what is biotechnology education

Biotechnology Degrees & Careers in Biotechnology

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Updated March 9, 2023

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How to Become a Biotechnologist

Biotechnologists manipulate organisms or components of a biological system to create new products or processes. They study the physical, genetic, and chemical characteristics of cells and tissues and explore industrial applications for them. Biotechnologists work in fields like agriculture, medicine, waste treatment, and food production.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects a 7% growth rate for jobs in this sector between 2018 and 2028, which is faster than the projected growth rate of 5% for all other professions.

An undergraduate biotechnology degree qualifies graduates for several entry-level jobs in the field. Candidates typically must complete graduate degrees to be considered for leadership positions in the field.

What is biotechnology and how do you enter the field? This guide contains information on how to obtain a biotechnology degree and the different careers you can pursue after graduation. You can also find out more about potential salaries, common coursework, and professional organizations.

What is Biotechnology?

A broad research and professional arena, biotechnology spans the agricultural, industrial, and medical fields. Some practitioners classify biotech areas according to color. For example, blue biotechnology refers to the study and use of marine-based essential compounds, while white biotechnology refers to industrial applications.

Biotechnology is an expanding field. New subfields continue to emerge as advances in science and technology open fresh areas of exploration and growth. Careers in biotechnology include positions in research and development, regulatory affairs and quality assurance, manufacturing, and policymaking.

What Does a biotechnologist Do?

Career basics.

Many biotechnologists work in a laboratory setting assisting scientists and doctors with different types of research. They maintain lab equipment, synthesize chemicals, assist with experiments, and produce reports of their findings. Some biotechnologists go out in the field to collect data and measure how products or processes work in a non-clinical environment.

Biotechnologists must follow where the evidence and test results lead and make recommendations based solely on unbiased findings.

Career In-Depth

Biotechnologists can specialize in any of the subfields mentioned above or break new ground in an emerging field of research.

Most lab biotechnologists work regular eight-hour days, except when actively performing an experiment, which may require them to adjust their hours according to how their experiment is proceeding. The working hours of a field biotechnologist tend to be less regular and predictable.

Depending on their educational background and professional interests, biotechnologists can work as forensic science technicians, food technologists, and research associates. Biotechnologists can work for big pharmaceutical companies, environmental protection organizations, or academia.

Biotechnology Salary and Job Growth

In addition to a healthy growth rate projected by the BLS, biotechnologists also enjoy a higher annual median salary than most workers ($45,860 and $39,810, respectively). Years of experience in the field and graduate studies often lead to professional advancement and higher salaries.

Biotechnologists who pursue a master's or graduate certificate can usually find work as epidemiologists ($70,990), medical scientists ($88,790), and biochemists or biophysicists ($94,490). The projected growth rates for these positions between 2018 and 2028 are 5%, 6%, and 8%, respectively, which are on par with or just faster than the average 5% growth rate for all other occupations.

Four Steps to Becoming a Biotechnologist

You must complete several stages before you can begin your career in biotechnology. While students can take different paths to achieve the same objective, the following steps outline a more traditional approach to a career as a biotechnologist.

Preparing to Become a Biotechnologist: Schools and Programs

Some institutions, such as the University of Maryland Global Campus, now offer an online bachelor's in biotechnology. Keep in mind that some online biotechnology programs may still have on-campus requirements, especially for lab components.

In addition, colleges and universities offering online programs do not always conform to a single structure. Some use a cohort model, in which students complete the same course sequence with the same peer group. Others deliver all coursework synchronously, while still others offer both asynchronous and synchronous coursework.

For many students, affordability is the most important issue. Remember to inquire about private scholarships and federal financial assistance programs from every prospective school. There are several financial aid packages specifically for students pursuing a STEM degree.

Most schools include much of the relevant information about their programs on their websites. If you still have questions, reach out to the admissions office and inquire.

Courses in Biotechnologist Programs

Undergraduate biotechnology programs typically require students to enroll in advanced science courses during their junior and senior years. Students develop and hone strong analytical and research skills through classroom instruction, lab work, and internship or practicum experiences. Most bachelor's programs culminate in a capstone project that showcases each student's mastery of the curriculum.

The following courses represent a typical course load for an undergraduate biotechnology student.

Biochemistry

This course covers fundamental concepts such as the structure and functions of biomolecules, genetic information transfer, signal transduction chemistry, and thermodynamics. Developing a clear understanding of these concepts helps future biotechnologists carry out research after graduation.

Genome Technology and Analysis

In this course, students learn about the most recent advancements in genome sequencing technologies. They explore the practical applications of these developments in various fields including medicine, biological research, and pharmaceutical products. Students also learn how to perform efficient and accurate sequence analyses.

Molecular Genetics

This course covers chromosome structure, bacterial virus, and the transcription and regulation of gene expression and replication. Students also learn about genome analysis, which is a key component of many biotech jobs today.

Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology

Students examine the human nervous system and how different types of diseases affect or alter its functions. This course covers topics such as energy metabolism and brain biochemistry, synaptic plasticity, and intercellular neuron signaling. This knowledge can lead to the development of medicines that can address neurological diseases like Parkinson's and multiple sclerosis.

Students build a comprehensive knowledge base about viruses as they progress through this course. Topics include the cellular and molecular components of viral infections, multiplication cycles, and virus-host interactions. Students also learn about new viruses and emerging viral topics that can help them develop vaccines or fresh processes.

Accreditation for a Biotechnologist Program

Postsecondary institutions across the country seek accreditation as a way of objectively certifying the quality of education they offer. The U.S. Department of Education (ED) and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) oversee the process.

Nonprofit public and private colleges and universities often seek regional accreditation. The ED and CHEA recognize six regional accreditors, each one responsible for evaluating a sector of the country. These accrediting bodies work with two-year and four-year institutions. For-profit and vocational schools typically seek national accreditation.

Programmatic accreditors focus on evaluating specific programs rather than entire institutions. As of June 2020, no accreditor focused solely on undergraduate biotechnology programs, although The Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering occasionally accredits biotechnology programs.

Limit your search to accredited schools, as institutional accreditation generally extends to all academic programs.

Accreditation matters for two main reasons. First, the ED channels federal assistance packages only through accredited institutions. Second, transferring credits from schools that hold one type of accreditation to a school with a different type of accreditation can be problematic. Regionally accredited schools usually do not accept credits earned at nationally accredited schools.

Biotechnologist Specialties

Students who pursue a bachelor's in biotechnology usually have to complete 36-45 credits of major coursework. Schools that offer concentrations often require students to complete at least 18 credits in their chosen area.

Common concentrations include biomedical engineering, environmental regulatory affairs, bioinformatics, and drug research. Having a concentration can improve your chances of qualifying for positions in that specific arena without necessarily closing you off to opportunities outside of your focus area.

A concentration can also bolster your application to graduate programs, which can be competitive. An undergraduate concentration in biotechnology shows graduate programs that you are committed to pursuing a career in biotechnology and making a meaningful contribution to the field.

Finding a Biotechnologist Program

Components of a successful biotechnologist career: skills, credentials, tools, and technology.

Comprehensive knowledge about the field and staying on top of most recent research developments are essential components of a successful biotech career. However, you need additional skills to stand out in such a competitive professional arena.

Biotechnologists need analytical skills to solve and anticipate problems that arise in practice. They also need to develop clear and concise written and oral communication skills to convey findings or concerns. Since biotechnologists manipulate living organisms, they must be able to react quickly to any unexpected developments or results.

Credentials

Most states do not require biotechnologists to earn a license in order to work. However, some positions may require a background or criminal check. Practitioners can opt to sit for the Biotechnician Assistant Credentialing Exam , which has wide industry recognition.

