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Mutable, unmodifiable, and immutable empty List in Java

This article will discuss different ways to create a mutable, unmodifiable, immutable, and fixed-length empty list in Java.

Mutable lists supports modification operations such as add, remove, and clear on it. Unmodifiable lists are “read-only” wrappers over other lists. They do not support add, remove, and clear operations, but we can modify their underlying list. Lists that guarantee that no change in the list will ever be visible (even if their underlying list is modified) are referred to as immutable .

It is worth noting that making a list final will not make it unmodifiable or immutable. We can still add elements or remove elements from it. Only the reference to the list is final.

1. Mutable Empty List

⮚ Using Plain Java

We can simply use the ArrayList constructor, which constructs an empty resizable-array implementation of the List interface. The following code takes advantage of the new “diamond” syntax introduced in Java SE 7.

⮚ Using Guava

Guava’s Lists.newArrayList() creates a mutable, empty ArrayList instance. This method is deprecated in Java 7 and above. We should call the ArrayList constructor directly.

⮚ Java 8

We can use the Java 8 Stream to construct empty collections by combining stream factory methods and collectors. Collectors.toList() returns a Collector that accumulates the input elements into a new List. To create an empty list, we can pass an empty array.

2. Unmodifiable Empty List

⮚ Using Collections

Collections unmodifiableList() returns an unmodifiable view of the specified empty list.

⮚ Using Apache Collections: ListUtils Class

Apache Commons Collections ListUtils.unmodifiableList() returns an unmodifiable list backed by the specified empty list.

  Both the above methods throw a NullPointerException if the specified list is null. If we try to modify the returned list, the list will throw an UnsupportedOperationException . However, any changes in the original mutable list will be visible in the unmodifiable list.

3. Immutable Empty List

There are several ways to create an immutable empty list in Java. The list will throw an UnsupportedOperationException if any modification operation is performed on it.

⮚ Using Arrays.asList()

Arrays.asList() method returns a fixed-size list backed by the specified array. If we don’t specify an array, this will return an immutable empty list.

  The list will throw an UnsupportedOperationException if an add or remove operation is performed on it and an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if any update operation is performed (for instance, via the List.set(int, Object) method).

We can use Collections.EMPTY_LIST that returns a serializable and immutable empty list.

  The above method might throw an unchecked assignment warning. The following example demonstrates the type-safe way to obtain an empty list:

⮚ In Java 8

We could adapt the Collectors.toList() collector discussed earlier to always produce an immutable empty list, as shown below:

Guava provides several static utility methods that can be used to obtain an immutable empty list.

1. ImmutableList.copyOf returns an immutable empty list if the specified list is empty.

  The method will throw a NullPointerException if the specified list is null, and any changes in the underlying mutable list will not be visible in the immutable list.

  2. Guava also provides a builder that can create an immutable empty list instance similarly.

  3. ImmutableList.of() can also be used to return an immutable empty list.

This list behaves and performs comparably to Collections.emptyList() , and is preferable mainly for consistency and maintainability of code. The list is internally cast to any type as it will never hold any elements.

⮚ Using Apache Collections

Apache Commons Collections provides ListUtils.EMPTY_LIST that returns an immutable empty list.

⮚ In Java 9

Java 9 comes with static factory methods on the List interface that can create compact, unmodifiable instances. We can use the List.of() to create an immutable empty list. The list will throw an UnsupportedOperationException if any modification operation is performed on it.

4. Fixed Sized Empty List

There is another type of empty list possible in Java apart from mutable, unmodifiable, and immutable lists called fixed-sized list.

Apache Commons Collections ListUtils provides fixedSizeList() method that can return a fixed-sized empty list backed by the specified empty list. We cannot add elements to the returned list, and it will throw an UnsupportedOperationException if any resize operation is performed on it.

That’s all about mutable, unmodifiable, and immutable empty List in Java.

Mutable, unmodifiable, and immutable empty Map in Java

Mutable, unmodifiable, and immutable empty Set in Java

Immutable List in Java

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Unchecked assignment: ‘java.util.List’ to ‘java.util.Collection’

I am having an adapter where i have two lists one list is for InvestorsList where it comes with the list of investors and the other list is called investorListFull which is used to filter results when searching.

Below is how i have declared the lists

Below is how the lists are assigned in my recyclerview adapter constructor

Below is how i am filtering results in investors list

I am getting Unchecked assignment error in publish results investorList.addAll((List) filterResults.values);

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I am getting Unchecked cast error in publish results investorList.addAll((List) filterResults.values);

That’s because you’re doing an unchecked cast. Actually, you’re doing both a checked and an unchecked cast there.

