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Essay on Disaster Management in India for Students in English

January 5, 2021 by Sandeep

Essay on Disaster Management: Humans generally do not have any hold on the disaster in a natural calamity situation. They can do very little to avert the situation or prevent them. To preserve lives and protect them from danger, safety measures and emergency guidelines need to be implemented. These planning strategies should be ready in place before the occurrence of a natural disaster. Robust policies on disaster management could save many lives and property.

Essay on Disaster Management 500 Words in English

Below we have provided Disaster Management Essay in English, suitable for class 6, 7, 8, 9 & 10.

A disaster is defined as any large scale occurrence that disrupts human society’s normal functioning and leads to widespread loss of life, property, and environment that exceeds the surviving population’s capability to cope with their resources. Every country is prone to disasters, and India is no exception to them. In general, disasters can be classified into two types, natural and human-made disasters.

While the latter can be prevented by cautious actions, the former can only be mitigated to an extent. Disaster management is the organisation and management of resources and services that deal with humanitarian aspects of emergencies caused by disasters, specifically involving the preparedness, response, and recovery to lessen the impact of disasters.

As per the estimates in the vulnerability atlas, about 60% of area is prone to earthquakes , 12% region risks flooding and 8% of the total landmass is vulnerable to cyclones. Furthermore of the 159.7 million hectares of agricultural land, 68% is prone to drought. While these are the conventional natural disasters listed, there are many more that have occurred due to wars, human negligence and civil disharmony.

Natural Disasters: These disasters occur naturally and we do not have any control over it. The most common of all the natural disasters is earthquakes. It is defined as sudden turbulent shaking of the earth. The origin of earthquake is known as the epicentre from where the shock waves traverse outwards. Earthquakes are primary disasters which combining with the environmental factors can give rise to secondary disasters like landslides, floods, fires, etc. When it occurs inside oceans, it gives rise to giant tidal waves called tsunamis.

Draughts occur due to shortage of groundwater, scarcity of rainfall and drying up of local water bodies. Draughts are the leading cause of crop failure and lead to food shortages, dehydration and malnutrition. Economically, it affects the farmers adversely as they become unemployed. This further makes them tumble into the hideous cycle of poverty, hunger and insanitation.

Man-made Disasters: These types of disasters can be easily prevented if we practice our profession and day to day activities responsibly and cautiously. On a bigger scale, political and economic factors also play a crucial role in the origin of man-made disasters.

Industrial disasters are primary type of man-made disasters. These include gas leak, chemical leak, explosions, fires, radioactive breakdown, etc. Depending upon the product or substances involved in the disaster, it can have both long and short term effects on human and ecological factors of the environment.

Another deliberately caused disaster is war and use of weapons of mass-destruction. Wars are one man’s victory and a million men’s loss. Other than loss of lives in the form of soldiers and civilians involved, wars also scar the environmental factors of the area where they are fought on.

Management and Mitigation of Disasters

Proper disaster management of natural disasters can be executed keeping in mind the following points:

• Identification of factors of a disaster
• Classification of threat levels
• Public awareness about the disasters
• Pre-emptive measures
• Preparedness to effectively combat disaster
• Well-knitted coordination of mitigation and relief organisation
• Enactment and enforcement of government and administrative policies

India is a signatory of the Hyogo Framework of Action, 2015 under the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction which prescribes the following five-fold process for mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction in a country’s socioeconomic and developmental activities-

• Political Process: This encourages effective governmental policies and institutional frameworks along with allocation of funds and resources for limiting risks of disaster.
• Technical Process: Its goal is to utilise R&D in the field of science and technology for better assessment, monitoring and identification of disaster and improve the existing early warning systems to manage disasters.
• Socio-Educational Process: This seeks to achieve mass awareness and skill development of the citizens of a country to tackle disasters effectively and ensure safety and resilience at personal level.
• Development Process: It includes integrating disaster risk reduction activities among all sectors of development planning and programs.
• Humanitarian Process: This comprises of the activities undertaken to rehabilitate loss- an integral part of risk reduction and ensure rapid response and recovery.

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Disaster Management in India

Disruption on a massive scale, either natural or man-made, occurring in short or long periods is termed a Disaster. Disaster management in India has been an important point of discussion owing to frequent natural disasters ranging from earthquakes, floods, drought, etc. This makes the issue of disaster management worthwhile to consider as part of the preparation for the IAS Exam .

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In this post, you will read all about disaster and disaster management in the Indian context. IAS aspirants can also download the Disaster Management notes PDF.

Loss of life and property due to these disasters has been steadily mounting throughout the world due to inadequate technology to combat disasters, rise in population, climate change, and continuing ecological degradation. The global efforts to manage disasters have proven to be insufficient to match the frequency and magnitude of natural disasters.

Table of Contents:

What is a Disaster?

A disaster is defined as a disruption on a massive scale, either natural or man-made, occurring in short or long periods. Disasters can lead to human, material, economic or environmental hardships, which can be beyond the bearable capacity of the affected society. As per statistics, India as a whole is vulnerable to 30 different types of disasters that will affect the economic, social, and human development potential to such an extent that it will have long-term effects on productivity and macro-economic performance.

Disasters can be classified into the following categories:

• Water and Climate Disaster: Flood, hail storms, cloudburst, cyclones, heat waves, cold waves, droughts, hurricanes. (Read about Cyclone Disaster Management separately at the linked article.)
• Geological Disaster: Landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes
• Biological Disaster: Viral epidemics, pest attacks, cattle epidemic, and locust plagues
• Industrial Disaster: Chemical and industrial accidents, mine shaft fires, oil spills,
• Nuclear Disasters: Nuclear core meltdowns, radiation poisoning
• Man-made disasters: Urban and forest fires, oil spill, the collapse of huge building structures

What is Disaster Management?

In this section, we define what is disaster management as per the Disaster Management Act of 2005.

The Disaster Management Act of 2005 defines Disaster Management as an integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary for-

• Prevention of threat of any disaster
• Reduction of risk of any disaster or its consequences
• Readiness to deal with any disaster
• Promptness in dealing with a disaster
• Assessing the severity of the effects of any disaster
• Rescue and relief
• Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

Agencies involved in Disaster Management

• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):- The National Disaster Management Authority , or the NDMA, is an apex body for disaster management, headed by the Prime Minister of India. It is responsible for the supervision, direction, and control of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
• National Executive Committee (NEC):- The NEC is composed of high profile ministerial members from the government of India that include the Union Home Secretary as Chairperson, and the Secretaries to the Government of India (GoI)like Ministries/Departments of Agriculture, Atomic Energy, Defence, Drinking Water Supply, Environment and Forests, etc. The NEC prepares the National Plan for Disaster Management as per the National Policy on Disaster Management.
• State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA):- The Chief Minister of the respective state is the head of the SDMA.The State Government has a State Executive Committee (SEC) which assists the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) on Disaster Management.
• District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA):- The DDMA is headed by the District Collector, Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate depending on the situation, with the elected representatives of the local authority as the Co-Chairperson. The DDMA ensures that the guidelines framed by the NDMA and the SDMA are followed by all the departments of the State Government at the District level and the local authorities in the District.
• Local Authorities:- Local authorities would include Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), Municipalities, District and Cantonment 11 Institutional and Legal Arrangements Boards, and Town Planning Authorities which control and manage civic services.

Now let’s have a look at some of the types of disasters and the means to combat them.

Biological Disasters

Definition: The devastating effects caused by an enormous spread of a certain kind of living organism that may spread disease, viruses, or an infestation of plant, animal, or insect life on an epidemic or pandemic level.

• Epidemic Level – Indicates a disaster that affects many people in a given area or community.
• Pandemic Level – Indicates a disaster that affects a much larger region, sometimes an entire continent or even the whole planet. For example, the recent H1N1 or Swine Flu pandemic.

To know more about Bio-Terrorism threat to India and India’s Preparedness visit the linked article.

Biological Disasters – Important points to remember for UPSC

1. The nodal Ministry for handling epidemics – Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• Decision-making
• Advisory body
• Emergency medical relief providing

2. The primary responsibility of dealing with biological disasters is with the State Governments. (Reason – Health is a State Subject).

3. The nodal agency for investigating outbreaks – National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD)

4. Nodal ministry for Biological Warfare – Ministry of Home Affairs ( Biological warfare is the use of biological agents as an act of war)

Biological Disasters – Classifications

Charles Baldwin developed the symbol for biohazard in 1966.

The US Centres for Disease Control classifies biohazards into four biosafety levels as follows:

• BSL-1: Bacteria and Viruses including Bacillus subtilis, some cell cultures, canine hepatitis, and non-infectious bacteria. Protection is only facial protection and gloves.
• BSL-2: Bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting such as hepatitis A, B, C, mumps, measles, HIV, etc. Protection – use of autoclaves for sterilizing and biological safety cabinets.
• BSL-3: Bacteria and viruses causing severe to fatal disease in humans. Example: West Nile virus, anthrax, MERS coronavirus. Protection – Stringent safety protocols such as the use of respirators to prevent airborne infection.
• BSL-4: Potentially fatal (to human beings) viruses like Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Lassa fever virus, etc. Protection – use of a positive pressure personnel suit, with a segregated air supply.

