIs cannot make contributions exactly in comparison to other industries because of the nature of specific difficulties. There are some issues which are a reason for the prevention of growth of SSIs in India. The primary focus of this research study is to identify the major issues and problems faced by SSIs. Aruna (2015) analysed the problems faced by MSMEs – A Special Reference to Small Entrepreneurs in Visakhapatnam. Small business establishment often face numerous problems that are actually related to their size of operations. A regular reason for cash and liquidity crunch is undercapitalization. This is more often than not, due to poor planning rather than fiduciary reasons. It is an accepted rule of thumb that the entrepreneur should be able to raise some amount of money that is at least equal to the projected revenue expected during the very first year of © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 19

business apart from the approximate expected expenses or overheads. MSMEs in India face a plethora of problems - lack of sufficient and on-time finance from banks or financial institutions, lack of suitable advanced technology, poor marketing due to inadequate resources and non- availability of adequately trained and skilled manpower. These business houses are generally confronted with issues that are different from that of the larger companies and multi-national corporations. The problems include, but are not limited to the following: lack of it support, lack of it literacy, lack of formal procedure and discipline, uneven it awareness and management skills, lack of financial resources, lack of human resources, raw material problems, production problems, etc. Proven statistics have shown that obstacles like financial constraints and issues that are related to electricity, power; raw material procurement needs to be even more effectively handled by the government. Additionally, the data that is collected and collated has revealed statistics that the general globalised business environment of India has always been favourable on an average level towards the growth of micro and small scale industries. Nagaraju (2015) studied the growing opportunities and challenges for SSIs in the emerging Indian market. SSIs occupy an important position in the Indian economy, contributing to more than half of the total industrial production in terms of value addition. The sector accounts for around 33% of the total export revenues earned and have on its payrolls the largest manpower next to the agriculture sector. In India's present liberalized scenario, the growth and survival of small-scale industry (SSI) depends to great extent on its ability to improvise, innovate, improve its operational efficiency and increase the productivity. The role played by small-scale industries in the financial growth of India in the recent past is analysed in depth in this study. Various parameters influencing the growth and development of SSIs and the problems encountered by important sector of Indian economy is thoroughly examined. The contribution of SSIs in terms of increased employment, higher production, higher volumes of export promotion and numerous other economic indicators are discussed. Conclusions that have been arrived at, based on the examination of the data indicate that the numerous policy initiatives implemented by the Government of India from independence have contributed to the growth of this sector. A few of the policies of the Government of India may, unfortunately, not be very useful in contributing to the efficiency of units in this sector because many non-viable units have been added to earlier unsuccessful entities. Siddiqui (2015) examined the problems encountered in the operation of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises in India. MSMEs perform a crucial role in the Indian economy by way of contributing around 60 per cent of the total number of people employed in export sector, around 40 per cent of GDP and more than half of total exports. Though there has been a significant increase in the number of MSMEs many challenges were faced by MSMEs during their growth. This research study looks at the specific challenges that were encountered by the MSME sector. To carry out this study, stratified random sampling was utilised, the number of participating © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 20