(List) filterResults.values is a checked cast. This means that the Java compiler will insert a checkcast instruction into the bytecode to ensure that filterResults.values (an Object ) really is an instance of List .

However, investorList.addAll expects a List<Investor> , not a List . List is a raw type . You can pass a raw-typed List to a method expecting a List<Something> ; but this is flagged as unsafe because the compiler can’t guarantee that it really is a List<Something> – there is nothing about the List that makes it a “list of Something “, because of type erasure. The compiler can insert a checkcast instruction to ensure it’s a List ; but not one to ensure it’s a List<Something> : this fact is unchecked .

What it’s saying with the warning is “there may be something wrong here; I just can’t prove it’s wrong”. If you know for sure – by construction – that filterResults.values really is a List<Investor> , casting it to List<Investor> is safe.

You should write the line as:

Note that this will still give you an unchecked cast warning, because it’s still an unchecked cast – you just avoid the use of raw types as well.

If you feel confident in suppressing the warning, declare a variable, so you can suppress the warning specifically on that variable, rather than having to add the suppression to the method or class; and document why it’s safe to suppress there:

Generics unchecked assignment

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unchecked assignment warning question

How do I resolve an "Unchecked assignment" warning in my query code?

Tim Stewart

<? xml version= "1.0" encoding= "UTF-8" ?> < project xmlns= " http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 " xmlns: xsi = " http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance " xsi :schemaLocation= " http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd " > < modelVersion > 4.0.0 </ modelVersion > < groupId > com.example </ groupId > < artifactId > tinkerpop3-type-confusion </ artifactId > < version > 1.0-SNAPSHOT </ version > < dependencies > < dependency > < groupId > org.apache.tinkerpop </ groupId > < artifactId > gremlin-core </ artifactId > < version > 3.0.2-incubating </ version > </ dependency > < dependency > < groupId > com.thinkaurelius.titan </ groupId > < artifactId > titan-cassandra </ artifactId > < version > 1.0.0 </ version > </ dependency > </ dependencies > </ project >

import com.thinkaurelius.titan.core.TitanFactory; import com.thinkaurelius.titan.core.TitanGraph; import com.thinkaurelius.titan.core.TitanVertex; import org.apache.commons.configuration.BaseConfiguration; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { final BaseConfiguration config = new BaseConfiguration(); config.setProperty( "schema.default" , "none" ); config.setProperty( "storage.backend" , "inmemory" ); config.setProperty( "cache.db-cache" , Boolean. TRUE ); final TitanGraph graph = TitanFactory . open (config); Iterable<TitanVertex> vertices = graph.query().has( "name" , "tim" ).vertices(); } }  

Unchecked assignment: 'java.lang.Iterable' to 'java.lang.Iterable '. Reason: 'graph.query().has("name", "tim")' has raw type, so result of vertices is erased 

Iterable<TitanVertex> vertices = graph.query().has( "name" , "tim" ).vertices();

Stephen Mallette

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TitanVertex v = ....; Iterator<TitanVertex> i = v.query() .direction(Direction. OUT ) .labels(Schema. HAS_PET ) .vertices() .iterator();

To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/gremlin-users/ac7cd0ff-041c-495e-8bd0-2aeb78fde503%40googlegroups.com .

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Unchecked assignment: 'java.util.List' to 'java.util.List<ua.lv.hoy.entity.Customer>' #184

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Jewish families say anti-Israel messaging in Bay Area classrooms is making schools unsafe

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In the weeks after Hamas’ deadly cross-border attacks on Israeli towns and Israel’s ensuing bombardment of Gaza, a seventh-grade Jewish student at Roosevelt Middle School in San Francisco grew accustomed to seeing her classmates display their support for Palestinians.

Students wore shirts that read “Free Palestine” and “All eyes on Gaza.” But it was more of a background hum until spring, when things took a sharper turn.

During a school assembly, a classmate spoke out against the war, equating it to genocide. Then, one teacher asked students to create a “propaganda poster” that would “persuade your audience” on an issue important to them. Many students used the opportunity to create public service announcements for cleaner oceans or against food waste and texting while driving. A handful called for an end to the war in Gaza.

One poster, prominently displayed by the teacher, caught the seventh-grader’s attention. A student had drawn an image of a Star of David exuding thick chains shackling what appeared to be an outline of Israel and the Palestinian territories. Beneath the image, written in red and all capitals, was the phrase “from the river to the sea” — a slogan many Jewish people consider a call for the expulsion and genocide of Israeli Jews. Inside the star was the word “Zionism,” the student said.