Legislations for prevention of Biohazards in India

The following legislations have been enacted in India for the prevention of biohazards and implementation of protective, eradicative and containing measures when there is an outbreak:

• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
• The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 and the Rules (1986)
• Disaster Management Act 2005, provides for the institutional and operational framework for disaster prevention, mitigation, response, preparedness, and recovery at all levels.
• Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act 1981
• Disaster Management Act of 2005

Prevention of Biological Hazards

The basic measure to prevent and control biohazards is the elimination of the source of contamination. Some of the prevention methods are as follows:

Preventive Measures for workers in the field (Medical)

• Engineering controls – to help prevent the spread of such disasters including proper ventilation, installing negative pressure, and usage of UV lamps.
• Personal hygiene – washing hands with liquid soap, proper care for clothes that have been exposed to a probably contaminated environment.
• Personal protection equipment – masks, protective clothing, gloves, face shield, eye shield, shoe covers.
• Sterilization – Using ultra heat or high pressure to eliminate bacteria or using biocide to kill microbes.
• Respiratory protection – surgical masks, respirators, powered air-purifying respirators (PAPR), air-supplying respirators.

Prevention of Biological Hazards (Environmental Management)

Safe water supply, proper maintenance of sewage pipelines – to prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery, etc.

Awareness of personal hygiene and provision for washing, cleaning, bathing, avoiding overcrowding, etc.

Vector control:

Environmental engineering work and generic integrated vector control measures.

Water management, not permitting water to stagnate and collect and other methods to eliminate breeding places for vectors.

Regular spraying of insecticides, outdoor fogging, etc. for controlling vectors.

Controlling the population of rodents.

Post-disaster Epidemics Prevention

The risk of epidemics is increased after any biological disaster.

Integrated Disease Surveillance Systems (IDSS) monitors the sources, modes of diseases spreading, and investigates the epidemics.

Detection and Containment of Outbreaks

This consists of four steps as given under:

• Recognizing and diagnosing by primary healthcare practitioners.
• Communicating surveillance information to public health authorities.
• Epidemiological analysis of surveillance data
• Public health measures and delivering proper medical treatment.

Legal Framework for Biological Disasters

• The Epidemic Diseases Act was enacted in the year 1897. (Read about RSTV’s In-Depth Analysis on Epidemic Diseases Act 1897 in the linked article.)
• This Act does not provide any power to the centre to intervene in biological emergencies.
• It has to be substituted by an Act that takes care of the prevailing and foreseeable public health needs including emergencies such as BT attacks and the use of biological weapons by an adversary, cross-border issues, and international spread of diseases.
• It should give enough powers to the central and state governments and local authorities to act with impunity, notify affected areas, restrict movement or quarantine the affected area, enter any premises to take samples of suspected materials, and seal them.
• The Act should also establish controls over biological sample transfer, biosecurity and biosafety of materials/laboratories.

Institutional Framework

In the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoH&FW), public health needs to be accorded high priority with a separate Additional Directorate General of Health and Sanitation (DGHS) for public health. In some states, there is a separate department of public health. States that do not have such arrangements will also have to take initiatives to establish such a department.

Operational Framework

At the national level, there is no policy on biological disasters. The existing contingency plan of MoH&FW is about 10 years old and needs extensive revision. All components related to public health, namely apex institutions, field epidemiology, surveillance, teaching, training, research, etc., need to be strengthened.

At the operational level, Command and Control (C&C) are identifiable clearly at the district level, where the district collector is vested with certain powers to requisition resources, notify a disease, inspect any premises, seek help from the Army, state or centre, enforce quarantine, etc. However, there is no concept of an incident command system wherein the entire action is brought under the ambit of an incident commander with support from the disciplines of logistics, finance, and technical teams, etc. There is an urgent need for establishing an incident command system in every district.

There is a shortage of medical and paramedical staff at the district and sub-district levels. There is also an acute shortage of public health specialists, epidemiologists, clinical microbiologists, and virologists.

Biosafety laboratories are required for the prompt diagnosis of the agents for the effective management of biological disasters. There is no BSL-4 laboratory in the human health sector. BSL- 3 laboratories are also limited. Major issues remain regarding biosecurity, the indigenous capability of preparing diagnostic reagents, and quality assurance.

Lack of an Integrated Ambulance Network (IAN). There is no ambulance system with advanced life-support facilities that are capable of working in biological disasters.

State-run hospitals have limited medical supplies. Even in normal situations, a patient has to buy medicines. There is a lack of stockpile of drugs, important vaccines like anthrax vaccine, PPE, or diagnostics for surge capacity. In a crisis, there is further incapacitation due to tedious procurement procedures.

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) :- The command and supervision of the NDRF would be under the Director-General of Civil Defence and National Disaster Response Force selected by the Central Government. Currently, the NDRF comprises of eight battalions who will be positioned at different locations as per the requirements.

Read about Crowd Disaster Management in the linked article.

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Proper planning and mitigation measures can play a leading role in risk-prone areas to minimize the worst effects of hazards such as earthquakes, floods, and cyclones. These are the key areas which should be addressed to achieve this objective:

• Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping: Mapping and vulnerability analysis in a multi-risk structure will be conducted utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) based databases like the National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM) and National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI).
• Increasing Trend of Disasters in Urban Areas:- Steps to prevent unplanned urbanization must be undertaken, with the plan of action formulated being given the highest priority. State Governments/UTs concerned on the other hand focus on urban drainage systems with special attention on non-obstruction of natural drainage systems.
• Critical Infrastructure:- Critical infrastructure like roads, dams, bridges, irrigation canals, bridges, power stations, railway lines, delta water distribution networks, ports and rivers, and coastal embankments should be continuously checked for safety standards concerning worldwide safety benchmarks and fortified if the current measures prove to be inadequate.
• Environmentally Sustainable Development: – Environmental considerations and developmental efforts, should be handled simultaneously for ensuring sustainability.
• Climate Change Adaptation:-. The challenges of the increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters like cyclones, floods, and droughts should be tackled in a sustained and effective manner with the promotion of strategies for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction.

The topics of internal security and disaster management are diverse and also important for both the prelims and the mains exams. These topics are also highly linked with current affairs. Almost every question asked from them is related to current events. So, apart from standard textbooks, you should rely on newspapers and news analyses as well for these sections. To read on how to prepare for internal security and disaster management , check the linked article.

Multiple Choice Question

• The National Disaster Management Authority, or the NDMA, is an apex body for disaster management, headed by the Prime Minister of India. It is responsible for the supervision, direction, and control of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
• The DDMA is headed by the District Collector, Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate depending on the situation, with the elected representatives of the local authority as the Co-Chairperson.
• The Governor of the respective state is the head of the State Disaster Management Authority
• The Epidemic Diseases Act was enacted in the year 1897.

Choose the correct answer from the below-given options

A) All of the above statements are false.

B) All of the above statements are true.

C) Only statements 2, 3, and 4 are true

D) Only statements 1, 2, and 4 are true

Candidates can find the general pattern of the Civil Service Exam by visiting the UPSC Syllabus page.

Frequently Asked Questions on Disaster Management in India

Q 1. what is the aim of disaster management in india, q 2. what is disaster risk management, q 3. in how many categories can disasters be classified.

Ans. Disaster can be classified into the following categories:

• Water and Climate Disaster
• Geological Disaster
• Biological Disaster
• Industrial Disaster
• Nuclear Disasters
• Man-made disasters

Q 4. Which body is responsible for Disaster Management in India?

Q 5. what is the disaster management act 2005.

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Disaster Management

• A disaster is a mishap or hazard which causes huge loss of life and property and disrupts the balance of the economy. It is a tragic event with drastic consequences for living beings as well as social and individual development. 
• A disaster can be caused by either natural or man-made factors. Both these factors need to be taken care of to prevent a disaster or lessen its impact. 
• Disasters also arise due to inefficient management of risks. If a safety net is devised to address the potential risks, it would lead to reduction in damages triggered by disasters. Developing countries are more vulnerable to disasters.

What is a Hazard? 

• A hazard is any phenomena that has the potential to cause destruction to life and property. A hazard become a disaster when the potential to cause destruction is fulfilled. When there is harm to life and property of humans, the hazard is termed a disaster.
• Hazards do not necessarily cause any destruction. If an earthquake was to hit a barren mountain with no human community, it would simply be a natural phenomenon; or a natural hazard. Hazards can be geological (the most common), biological (epidemics) or chemical (nuclear power plant leaks, chemical industry leaks, etc).
• Thus, all disasters are hazards, but all hazards are not disasters.

 Classification of Disasters:

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Disaster Management In India

Disaster Management in India: Disaster Management Act 2005, Classification of Disasters - Natural (earthquake) and Man-made (forest fires); Sendai Framework and Disaster Resilience.

Table of Content

• A disaster is an unwelcome event caused by forces largely beyond human control that strikes abruptly and without warning, causing or threatening major disruption of life and property, including death and injury to many people
• A natural disaster is a catastrophic event produced by nature or the earth’s natural processes. Volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, storms, tornadoes, and other geological events are only a few examples
• It has the greatest impact on rural society, as they are the most sensitive to economic shocks and have no other means of subsistence. Any natural hazard’s destructive potential is primarily determined by its spatial extent and severity
• Natural catastrophes have always presented a problem for the Indian government. With the advancement of cutting-edge research and development in the fields of environment and disaster management, it is now possible to foresee natural disasters and prevent their negative consequences

Check out the complete UPSC Syllabus

Types of Disasters in India

• Disasters are divided into two categories based on their cause: man-made and natural disasters. Disasters are classified as small or major based on their severity (in impact)
• Natural disasters are unexpected ecological disturbances or threats that exceed the afflicted community’s ability to respond and necessitate outside assistance
• Natural disasters are classified as geophysical events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, hydrological events such as floods, meteorological events such as storms, climatological events such as heat and cold waves and droughts, and biological events such as diseases
• Hazardous material spills, fires, groundwater contamination, transportation accidents, construction failures, mining accidents, explosions, and acts of terrorism are examples of man-made catastrophes
• Atmospheric Disasters: This sort of natural catastrophe has its natural characteristics, such as the geographic region affected (areal extent), the time of year when it is most likely to occur, severity, and danger. A natural disaster or event, in most circumstances, involves many hazards: Tornadoes are spawned by strong thunderstorms; wind is a feature in thunderstorms, severe winter storms, tropical cyclones, and hailstorms; and avalanches can be triggered by snowfall from a severe winter storm

Natural Disasters in India

• In terms of socio-cultural and physical characteristics, India is vast and diversified. It is largely due to its enormous geographical extent, diverse environmental conditions, and cultural diversity
• Natural catastrophes are made more vulnerable by a large population and a variety of societal characteristics

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Causes for Occurrence of various Disaster

Deforestation.