respondent MSMEs were 112, and the data was collated through structured questionnaires. The data was later analysed through ANOVA and data represented by tables. It was observed that the major problems faced by the MSMEs are: marketing their products and acute shortage of working capital. References Aggarwal, A. & Sato, T. (2011). Firm Dynamics and Productivity Growth in Indian Manufacturing: Evidence from Plant Level Panel Dataset. [Online]. Nada, Kobe. Available from: http://www.rieb.kobe-u.ac.jp/academic/ra/dp/English/DP2011-07.pdf. Arnold, J.M., Javorcik, B., Lipscomb, M. & Mattoo, A. (2016). Services Reform and Manufacturing Performance: Evidence from http://users.ox.ac.uk/~econ0247/India.pdf. India. [Online]. Available from: Aruna, N. (2015). Problems Faced By Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises – A Special Reference to Small Entrepreneurs in Visakhapatnam. IOSR Journal of Business and Management. [Online]. 17 (4). pp. 43–49. Available from: http://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol17-issue4/Version- 5/F017454349.pdf. Babu, S.M. & Natarajan, R.R. (2013). Growth and spread of manufacturing productivity across regions in India. SpringerPlus. [Online]. http://springerplus.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2193-1801-2-53. 2 (1). pp. 53. Available from: Baliyan, S.K., Baliyan, K. & Ghosh, P. (2015). Technical Efficiency and Productivity Change in The Indian Manufacturing Industries: A State wise Analysis. Journal of Regional Development and Planning. 4 (2). pp. 45–60. Banga, R. & Goldar, B. (2004). Contribution of Services to Output Growth and Productivity in Indian Manufacturing: Pre and Post Reforms. ICRIER Working Paper. [Online]. New Delhi. Available from: http://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp139.pdf. Bhandari, A.K., Bhattacharya, M., Chen, J.-R., Pradeep, V. & Yang, C.-H. (2010). Productivity, Technical Progress And Scale Efficiency In Indian Manufacturing: New Evidence Using Non- Parametric Approach. Discussion http://www.buseco.monash.edu.au/units/dru/papers/working-papers- 10/1004productivitybhandaribhattacharya.pdf. Paper. [Online]. Available from: Bhat, T.P. (2014). Structural Changes in the Manufacturing Sector and Growth Prospect. ISID. [Online]. New Delhi. Available from: http://isid.org.in/pdf/WP173.pdf. © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 21

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Kathuria, V., Raj, R.S.N. & Sen, K. (2013). Productivity Measurement in Indian Manufacturing: A Comparison of Alternative Methods. Journal of Quantitative Economics. [Online]. 11 (1&2). Available from: http://www.jqe.co.in/journals/jqe_v11_148-179_vinish_kathuria.pdf. Kaur, M. & Kiran, R. (2008). Indian Manufacturing Sector: Growth and Productivity under the New Policy Regime. International Review of Business Research Papers. [Online]. 4 (2). pp. 136–150. Available from: http://www.irbrp.com/static/documents/March/2008/1423377682.pdf. Kumar, S. (2004). A Decomposition of Total Factor Productivity Growth : A Regional Analysis of Indian Industrial Manufacturing Growth. [Online]. New Delhi. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.380.7202&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Madheswara, S., Rath, B.N. & Liao, H. (2007). Productivity Growth of Indian Manufacturing Sector: Panel Estimation of Stochastic Production Frontier and Technical Inefficiency. The Journal of Developing Areas. [Online]. 40 https://www.jstor.org/stable/4193029?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. (2). pp. 35–50. Available from: Mazumdar, M., Rajeev, M. & Ray, S.C. (2009). Output and Input Efficiency of Manufacturing Firms in India: A Case of the Indian Pharmaceutical Sector. [Online]. Bangalor. Available from: http://www.isec.ac.in/WP 219 - Mainak Mazumdar.pdf. Mishra, S. (2012). Small Scale Industries: Striving and Thriving in the Era of Globalization. International Journal of Enterprise Computing and Business Systems. 2 (2). pp. 1–17. Mitra, A. & Sharma, C. (2012). Are reforms productive? Explaining productivity and efficiency in the Indian manufacturing. [Online]. Available from: http://cerdi.org/uploads/ed/2012/2012.33.pdf. Mitra, A., Sharma, C. & Veganzones, M.-A. (2011). Total Factor Productivity and Technical Efficiency of Indian Manufacturing: The Role of Infrastructure and Information & Communication Technology. [Online]. Available from: https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs- 00597656/. Modi, S. (2014). Problems and Prospects of Indian Small Scale Industries. Research Journal. [Online]. 1 (3). pp. 201–206. dimensions.org/dnload/Satish-Modi/BDV01I03P0201.pdf. Available from: http://www.business- Nagaraju, N. (2015). Emerging Opportunities and Challenges For Small Scale Industries in an Emerging Indian Economy. International Journal of Scientific Research. 4 (6). pp. 546–548. Pandey, V. (2013). Trends, Opportunities and Challenges in Small Scale and Cottage Industries in Uttar Pradesh. Asian Journal of Technology & Management Research. [Online]. 3 (2). Available © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 23