Tools and Technology

Biotech equipment and technology undergo constant modifications to serve the changing demands of the industry. Biotechnologists must be a fast learner to keep up with the technological advances in the field.

Agricultural and Food Scientist

Animal scientists require animal husbandry equipment, incubators and stunners while on the farm. In the office, they may use two types of specialized software:

• Scientific software: DNA sequence analysis software, Nutrition Balance Analyzer (NUTBAL)
• Database software: Domestic Animal Diversity Information Service, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA)

Food Scientists and Technologists typically use crushing machinery when working on food processing techniques, filling machinery for packaging methods, and laboratory heat exchange condensers and convection ovens to explore chemical changes to food under heat. The specific software they might use includes:

• Analytical software: BioDiscovery ImaGene, MDS Analytical Technologies GenePix Pro
• Database software: PathogenTracker, USDA National Nutrient Database

Soil and Plant Scientists work with tools both in and outside of the laboratory — tools such as pH meters, spectrometers, radar surveillance systems and photometers. The specific software they may be required to know or learn includes:

• Scientific software: European Soil Erosion Model (EUROSEM), Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP)
• Database software: National Soil Information System, SoilVision software
• Map creation software: ESRI ArcGIS, Leica Geosystems ERDAS IMAGINE

Agricultural Engineers

These engineers spend a lot of time thinking about the proper usage of space. While in the office, they use computer-aided design software geared toward rural and farming areas, such as Eagle Point LANDCADD or PTC Pro/Pipe. When in the field, they may use theodolites for land surveying.

Biochemist and Biophysicist

The laboratory houses a wealth of toys for these research scientists, who regularly work with tools such as centrifuges, calorimeters, flow cytometers, pH meters and protein sequencers.

A host of software helps them get the most out of their experiments. These include:

• Scientific software: Accelrys QAUNTA, Fujitsu BioMedCache
• Computer-aided design software: Accelrys Insight II, ChemInnovation Software
• Photo imaging software: Molecular Devices Corporation MetaFluor, Molecular Simulations WebLab ViewerPro

Biomedical Engineer

Engineers in this field love toys. They work with electrodes, electrometers, MRI scanners, pressure indicators, and activity monitoring devices that make Fitbits look like Cracker Jack prizes.

They also use a lot of software, including:

• Analytical software: Minitab, Stratasys FDM MedModeler
• Computer-aided design software: Mathsoft Mathcad, SolidWorks CAD software
• Medical software: Electromyograph analysis software, gait analysis software, virtual instrument software

Epidemiologist

Because epidemiologists are often office-based rather than laboratory- or field-based, they don't have a lot of intricate tools. What they do have are computers with complex software. The programs they might run in a typical day include:

• Analytical software: TerraSeer ClusterSeer, World Health Organization HealthMapper
• Database software: CDC WONDER
• Map creation software: ESRI ArcGIS, ESRI ArcView

Microbiologist

Because they work with things too small to see without a microscope, microbiologists need a lot of tools to help them. From air samplers to autoclaves, spectrometers to staining dishes, microbiologists have a lot of gear to store. Like other research scientists, they rely on software to analyze outcomes and results. Programs include:

• Scientific software: BD Biosciences CellQuest, Protein Explorer
• Medical software: CLS-2000 Laboratory System

Biotechnologist Professional Organizations

Professional organizations offer networking and mentoring opportunities and active job boards open only to members. Additionally, many organizations publish journals with peer-reviewed articles containing the latest advancements and discoveries in biotechnology.

Explore the professional associations below to learn more about benefits that can help your career in biotechnology.

Resources for Biotechnologists

BIO members include startups and companies in human health, agriculture, and the environment. Members commit to the organization's culture and support of innovation in the biotechnology field. The organization makes its resources, including industry analysis reports and amicus briefs, openly accessible to biotechnologists and other interested parties.

Frontiers is a free online journal that publishes the latest research findings in bioengineering and biotechnology as well as in other related scientific fields. Scientists and researchers from all over the world submit scholarly articles on topics such as applications of synthetic biology, multiplex genome editing, and experimental cell fusion techniques.

This publication features several peer-reviewed articles each month. Writers can submit research findings and recent advancements in the fields of biochemical engineering, genomics and bioinformatics, and molecular biology. The journal maintains an open-access mirror journal with the same publishing standards and mission.

NCBI maintains an extensive database of articles, tutorials, training videos, and other digital resources for professionals in the biotechnology arena. Visitors can also explore collaboration opportunities with peers from all over the country and the world. The center offers its educational materials free of charge.

Career Paths In Biotechnology

The U.S. biotech industry grew by just about every measure in 2014, according to Ernst and Young's 2015 industry report. Revenue was up 29 percent, net income increased 293 percent and there were 164 more biotech companies than during the previous year. All of this meant one thing for jobs: There were a lot more of them. The industry added over 10,000 new jobs in 2014, which equates to a staggering 10 percent annual growth rate. Of course, not all of these jobs were for scientists and researchers — many were for support staff one might find in any industry. Jobs specific to biotechnology — involving research and development and manufacturing — are outlined below.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) combines three related careers under the heading of agricultural and food scientist: animal scientist, food scientist and technologist, and soil and plant scientist. Although all have the ultimate task of improving farm productivity, they accomplish this in different ways. Each are discussed separately here.

Agricultural Engineer

Many people don't think of farming as being sophisticated. Seeds are planted, crops are watered, and eventually food is harvested. But it is an extraordinarily advanced field, and the largest farms are essentially food factories. Engineers are involved in research and development as well as manufacturing. They might oversee water supply and usage, design comfortable areas for the animals, and create machines that can efficiently harvest crops with minimal food loss. Agricultural engineers spend their time both in offices designing systems and on farms testing and applying those systems.

Education requirements

Bachelor's degree in agricultural engineering or biological engineering

Animal Scientist

Farm animals can be crossbred to produce better quality meat, eggs or milk. They can also be bred to live longer, healthier lives, saving farmers money. Animal scientists have the expertise in genetics and reproduction to crossbreed effectively so that farmers can increase production and lower costs.

These scientists spend most of their days in large laboratories researching how living things function. They plan experiments; work directly with protein, enzymes and DNA; and study the effect of external substances on living things. Those who work for biotechnology companies or divisions work in applied research, meaning they are looking to use their findings to solve a specific problem. For instance, in the past, biochemists in agriculture have used applied research to genetically modify rice to have more beta-carotene and, by extension, vitamin A. This rice could be used in parts of the world where rice was a staple food but vitamin A deficiency was a major killer. Biophysicists working for energy companies, meanwhile, have made advances in developing fuel such as ethanol from plants.

Doctorate in biochemistry and biophysics

These product-makers either create tools to analyze medical problems or design tools that improve patients' lives. For instance, they can create better microscopes or newer imaging technologies. More pertinent to the field of biotechnology, however, is their work to create artificial limbs that respond to brain signals or the recent invention of a bionic pancreas that eliminates the need for insulin injections in people with diabetes.

Bachelor's degree in biomedical engineering, which features an assortment of biology and engineering courses

Whereas microbiologists get up close with viruses under the microscope, epidemiologists are more interested in high-level views of disease, namely how a disease is spread via people or animals. Their ultimate goal is to stop the spread of disease. Since biotechnology utilizes farm animals such as pigs and chickens that can carry diseases that mutate and affect humans, such as H1N1, epidemiologists are vitally important to insuring food chain safety. Perhaps more interestingly, many harness diseases to humans' advantage. Vaccines are essentially biotechnological tools that render diseases innocuous.