The removal of forest cover and trees from a watershed zone has resulted in soil erosion, the extension of flood plains in the upper and intermediate courses of rivers, and groundwater depletion. The exploitation of land use, infrastructural expansion, technological advancement, and fast urbanisation have all resulted in increased pressure on natural resources.

Political Turmoil

Political issues include escalating nuclear ambitions, competition among countries to become superpowers, and the conquering of land, sea, and airspace. As a result, disasters such as the Syrian civil war, the Hiroshima nuclear bombing, and greater militarization of the oceans and outer space have occurred.

Industrialization

Rapid industrialization has led to global warming, as well as a rise in the frequency of extreme weather occurrences.

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Erosion of river

River erosion and flooding affect about 12% of the country’s territory. Tsunamis and cyclones are a threat along about 5,700 kilometres of the 7,516 kilometre-long coastline. Droughts threaten over 68 per cent of the country’s cultivable land, and avalanches and landslides threaten the hilly regions.

Man-made disasters

India is also vulnerable to man-made disasters such as chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) crises. Increased vulnerabilities associated with shifting demography and socioeconomic situations, unplanned urbanisation and development within high-risk areas, climate change environmental degradation, geological hazards, epidemics, and pandemics have exacerbated disaster threats in India.

All of these variables contribute to a situation in which disasters pose a severe threat to India’s economy, people, and long-term growth.

Earthquakes in India

An earthquake (also called a quake, tremor, or temblor) is the shaking of the Earth’s surface caused by a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere, which results in seismic waves.

• The Indian plate is shifting at a rate of around one centimetre per year towards the north and north-eastern directions, and its movement is constantly impeded by the Eurasian plate from the north
• As a result, both plates are said to be locked together, resulting in energy accumulation at various periods in time. Extreme energy accumulation causes tension, which eventually leads to a sudden release of energy, generating earthquakes along the Himalayan arc

Tsunamis and earthquakes occur as a result of centuries of accumulated energy within the ground. A tsunami (‘Tsu means harbour in Japanese, and ‘name means wave) is a succession of waves created by the displacement of a significant volume of water, usually an ocean

Tropical Cyclone

• Tropical cyclones are particularly dangerous to India’s coastal regions, resulting in frequent loss of life and property
• Tropical cyclones are triggered by atmospheric disturbances in the vicinity of a low-pressure area, which are characterised by rapid and often destructive air circulation
• Tropical cyclones and extratropical/temperate cyclones are the two types of cyclones classified geographically

India is one of the world’s most flood-prone countries. The monsoon, highly silted river systems, and steep and extremely erodible mountains, notably those of the Himalayan ranges, are the principal causes of flooding in this country. A flood is defined as an overflow of water that submerges normally dry ground. Floods in India are produced by a variety of variables, including topological, climatological/meteorological, and man-made factors

Droughts are consequences of variability of climate. Though drought causes small structural damage and has slow onset, it is considered a natural hazard. Drought in India is related to both water resource management and scarcity of rainfall.

• It is the movement of a mass of rock, rubble, or soil down a slope when the shear stress exceeds the material’s shear strength
• The Himalayas are thought to account for roughly 30% of all landslides in the world. The Himalayan Mountains are the world’s youngest and most powerful mountain range system
• It occurs when a complicated field of forces (stress is a force per unit area) is at work on a mass of rock or soil on a slope. It happens for a variety of reasons, including geological, morphological, physical, and human factors

A disaster is an event that is beyond human control and each nation needs to prepare for it. The disasters may be natural or man-made and can affect a small or large number of the population as well as result in destruction of property. India has several policies in place to deal with various disasters such as Earthquakes, Floods, Cyclones, Famines, etc. However, several additional guidelines and a disaster-resilient infrastructure need to be created for effective disaster management in India.

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Disaster Management Previous Year Questions (PYQs) | UPSC Mains Examination

On this page you will find all the updates related to the previous year questions of subject Disaster Management for UPSC IAS Mains examination.

Previous Year Disaster Management Questions UPSC Mains Exam: Disaster management is critical in the face of natural calamities such as drought, floods, and earthquakes. As a result, when preparing, the applicant should concentrate on all of the crucial aspects of Disaster Management. The number of questions from the Disaster Management Syllabus is not fixed.

Referring to the disaster management PYQ UPSC will help you understand the pattern and type of questions asked. In the Mains test, candidates can expect 1 to 2 questions from the topic.

Q.1) Dam failures are always catastrophic, especially on the downstream side, resulting in a colossal loss of life and property. Analyse the various causes of dam failures. Give two examples of large dam failures. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2023]

Q.2) Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian subcontinent. Discuss two recent examples. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2022]

Q.3) Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard? [250 words] [15 Marks] [2022]

Q.4) Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides. Mention components of the important components of National Landslide Risk Management strategy. [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2021]

Q.5) Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2021]

Q.6) Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2020]

Q.7) Vulnerability is an essential element for defining disaster impacts and its threat to people. How and in what ways can vulnerability to disasters be characterized? Discuss different types of vulnerability with reference to disasters. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2019]

Q.8) Disaster preparedness is the first step in any disaster management process. Explain how hazard zonation mapping will help disaster mitigation in the case of landslides. [250 Words] [15 marks] [2019]

Q.9) Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005’? [250 Words] [15 marks] [2018]

Q.10) On December 2004, tsunami brought havoc on 14 countries including India. Discuss the factors responsible for occurrence of Tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. [250 Words] [15 marks] [2017]

Q.11) The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. [200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2016]

Q.12) With reference to National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines, discuss the measures to be adopted to mitigate the impact of the recent incidents of cloudbursts in many places of Uttarakhand. [200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2016]

Q.13) The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent. However, India’s preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. Discuss various aspects. [200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2015]

Q.14) Drought has been recognized as a disaster in view of its spatial expanse, temporal duration, slow onset and lasting effects on vulnerable sections. With a focus on the September 2010 guidelines from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), discuss the mechanisms for preparedness to deal with likely El Nino and La Nina fall outs in India. [200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2014]

Q.15) How important are vulnerability and risk assessment for pre-disaster management? As an administrator, what are key areas that you would focus on in a Disaster Management System? [200 Words] [10 Marks] [2013]

Trends of Disaster Management PYQs For UPSC Mains

In 2023, one question was asked on dam failures. In 2022 only one question from the section related to the mechanism of cloudburst and causes and effects of coastal erosion in India was asked. In 2021,  two questions were asked from disaster management from National Landslide Risk Management Strategy and earthquake related hazards. In the year 2020  one question was asked on the governmental measures for disaster management . In 2019 two questions were raised from the hazard zonation mapping and vulnerability types related to disasters.