from: CHALLENGES.pdf. http://www.ajtmr.com/papers/vol3issue2/TREND-OPPORTUNITIES-AND- Parameswaran, M. (2002). Economic Reforms and Technical Efficiency: Firm Level Evidence From Selected Industries in India. White Paper. New Delhi. Patil, S. & Chaudhar, P.. (2014). Problems of Small Scale Industries in India. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research. [Online]. 4 (2). pp. 20–21. Available from: http://www.ijemr.net/DOC/ProblemsOfSmallScaleIndustriesInIndia(19-21)57c54866-ea0f-4451- be7a-29fc86861280.pdf. Raj, R. (2011). Structure, Employment and Productivity Growth in the Indian Unorganized Manufacturing Sector: An Industry Level Analysis. CMDR Monograph Series. [Online]. Available from: http://cmdr.ac.in/editor_v51/assets/mono-50.pdf. Rakesh, C. (2014). PEST Analysis for Micro Small Medium Enterprises Sustainability. Journal of Management and Commerce. 1 (1). pp. 18–22. Ray, S. (2012). Economic Performance of Indian Automobile Industry: An Econometric Appraisal. Business Intelligence Journal. 5 (1). pp. 151–162. Senapati, A.K. & Paltasingh, K.R. (2010). Trade Policy Orientation and Productivity Growth in the manufacturing sector: A Comparative study of three states. [Online]. Available from: http://www.mse.ac.in/Frontier/k11 asis senapati A.pdf. Siddiqui, M.A. (2015). Operational Problems of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises. International Journal in Management and Social Science. 3 (4). pp. 606–616. Singh, F.P. (2012). Economic Reforms and Productivity Growth in Indian Manufacturing Sector: An Interstate Analysis. International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services & Management Research. [Online]. 1 (2). http://indianresearchjournals.com/pdf/IJMFSMR/2012/December/1.pdf. pp. 1–22. Available from: Sivakumar, P. & Patnaik, U.S. (n.d.). Economic Reforms and Technical Efficiency Performance in Indian Manufacturing Sector. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/2193.pdf. [Online]. Available from: Sonia & Kansal, R. (2009). Globalization and Its Impact on Small Scale Industries in India. PCMA Journal of Business. [Online]. 1 http://www.publishingindia.com/uploads/samplearticles/pcma-sample-article.pdf. (2). pp. 135–146. Available from: © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 24

Subrahmanya, B. (2005a). SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY IN INDIA UNDER GLOBALISATION: DOES SOLACE LIE IN TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION? International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development. 2 (1). pp. 122–139. Subrahmanya, M.H.B. (2005b). Small-scale industries in India in the globalisation era: performance and prospects. International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development. [Online]. 2 (1). pp. 122. Available from: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=6034. Thomas, R. & Narayanan, K. (2012). Productivity heterogeneity and firm level exports: case of Indian manufacturing industry. In: The 11th Annual GEP Postgraduate Conference 2012. [Online]. 2012, United Kingdom. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/conferences/2012/postgraduate-conference/ronny- thomas.pdf. Available from: Unel, B. (2003). Productivity trends in India’s manufacturing sectors in the last two decades. IMF Working Papers. No. 03/22. Vaijayanti, R. (2013). Problems Faced By the Small Scale Sector– An Analysis. National Monthly Refereed Journal of Research In Commerce & Management. [Online]. 2 (1). pp. 87–105. Available http://www.abhinavjournal.com/images/Commerce_&_Management/Jan13/13.pdf. from: Ziniya, S.N. (2014). Complexity Of Small Scale Industry In India. RESEARCH HUB – International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. [Online]. 1 (1). pp. 1–5. Available from: http://www.rhimrj.com/admin/upload/-upload-AUG14010109.pdf. © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent PhD Assistance ™ - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.phdassistance.com India: Nungambakkam,Chennai-600034 # +91 8754446690 [email protected] 25

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2. Thorough Preparation: Meticulously crafting my presentation was only the first step. I realized the necessity of thorough preparation, ensuring that each slide effectively communicated my research objectives, methodology, preliminary findings, and future directions. Despite the initial nerves, I remained composed and focused, drawing upon months of dedication and hard work invested in my research.

3. Anticipating Diverse Requests: During one particularly memorable meeting, the committee members had varied requests—one member asked for a demonstration of my work, while another member wanted to delve into the intricacies of my data collection, cleaning, and wrangling process. These diverse requests underscored the importance of being prepared for any eventuality during the presentation, including the need for live demonstrations and detailed explanations of data-related processes.