Master's degree in epidemiology or an MPH; requirements include coursework in biology, life sciences and statistics

Food Scientist and Technologist

Food scientists and technologists are experts in nutrition. They use this knowledge to develop new products and methods of food preservation and processing, making sure that food makes it safely into consumers' mouths. Similar to biochemists, they want to know the effects of food on a consumer when that food is altered in some way — perhaps through genetic modification, additives or a processing technique. Many have specialized knowledge in topics Julia Child would be familiar with, such as pasteurization, canning and fermentation.

Bachelor's degree in agricultural science or food science; according to BLS, typical courses include food chemistry, food microbiology, food engineering and food processing

Microbiologists research bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and parasites — basically anything too small to be seen with the naked eye. The field is highly specialized, meaning that most microbiologists focus on studying just one type of microorganism. In the context of biotechnology, microbiologists might work in the manufacturing side of the industry, making sure that products are not contaminated, but they are just as likely to be involved in research and development. The Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook provides the following example: “They may study the use of microbes to clean up areas contaminated by heavy metals or study how microbes could aid crop growth.”

Bachelor's degree in microbiology, biochemistry or a related field, although a PhD is needed to conduct independent research

Soil and Plant Scientist

Soil and plant scientists in the field of applied biotechnology are typically employed by companies to improve food quality. They have advanced knowledge of environmental science, meaning they can maximize land use while also increasing food production. Because the composition of soil changes over time and depending upon how it is utilized, soil and plant scientists balance short-term production considerations with long-term soil health.

Bachelor's degree with coursework specific to the field; according to BLS, courses include soil chemistry, biochemistry, entomology and plant physiology

Biotechnology Job Growth, Prospects and Outlook

There is fantastic job growth in biotechnology, with most of the industry growing at pace with — or faster than — the rest of the economy. Biomedical engineers, for instance, are growing at a rate of 27 percent this decade. This is because our world continues to have problems that need solving — and biotechnologists are in the business of solving problems by pushing the envelope of scientific innovation.

Biomedical engineers are needed because humans are living longer than ever thanks in part to their designs. Agricultural engineers will be needed to think through land management issues as demand for food increases but arable land decreases. Microbiologists remain on the hunt to cure or control existing and emerging diseases, such as HIV and Ebola. Agricultural and food scientists are making use of nanotechnology to make food safer and developing biofuels to reduce the need for fossil fuels.

However, the jobs we have discussed thus far account for only about 112,00 jobs in the United States, meaning that in absolute terms, job growth will be small. According to BLS data from 2014:

Having said that, the industry itself is quite large and there are jobs not yet discussed that fall within it. For instance, biological technicians assist scientists with laboratory research. They gather biological samples, conduct experiments and analyze the findings. Typically, they report on how these findings may be applied to new products. There were 80,200 of them in 2012 in the U.S. and they are expected to grow 10 percent by 2022. With education and training they may move into more advanced careers in biotechnology.

What Do Related Occupations Make?

The first chart covers the most popular jobs from those already discussed, all of which are related to biotechnology. The second chart compares careers that are not strictly within the biotech field but that shares some similarities.

Related Occupations: What You Need to Know

Biotechnology is a purposely broad field that covers health and agriculture. Below, the field's interconnected careers are compared to similar jobs. Environmental engineers share much in common with agricultural engineers; farmers and ranchers rely upon agriculture and food scientists; chemists are akin to biochemists and biophysicists; and community health workers relay much of the information produced by microbiologists and epidemiologists.

Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics, PayScale

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Biotechnology is about hacking the elements of life. Biotechnologists can develop new products that improve the world around us by manipulating cellular and biomolecular processes.

This may sound like the future—and it is—but it’s also a critical part of the past. Biotechnology is over 6,000 years old, dating back to the creation of bread, cheese, and preserved dairy products. From that tasty history, biotechnology has come a long way, and it’s now manipulating genetic makeup to reduce disease, harnessing biomass to cleanly fuel the world, and transforming agricultural processes in productive and sustainable ways.

Those wanting to bring old-world concepts into cutting-edge research and development can look forward to thriving career opportunities in biotechnology. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) shows that the demand for biological technicians, a similar career to biotechnologists, is projected to grow at a rate of 5 percent between 2022 and 2032 ( BLS 2023), which is faster than the national average (3 percent).

Comparing the two positions, biological technicians typically have a bachelor’s degree and fewer years of experience than biotechnologists, who often have advanced degrees and more work experience. Therefore, aspiring biotechnologists are recommended to seek out biological technician opportunities and choose to further their education and earn leadership positions as biotechnologists as their careers progress.

Biotechnology is an expansive field. In 2023, the global biotech industry generated approximately $1.2 billion in revenue, and bioscience firms in the US employ nearly 400,000 people. A search for biotechnology jobs will reveal various roles, from laboratory scientists and research associates to quality assurance professionals and manufacturing specialists.

Many biotechnologists choose to work in biopharmaceutical production, and others work in areas like food science, cosmetics manufacturing, biofuel optimization, or genetic manipulation. With applications as broad as the imagination, biotechnology plays a critical role in shaping a cleaner, healthier, and more interesting future.

Step-By-Step Guide To Becoming a Biotechnologist

Step one: earn a bachelor’s degree (four years).

After graduating from high school, an aspiring biotechnologist must earn a bachelor’s degree. While it is possible to pursue this career with an undergraduate degree in one of the life sciences or a related engineering area, the most linear pathway is to major in biotechnology.

Admissions requirements for undergraduate programs vary from school to school but generally include some combination of the following: a competitive high school GPA (3.0 or greater), SAT or ACT scores, letters of recommendation, and a personal statement.

Brandeis University

Arizona state university, johns hopkins university (aap).

University of Maryland Global Campus

The University of Maryland Global Campus offers a hybrid bachelor of science (BS) in biotechnology. While all classes are available online, the overall requirements may include an onsite component. Applicants are expected to have already gained technical and scientific knowledge of biotechnology through transferable credit and practical experience.

Graduates of this program will be able to find solutions to global issues such as food insecurity, bioremediation, and the SARS-COV-2 virus (Covid-19). Combining applied coursework and laboratory skills with a biotechnology internship experience and upper-level study, the program’s curriculum prepares students for careers in biomedical research, pharmaceuticals, and more.

The UMGC curriculum includes classes such as inquiries in biological science; molecular and cellular biology; bioinformatics; laboratory management and safety; and current trends and applications in the life sciences. The program consists of 120 credits, and students can transfer up to 90 credits which may be completed in four years.

• Location: Adelphi, MD
• Accreditation: Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE)
• Expected Time to Completion: 48 months
• Estimated Tuition: In-state ($318 per credit); out-of-state ($499 per credit)

Indiana University, Bloomington

Indiana University, Bloomington offers a rigorous on-campus BS in biotechnology. Designed to give fundamental training in basic scientific principles and specific training in advanced topics, graduates are prepared for either immediate employment or further advanced study.

In addition to general education and core curriculum requirements, students take 35 credits of upper-division classes, including molecular biology; societal issues in biotechnology; structure, function, and regulation of biomolecules; organic chemistry; and the theory and applications of biotechnology. The program consists of 120 credits and may be completed in four years.

• Location: Bloomington, IN
• Accreditation: Higher Learning Commission (HLC)
• Estimated Tuition: Indiana residents ($11,446 per year); non-residents ($39,118 per year)

Northeastern University

Remember that some programs, such as the on-campus Plus One Accelerated Program at Northeastern University, offer a combined BS/MS degree, which students can apply for at the undergraduate level. This program includes experiential learning opportunities and biotechnology and pharmaceutical processing courses, analytical chemistry, and microbiology.

In addition, students attending Middlesex Community College can apply for scholarships and transfer coursework from a two-year to a bachelor’s and later a master’s level program through the Biotechnology A2M Scholars Program.