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INDIAN POLITY

• PMO & Cabinet Secretariat: Function & Role in Indian Governance
• Indian Fundamental Duties: Role, Evolution & Constitutional Significance
• Uniform Civil Code in India: Legal Processes, Challenges, and Controversies
• Directive Principles of State Policy in India: Governance, Challenges, and Impact
• Constitutional Balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles in India
• Government of India Acts: Evolution, Autonomy & Road to Independence (1919-1947)
• Country’s Demographic Profile: Census of India, NPR, NRC
• Indian Citizenship Act: Evolution, Amendments & Special Provisions in India
• Post Independence Movements In India: Smaller State Demands and Challenges
• Collective and Individual Ministerial Responsibility in India’s Parliamentary System
• THE INDIAN DIASPORA: Global Contributions, Challenges, & Government Initiatives
• India’s Constitutional Amendments: Flexibility & Rigidity for a Dynamic Democracy
• Indian Parliamentary Forums: Initiatives and their Impact since 2005
• Union Council of Ministers: Constitutional Evolution & Governance Framework
• Indian Citizenship: Rights, Duties & Constitutional Framework
• Reorganization of States: Evolution, Unity & Diversity and Challenges
• State Reorganization Act of 1956 – Evolution, Linguistic & Cultural Transformations, Progress, Unity
• Union and its Territory: Framework, Constitutional Provisions, and Dynamics of State Alterations in India
• Basic Structure Doctrine: Evolution, Significance & Criticisms
• Preamble of Indian Constitution: Guiding Principles, Evolution, Controversies & Modern Relevance
• India’s Constitutional Preamble: Fundamental Principles, Significance, and Evolution
• Schedules of Indian Constitution: 12 Schedules, Governance & Democracy
• Constitution & Constitutionalism: Foundations, Challenges, and Democratic Safeguards
• Evolution of Colonial Governance: Regulating Act 1773 to Charter Act 1793
• Indian Constitution: Democracy, Rights & Diversity
• Constitutionalism in India: Definition, History, Evolution & Contemporary Triumphs
• Constituent Assembly of India: Democracy, Overcoming Critiques & Building a Lasting Legacy
• Constitution of India: Sovereignty, Republicanism & Shaping Democracy
• EVOLUTION OF LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS: CHARTER ACT, MORLEY MINTO REFORMS, GOI ACT
• Evolution of Charter Acts in India: History, Governance & British Rule (1813-1853)
• Company Rule in India (1773-1858): Historical Overview & Impact on British India
• Charter Act 1793: Trade Expansion, Governance Shifts, Historical Transformations in British India
• Amending Act of 1786: Objective, Governance & Feature
• Amending Act of 1781: Reforms, Impact on Judiciary & Governance Transformation
• Indian Polity and Governance Notes for UPSC Preparation
• PART-I (CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK)
• Indian Constitution: Evolution, Features and Making of a Democratic Framework
• Preamble of the Indian Constitution: Principles, History and Significance
• BASIC STRUCTURE OF CONSTITUTION
• Union and Territory: A Detailed UPSC Study on Articles 1-4 of the Indian Constitution
• CITIZENSHIP
• Fundamental Rights (Article 12-35) and Their Evolution in India
• Directive Principles of State Policy: Significance, Classification and Impact on Social Welfare Laws
• Fundamental Duties in India: Article 51A, Historical Evolution & Distinctions from Fundamental Rights
• Constitutional Amendment Process in India: Types, Significance & Implications
• PART -II (SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT)
• Parliamentary System: Features, Merits and Distinctions from the British Model
• Federalism – Definition, Feature – Indian Polity Notes for Competitive Exams
• Centre State Relations in India: Legislative, Administrative & Financial Dynamics
• Inter-State Relations: Laws and Cooperation in India
• EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
• PART – III (CENTRAL GOVERNMENT)
• President of India: Constitutional Roles, Electoral Processes and Executive Authority
• Vice President of India: Powers, Elections and Constitutional Significance
• Prime Minister of India: Constitutional Aspects, Role and Historical Perspectives
• Component of Indian Governance: Prime Minister’s Office, Cabinet Secretariat & Central Secretariat
• UNION COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
• Cabinet Committees: Role in Governance, Evolution, Functions, & Recent Reconstitution (2019)
• Indian Parliament: Structure, Functions and Significance
• PART -IV (STATE GOVERNMENT)
• Governors in India’s State Governments: Roles, Powers, and Functions
• Chief Minister: Roles, Responsibilities & Political Relationships in Indian States
• State Council of Ministers in India: Constitutional Framework, Appointment Process and Responsibilities
• State Legislature in India: Structure, Functions, and Legislative Process
• A Comprehensive Guide to Article 371-371J: Special Provisions for States in Indian Polity
• Part – V (JUDICIARY)
• Supreme Court
• High Courts in India
• Subordinate Courts in India
• Gram Nyayalayas & Family Courts in India
• Tribunals in India
• National Green Tribunal (NGT)
• Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
• PART-VI (LOCAL GOVERNMENT)
• Panchayati Raj in India: Definition, Feature, Challenges and Empowering Local Governance
• Municipalities in Indian Polity: Evolution, Types and Governance Challenges
• PART-VII (UTs AND SPECIAL AREAS)
• Union Territories
• PESA Act of 1996 (Extension Act)
• PART-VIII (CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES)
• Election Commission of India: Composition, Functions and Electoral Reforms
• Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
• State Public Service Commission (SPSC): Structure, Functions, and Role in Indian Polity
• Joint Public Service Commission (JPSC)
• Finance Commission
• National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)
• National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)
• National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC)
• Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities
• Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)
• Attorney General for India
• Advocate General
• Co-operative Societies in India
• Official Language in India
• PART-IX (NON-CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES)
• National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India: Composition, Power & Functions & Challenges
• State Human Rights Commissions
• Central Information Commission (CIC) & Right to Information Act (RTI) in India: Composition, Functions, and Key Provisions
• State Information Commissions
• Central Vigilance Commission (CVC): Pillar of Anti-Corruption in Indian Governance
• Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI): Challenges, Functions and Reforms in Indian Policing
• Lokpal and Lokayuktas in India: Structure, Functions and Challenges
• PART-X (MISCELLANEOUS)
• Anti-Defection Law in India: Evolution, Challenges and Electoral Impact
• Pressure Groups: Dynamics, Impact and Challenges for Governance
• LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA
• Regulating Act 1773, Background, Provisions, Drawbacks
• Governance in India: Dimensions, Challenges & Strategies for UPSC Preparation
• Citizen Charters: Evolution, Challenges and Recommendations
• RTI Act 2005: Transparency and Accountability, Ombudsman & Lokayuktas in India
• Sevottam Model: Governance Excellence through Service, Accountability, and Citizen Empowerment
• Social Audit: Principles, Significance and Challenges in Public Governance
• E-Governance in India: Innovations, Challenges, and Impact
• Role of Civil Services in Sustaining Democratic Values
• Indian Bureaucracy and Democracy: Challenges and Evolution in India
• Reforms in Need: Strengthening Ethics, Civil Servant Integrity, and Fair Elections by Election Commission
• Development Processes: Feature, Pattern & Growth 
• Civil Societies: Role in Inclusive Governance, Nation Building & Development
• NGOs in India: Roles, Challenges and Suggestions for Effective Governance
• Self Help Groups (SHGs): Empowering India, Fostering Financial Inclusion & Sustainable Development
• Foreign Aid: Method, Rule, and Impact on India’s Development Dynamics
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Implementation, Impact and Recent Developments
• Pressure Groups in Indian Politics: Dynamics, Challenges and Impact
• Formal Groups and Organizations: Characteristics, Structures & Social Dynamics
• Statutory, Regulatory And Various Quasi-Judicial Bodies For Governance
• INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
• BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
• India-Australia Relations: Strategic Partnership And Bilateral Dynamics
• India Canada Relations: Ties, Bilateral Engagements & Challenges
• India-France: Strengthening Bilateral Ties through Strategic Partnership
• India Germany: Bilateral Relations, Strategic Partnership, and Future Collaborations
• India-Italy Relations: Strengthening Ties Across Trade, Culture, and Security
• India-Israel Relations: Complexities, Challenges, and Collaborations in Diplomacy
• India Japan Relation: Bilateral Ties, Economic Cooperation, and Strategic Alliances
• India-Russia Relations: Strengthening Ties in Politics, Trade, Defence, and Beyond
• India-UK Relations: Navigating Bilateral Ties and Brexit Challenges
• India-US Relations: Bilateral Ties, Trade, Defense, and Future Prospects
• REGIONAL AND GLOBAL GROUP
• APEC – Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, Global Coverage, Economic Trade & Member Nation
• ASEAN: Evolution, Objectives, India’s Engagement, & Regional Challenges
• BRICS: Global Dynamics, Economic Cooperation, & Institutional Reforms
• BIMSTEC- Objectives, Member Nations, and Strategic Initiatives Explored
• G7 Countries: Origin, Objective, Members & other Facts
• G20: International Forum, Objectives, Structure, & Role in Global Affairs
• G4 Countries: Key issues, UNSC reform, concerns, Coffee Club dynamics
• Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA): Objectives, Structure & Regional Dynamics
• South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Origins, Achievements, And SAFTA
• Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Objectives, Challenges & India’s Strategic Engagement
• Non Alignment Movement (NAM): Principles, Evolution, and Global Relevance
• Arctic Council: Conservation, Sustainable Development in the Polar Region
• Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB): Goals, Structure, and India’s Role
• CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) – Full Form, Feature & Classifications
• United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (UNFCCC): Evolution, Full Form & Initiative
• United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD): Objectives, Targets
• New Development Bank (NDB): Growth, Cooperation, & Sustainable Development Among BRICS Nations
• African Development Bank(AfDB): Socio-Economic Growth, & Regional Integration in Africa
• Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Safeguarding Muslim Interests
• South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme (SACEP): Objectives, Governance
• INDIA-BRAZIL-SOUTH AFRICA (IBSA): Fostering Global Cooperation Among Democracies
• Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Formation, Structure, and Regional Dynamics
• European Union (EU): Member State, Uniting Nations for Peace, Prosperity & Partnership
• Commonwealth of Nations: Shared Values, Meetings, and Global Initiatives
• International Organizations
• United Nations: Member State, Mission, Organs and Specialized Agencies
• UNSC Reform: India’s Demand, Geopolitical Realities, and Challenges Ahead
• International Monetary Fund (IMF): Origin, Functions, Quotas, SDRs, India’s Role
• Bretton Woods Conference: Goal, Achievement, Shaping Global Finance, IMF, World Bank
• World Trade Organisation (WTO): Member State, Achievement, Challenges, Dispute Settlement, & Future Directions
• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): Background, Objectives, Member States
• Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Objectives, Oil Pricing Policies & Global Impact
• International Court of Justice (ICJ): Establishment, Role & Functions, and Significance
• International Criminal Court (ICC): Structure, Jurisdiction, and Global Implications for Justice
• International Criminal Police Organisation (INTERPOL): Definition, Jurisdiction, Global Police Cooperation and Crime Control
• Financial Action Task Force (FATF): Objectives, Combating Money Laundering & Black Money, and Terrorism Financing
• IUCN: Safeguarding Biodiversity – Mission, Threatened Species, and Conservation Initiatives
• International Labour Organisation (ILO): Treaty, Decades of Commitment, Achievements, and Initiatives
• World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)
• International Solar Alliance (ISA)
• Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA)
• Wassenaar Arrangement
• Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
• Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
• Hague Code of Conduct (HCoC)
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