4. Embracing Constructive Criticism: I welcomed the committee’s feedback with an open mind. Their constructive criticism and encouragement not only bolstered my confidence but also reignited my passion for my work. I learned to recognize the invaluable role of feedback in guiding the next steps of my research journey.

5. Displaying Previous Meeting Observations: One valuable lesson I learned along the way was the importance of displaying and addressing previous committee meeting observations in subsequent presentations. It was during my second presentation that one committee member suggested this approach, highlighting the need to showcase how suggestions were addressed and incorporated into the research progress. From that point onward, I made it a regular practice to include this information in my presentations, ensuring transparency and accountability in my research journey.

In retrospect, each PhD progress presentation was a transformative experience, shaping me into a more resilient, prepared, and adaptable researcher.

As I reflect on the journey of presenting my PhD progress, I invite you to join me in exploring the intricacies of navigating these pivotal meetings. From preparation to presentation, and from feedback to refinement, each step of the journey offers valuable insights into the art and science of doctoral progress presentations.

Introduction

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The PhD Doctoral committee is constituted by the university in which the candidate has registered for PhD. The committe is there   to support and guide the research scholar  till his final thesis is submitted. The committe involves the experts in the domain of the candidate from various universities and research labs. The Committee will evaluate your progress and help to make sure that you are on track to get your dissertation within a reasonable time.

At the beginning of your research, their focus will be on making sure you have defined reasonable and achievable objectives. Later, they will help you decide when it is time to write your thesis. Finally, they will be there at your thesis seminar and defence presentations. Their support as mentors will likely continue as you move on in your career.

Doctoral committee meeting happens usually once in 06 months. Here it is expected that the research scholar has to present his  PhD progress work of the past six months. The meeting should not be felt like an exam. The outcome should be productive advice to you for your future research.

The  Presentation of  PhD Progress Report to Doctoral Committee Members happens in three stages namely: i) Before the meeting:   i.e. Once you start preparing the report for the meeting to till the meeting begins. ii) During the meeting:  i.e. From entering into the meeting hall to  till the meeting gets over and iii) After the meeting:   i.e. From the time meeting concludes to till the next six months before you really start preparing for your next meeting report.

Before the PhD Progress Presentation Meeting

Along with your supervisor go through all the comments given in the previous PhD progress doctoral committee meeting. Discuss in detail with your supervisor the work carried out for the past six months. If any issues are still pending have justification for not addressing or partially addressing those issues.

Do not hide details regarding the implementation and pending issues with your supervisor.  This actually helps the supervisor to defend you and take inputs from the committee members regarding the future course of directions.

A summary of  PhD progress and plans should be prepared and submitted to the  Doctoral committee at least one week prior to the meeting. Make sure that you have gone through the report with all grammatical corrections and plagiarism checks.

Send out the agenda to your committee members beforehand, but also remind them of the topics you want to cover before you begin the presentation. If you have any manuscripts published or accepted send your committee a copy of the same.

You should prepare a  PhD progress presentation (no more than 20 minutes without interruption) that includes a brief background of your research, objectives and the work carried out from the last presentation to till date. Without fail discuss in detail the presentation slides with your supervisor. In your presentation slides list all the previous comments and your response for each committee in the form of a table.

If you are planning to change the title of your work getting consent from the committee members is essential. Have at least    04-05 titles which you and your supervisor feel appropriate beforehand. This will ease the process of changing the title immediately in the meeting and the committee can recommend the same to the university along with regular suggestions.

The best way to ensure that your  PhD progress meeting goes smoothly is to meet individually with each committee member to discuss your results well in advance. If you cannot meet with them in person, share your results ( refer my blog on how to write result section ) over email and ask for their feedback. If there are any disagreements, resolve them before the meeting by speaking with your supervisor to ensure that the meeting goes smoothly.

During the PhD Progress Presentation Meeting

Before the start of the PhD progress presentation give copies of the one-page summary to other faculty members who are attending the session. Submit copies of the complete report to the committee members including your supervisor. No need to present details of any published work. Provide a reprint or preprint, preferably ahead of the meeting. If your work is software based then keep the demo ready. If you do not have a working module then show the video demonstration of the model. This will help the committee members to suggest future directions for your work.