• Location: Boston, MA
• Accreditation: New England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE)
• Expected Time to Completion: Five years
• Estimated Tuition: $541 per credit

Step Two: Gain Practical Work Experience (Optional, Timeline Varies)

After earning their bachelor’s degrees, many aspiring biotechnologists gain some practical work experience before determining the course of their career. Entry-level jobs, internships, and fellowships allow one to put their newly learned skills into practice, build a professional network, and sift out which niche of biotechnology to pursue.

Work experience is often the best education on the market, and some employers may even subsidize further graduate-level education. Job and internship openings are best found through professional networks or LinkedIn and Indeed.

Step Three: Earn a Certificate or Master’s Degree In Biotechnology (One to Three Years)

After earning their bachelor’s degrees and gaining some practical work experience, many biotechnologists elect to earn a master’s degree or a graduate certificate. While it’s not a requirement for all types of work that a biotechnologist may pursue, many biotechnology job postings require a graduate-level degree.

A master’s degree or graduate certificate can boost one’s resume and professional network and cement one’s expertise in a particular niche. Application requirements for master’s programs vary from school to school. Generally, they include some combination of the following: a competitive undergraduate GPA (3.0 or greater), letters of recommendation, work experience, GRE scores, and a personal statement.

Temple University

Temple University’s biotechnology graduate certificate program is geared toward biotechnology professionals wanting to advance their careers. This 12-credit program offers academic credentials that students can complete in one or two semesters.

Topics covered include technologies related to nucleic acid sequencing, the manipulation of microbes, and issues surrounding advances in genetics and genomics. Students can take this program part- or full-time, and courses can be applied to related graduate degree programs in bioinformatics and biotechnology.

Course options include environmental biotechnology; analytical biotechnology; ethics regulation and policy in biotechnology; nucleic acid technologies; microbial biotechnology; and biotechnology laboratory.

• Location: Philadelphia, PA
• Expected Time to Completion: One to two semesters
• Estimated Tuition: Pennsylvania resident ($1,301 per credit); out-of-state ($1,696 per credit)

University of California, Santa Cruz – Silicon Valley Extension

The University of California, Santa Cruz – Silicon Valley Extension provides a biotechnology certificate program. Professionals from various disciplines who want to pivot into a career in biotechnology are ideal candidates for this course of study. This 19-credit program includes courses such as introduction to biochemistry; principles of immunology; principles of drug discovery and development; biology of cancer; human physiology in health and disease; viruses, vaccines, and antiviral therapy; and gene therapy: hacking the genome.

All students begin with the core course, such as “Principles of Drug Discovery and Development.” Full-time students can complete this program in nine to 12 months.

• Location: Santa Clara, CA
• Accreditation: Accrediting Commission for Senior Colleges and Universities of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC)
• Expected Time to Completion: Nine to 12 months
• Estimated Tuition: $5,610

Northeastern University offers an MS in biotechnology that can be completed entirely online. In addition to a biotechnology core, the curriculum allows students to choose from several different concentrations: agricultural; biodefense; molecular biotechnology; process science; manufacturing and quality operations; biopharmaceutical analytical sciences; pharmaceutical technologies; scientific information management; biotechnology regulatory science; or biotechnology enterprise. Students can complete the program at part-time or full-time enrollment in two to three years. Notably, some concentrations require a two-week Boston residency.

This 30-credit program includes core courses such as molecular cell biology for biotechnology; foundations in biotechnology; the biotechnology enterprise; scientific information management for biotechnology managers; cell culture processes for biopharmaceutical production; experimental design and biostatistics; and protein chemistry.

• Expected Time to Completion: 24 to 36 months
• Estimated Tuition: $1,730 per credit

Johns Hopkins University

Johns Hopkins University has an MS in biotechnology program that students can complete online or in person at one of two Maryland campuses. Students may choose a generalist track or specialize in one of six concentrations: biodefense; bioinformatics; biotechnology enterprise; molecular target and drug discovery technologies; regulatory affairs; or regenerative and stem cell technologies.

The ten-course curriculum is thesis-optional and includes courses such as biochemistry; molecular biology; advanced cell biology; and cellular signal transduction. Students can complete the program in one to three years with part-time or full-time enrollment.

• Location: Baltimore, MD
• Expected Time to Completion: 12 to 36 months
• Estimated Tuition: $5,210 per course

Step Four: Earn a PhD In Biotechnology (Optional, Four to Seven Years)

While it’s not a requirement to practice, some biotechnologists choose to earn a doctoral degree—especially if their interests lie in academia, leadership, or research. Doctoral programs in biotechnology are often highly individualized and include several years of advanced study, teaching requirements, and a culminating thesis.

Admissions requirements vary from program to program but generally include some combination of the following: a competitive GPA in the previous degree (3.0 or greater), letters of recommendation, work experience, a personal statement, GRE scores, and in-person interviews. Do note that in many cases, a master’s degree is not needed for acceptance into a PhD program; in some cases, students can combine the two degrees.

Clarkson University

Clarkson University in New York state offers an Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Biotechnology PhD program. Once admitted to this 90-credit program, students can specialize in one of four areas: molecular bioscience and biotechnology; biomedical sciences and neuroscience; computational biology and bioinformatics; or ecology, evolution, and the environment.

This program is delivered in hybrid and on-campus formats. To be considered for admission, applicants must have a four-year degree in biology or a related field with at least three semesters of biology, four semesters of chemistry, two semesters of physics, and two semesters of mathematics.

• Location: Potsdam, Schenectady, and Beacon, NY
• Expected Time to Completion: Two to six years
• Estimated Tuition: $1,932 per credit

Emory University

Emory University provides a PhD program through the Molecular and Systems Pharmacology (MSP) graduate program. In the first year of the PhD curriculum, students engage in research through laboratory rotations and take classes in the principles of pharmacology, toxicology, biochemistry, and cell biology. After that, students can opt to specialize in toxicology and a chemistry-biology interface program.

Applicants must submit an application to the graduate school, pay a $75 fee, and provide three letters of recommendation, a statement of purpose, a resume, and transcripts. Once accepted to the Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, students receive stipend support, tuition scholarships, and health insurance subsidies.

• Location: Atlanta, GA
• Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC)
• Estimated Tuition: Tuition for full-time registration for nine or more credits is $22,900 per semester

Tufts University

Tufts University has a PhD program in biotechnology at its Massachusetts campus. Offered through the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, the program is heavily focused on research, with coursework in biochemistry and cellular metabolism; biochemical engineering; molecular biology; protein purification; and the principles of cell and microbe cultivation.

PhD students must also complete one to three teaching assistant assignments, participate in the departmental seminar series, pass an oral and written qualifying exam, and defend a final thesis.

• Location: Medford, MA
• Accreditation: New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC)
• Estimated Tuition: Covered by scholarships for full-time PhD students

Step Five: Join a Professional Society (Optional, Timeline Varies)

After a biotechnologist has completed their journey through academia and gained practical experience, the final step is to join a professional society.

Professional societies in biotechnology can congregate around a particular industry niche (e.g., agriculture, biopharmaceuticals) or act as interdisciplinary points of connection and collaboration. In addition, many professional societies host conferences, push for advocacy issues, foster professional networks, provide opportunities for continuing education, and publicize developments in the industry at large.

While joining a professional society isn’t a requirement for biotechnologists, it’s an essential step in helping the industry progress. Check out the list of professional resources at the end of this article.

Professional Certification for Biotechnologists

Having professional certification serves several purposes. It shows employers that a job seeker is professionally committed to high-quality work and continuing education. In addition, since biotechnologist positions require laboratory work, having a standardized professional lab certification is an official way to show that one has the necessary skills for a job.