“It felt really unsafe. I couldn’t be in there anymore, because there was hate against my religion up on the wall,” said the student, whose parents requested The Times not identify her by name because of concerns she would face retribution from classmates and teachers.

Her parents scheduled a meeting with school officials and said they came away startled at how little the administrators knew about the history of Israel and the region — and why Jewish families would consider the poster offensive. They said it took hours of discussion before school leaders agreed to ask the teacher to take it down.

“This is antisemitic propaganda,” the girl’s mother said. “This would not be acceptable for any other group.”

The family is hoping to transfer their daughter to a new school next year.

The incident is emblematic of what many Jewish families in Bay Area communities say is an undercurrent of antisemitism that has emerged unchecked in K-12 schools amid the divisive national debates spawned by the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

In San Francisco, Viviane Safrin is serving as a point person for Jewish families who want to report concerns about school lessons and activities they perceive as antisemitic.

“It often feels like I’m a triage nurse or ER doctor,” said Safrin, who sent two of her children to San Francisco public schools and overall had a positive experience. “My phone is dinging from the time I wake up until I go to bed with different photos from different things that have happened at school, or a lesson plan, or this and that was said to a student by peers.”

Disagreement over how the war in Gaza should be taught in K-12 schools has fractured a region that harbors some of the nation’s most progressive and antiwar communities. It’s also raised challenging questions about the line between free speech and hurtful bias, and what obligation public schools have to ensure all students feel welcome in their classrooms, regardless of their opinions on the conflict.

Many of the families who spoke with The Times have personal ties to Israel, whether through birth or because close family members live there. As Jewish Americans, all were raised to respect and embrace Israel as the Jewish homeland.

Some did not consider themselves overtly Zionist before the war — and disagree with some of Israel’s politics. But they believe without question that Israel has a right to exist as the world’s only Jewish state and because of that belief suddenly find themselves labeled as racists and genocide enablers.

Worse, for many parents, is watching as their children are somehow held accountable for a government on the other side of the world.

According to a 2020 survey by the Pew Research Center, 82% of Jewish people said caring about Israel was an important part of their Jewish identity . More than a quarter had lived in Israel or visited multiple times, and 45% had visited at least once.

The Bay Area is home to an estimated 350,000 Jewish people, according to a 2021 report led by the Jewish Community Federation and Endowment Fund. They encompass a diverse spectrum of opinions on Israel and its government, including pro-Palestinian Jewish organizations such as Jewish Voice for Peace, which was founded in the Bay Area in the 1990s.

Rabbi Adam Naftalin-Kelman, the Rosalinde and Arthur Gilbert Foundation executive director of the Hillel Jewish Student Center at UC Berkeley, sent his three sons through Berkeley schools. Naftalin-Kelman, who said he was speaking as a Berkeley parent and not in his official capacity at the student center, said it’s incumbent on K-12 educators to consider all of the experiences of young students and their families when considering how lesson plans affect their sense of belonging.

“There’s a heaviness that exists since Oct. 7 for Jewish families, families that have a connection to Israel, Zionists, Israelis,” Naftalin-Kelman said. And many now have a thudding sense that some of their teachers, classmates and colleagues have “no understanding of who they are.”

“Unfortunately, what I think is happening now is we are stuck with simple slogans that put people in camps, that remove all nuance and complexity in what is one of the most complex conversations around religion, identity, politics and nationhood,” he said. “I think there are sometimes mistakes and administrators can do more. But it doesn’t mean there is mal-intent.”

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Jewish families across the Bay Area have raised a range of concerns about what they perceive as antisemitism in K-12 classrooms, including teachers displaying pro-Palestinian posters and adopting lesson plans that portray Israel as a white colonialist aggressor. Some said their children have been accused of supporting genocide because they won’t renounce Israel’s right to exist.

Some of the complaints have spawned federal investigations.

In February, the Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law and the Anti-Defamation League filed a federal complaint with the Department of Education over “severe and persistent” harassment and discrimination against Jewish kids in Berkeley schools.

On Wednesday, Berkeley Supt. Enikia Ford Morthel was called before a Republican-led congressional subcommittee investigating allegations of “pervasive antisemitism” in K-12 schools. Ford Morthel forcefully rejected accusations that Berkeley schools had become a breeding ground for antisemitism, saying educators were working hard to ensure all students feel welcome.

“There have been incidents of antisemitism in Berkeley Unified School District,” she said. “And every single time that we are aware of such an incident, we take action and follow up.”