INDIAN ECONOMY

• INDIAN ECONOMY NOTES
• Indian Economy: Evolution, Colonial Era to Present Day & Future Prospects
• Basics of Money: Exploring the Fundamentals of Indian Economy
• Banks in India: Types, Functions & Characteristics
• Financial Market: Types, Functions, Role & Economic Impact
• Indian Insurance Sector: Evolution, Growth, Rules & Penetration in India
• Financial Inclusion: Definition, Significance, and Social Impact
• BUDGET AND TAXATION
• Balance of Payment: Formula, Types, Key Features & Global Economics
• Exchange Rate Systems: Global Currency, Inflation Rate & Method of Calculation
• Agriculture in India: Definition, Farming System & Green Revolution
• Manufacturing and Industries
• Economic Planning in India: Evolution, Challenges, and Transformative Initiatives
• Economic Indicators: Definition, Methodology, and Key Insights into GDP (Gross Domestic Product), Unemployment, & Inflation
• INFRASTRUCTURE
• Inclusive Growth: Definition, Strategies, Policy & Challenges
• Agriculture

Science & Technology

• SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• Biotechnology: Types, Applications and other facts
• Defence Technology: India’s Strategic Initiatives, Missile System, & Modernization Efforts
• Biomolecules- Carbohydrates, Proteins, Vitamins and Fats
• DISEASES: Communicable & Non-Communicable Health Threats, Tuberculosis to COVID-19
• Information Technology: Digital Landscape, 5G to Cybersecurity, IoT to Quantum Computing
• Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Definition, Applications, Implications
• SPACE & SPACE TECHNOLOGY: History, Evolution & Significance

Enivornment & Ecology

• Energy Flow In Ecosystem: Trophic Levels And Mode Of Nutrition
• Carbon Cycle: Exploration of Processes, Forms, and Environmental Impacts
• Biogeochemical Cycles: Types, Functions, And Significance
• Importance Of Forest: Guardians Of Biodiversity And Life’s Essentials
• Temperate Forests: Types, Ecological Significance, Cultural Value
• Tropical Rainforest: Nature’s Green Treasure & Economic Significance
• Coniferous Forests: Characteristics, Types, Economic Significance
• Grassland Ecosystems: Biodiversity, Conservation, And Economic Significance
• The Desert Ecosystem: Types, Adaptation, Biodiversity & Resilience
• Forest Ecosystem: Biodiversity, Types, & Crucial Roles in Environmental Balance
• Tundra Ecosystem: Extreme Conditions, Adaptations, Characteristics, Types
• Terrestrial Ecosystem: Types, Tundra, Forest, Grassland & Desert Ecosystems
• Ecosystem: Components, Functions, Biotic Interactions, Biogeochemical Cycles
• Ecosystem: Components, Functions, Energy Flow & Cycle
• Human Environment Interaction: Components, Types, and Human Impact on Earth
• Ecosystem Dynamics: Characteristic, Types Of Food Webs & Species Interactions
• Energy Flow in Ecosystem: Food Chain, Hierarchy, Significance & Characteristics
• Ecological Pyramids: Trophic Levels, Types & Energy Dynamics in Ecosystems
• Environment: Component, Human-Environment Relationship & Sustainable Development
• ENVIRONMENT
• ECOLOGY, ECOSYSTEM AND FUNCTIONS OF ECOSYSTEM
• Terrestrial Ecosystems: Types, Environmental Factors & Ecological Significance
• Aquatic Ecosystems: Classification, Issues, Conservation & Corals
• BIODIVERSITY
• Biodiversity Conservation in India: Protected Areas, Biosphere Reserve, National Park
• Pollution: Types and Impact on Health, E-Waste and Bioremediation
• Environmental Laws in India: Definition, Legal Frameworks & Protection to Biodiversity
• Environmental Organizations In India: Biodiversity, Conservation, Welfare
• Wildlife Conservation in India: Initiatives, Achievements & Future
• Conservation Measures: Modes, Protected Areas, Action Plans, and Initiatives
• Environmental Conventions and Protocols: Features, Importance, and Implementation
• Climate Change & Mitigation Strategies: Global Warming, Greenhouse Gases
• Climate Change Organizations: Exploring Global Initiatives for Environmental Sustainability
• Climate Change In India: Actions, Policies, and Initiatives
• INTERNAL SECURITY
• Internal Security Of India: Challenges, Solutions & Hybrid Warfare
• Communal Violence: Causes, Legal Provisions, and Preventive Measures
• Terrorism And Extremism: Types, Spread. Steps Taken
• Organised Crime And Terrorism: Aspects, Fctors, Challenges
• The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) 1958: Origin, Current Status
• Left Wing Extremism or Naxalism: Origin, Background, Major Issues
• Extremism And Development: Linkages, Causes, Solutions, and Countermeasures
• Militancy In Jammu And Kashmir: Background, Human Right Issue, AFSPA
• North-East Insurgency: Historical Roots, Challenges, and Peace Initiatives
• Cyber Security: Cyber Terrorism, Threats, & Safeguarding Critical Information Infrastructure
• Social Media: Impact On Society, National Security, and Democracy
• Money Laundering: Impact on Economy, Global Strategies, and Preventive Measures
• Security Challenges and Border Management In India: Initiative, Challenge & Way Forward 
• Security Forces & Agencies: Type, Mandate, Roles, Contributions, and Challenges
• Police Reforms In India
• Black Money: Dimensions, Socio-Economic Impact & Remedies to Curb

Disaster Management

• DISASTERS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
• Hazards and Disasters: Catastrophes & Impacts for Effective Governance
• Classification and Types of Disasters and Natural Hazards
• Disaster Management in India
• Role of Technology in Disaster Management: NDMS, Early Warning Systems, Satellites
• National Policy On Disaster Management 2009: Approach, Objectives, and Issues
• Disaster Risk Index and Reduction: Sendai Framework, SDGs & Strategies

Ancient Indian History

• THE PALLAVAS ( 275CE-897CE ): HISTORY, ART, CULTURE, CONFLICTS, AND DECLINE
• 16 Mahajanapadas: Rulers, Achievements, and Timelines
• Forests in India: Biodiversity, Types, and Conservation
• ANCIENT HISTORY
• UPSC Notes for Ancient History of India | UPSC Exams
• Indus Valley Civilization: Important Dates, Sites & Decline of IVC
• Vedic Period: History Notes for UPSC & Govt. Exams
• Sangam Age – Political History of South India | UPSC Ancient History Notes
• MAURYAN EMPIRE (322-185 BCE): Reign, Ruler & Historical Significance
• Jainism and Buddhism: Difference and Similarities| UPSC Notes
• Post Mauryan Period (200 BC – 300 AD) – Clashes, Cultures, and Kingdoms in Ancient India
• Gupta Empire – Facts about Gupta Period & Gupta Dynasty | UPSC Notes
• Harshavardhana: Empire of Harsha, History, Reign | UPSC Notes

Medieval Indian History

• MEDIEVAL HISTORY
• EARLY MEDIEVAL INDIA (c.600-1200 CE) [HISTORY NOTES FOR UPSC & OTHER GOVT. EXAMS]
• THE DELHI SULTANATE (1206-1526 AD) – MEDIEVAL INDIA HISTORY NOTES
• REGIONAL KINGDOMS OF MEDIEVAL INDIA: AHOMS, MEWAR, KASHMIR, DYNASTIES
• VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE: RISE, RULE, AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE (1336-1646 AD)
• BAHMANI KINGDOM (C.1347- 1525 CE): RISE, CONFLICT, AND POLITICAL HISTORY
• BHAKTI MOVEMENT: IMPORTANCE, NAYANARS, ALVARS & FEATURE
• MUGHAL PERIOD (1526-40 and 1555-1857)
• MARATHA EMPIRE [1674-1818]: MARATHA-MUGHAL CONFLICTS

Modern Indian History

• Administration Before 1857: Impact of British Administration
• Charter Act of 1793
• Portuguese Governors in India: Shaping Empires and Enduring Legacy of Colonial Rule
• Mahadev Govind Ranade: Architect of Change in Colonial India
• Indian National Army: Bose Vision, Role, and Impact in the Freedom Struggle
• Sikh & Hindu Revival Movements: Akali Movement, Arya Samaj
• India’s Press Evolution Post First World War: Shaping Nationalism
• The Second World War: Press Evolution & Independence Struggle in India
• Rise of Hyderabad Kingdom: History, Nizam Rule & Integration with India
• Causes Of British Success In India
• Evolution of Press in India: Different Publications, Journals & Leaders
• British Rule in India: Press Laws & Resistance
• Freedom of the Press Pioneers
• Dutch East India Company: Spice Trade & Rivalries
• Danes in India: Colonial Legacy. Cultural Exchange & Missionary Endeavors
• India’s Vernacular Press Act: Impact, Opposition, and Repeal
• Colonial India’s Committees On Press: Control & Influence
• Evolution of Press in India Post-Independence Journey
• Salt Satyagraha Movement: Dandi March, Civil Disobedience & Struggle for Freedom
• First Round Table Conference 1930: Indian Reforms, British-India Talks & Quest for Self-Rule
• Gandhi Irwin Pact: Date, Key Accord, Significance & Struggle for Independence
• Karachi Session 1931: Feature, Resolutions, and Impact on India’s Freedom Movement
• Second Round Table Conference: Feature, Participants, Outcomes, and Significance
• Civil Disobedience Movement: Outcome, Repression & Gandhi’s Leadership towards Independence
• Third Round Table Conference: Outcome, Challenges & Communal Award Impact
• Communal Award 1932: Controversy, Division, & Impact on Indian Politics
• Poona Pact 1932: Unity, Representation, & Sociopolitical Dynamics in India
• Government of India Act 1935: Constitutional Evolution, Federalism, and the Path to Dominion Status
• World War II’s Impact on Indian Nationalism: Struggles, Splits, and Independence
• Resignation of Congress Ministries 1939: Reason, India’s Stand & World War II
• Poona Resolution 1941: Conditional Support to Britain for Indian Independence during World War II
• The August Offer 1940: Features, Reactions, & Impact on India’s Independence Struggle
• Individual Satyagraha: Members, Goals, Challenges, and Impact on Independence
• The Two Nation Theory: Roots, Events, and Impact on India’s Partition
• Indian National Army: Freedom Struggle, INA Rebellion, and the Pivotal Role in India’s Fight for Independence
• Demand for Pakistan: Lahore Resolution, & Two-Nation Theory
• Cripps Mission 1942: Feature, Proposals, Setbacks, and Impact on India’s Political Trajectory
• Quit India Movement 1942: Mass Participation, Gandhi’s Leadership & Call for Do or Die
• Parallel Governments & Quit India Movement: Struggle, Empowerment, & Success
• INA Trials: Defense Committee, Legal Battle, and Heroes’ Release
• Direct Action Day: Jinnah’s Resolution, Communal Mobilization, & India’s Partition Path
• Socio-Religious Movements: 19th Century, Colonial Impact, Social Awakening, and Transformation
• Muslim Reform Movements: Organisation, Leaders, and Societal Impact in 19th Century India
• Mercantilism in British India (1757-1813): Economic Exploitation, Resource Control & Drain of Wealth
• First World War: Aftermath, India’s Struggles & Awakening
• Indian National Congress History
• Indian Councils Act 1861
• English Rule in India
• Satyagraha: Evolution, Struggle, and Influence of Gandhi
• Government of India Act 1919
• British Economic Policy in India
• British Policy in India
• The Revolutionary Phase
• Revolutionary Activities In Punjab and Madras
• Revolutionary Activities In Maharashtra’s Freedom Struggle
• Anglo French War in India
• Wavell Plan
• Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
• Cabinet Mission 1946
• The Desai-Liaqat Pact for Peace
• Rajagopalachari Formula
• Revolutionary Activities In Bengal’s Struggle