Biotechnologist certification may be required to work in some states, so job-seeking biotechnologists need to research before applying. Lastly, certification can provide continuing education or serve as a credential for leadership positions.

Since biotechnology workplaces range from manufacturing to agriculture, certifications vary widely. However, here are some certification programs for biotechnologists.

American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) Board of Certification (BOC) : This organization is the oldest and largest certification body for laboratory professionals, with over 600,000 people certified. Many biotechnology professionals offer many certifications and find the medical laboratory science (MLS) certification an ideal place to begin.

There are multiple routes to eligibility, and once an MLS has been earned, biotechnologists can prove their specialization knowledge by earning additional certificates in molecular and microbiology.

Center for Professional Innovation and Education (CfPIE) : CfPIE provides technical training for pharmaceutical biotech, medical device, and skin & cosmetics professionals. Offering more than 350 classes a year, CfPIE has 80 course titles to choose from.

Aspiring professionals in these industries can take in-person or online classes and earn certifications such as Biopharmaceutical Development Certified Professional, Medical Device Compliance Professional, and Skin/Cosmetic Certified Professional.

Helpful Resources For Biotechnologists

Biotechnology is a constantly evolving and relevant field. If you want to listen in on high-level biotechnology conversations and learn how it applies to today’s world, check out some resources below.

• Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO)
• International Council of Biotechnology Associations (ICBA)
• International Society for Biosafety Research (ISBR)
• Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (SIMB)
• Journal of Biotechnology

Matt Zbrog is a writer and researcher from Southern California. Since 2018, he’s written extensively about emerging topics in medical technology, particularly the modernization of the medical laboratory and the network effects of both health data management and health IT. In consultation with professors, practitioners, and professional associations, his writing and research are focused on learning from those who know the subject best. For MedicalTechnologySchools.com, he’s interviewed leaders and subject matter experts at the American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA), the American Society of Clinical Pathology (ASCP), and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

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What Is a Biotechnologist?

A biotechnologist works with organic material and utilizes it for a variety of commercial, medical, and agricultural applications.

What Does a Biotechnologist Do?

Biotechnology is an area of applied rather than theoretical biology . Biotechnologists typically work in labs with organic materials. Their work concerns (depending on their area of expertise) applications such as health and medicine development, agricultural engineering and agritech, developing new green technology and other practical applications of the natural science. Their daily tasks vary and will include responsibilities such as designing and carrying out experiments on living or dead matter, applying scientific methodologies, information technology and laboratory equipment, recording and measuring results, including analysis, and processing data for senior researchers and decision makers.

Typical jobs include developing processes for converting plants to biofuel production , researching the genetic code of bacteria and viruses , developing eco-plastics or create transgenic agricultural products. They may work as a team or on their own on individual projects, work on team research papers and possess excellent communication skills for collaboration (sometimes with international teams). Some organic material is potentially dangerous, and the biotechnologist needs to understand good safety practices. Depending on the place of work and area of study, the biotechnologist could be working with bacteria, viruses and sometimes harmful chemicals as part of their experimentation.

Where Does a Biotechnologist Work?

No data presently exists at BLS pertaining specifically to biotechnology . This is a growing field, so it may in the near future receive its own research area. For classification purposes, biotechnology is most closely related to biochemistry and biophysics. According to data released in May 2017, the biggest employer of this type of professional was R&D in life and physical sciences and engineering. They employ nearly half of qualified graduates at 47%.

The second highest employer was education - from schools to universities. Typically in teaching roles in schools and research and lecturing roles in colleges and universities, this sector employs around 15%.

The next was pharmaceuticals and medicine sector at 14%. They work to develop to treatments of tomorrow. One area of focus at present is in the discovery of new antibiotics to fight back against resistant bugs.

Interestingly, 3% work in the wholesale trade. This would typically be in roles checking quality control of products such as raw material for biofuel, biofuel itself, eco-plastics and any other mass-produced material used in trade sales (not retail). Also in this sector, their expert specialist knowledge means they can work in sales.

Finally, 3% work in management scientific and technical consulting services. These third-party organizations work on a contract basis to supply any specialist service any organization may wish to outsource.

What Is the Average Biotechnologist Salary?

According to BLS data from May 2020, the median salary for all biochemists and biophysicists was $94,270. The lowest 10% pay grade claimed a salary of around $52,640 while the highest 10% of earners enjoyed a salary around $169,860. The BLS report suggested the highest pay rates were available to those who work in wholesale trade, with the median salary for these pros at $115,260. The second highest salary payer was management, scientific and technical consulting at $94,100.*

What Is the Job Demand for Biotechnologists?

BLS estimates that demand for all biochemists and biophysicists will grow around 5% between 2020 and 2030. However, the niche for biotechnology could be far higher than that as industries seek to increase investment in several key areas - mostly renewable energy and green fuel (biomass, green diesel), agritech and genetic engineering, and eco plastic. *

What Are the Education Requirements to Become a Biotechnologist?

High School students must demonstrate strength in the hard sciences (biology, chemistry and physics) to be considered for a relevant biotechnology degree course. You will also require strong performance in math and information technology related subjects. Hard sciences can be difficult; therefore, your school may recommend taking a summer prep school before deciding whether to pursue this course type and which college or university at which to study.

As for your college major, the usual options apply. Biology and biochemistry are the most obvious but because this is a multidisciplinary subject, you have several others open to you. Any relevant engineering course (but particularly environmental engineering) and data science will also be useful. Regardless of the major, students will require skills covering all these areas so it's useful to choose minors and electives that cover the full scope of skills you will need for your career as a biotechnologist.

Postgraduate study is essential. We strongly recommend choosing a master's course and PhD at colleges that closely follow your strengths. PhDs are essential in this area including a thorough post-doc program. Here, you will be able to explore your interests and strengths and determine your area of biotech expertise.

Biotechnology - Related Degrees

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What Kind of Societies and Professional Organizations Do Biotechnologists Have?

Biotech is expected to be one of the most important scientific disciplines of the next few decades. Here are some representative bodies.

• Biotechnology Innovation Organization : “BIO” is the world's largest organization for the biotech industry, academia, and government bodies in 30+ countries. They are the organizers of BIO International Convention
• American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering : Representing the bioengineering side of biotech, this American organization is a members group for some of the most accomplished and renowned individuals and organizations in the industry
• Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology : FASEB promotes quality standards and education in biotech, biological sciences and biomedical research

*2020 US Bureau of Labor Statistics salary figures and job growth projections for biochemists and biophysicists reflect national data not school-specific information. Conditions in your area may vary. Data accessed September 2021.

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Biotechnology Education, Certificate

Zanvyl krieger school of arts and sciences, graduate certificate in biotechnology education.

The Graduate Certificate in Biotechnology Education program blends the fundamental and emerging ideas in biotechnology and the teaching and learning of bioscience at the middle and high school levels.

Middle and secondary teachers and curriculum and instructional leaders will strengthen their content knowledge and pedagogical techniques and develop effective teaching methods.

This certificate program consists of five graduate-level courses, including the Independent Research Project course, which emphasizes inquiry-oriented approaches and technology integration in bioscience education.

Admissions Criteria for all Advanced Academic Programs  

Program specific requirements.

• Bachelor’s degree from an accredited U.S. college or university. A bachelor’s degree in the life sciences is recommended.
• Minimum GPA of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale. Meeting the minimum GPA requirement does not guarantee admission.

Program Requirements

Students must enroll in one laboratory courses offered at the Homewood campus. Laboratory courses are not offered online.

See course descriptions in the Center for Biotechnology Education .

Biotechnology

Students enrolled in the Master of Liberal Arts program in Biotechnology will gain insight into the latest biotechnology discoveries and trends, and develop a solid foundation in research and innovation.