Berkeley schools chief grilled by Congress on claims of rampant antisemitism in K-12 classrooms

Supt. Enikia Ford Morthel rejected accusations that Berkeley schools have tolerated antisemitism, saying the district responds quickly to alleged incidents.

May 8, 2024

The teachers union in Oakland Unified endorsed an unsanctioned pro-Palestinian “teach-in” in December, prompting a civil rights probe by the Department of Education. The union also provided teachers with pro-Palestinian lessons to use in place of district-provided curriculum, drawing a stern warning from Oakland’s superintendent,

The division has pushed some parents, like Shira Avoth, to pull their kids out of Oakland schools .

Avoth, who was born in Tel Aviv and moved to the U.S. at age 11, said she has requested a “safety transfer” for her son, a seventh-grader, to a school in neighboring Piedmont.

Avoth said one of her son’s teachers put “End genocide now” posters up in the classroom and assigned homework that was “politically charged” even before Oct. 7. Eventually, she said, her son transferred out of that classroom. But he then spent a month working on assignments in a room by himself during that class period.

Several families spoke of a pervasive sense that pro-Israel voices are not welcome in classrooms.

A senior at Galileo Academy of Science and Technology in San Francisco, who asked that his name not be used for fear of reprisals, said he had an open mind, at first, to criticism of Israel’s bombardment of Gaza. But he couldn’t understand why some of his friends wouldn’t condemn the Hamas attacks that prompted Israel’s retaliation.

“I felt so ostracized,” he said.

He said those feelings only deepened when a pro-Palestinian group was brought in to speak about the war in one of his classes, and when posters advertising meetings of the Jewish Student Union were torn down.

“I’ve been bullied, but the main issue is the classroom — the intrusion of this anti-Israel ideology into the classroom,” he said. “If you just say ‘Zionist,’ you can say anything against the Jews. It’s like politically correct.”

Julia David, an English teacher at George Washington High in San Francisco, said she also has felt more estranged in recent months. David has family in Israel and became the sponsor of her school’s Jewish Student Union this year. The club was started to create a community for students to safely discuss the Jewish-American experience and how they feel about the conflict.

David said the group will talk about what it feels like to hear “Free Palestine” in the hallway or when they see anti-Israel graffiti on bathroom walls.

“When I was teaching, I had never worn a Jewish Star of David necklace before. I do every day now,” David said. “And I wear it proudly, and I make sure it is seen.”

In a January letter to San Francisco families, Supt. Matt Wayne assured families the district would not tolerate bullying and harassment.

“We are aware of these allegations and take them very seriously,” a spokesperson wrote in an email to The Times. “Due to our obligation to protect student and staff privacy, we cannot share details of completed or ongoing investigations.”

The issue of how and whether to teach about the conflict has also divided Jewish families, most notably in Berkeley, where some residents reject claims of unchecked antisemitism and consider the federal complaint a bogus effort to keep Muslim and Arab voices silenced.

Soon after Berkeley’s superintendent finished testifying before Congress, the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee and Council on American-Islamic Relations responded by filing a federal complaint alleging “severe and pervasive anti-Palestinian racism” in Berkeley schools.

“Some [teachers] have been teaching for decades; they have never been silenced on political speech,” said Sahar Habib Ghazi, the mother of a sixth-grader and a member of Berkeley Families For Collective Liberation. “We are a political city. ... People don’t move to Berkeley to be apolitical.”

Ghazi said the war isn’t just of global significance for many students but also of deeply personal importance for their families.

“They are very aware that the war is being funded by U.S. tax dollars, and that’s the same money that’s funding their schools,” Ghazi said. “They don’t see it as a global issue. They see it as a local issue.”

More to Read

Editorial: House antisemitism bill would stymie free speech and wouldn’t make students safer

May 14, 2024

Jewish voices struggle to find words of reconciliation in face of campus violence

May 11, 2024

Opinion: Do campus protests show Americans’ support for Palestinians has reached a turning point?

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Hannah Wiley covers the Bay Area and North Coast for the Los Angeles Times. She previously worked with The Times’ Sacramento bureau as a state politics reporter, covering the Legislature and pivotal policy issues including homelessness and housing, mental health, addiction, gun control and the state judicial system. Before coming to The Times, she covered state politics for the Sacramento Bee. Wiley has a bachelor’s degree from St. Louis University and a master’s degree in journalism from Northwestern University. She is based in San Francisco.