[Disaster Series] Floods and its Management in India

India is immensely vulnerable to floods. Flood is a disastrous occurrence causing a huge loss of lives and damage property, infrastructure and public utilities. It is a cause for concern that the flood-related damages are showing an increasing trend. Hence the study of flood management is an important aspect of disaster management .

This topic of “[Disaster Series] Floods and its Management in India” is important from the perspective of the UPSC IAS Examination , which falls under General Studies Portion.

What are the floods?

Inundation of land and human settlements by the rise of water in the channels and its spill-over presents the condition of flooding. They are caused by both natural and manmade causes.

Express Learning Programme (ELP)

• Optional Notes
• Study Hacks
• Prelims Sureshots (Repeated Topic Compilations)
• Current Affairs (Newsbits, Editorials & In-depths)
• Ancient Indian History
• Medieval Indian History
• Modern Indian History
• Post-Independence Indian History
• World History
• Art & Culture
• Geography (World & Indian)
• Indian Society & Social Justice
• Indian Polity
• International Relations
• Indian Economy
• Environment 
• Agriculture
• Internal Security
• Disasters & its Management
• General Science – Biology
• General Studies (GS) 4 – Ethics
• Syllabus-wise learning
• Political Science
• Anthropology
• Public Administration

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What are the characteristics of floods?

• Slow in occurrence (except flash floods)
• Occur in well-defined regions
• Occur within expected time of the year

Prelims Sureshots – Most Probable Topics for UPSC Prelims

A Compilation of the Most Probable Topics for UPSC Prelims, including Schemes, Freedom Fighters, Judgments, Acts, National Parks, Government Agencies, Space Missions, and more. Get a guaranteed 120+ marks!

What are the types of the flood?

There are three main types of flood-

Surge (Coastal) Flood

• Floods occur in areas that lie on the coast of a sea, ocean, or a large open water body.
• It occurs due to extreme tidal conditions caused by severe weather.
• Very often it is produced by the hurricanes and other storm which pushes water onshore.

Fluvial (River) Flood

• Overbank flooding – this is the most common type of flooding where the water level rises and breaches the banks over time.
• Flash flooding – A flash flood is a sudden and rapid flooding of a low-lying area due to torrential rain coming with thunderstorm, hurricane, tropical storm etc.

Pluvial (Surface Flood)

• when heavy rainfall creates a flood event independent of an overflowing water body, it is called a surface or pluvial flood.
• It can happen in any urban area and even in the areas of higher elevation lying above coastal and river floodplains.
• When a torrential downpour makes the urban drainage system saturated and making the roads flooded, it is called urban flood.

What are the causes of flood?

Apart from natural causes, in the disaster of flood to occur, humans too lay a great role.

Following are the causes of flood-

Natural causes

• Heavy rainfall
• Heavy rainfall in the catchment area of a river causes water to overflow resulting in floods in nearby areas.
• The extremely dynamic monsoon regime which occurs in a short period of June to September creates heavy flooding in northern plains and north-eastern region.
• Snow melting in summer
• Himalayan rivers like Ganga cause flood in summer too due to the melting of snow.
• The floods of Brahmaputra river are due to both rainfall and snowmelt.
• Low gradient of the Brahmaputra compounded with soft tertiary rocks make sedimentation faster that leads to choking of river channels.
• The heavy rainfall in hilly region causes floods in low lying nearby areas.
• Deposition of sediment
• River beds become shallow due to continuous sedimentation.
• The Himalayan rivers bring huge amount of sedimentation reducing water carrying capacity which results in overflow of water in huge amount.
• Change in course of the rivers
• Meandering nature of rivers in youthful stages cause in the change of course and brings floods.
• Earthquakes also result in fluvial regime change of a river and resulting in flooding. The Brahmaputra river is a prime example.

These are the major reasons in Himalayan region. The Uttarakhand floods of 2013 were caused by the landslides along with cloudburst.

• Tsunami and cyclones: Tsunami brings huge amounts of water to the coasts and flooding occurs.

Anthropogenic causes

• Deforestation
• Vegetation restricts the flow of water and helps in percolation.
• The deforestation makes land obstruction-free.
• The deforestation also accelerates soil erosion and silting of river beds reducing its carrying capacity faster.
• Trespassing and interference of Drainage system
• The ill-planned construction of railways, roads, bridges and canals without paying heed to the natural fluvial regime cause floods.
• The short-term ad hoc measures of flood protection by an extensive network of embankments have deleterious effects on the regime of the river.
• Encroachment of natural floodplains for agriculture, infrastructure development reduces the retention capacity of the rivers.
• Population pressure
• Population pressure, especially in urban areas, causes faulty land use patterns, surface sealing that increases runoff.
• The urban heat island effect is emerging as a major cause.
• The encroachment of water reservoirs like lakes in urban areas.
• Improper drainage and faulty waste management system that chokes existing drainage system
• International reasons
• Origin of major rivers is in Nepal, China, Bhutan which makes effective control and early warning difficult.
• The cooperation in hydrological data exchange often gets mixed up with geopolitics.

What are the effects of floods?

• Loss of life
• Floods cause huge losses of life.
• Kerala floods of 2018 caused the death of 445 people
• Uttarakhand floods of 2013 caused the death of more than 5000 (presumed)
• Recurrent floods submerge fields of agriculture leading to loss of harvest.
• The flood may render soil infertile by affecting its ingredients.
• Infrastructure
• Floods cause immense damage to the infrastructure like railways, roads, bridges.
• Electricity generation and distribution infrastructure is damaged.
• Health issues
• Lack of cleanliness, death of livestock and polluted water creates many health issues.
• The floods bring an outbreak of a disease like malaria, diarrhea and other waterborne disease.
• In fact, more deaths are caused due to after flood outbreaks than actual floods some times.
• Economy faces double impact of destruction of infrastructure and cost of rebuilding.
• The funds must be released for rescue, relief, and rehabilitation that may have been planned for developmental work
• Environment
• The floods occurring in forest areas damage the ecosystem.
• There is a loss of flora and fauna.
• The Floods in Kaziranga national park caused deaths of wildlife including threatened One-Horned Rhino.

Floods in India

• The frequency of major floods is increasing as can be seen from year by year disastrous floods.
• The more interesting factor is that floods have occurred in areas that are not considered flood-prone.
• The National Flood Commission data state that Out of the total geographical area of 329 mha, more than 40 mha is flood-prone.
• The Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin accounts for 60% of the flood area.

The Flood-prone area in India

The flood-prone area can broadly be divided into the following four regions

• The Brahmaputra River Region

Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura, Nagaland, Sikkim and the northern parts of West Bengal

• The Ganga River Region

Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar, south and central parts of West Bengal, Punjab, parts of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Delhi

• The North-west River Region

This region covers the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and parts of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan

• The Central India and Deccan Region

This region covers the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Orissa, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and parts of Madhya Pradesh

Flood Management in India

Almost every year, small and big floods affect some parts of the country or the other. Its management has been an important task for governments at the Union and States. The flood management, therefore, has been always a priority area for the successive governments

Government actions regarding flood management

• The National Flood Management Commission
• Launched in 1954
• Different structural and non-structural methods have been applied by various states under it.
• Rashtriya Barh Aayog, 1976
• To evolve a scientific, integrated and coordinated approach to flood control
• It recommended Flood plain zoning and management in order to regulate human activities.
• Regional task forces, 1996

It was set up to review the impact of recommendations of Rashtriya Barh Aayog.

It recommended large flood moderation projects, following up the enactment of flood plain zoning.

• National Water Policy, 2002

It recommended • Basin-wise plan for flood control and management. • Flood control to be given overriding consideration in reservoir regulation policy. • More emphasis on non-structural measures. • Strict regulation of settlements and economic activities in flood plains.

• K. Mittal Committee, 2003 Its main recommendations were • Afforestation and treatment of catchment area, right land-use practices and others. • In the river itself a construction of suitable hydraulic structures that may trap silt. • Embankment along the aggrading river should be constructed, only after proper studies are made on its behaviour especially due to sedimentation load and resultant morphological  changes.