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Biotech education: good for students, teachers & all.

What is biotechnology, who uses biotechnology, and what does biotech give us?

Quite simply, biotechnology is the application of biology, chemistry, and engineering research and manufacturing techniques to produce products and services to improve the quality of human life.

Biotechnology uses can be seen in almost every facet of life, including environmental products (biofuels), medical products (recombinant insulin), industrial products (enzymatic cleaners) and agricultural products (GMOs).

Biotechnology Occupations

The fact that biotechnology is all around means that the need for biotech professionals is growing fast.  This “Age of Biotechnology” has seen a projected growth of over 11% through 2026 for careers in biotechnology, faster than the average for all occupations (US Dept of Labor, 2017). The key areas where biotechnology is a main focus include, but are definitely not limited to:

• Medical Scientists
• Biological Technicians
• Medical and Clinical Lab Technologists
• Biochemists
• Biophysicists
• Biomedical Engineers
• Microbiologists
• Epidemiologists
• Research and Development Scientists
• Process Development Scientists
• Biomanufacturing Specialists/Operators
• Bioinformaticians

The need for biotechnology related careers is not going to be a flash in the pan. Highly qualified biotechnologists will be in huge demand for decades to come. Some of the key areas that will drive this need and offer stable employment include:

• The aging baby-boomer population and the demand for lifesaving new drugs and procedures to cure and prevent disease will drive demand for biologists, biochemists, and biophysicists involved in biomedical research.
• Greater demand for clean energy will increase the need for biochemists that research and develop alternative energy sources, such as biofuels.
• A growing population and rising food prices will fuel the development of genetically engineered crops and livestock that provide greater yields and require fewer resources.
• Efforts to discover new and improved ways to clean up and preserve the environment will increase the demand for biotechnologists.
• As the amount of biological data continues to grow and computer analytical techniques and software continue to become more sophisticated, the number of dedicated bioinformaticians will continue to grow.

Despite a recent surge in anti-science propaganda, the biotech field in the US is one of the largest markets of biotech products and services (medical, agricultural, industrial, environmental, research, defense) and has thousands of biotechnology firms and private industry, academic, and government agencies using biotechnology. 

Increasing Need for Biotech Workers

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (2017) is projecting a faster than average 11% growth in the biotechnology job market through 2026. The “in-demand” biotechnology jobs are Biomedical Engineers (7% growth), Biochemists (11% growth), Medical Scientist (13% growth), Biological/Clinical Technician (13% growth), Microbiologist (8% growth), Process Development Scientist and Biomanufacturing Specialists.

Employment of biochemists and biophysicists (important, well-paying jobs) is projected to grow 11 % from 2016 to 2026. The average annual salary of a biotechnology worker is $91K.

The increasing interest and need for biotech are clearly demonstrated by the fact that all US metro areas have significant biotech research and manufacturing companies and institutes.

What Do Biotech Classes & Labs Provide?

The above is very much the big picture as to why biotech is important and why it should be taught, but what does a biotech class look like and what would teachers and students expect to gain?

In biotech classes and labs, you will see students of all aptitudes and socioeconomics:

• Do high level, relevant science.
• Be curious and engaged.
• Perform high-tech lab work.
• Process and share data.
• Practice critical thinking.
• Explore their place in the future.

It’s Easy to Get Started with Hands-On Kits

Start teaching biotech in your existing syllabus today by introducing Plug-n-Play hands-on teaching kits , as well as Ellyn Daugherty’s and G-Biosciences other educational programs and support , that make it easy to implement biotechnology into your classroom. Please reach out to G-Biosciences if you need assistance getting started.

Adapted with kind permission from Ellyn Daugherty

Topics: Teaching Biotechnology

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Biotechnology Master’s Degree Program

Online Courses

11 out of 12 total courses

On-Campus Experience

1 week course in January

$3,220 per course

Gain insight into the latest biotechnology discoveries and trends.

Develop a solid foundation in research and innovation.

Program Overview

Through the master’s degree in the field of biotechnology you:

• Develop an understanding of biotechnology theory and research, including human physiology and genetics, cancer, proteomics, genomics, and epigenetics.
• Build knowledge of current industry practices, including biotechnology innovation and molecular biology techniques.
• Gain experience in experimental or case study design, scientific data analysis, writing and communication, ethical practices, and effective collaboration.

Program Benefits

A faculty of biotech professionals and life science instructors from Harvard University

Personalized academic and career advising

Option to produce a capstone project focused on biotechnology innovation

Internship track to explore a topic in bioinformatics, biotech management, or project management

Entrepreneurial opportunities through the Harvard Innovation Labs

Harvard Alumni Association membership upon graduation

Customizable Course Curriculum

Our curriculum is flexible in pace and customizable by design. You’ll experience the convenience of online learning and the immersive benefits of learning in person. You can study part time, choosing courses that fit your schedule and align with your professional goals.

As you work through the 12-course program, you’ll have the opportunity to examine topics like evolutionary genetics in epidemiology, biomedical product development, neurobiology, and biomedical imaging. You’ll choose between two tracks — a capstone or an internship — and visit Cambridge for an immersive in-person experience.

11 Online Courses

• Fall, spring, January, and summer options
• Asynchronous and synchronous formats

Capstone or Internship Track

Create a capstone project focused on innovation in biotech, or complete an internship to explore a topic in bioinformatics, biotech management, or project management.

Come to campus for 1 week in January to attend Genetown , a course where you engage with the vibrant biotech community in Cambridge.

The path to your degree begins before you apply to the program.

First, you’ll register for and complete 3 required courses, earning at least a B in each. These foundational courses are investments in your studies and count toward your degree, helping ensure success in the program.

Getting Started

We invite you to explore degree requirements, confirm your initial eligibility, and learn more about our unique “earn your way in” admissions process.

Earning a Stackable Certificate

As you work your way toward your master’s degree, you can take courses that also count — or “stack” — toward a certificate. It’s a cost-effective, time-saving opportunity to build specialized skills and earn a professional credential along the way to your degree.

• Bioinformatics Graduate Certificate
• Biotechnology Management Graduate Certificate
• Innovation and Entrepreneurship Graduate Certificate

A Faculty of Biotechnology Experts

You’ll learn from Harvard faculty and industry leaders who will help you gain real-world perspectives. Our instructors are renowned experts in the field of biotechnology and bring a genuine passion for teaching, with students giving our faculty an average rating of 4.6 out of 5.

Masha Fridkis-Hareli

Founder and President, ATR, LLC

Our Community at a Glance

Students in the biotechnology degree program are accomplished professionals who are pursuing the degree to continue their career advancement. They work in fields like biotech, academic research, pharmaceuticals.

Download: Biotechnology Master's Degree Fact Sheet

Average Age

Average Courses Taken Each Semester

Work Full Time

Would Recommend the Program

Professional Experience in the Field

Career Opportunities & Alumni Outcomes

Our biotechnology graduates have gone on to PhD programs in the fields of AI and machine learning, cell and systems biology, proteomics, pharmacy, genetics, and neurogenetics at national universities. They are employed in the field of biotechnology and related industries such as pharmaceuticals, hospital and health care, and medical devices.

Roles held by recent graduates include: 

• Antibody Engineer
• Biotechnology Engineer
• Computational Biologist
• Data Scientist
• Field Application Specialist
• Senior R&D Manager

Alumni work at a variety of organizations, including:

• Boston Children’s Hospital
• Broad Institute
• New England BioLabs
• Wyss Institute

Career Advising and Mentorship

Whatever your career goals, we’re here to support you. Harvard’s Mignone Center for Career Success offers career advising, employment opportunities, Harvard alumni mentor connections, and career fairs like the annual Harvard Biotech, Pharma, & Healthcare Expo on campus at Harvard.