During your PhD progress committee meeting, you should focus on the last six months’ work rather than the background. Only spend as much time on the background as is relevant to what you will be talking about.

There should not be any surprise slides/facts to your supervisor during your committee meeting.

At your first PhD progress Doctoral committee meeting, you will present an outline of your plan for your research. You can build a detailed description of what you plan to do ( literature survey to carry out,  algorithms or theorems to study,  experiments to carry out, software and hardware components to add, systems integration to perform, tests to accomplish ).  The plans can be represented with specific milestones and timelines with a  Gantt Chart .

Example: The sample Gantt chart below shows a set of activities planned for the next few months for the Research work. This can be extended to any length. This chart helps the committee members to know how well the researcher has planned the research activities.

At subsequent PhD progress meetings you should present a brief introduction (one or two slides) to remind the committee of your research area – don’t expect them to recall everything from the last meeting, but no need to go into great detail. Aim to put your work in context.

Show your current working objective in the form of a block diagram. This will set the boundary for the presentation and discussion. This will help the committee members to focus on the specified objective. For example in the figure below the candidate is focusing on the “Wheeled mobile Robot” objective in Robot Path Planning.

Make sure you are comfortable moving back and forth among your slides.  Do not cross the time limit. Add photographs of any field visits for data collection , or conference presentations in your presentation slides. If you had any interactions with domain experts in your area then add interaction details with a date. If you have visited any organization as a resource person relating to your Ph.D. work with your supervisor then add that details.

Seek advice from your committee members during the meeting. Note down all the suggestions by yourself or ask one of your research colleagues to note the same.  This is highly desirable, almost to the point that you should make it mandatory. Give a timeline of your plans. What will you be doing over the next month, and what do you hope to accomplish before your next meeting in the next six months’ time.

Keep additional slides along with your regular slides. Get into additional slides detail if any clarifications are sought on any equations or algorithms etc.

Additional slides can be presented as follows:

i) The equipment details you are planning to purchase or currently using for implementation.

ii) The Algorithms which you have implemented or planning to implement.

iii) The mathematical model you have developed,  or

iv) Any slides that you think are important but do not have time to cover at the end of your presentation.

Here are some tips regarding the presentation, including time management, devices, backup, laptop usage, uploading PowerPoint, video, and audio:

• Practice your presentation beforehand to ensure it fits within the allocated time.
• Use a timer or stopwatch during practice sessions to gauge your pace.
• Be mindful of the time during the actual presentation and make necessary adjustments to stay on track.
• Ensure your laptop or presentation device is in good working condition.
• Carry a backup copy of your presentation on a USB drive or cloud storage.
• Test the compatibility of your presentation files with the equipment at the presentation venue in advance.
• Close any unnecessary applications or notifications on your laptop to avoid distractions.
• Disable sleep mode or screensavers to prevent interruptions during the presentation.
• Familiarize yourself with the laptop’s function keys or shortcuts for adjusting display settings, volume, etc.
• Save your PowerPoint presentation in a compatible format (e.g., PPT or PPTX).
• Verify that all embedded media (images, videos, audio) are properly linked and functional.
• If possible, upload your presentation to the venue’s computer system before the session to avoid last-minute technical issues.
• Check the audio and video components of your presentation beforehand to ensure they work properly.
• If you plan to play a video, ensure it is in a compatible format and smoothly integrated into your presentation.
• Test the sound levels to ensure audibility for everyone in the room.

Additional tips (from personal experience):

• Rehearse your presentation multiple times to build confidence and familiarity with the material.
• Prepare cue cards or key points to refer to if needed, but avoid excessive reliance on them.
• Maintain eye contact with the audience to engage them and convey confidence.
• Speak clearly and project your voice to ensure everyone can hear you.
• Use visual aids and diagrams to enhance understanding and clarify complex concepts.
• Incorporate storytelling or real-life examples to make your presentation more engaging.
• Practice smooth transitions between slides and maintain a logical flow throughout.
• Be prepared to answer questions and engage in discussions following your presentation.

Remember, the more prepared and confident you are, the better you can deliver your presentation effectively.

After the PhD Progress Presentation Meeting

End your  PhD progress committee meeting with a summary of what you have discussed, common points that you have reached and an action plan for the next six months. Your action plan needs to have “actionable” items, specifically what milestones you will work towards after the meeting and approximate timelines.