Flood management in India follows the following stages

Flood management in India largely follows the NDMA guidelines of 2008 largely.

• Flood forecasting and warning

Flood forecasting (FF) enables us to be forewarned as to when the river is going to use its flood plain, to what extent and for how long.

It involves

• Data collection, transmission, processing and dissemination on hydrological parameters like rainfall.
• The Central Water Commission issues flood forecasting.
• Indian Meteorological department monitors and issues warning against extreme weather events.
• International cooperation with Nepal, Bhutan and China for hydrological data on river upper basins.
• The National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) provides medium-range weather helping in flood preparedness
• Flood prevention, mitigation, and preparedness

Structural measures

• Embankments/Banks, Flood Walls, Flood Levees
• Channel improvement
• Desilting and dredging of rivers
• Dams, reservoirs and water storage capacity improvement
• Drainage improvement by removing congestion
• Diversion of floodwater through programmes like river linking
• Catchment area treatment through afforestation
• Construction of sea walls.

Non-structural measures

• Flood plain zoning i.e. regulating of land use in the flood plain
• Floodproofing i.e. raising flood shelters, raising public utility installations above flood plain level.
• Integrated water resource management

Medical preparedness

• Patient evacuation plan
• Disaster management plan by health facilities
• Flood response
• The Disaster management act provided for an institutional mechanism for the response for flood situations
• The National Disaster Management Authority at the central level and State Disaster Management Authorities at the state level have the responsibility of laying down policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management and coordinating their enforcement and implementation for ensuring a timely and effective response to disasters.
• District Disaster Management Authority does the same at the district level
• National and State Disaster response force acts as the main response and rescue operation force

Flood response consists of

• Proper evacuation plan
• Deployment of search and rescue teams
• Emergency relief such as food, water, electricity, medical facilities.
• Formation of relief camps
• Coordination of relief contributions from people
• Capacity Building

The capacity building to combat flood situations forms the major part of flood management.

It consists of

• Education in school and colleges must incorporate disaster response and preparedness.
• Capacity building of the frontline force such as police, local NGOs, government officials to deal with the situation
• Research and development in flood management.
• Incorporation of the local traditional method of flood tackling.
• Capacity building of panchayat raj institutions to deal with the flood situation as they are the ground officials during flood.
• Once the flood situation goes away, proper documentation of the experience must be done to improve further.

What are the issues with the flood management in India?

• Delays in completion of projects under flood management program.
• The shortfall of resources, especially of central assistance to the states.
• Very few large dams in India have disaster management plans.
• Scientific assessment of flood zones is still incomplete.
• The state disaster management structure is not adopted by many states. The incomplete structure exacerbates the response issues.
• The flood forecasting is very poor. The weather forecasting lacks accuracy.
• Post-disaster deliberation is not done mostly which results in repeating of same mistakes every time

Way Forward

• The flood forecasting needs to be improved and most importantly decentralized by placing them in flood-prone areas.
• The flood mapping needs to be carried by flood management institutes periodically.
• Pre and post-monsoon inspection of structural measures will improve the preparedness.
• The capacity building of disaster response force must be carried with accommodating international best practices.
• Urban flooding is a major threat nowadays. The smart cities program needs to take into account this threat.
• The effects of climate change have been a major cause of recurrent flooding. The adoption and mitigation actions must be taken on a war footing.
• International cooperation in Hydrological data sharing must not be held hostage to geopolitical situations.

Practice Question for Mains

Discuss Floods as a major disaster threat. What are the institutional mechanisms in place to combat the menace (250 words)?

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Natural Hazards and Disasters

Last updated on April 7, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

Lives and property can be protected by releasing precise forecasts and warnings in a simple-to-understand manner and by educating people on how to prepare for such hazards before they become disasters.

Since the beginning of civilization, man has been subject to natural hazards and disasters. However, the world has been undergoing a variety of changes, both slow and catastrophic. To investigate Natural Hazards and Disasters and strategies to deal with them in-depth, it is important to learn some basic concepts.

Table of Contents

Changes that affect humans adversely are called hazards.

A natural disaster pertains to a natural phenomenon that occurs in proximity and poses a threat to people, structures, and economic assets caused by biological, geological, seismic, hydrological, or meteorological conditions or processes in the natural environment.

As per the Disaster Preparedness Training Manual, Philippine National Red Cross 1954, hazards are defined as “phenomena that pose a threat to people, structures or economic assets and which may cause a disaster. They could be either manmade or naturally occurring in our environment.”

Types of Hazards

Hazards are generally categorized according to their causes, mitigation strategies, or effects on societies. We will limit the classification of disasters to those that are based on their causes only.

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Types of Hazards depending upon their causes

Hazards are classified as either natural or man-made. Socio-natural hazards are the third category of hazards that are brought on by both man and nature.

Natural Hazards

These are brought on by natural causes, and man has no control over them. The primary example of natural hazards are as follows:

• Earthquakes
• Volcanic eruptions
• Cyclonic storms
• Floods Droughts

Man-made Hazards

These are caused by the undesirable activities of man. Such hazards include:

• Leakage of toxic waste.
• Pollution of air , water, and land Dam failures
• War and Civil Strife Terrorism

Socio-natural Hazards

These are the result of a combined force of both human misconduct and natural forces.

For example-

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• the uncontrolled destruction of trees, especially in the river catchment areas, may result in an increase in the frequency and severity of floods and droughts.
• The risk of storm surges increases due to mangrove loss.
• Although landslides are normally caused by natural forces, yet, they can be triggered and their frequency and impact can be increased because of building roads in mountainous regions, excavating tunnels, and engaging in mining and quarrying.

An extreme form of hazard leads to disaster.

Disaster (French des meaning ‘bad’ and aster meaning ‘star’) is a manmade or natural event that results in widespread loss of life and property.

Thus, disaster is defined as “A serious disruption of the functioning of a society, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources.”

Disaster, according to the United Nations, is the occurrence of a sudden or significant catastrophe that impairs a society’s (or community’s) fundamental structure and daily operations.

According to the World Bank, a disaster is an extraordinary, short-lived event that significantly disrupts a nation’s economy. It is an event or a series of events that results in casualties, property damage, or a loss of essential services or sources of livelihood on a scale that is greater than what the affected communities are typically able to handle without assistance.

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Hazards and disasters are closely connected and occasionally used interchangeably; a hazard is a threat, whereas a disaster is an event.

Classification of Disaster

Disasters are usually classified on the basis of their origin as-

• Tectonic occurrence (earthquakes, volcanoes)
• Topographical occurrence (landslides. avalanches)
• Meteorological (hurricanes, cyclones, tornadoes , floods, droughts)
• Infestic (locust invasion of crops, epidemics), and
• Human (industrial accidents, nuclear bombs).

Vulnerability

The terms like ‘earthquake-prone’, ‘drought-prone’, or ‘flood-prone’ areas are used to describe the distributional effect of the concerned hazards. People who live there are susceptible to a variety of dangers and calamities.

Thus, vulnerability is the extent to which an Individual or a community, or an area is exposed to the impact of a hazard.

According to the National Institute of Disaster Management (formerly National Centre for Disaster Management), the definition of vulnerability is defined as “the extent to which a community, structure, service, or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disturbed by the effect of particular hazards due to either nature, construction, and proximity to hazardous terrain or disaster-prone area.

Natural Hazards and Disasters in India

Because of its subcontinental dimensions, geographical situation, and behavior of the monsoon, India is exposed to various natural hazards and disasters like drought, flood, cyclones, earthquakes, etc year after year.

Four major disasters which adversely affect different parts of the country are drought, flood, cyclone, and earthquake. Only one state (West Bengal), faces all four types of disasters.

It is not uncommon to experience more than one or two types of disasters affecting different parts of the country at the same time. For example, there may be floods in the Brahmaputra Valley, drought in Rajasthan, and cyclonic storms in some coastal areas.

The most alarming aspect is how frequently and violently these hazards and disasters are occurring in various sections of the country.

• 55% of the total area is in Seismic Zones III-IV and vulnerable to earthquakes.
• 68% of the net sown area is vulnerable to drought.
• 40 million hectares of land are vulnerable to floods.
• 8% of the total land area particularly along the eastern coast and Gujarat coast is vulnerable to tropical cyclones.
• The sub-Himalayan region and the Western Ghats are vulnerable to landslides.
• Out of the total 7,516 km long coastline, close to 5,700 km is prone to tropical cyclones and tsunamis.

Yokohama Strategy and International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)

Yokohama Strategy is a Plan of Action for a Safer World.

World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction happened in the city of Yokohama from May 23rd-27th 1994.

It recognized that society as a whole has grown more vulnerable to natural catastrophes and that the effect of disasters in terms of human and financial losses has increased recently.

In order to lessen the losses caused by these disasters, the conference established the Yokohama strategy as a guide.

The resolution of the World Conference on Natural Disasters Reduction is as mentioned below:

• Each country has a sovereign duty to safeguard its people from natural disasters.
• given top priority to the developing nations, especially the least developed, landlocked nations, and small island developing states
• Develop and enhance national capabilities, and if necessary, national legislation, for the mitigation, prevention, and preparedness of natural and other disasters.
• strengthening institutional and human capacity,
• technology sharing: the collection, dissemination, and utilization of information; and
• mobilisation of resources

Article Written By: Priti Raj

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India’s Water Resources and Vulnerability – UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis – 23rd April 2024

India’s water resources are under increasing strain due to a combination of factors, including population growth, urbanization, industrialization, and climate change. Rapid urbanization has led to the encroachment and pollution of water bodies, while industrial activities contribute to water contamination. Additionally, changing weather patterns exacerbate water scarcity and variability, impacting both surface water and groundwater availability. This vulnerability is further compounded by inefficient water management practices and inadequate infrastructure for storage and distribution. Addressing these challenges requires holistic strategies that integrate water resource management with sustainable development goals, emphasizing conservation, efficiency, and equitable distribution. Failure to do so risks exacerbating water insecurity and jeopardizing the well-being of millions of people across the country.