Your Harvard University Degree

Upon successful completion of the required curriculum, you will receive your Harvard University degree — a Master of Liberal Arts (ALM) in Extension Studies, Field: Biotechnology.

Expand Your Connections: The Harvard Alumni Network

As a graduate, you’ll become a member of the worldwide Harvard Alumni Association (400,000+ members) and Harvard Extension Alumni Association (29,000+ members).

I leave not only with a master’s degree and certificate, but also a business plan and the knowledge, experiences, and resources that allow me to take this idea I had and turn it into something that can help others.

Tuition & Financial Aid

Affordability is core to our mission. When compared to our continuing education peers, it’s a fraction of the cost.

After admission, you may qualify for financial aid . Typically, eligible students receive grant funds to cover a portion of tuition costs each term, in addition to federal financial aid options.

Biotechnology Master’s FAQs

How long does it take to complete a master’s degree in biotechnology.

The time it takes to complete a master’s degree in biotechnology depends on the program you select. Most Harvard Extension School students also work full time while working on their master’s degree, and they take an average of two to four years to complete depending on course load. Extension students are required to complete their degree courses in five years.

Will earning a master’s in biotechnology help me advance my career?

Many students currently working toward a master’s in biotechnology are doing so to advance their career. Pursuing a master’s degree in a specific field demonstrates to your employer that you care about continuing to learn in your field. Earning an advanced degree can also help you differentiate yourself to prospective employers and gain expertise in specific areas of the field.

Related Programs

• Biology Master’s Degree Program

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The Division of Continuing Education (DCE) at Harvard University is dedicated to bringing rigorous academics and innovative teaching capabilities to those seeking to improve their lives through education. We make Harvard education accessible to lifelong learners from high school to retirement.

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Biotechnology Education

A Biotechnology Education program enables K-12 teachers to deepen their content knowledge and learn more about approaches for teaching biosciences and integrating technology into bioscience education.

Some colleges offer this program on-line.

Locations of programs offering degrees and(or) certificates for this topic

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Why You Should Major in Biotechnology

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• Biotechnology involves using biological organisms to create products and new technologies.
• Jobs in biotechnology can vary significantly in salary, demand, and outlook.
• Most biotechnology majors specialize in medicine, agriculture, energy, or the environment.
• Popular biotechnology subfields include gene therapy and vaccine development.

When the world came to a sudden halt due to the COVID-19 pandemic, everyone turned to the one group of people who could lead us back to safety: medical scientists. And not just any medical scientists, but those who held biotechnology degrees and could develop vaccines and drugs to combat the virus.

This is just one example of the many types of career paths biotechnology majors can pursue. Society constantly faces problems, which can often be solved using a combination of biology and technology. That's why there will always be a job market for biotechnology majors.

If you're considering a biotechnology degree, this article can help you decide whether it's right for you.

wera Rodsawang / Moment / Getty Images

What Is Biotechnology?

Biotechnology refers to the combination of biology and technology, with professionals using living organisms and the principles of biology to develop products and solve problems. Obviously, that's a very broad definition that can apply to many jobs, some of which don't even seem like they'd have much in common with one another.

On Which Areas Do the Biotechnology Major Primarily Focus?

Biotechnology majors typically focus on one of four areas: medicine, agriculture, energy, or the environment. Though they can work in nearly any industry, these fields remain the largest areas of concentration for biotechnology degree-holders.

What Is the Job Demand for Biotechnology?

As societal needs evolve, so too does the demand for biotechnology professionals. Over time these changes will determine which jobs are most in demand, and which are left by the wayside.

A biotechnology major equips you with transferable skills that can be used for a wide array of jobs.

These societal shifts are why not all biotechnology jobs boast the same level of demand. In general, biotechnology is a good major to choose, as the field equips you with transferable skills that can be used for a wide array of jobs. But when we zero in on specific subdisciplines, things change.

For example, the job prospects for wildlife biologists and medical scientists — both a type of biotechnologist — differ dramatically. Currently, just 19,300 wildlife biologist jobs are available in the U.S., compared with 130,700 medical scientist positions .

Here are some examples of jobs you could get with a biotechnology major:

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

Popular Online Degrees for Biotechnology Majors

Learn about start dates, transferring credits, availability of financial aid, and more by contacting the universities below.

Earning a Biotechnology Degree

Before you start your journey to earning a biotechnology degree, ask yourself whether you're interested in taking the following courses:

• Math: Calculus, trigonometry, statistics
• Biology and Chemistry: Genetics, organic chemistry, anatomy/physiology
• English: Technical writing, oral communication

If these topics appeal to you, a good starting point would be a bachelor's degree. This will allow you to work in most entry-level positions doing lab work or data collection. If you're interested in leading research projects and publishing studies, you'll need at least a master's degree or doctorate.

In some cases, it may be possible to earn an advanced biotechnology degree online , though it's more likely you'll be doing it in person. Most science training programs require you to complete a thesis research project that will generally involve in-person work.

What Skills Will You Gain in a Biotechnology Program?

It might feel overwhelming to choose just one biotechnology career track. Fortunately, many of the skills you'll learn in this degree program are transferable across jobs and industries. Here are some of the major skills you'll gain in a biotechnology degree program:

• Check Circle Lab Work: Biotechnology classes teach you how to work safely and follow standard operating protocols in a lab environment.
• Check Circle Communication: Your discoveries will be useless if no one knows about them. This is why biotechnology programs place a heavy emphasis on developing students' reading, writing, and public speaking skills.
• Check Circle Quantitative Skills: You'll learn how to collect and present data for maximum effect.
• Check Circle Entrepreneurship Skills: Most lucrative biotechnology work today is being developed by startups and fledgling companies, so you'll need to be familiar with basic business practices.

What Fields Can Biotechnology Majors Enter?

As previously stated, most biotechnology majors end up in one of four main areas:

Biological organisms are basically just really complicated machines. You can fix machines, but it takes a ton of work and funding, especially for serious problems like cancer and genetic diseases.

Agriculture

It's estimated that roughly 50% of people are alive today because of the Haber-Bosch process , which produces fertilizer. To feed the rest of the world's growing population, we'll need more Habers and Bosches.

Environment

Like it or not, humans have mostly been a scourge on this planet. But by developing the right technology, we can clean up our mess, save nature, and create a long-lasting world we're proud of.

Energy is necessary but expensive to produce. As oil becomes scarcer, alternative energy technology will take over, raising the need for specialists in this field.

Qi Yang / Moment / Getty Images

3 Popular Biotechnology Subfields You Can Specialize In

There's a lot going on in the field of biotechnology these days. Here are three of the hottest areas you can study and work in.

Vaccine Development and Manufacturing

The coronavirus outbreak has shown us the startling effects devastating diseases can have on society.

The best way to remedy a pandemic on a population-level scale is to create a vaccine. But vaccines aren't easy to develop for every microorganism — especially not overnight. And with the human population increasing and encroaching more on wildlife areas, experts predict that the frequency of pandemics will only ramp up going forward.

Though frightening, at least these prospects ensure job security for people with biotechnology degrees.

Gene Therapy

Most of the drugs available today work by tweaking the levels of chemicals already found in your body. But what if you could go back to the source — your genetic code, that is — to adjust those blueprints to produce those chemicals, all without having to rely on drugs?

That's the mission of gene therapy. For instance, say your pancreas doesn't produce insulin and you develop diabetes as a result. Instead of administering medication, scientists could attempt to re-hardwire your insulin-producing cells.

Gene therapy is a subfield that requires a lot of careful ethical consideration, yet offers nearly limitless possibilities.

Bioremediation

Another consequence of our increasing population is the rise in pollution. But what if we could engineer things that eliminated this pollution — specifically, using microorganisms?