A written summary of the  PhD progress committee meeting will be prepared by the supervisor and the committee, and that will be sent to the University. You will receive a copy of this and a copy will be placed in your research file.

Send an email note to each of your committee members through your supervisor to thank them for their time, and summarize the action items or milestones you agreed to. This will give your committee members another chance to give you feedback or suggestions.

During the meeting, you might have accepted to complete some implementation before the next meeting, but you may run out of time or you may not get any ideas regarding implementation. In such situations, have a discussion with your supervisor and the committee members and discuss the challenges faced by you. They may either extend the implementation time or ask you to change the methodology of implementation.

Simply do not wait for suggestions from committee members till the next PhD progress presentation meeting. In order to build trust between you and your committee members, you need to take committee members and your supervisor into confidence before taking any major decisions.

In the meeting, the committee might have suggested publishing your work in a quality conference or journal for better citations. Selecting a reputable journal and avoiding predatory conferences and journals is crucial for maximizing the visibility and impact of your research article.

By publishing in a respected journal, you increase the likelihood of attracting a broader and more qualified readership, thus increasing the chances of your article being cited by other researchers. Choosing the right journal involves considering factors such as the journal’s scope, target audience, impact factor, indexing in reputable databases, peer-review process, and overall reputation in the field.

Additionally, it is important to stay vigilant and avoid predatory conferences and journals that may engage in unethical practices or lack rigorous peer-review processes. These predatory outlets may hinder the credibility and recognition of your work. By carefully selecting a reputable journal, you position your research for greater exposure, credibility, and citation potential.

Visit my articles on ” How to identify and avoid predatory conferences and journals ” and “ Identifying Reputable journals for your research paper “. These articles will help you in getting your articles cited by many authors.

Here is an email template which you can communicate to your doctoral committee members in case you fail to keep the deadline or are unable to work on the ideas you proposed. Please take consent from your supervisor before sending any communication to Doctoral Committee members.

Improving both oral presentation and visual presentation skills is crucial for effective communication. To enhance your oral presentation skills, focus on aspects such as clarity, organization, and delivery. Practice speaking clearly, using appropriate tone and volume, and engaging with your audience. Additionally, consider refining your body language, utilizing effective gestures, and maintaining eye contact. For further guidance and resources on honing your oral presentation skills, you may explore reputable platforms and online courses available in this domain.

When it comes to visual presentation skills, it is essential to create visually appealing and impactful slides or visuals. Pay attention to design elements, such as color schemes, fonts, and layout, to ensure coherence and readability. Utilize visuals, such as graphs, charts, and images, to convey information effectively. Incorporate appropriate animations or transitions to enhance the flow and engagement of your presentation. To access valuable tips, techniques, and tools for enhancing your visual presentation skills, you can explore recommended platforms and tutorials available online.

If you are interested in further developing your oral presentation skills, I recommend checking out this comprehensive course on oral presentation skills . It covers essential techniques, strategies, and practical exercises to help you deliver impactful presentations confidently. Likewise, if you want to enhance your visual presentation skills, you may find this resource on v isual presentation design highly beneficial. It provides valuable insights, best practices, and examples to create visually stunning and effective presentations. Feel free to explore these resources to elevate your presentation skills and captivate your audience.

Presenting your PhD progress report to the doctoral committee can be a daunting task, but it is an essential part of your PhD journey. The committee is there to provide guidance and support, ensuring that you are on track to complete your dissertation within a reasonable time. It is crucial to approach the committee meeting with a positive attitude and view it as an opportunity to receive productive advice for your future research.

Remember that the presentation of the progress report to the committee happens in three stages: before, during, and after the meeting. The preparation of the report should be meticulous and thoughtful, and during the meeting, you should be open to constructive feedback and suggestions. After the meeting, you should take note of the committee’s recommendations and use them to shape your future research endeavours.

As you move forward in your career, the support and guidance of the doctoral committee will likely continue to be a valuable resource. By effectively presenting your progress report to the committee, you can make the most of this opportunity and receive the guidance you need to succeed in your PhD program.