Tag: GS-3 Environment and Conservation

In News: IMD predicts hotter summer, longer heatwaves from April to June. India must prepare for water stress, shifting from panic reactions to understanding chronic risks. This Earth Day (April 22) is a wake-up call.

Table of Contents

India’s Water Resources and Vulnerability

• India supports 18% of the world’s population on just 2.4% of the Earth’s surface area, with a mere 4% of global freshwater resources.
• Approximately half of India’s rivers are polluted, and 150 primary reservoirs operate at only 38% of their total live storage capacity.
• The nation leads global groundwater usage, with three-quarters of its districts facing extreme climate events.

Investments in Disaster Preparedness

• Despite these challenges, India has made substantial investments in disaster preparedness. However, the evolving nature of climatic shocks necessitates continuous adaptation strategies.

Shift from Reactive to Proactive Approach

• India must transition from reactive responses to proactive measures, acknowledging the chronic nature of climate risks.
• Climate action requires broad participation across sectors, moving beyond short-term initiatives like sapling plantation drives.

Interconnectedness of Water with Economy

• Precipitation serves as a primary source of soil moisture, impacting crop irrigation and harvests. Agriculture, employing 45% of the population, remains vulnerable to climate changes.
• Changing monsoon patterns affect crop cultivation and emphasize the need for resilience-building measures.
• Water plays a critical role in the global clean energy transition, particularly in green hydrogen production and pumped storage hydropower.
• Addressing climate impacts on hydrometeorological disasters is imperative, with nearly 75% of natural disasters being water-related.

Key Strategies for Ensuring Water Security

• India’s water governance must consider the nexus between water, food, and energy systems, integrating local evidence and community engagement.
• Prioritizing efficient water use and reuse through water accounting principles is essential for achieving national goals like increasing water use efficiency by 20% by 2025.
• Greater financial commitments are needed for climate change adaptation in water and agriculture sectors, alongside market innovations like the Green Credit Programme to bridge the adaptation funding gap.
• India’s water supply, food security, and clean energy transition efforts are intricately linked to its economy and provide valuable lessons for other water-stressed nations.
• Coherence in water, energy, and climate policies, data-driven baselines for water savings, and new financial instruments are crucial for building a water-secure and climate-resilient economy.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Faq: how severe is india’s water scarcity issue.

Answer: India faces significant water scarcity issues, with a growing gap between water supply and demand. Rapid population growth, urbanization, and industrialization exacerbate this challenge, particularly in regions with already stressed water resources.

FAQ: What role does climate change play in India’s water vulnerability?

Answer: Climate change impacts India’s water resources by altering precipitation patterns, leading to increased variability in rainfall and more frequent extreme weather events. This results in droughts, floods, and erratic monsoon seasons, further straining water availability and management.

FAQ: How does pollution affect India’s water resources?

Answer: Pollution from industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage contaminates India’s water bodies, rendering them unfit for consumption and other uses. This pollution not only threatens human health but also degrades ecosystems and reduces the availability of clean water for various purposes.

FAQ: What are the consequences of inefficient water management practices in India?

Answer: Inefficient water management exacerbates India’s water vulnerability by leading to wastage, inequitable distribution, and unsustainable exploitation of water resources. This can result in depletion of groundwater reserves, land degradation, and conflicts over water allocation.

FAQ: How can India address its water resource challenges?

Answer: India can address its water resource challenges through a combination of strategies, including improved water governance, investment in water infrastructure, promotion of water conservation practices, adoption of sustainable agricultural techniques, and public awareness campaigns. Integrated water resource management approaches that prioritize efficiency, equity, and environmental sustainability are crucial for mitigating water vulnerability in the country.

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EDITORIAL ANALYSIS : Preparing India for water stress, climate resilience

Source: The Hindu

• Prelims: Current events of national and international importance(Ground water, world Bank, UN Water Conference, SDG-6, WASH, Jal Shakti Abhiyan, etc
• Mains GS Paper II & III: Geographical features and their locations- change in critical geographical features etc

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

• India Meteorological Department (IMD) predicts a hotter summer and longer heat waves from April to June.

INSIGHTS ON THE ISSUE

Groundwater;

• Groundwater is the water present below the earth’s surface and is a vast resource of water.
• Almost 22 percent of water is below the surface land in the form of groundwater.
• World Bank report: India is the largest groundwater user.

Importance of Groundwater:

• Groundwater is the backbone of India’s agriculture and drinking water security in rural and urban areas
• It meets nearly 80% of the country’s drinking water and two-thirds of its irrigation needs.
• Groundwater is pivotal to India’s water security.

Water crisis:

• It may be physical or economic
• Rapid urbanization
• industrialisation
• unsustainable agricultural practices
• climate change
• erratic rainfall patterns
• water overuse
• inefficient water management
• inadequate infrastructure
• lack of ‘belongingness’ among stakeholders
• runoff due to high rain along with soil erosion and sedimentation.
• Water scarcity: It l eads to the poor functioning of ecosystems, threatens food and water security, and, ultimately, affects peace.
• According to the World Resources Institute : 17 countries face ‘extremely high’ levels of water stress which is threatening to result in conflict, unrest and peace among people.

Background :

• India houses 18% of the world’s population on 4% of the earth’s surface area and has just 4% of global freshwater resources.
• Nearly half its rivers are polluted, and 150 of its primary reservoirs are currently at just 38% o f their total live storage capacity.
• Three-quarters of India’s districts a re hotspots for extreme climate events.

Relation between Water and Economy:

• Water connects hydrological, food, and energy systems, impacting millions of people.
• Precipitation is the primary source of soil moisture an d water stored in vegetation (green water) and the water available in rivers and aquifers (blue water).
• This sector employs the most and is increasingly climate vulnerable.
• The India Employment Report 2024: It shows that agriculture still employs around 45% of the population and absorbs most of the country’s labor force.
• with 55% of ‘tehsils’ or sub-districts seeing a significant increase of more than 10% in southwest monsoon rainfall in the last decade(compared to the previous three).
• The increased rainfall is frequently coming from short-duration, heavy rain, affecting crop sowing, irrigation and harvesting.
• Making the agricultural sector more resilient to climatic and water stresses matters for jobs, growth and sustainability.
• Water is a key component of the world’s clean energy transition.
• It is produced using water and electricity sourced from renewables.
• It is an important component o f a clean but reliable power system.

Climate crisis and its impact on hydrometeorological disasters:

• According to the UN World Water Development Report 2020: Almost 75% of natural disasters i n the last two decades were related to water.
• According to CEEW analysis(between 1970 and 2019): the number of flood associated events (such as landslides, thunderstorms and cloud bursts) increased by up to 20 times in India.
• Freshwater , one of the nine planetary boundaries, has been transgressed (2023 study).

The ingredients of water security

●      attaining water security will need a mix of the right policies, judicious use of water, including reuse of urban wastewater, and finance for adapting to a changing world., ●      effective water governance needs policies that recognise its interactions with food and energy systems., ○      ceew and international water management institute (iwmi) analysis s hows that although india has adopted several policies, ■      most do not recognise this nexus while planning or at the implementation stage., ■      scaling up of green hydrogen is desirable, the link with water availability is not always considered., ●      the impact of scaling up solar irrigation pumps on groundwater levels must be analyzed to deploy the technology where there is an optimal mix of solar resource and higher groundwater levels., ●      policies should incorporate the food-land-water nexus through localized evidence and community engagement., ●      india needs to focus on the judicious use of blue and green water t hrough water accounting and efficient reuse., ●      the national water mission targets increasing water use efficiency by 20% by 2025 ., ●      the atal mission on rejuvenation and urban transformation (amrut) 2.0 calls for reducing non-revenue water, which is lost before it reaches the end user, to less than 20% in urban local bodies., ○      these are not backed by any baseline set u sing water accounting principles that will help quantify the “ 20 percent” change in freshwater use., ○      in the absence of water use data(for the reference year): it is difficult to quantify the potential water saving in one sector, such as agriculture, that can then be diverted to other sectors, ■      such as industries or domestic purposes, which will drive india’s water demand., ●      water accounting is essential for promoting water use efficiency a nd creating incentives for investments in treated wastewater reuse..

Legally binding instruments on regulation of trans-boundary river water courses:

• UN Water Convention 1997
• United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Water Convention 1992

Way Forward

• We must move from panic reactions when disaster strikes (like the water crisis in Bengaluru), to understand and respond to the chronic nature of risks we face.
• Nor can environmental sustainability be reduced to sapling plantation drives over a few days.
• India’s climate action h as been largely focused on mitigation in the industrial, energy, and transport sectors.
• strengthening wastewater management
• providing incentives to promote climate-resilient agricultural practices (micro irrigation and crop diversification)
• scaling up desalination plants as an alternative water source for thermal plants and green hydrogen production.
• Investment in wastewater treatment
• desalination plants
• agricultural extension services.
• Considering the investments in India under Corporate Social Responsibility (between 2014-15 and 2020-21) , there is a potential to leverage about ₹12,000 crore worth of investments every year.
• A water-secure economy is the first step towards a climate-resilient one.

QUESTION FOR PRACTICE

What is water stress? How and why does it differ regionally in India? (UPSC 2019) (200 WORDS, 10 MARKS)

Editorial Analysis – 22 Apr 2024

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