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Nurses Don't Trust Employers to Safely Implement AI Tools, Survey Shows

T hree out of five nurses said they don't trust their employer to place patient safety as the most important factor when using artificial intelligence (AI) tools, according to a survey from National Nurses United (NNU), the largest union of RNs in the U.S.

Of more than 2,300 RNs and NNU members surveyed from January 18 through March 4, 60% disagreed with the statement, "I trust my employer will implement AI with patient safety as the first priority," as detailed in a press release from the union.

Nurses said they are alarmed by the growing influx of unregulated AI tools in healthcare, including predictive models used to determine staffing assignments, computer-generated reports that replace nurse-to-nurse handoffs, and chatbots that replace triage nurses, which they argue undermine clinical judgment and compromise patient care.

"Nurses are not against technology," said Deborah Burger, RN, president of the NNU, in a recent media briefing . "We embrace technology that enhances patient care and is used in conjunction with our own extensive education and clinical experience. However, we are opposed to this Wild West of unregulated and unchecked gadgetry parading as a panacea for all that ails healthcare."

"We want the public to hit the pause button on [the] current reckless push by 'Big Tech' and healthcare companies to force AI technologies onto our patients, us, and healthcare workers without our knowledge or consent," she added. "We will not allow our patients to be the guinea pigs."

The NNU recently published the Nurses and Patients' Bill of Rights: Guiding Principles for AI Justice in Nursing and Health Care, which underscores the need for safety, privacy, transparency, and high-quality person-to-person care, as well as the right to exercise professional judgment. "The burden of demonstrating safety should rest with developers and deployers, not patients and their caregivers," the document notes.

In addition, hundreds of union nurses gathered outside Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center late last month to protest the center's Integrated Care Experience , which highlighted the use of advanced analytics and AI.

In the NNU survey, 40% of nurses said their employer had introduced "new devices, gadgets, and changes to the electronic health records" in the past 12 months. Half of those surveyed said their employers use algorithms based on electronic health record data to determine patient acuity and need for nursing care.

Of those respondents, 69% said their own assessments clashed with computer-generated acuity metrics, which rely on real-time charting -- which they argue is unrealistic given patient loads and chronic understaffing -- and fail to incorporate the educational, psychosocial, or emotional needs of patients and families.

"The result of relying on the algorithmically driven acuity measurements is that, on a daily basis, in unit after unit, we have multiple patients whose acuity is underrepresented, which means there are not enough nurses to provide optimal care in a timely manner," said Cathy Kennedy, RN, a vice president of NNU and the president of the California Nurses Association, who works at Kaiser Permanente's Roseville Medical Center, in the press release.

Additional key findings from the survey included:

• 12% of respondents said they have seen patient handoffs, traditionally completed through direct communication between nurses, transition to computer-generated reports
• 48% of the nurses using such handoffs said the automated reports do not align with their personal assessments
• 29% of nurses reported that they cannot change AI-generated assessments or categorizations in facilities that leverage devices capturing images and sound from patients; for example, pain scores and wound assessments
• 40% of nurses in facilities where automated systems are used to predict patient outcomes, risks for complications, and discharge needs said they are unable to modify those scores to reflect their own clinical judgment

Michelle Mahon, RN, assistant director of nursing practice at NNU, pointed out that the Joint Commission has already published warnings to the public and clinicians about the dangers of inadequate handoffs leading to wrong-site surgeries, delays in treatment, falls, medication errors, and death.

Jeff Breslin, RN, a vice president of NNU and a board member of the Michigan Nurses Association, who works at University of Michigan Health-Sparrow in Lansing, shared his first-hand experiences with these technologies.

"Previously, when a patient was being transferred from the emergency department to another unit in the hospital, the nurse taking responsibility for the patient would have an opportunity to discuss the patient's clinical status and ask any follow-up questions with the nurse from the ER," he said.

Now, critical patient care information is sometimes missing from automated reports that would not have been missed in a nurse-to-nurse conversation, he explained. For example, Breslin said he walked into the room of a patient unmasked and without any personal protective equipment because he wasn't alerted that his patient was COVID-positive.

In another instance, the automated report failed to alert Breslin that a new patient was immunocompromised when he was also caring for patients with COVID and the flu.

"It was my ability to assess, and my experience as a nurse for almost 30 years, that allowed me to provide the best care for this patient, not the computer-generated report that missed some very critical information," Breslin noted.

Despite all the hype around AI, it cannot replicate human intelligence, Mahon stressed. "AI can recognize patterns in data, but healthcare data are often incomplete or biased ... It takes experience and expertise of a human nurse to understand that data in context, identify what's missing, and holistically assess the needs of individual patients."