Frequently Asked Questions

Research Objective: Clearly state the objective of your research and the problem you are addressing. Methodology: Provide a brief description of the methodology or approach you are using to conduct your research. Key Findings: Highlight the major findings or results you have obtained so far in your research. Progress Update: Summarize the progress you have made during the past six months, highlighting significant achievements or milestones reached. Challenges: Briefly mention any challenges or obstacles you have encountered in your research and how you are addressing them. Future Plans: Outline your planned next steps and future goals for your research, including anticipated timelines or milestones. Relevance and Impact: Discuss the relevance and potential impact of your research in your field or discipline. Support Needed: Specify any specific support, resources, or expertise you require to further advance your research.

To effectively demonstrate a software-based project during the presentation: Have the demo prepared and functional Show a video demonstration if the software is not available or requires specific conditions Focus on showcasing key features and functionalities Provide context and explain the purpose of the software

Include only the necessary level of detail in the background section of your presentation, focusing on what is directly relevant to your research and the specific objectives you will be discussing. Keep it concise and provide enough context to help the doctoral committee members to understand the significance and motivation of your work without delving into unnecessary details.

Maintain open and regular communication with your supervisor throughout the research process. Share progress updates, challenges, and findings with your supervisor in a timely manner. Discuss any potential issues or deviations from the original plan as soon as they arise. Seek feedback and guidance from your supervisor at various stages of your research. Keep your supervisor informed about any changes in methodology, data, or results. Address any concerns or questions from your supervisor before the committee meeting to align expectations.

The types of questions you can expect from committee members regarding your research plan may include: Clarification questions seeking a deeper understanding of your research objectives, methodology, or proposed experiments. Questions about the theoretical framework or literature review supporting your research. Inquiries about the feasibility and potential limitations of your proposed research. Questions related to the significance and impact of your research in the field. Suggestions for alternative approaches or methodologies to consider. Questions about the expected timeline and milestones for your research. Inquiries about potential ethical considerations or data management strategies. Questions exploring the potential implications and practical applications of your research. Requests for additional details or explanations on specific aspects of your research plan. Questions about the expected contributions of your research to the existing body of knowledge in your field.

When responding to suggestions and feedback given by the committee members during the meeting: Listen actively and attentively to understand the suggestions and feedback. Thank the committee members for their input and valuable insights. Remain open-minded and receptive to different perspectives and ideas. Clarify any points of confusion or seek further clarification, if needed. Acknowledge the validity of the suggestions and show a willingness to consider them. Provide thoughtful responses that demonstrate your understanding of the suggestions. Clearly articulate your rationale if you choose not to implement a specific suggestion. Engage in constructive discussions and ask follow-up questions, if appropriate. Demonstrate your ability to integrate feedback into your research plan or adjust your approach. Express gratitude for the committee members’ support and guidance throughout the process.

Lack of Clear Objectives: If your progress presentation fails to clearly define and articulate the objectives of your research, it may be rejected. The committee expects a clear understanding of what you aim to achieve and the significance of your research goals. Inadequate Progress: Insufficient progress made during the specified period can lead to rejection. The committee expects tangible advancements in your research within the given timeframe. If there is a lack of substantial work or limited progress, they may question the feasibility or dedication to your research. Methodological Issues: If there are flaws in your research methodology or data collection techniques, the committee may reject your progress presentation. It is essential to demonstrate a robust and well-designed research approach that aligns with the requirements of your field. Poor Presentation Skills: Your presentation skills play a crucial role in conveying your research effectively. If your presentation lacks clarity, coherence, or fails to engage the audience, it may lead to rejection. Effective communication and the ability to present complex ideas in a concise and understandable manner are vital. Inadequate Literature Review: A comprehensive literature review is expected in a progress presentation. If your review of existing literature is incomplete, lacks depth, or fails to address relevant studies, your presentation may be rejected. It is essential to showcase a thorough understanding of the existing research and its relationship to your work. Failure to Address Committee Feedback: If you neglect to incorporate previous feedback and suggestions from the committee, it may result in rejection. The committee expects you to demonstrate the ability to reflect on and address their recommendations, showing your commitment to improving your research. Remember, the specific parameters for rejection may vary depending on your academic institution and the expectations set by your doctoral committee. It is crucial to consult your supervisor and committee members for clear guidelines and expectations for your progress presentation.

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