Known as bioremediation, this branch of science is poised to take off in a huge way. With this technology, we can clean up polluted and abandoned mines, break down plastics in the ocean, and even scrub carbon dioxide from the plumes of manufacturing plants.

If something needs to be cleaned up, there's a good chance that there's a microorganism out there that can do the job. We just need a biotechnologist to find or create it first.

The Value of a Biotechnology Career

Today's world faces a lot of challenges that will continue to pose problems for us in the future. Not all of these issues can be solved with biotechnology, but many can.

Aside from benefiting society, a biotechnology major can be personally advantageous. You'll learn transferable skills, study thought-provoking problems, and most likely earn a high salary, especially if you work in the private industry.

Indeed, the possibilities for biotechnology jobs are as endless as your ideas.

Feature Image: Thana Prasongsin / Moment / Getty Images

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What is Biotechnology?

At its simplest, biotechnology is technology based on biology - biotechnology harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet. We have used the biological processes of microorganisms for more than 6,000 years to make useful food products, such as bread and cheese, and to preserve dairy products.

Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies to combat debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial manufacturing processes.

Biotech is helping to heal the world by harnessing nature's own toolbox and using our own genetic makeup to heal and guide lines of research by:

• Reducing rates of infectious disease;
• Saving millions of children's lives;
• Changing the odds of serious, life-threatening conditions affecting millions around the world;
• Tailoring treatments to individuals to minimize health risks and side effects;
• Creating more precise tools for disease detection; and
• Combating serious illnesses and everyday threats confronting the developing world.

Biotech uses biological processes such as fermentation and harnesses biocatalysts such as enzymes, yeast, and other microbes to become microscopic manufacturing plants. Biotech is helping to fuel the world by:

• Streamlining the steps in chemical manufacturing processes by 80% or more;
• Lowering the temperature for cleaning clothes and potentially saving $4.1 billion annually;
• Improving manufacturing process efficiency to save 50% or more on operating costs;
• Reducing use of and reliance on petrochemicals;
• Using biofuels to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 52% or more;
• Decreasing water usage and waste generation; and
• Tapping into the full potential of traditional biomass waste products.

Biotech improves crop insect resistance, enhances crop herbicide tolerance and facilitates the use of more environmentally sustainable farming practices. Biotech is helping to feed the world by:

• Generating higher crop yields with fewer inputs;
• Lowering volumes of agricultural chemicals required by crops-limiting the run-off of these products into the environment;
• Using biotech crops that need fewer applications of pesticides and that allow farmers to reduce tilling farmland;
• Developing crops with enhanced nutrition profiles that solve vitamin and nutrient deficiencies;
• Producing foods free of allergens and toxins such as mycotoxin; and
• Improving food and crop oil content to help improve cardiovascular health.

Currently, there are more than 250 biotechnology health care products and vaccines available to patients, many for previously untreatable diseases. More than 13.3 million farmers around the world use agricultural biotechnology to increase yields, prevent damage from insects and pests and reduce farming's impact on the environment. And more than 50 biorefineries are being built across North America to test and refine technologies to produce biofuels and chemicals from renewable biomass, which can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Recent advances in biotechnology are helping us prepare for and meet society’s most pressing challenges. 

BIO is the world's largest trade association representing biotechnology companies, academic institutions, state biotechnology centers and related organizations across the United States and in more than 30 other nations.

We offer membership, events, industry analysis reports and more that serve the entire spectrum of the biotech industry. 

BIO has put together several comprehensive reports and tools for detailed industry analysis on COVID-19 therapeutic developments, emerging company investment trends, chronic disease trends, clinical success rates and more. 

Good Day BIO, the only daily newsletter at the intersection of biotech, politics, and policy. Subscribe to get it delivered to your inbox every weekday at 10 AM ET—and stay ahead of the news of the day.

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biotechnology?

Our mission is to produce compelling, interactive resources including videos, posters and interactive exhibitions around high and middle/secondary school biology, biochemistry and biotechnology curricula.

We aim to enrich and extend the learning experience and to allow pupils around the world to achieve their full potential in understanding these important sciences.

A core part of our mission is to engage students and teachers in developing the resources. Once developed the resources will be taken into the community to engage with students on the ground in schools, libraries and public spaces.

Educational projects that we are currently working on include:

• Baby Makers: The story of IVF and global access to infertility treatment Fifty million couples worldwide cannot have children today without medical help. We are developing teaching resources to help children understand the challenge of infertility and the science behind IVF. The resources will be targeted at middle/high school students aged 14-18 in secondary school (US grades 9-12, UK KS3-4) studying topics like reproduction, infertility and genetics for their GCSEs, A Levels, International Baccalaureate and other school leaving qualifications. WiB is jointly developing the resources with staff at St Saviour’s and St Olave’s School.
• Dying from ignorance: A programme of education, enrichment and public engagement around hepatitis B More people currently die from chronic hepatitis B than HIV, malaria or TB. Despite killing just under one million people a year around the world, hepatitis B has attracted far less public attention or resources than other leading killers. Yet, the disease can be easily stopped from spreading by immunisation with a vaccine early in childhood. Together with the Education Development Center and the Hepatitis B Foundation, we are developing educational resources for students in secondary school (US grades 9-12, UK KS3-4) to help them understand the cause of hepatitis B and the science behind its vaccine. The materials will tie in with curriculum topics like viral infection, viruses and immunity that are taught to students taking their GCSEs, A Levels, International Baccalaureate and other school leaving qualifications.
• Monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies are now one of the most powerful tools for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. We are developing an educational resource aimed at students in secondary school (US grades 9-12, UK KS3-4) to understand what monoclonal antibodies are, their many uses in healthcare and the major impact they have had in the field of cancer and autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders in recent years. The resource is being developed in collaboration with Lara Marks, author of The Lock and Key of Medicine: Monoclonal antibodies and the transformation of healthcare (Yale University Press, 2015). It will be of interest to students studying monoclonal antibodies and the immune system for their GCSEs, A Levels, International Baccalaureate and other school leaving qualifications.

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What is an ‘Interesting Curriculum’ for Biotechnology Education? Students and Teachers Opposing Views

• Published: 24 March 2009
• Volume 40 , pages 353–373, ( 2010 )

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• Gillian Kidman 1  

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Of concern is an international trend of students’ increasing reluctance to choose science courses in both their final years of secondary school and tertiary levels of education. Research into the phenomenon indicates an influencing factor to be the ‘uninteresting curriculum’ (OECD 2006 ) of school science. This paper presents an exploration of what biotechnology key ideas students and teachers consider to be interesting. A survey was constructed and completed by 500 Australian students and their 35 teachers. Interviews were conducted with a sample of students and teachers. The Chi-square statistics revealed a significant difference between the student and teacher survey responses in four of the six a priori factors. A rank ordering of the key ideas, based on whole group mean scores, indicates only a small overlap in modern biotechnology key ideas of interest to both the students and teachers. The results suggest the key ideas teachers are interested in and incorporate into their curriculum, are not the key ideas students are interested in learning about. This mismatch is particularly prevalent and problematic in situations where curriculum choice is available within a mandated framework or syllabus, which is the case for these teachers and students. The study also found students withdrawing from biology courses in post compulsory settings due to lack of interest and perceived lack of relevance of the course.

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Acknowledgments

I thank Emeritus Professor Campbell J. McRobbie for his comments and assistance in the preparation of this paper.

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Appendix – BELs Student Survey

If you strongly agree with the statement

If you agree with the statement

If you neither agree nor disagree with the statement or are not sure

If you strongly disagree with the statement

I would be interested in testing a range of natural products (natural antibiotics) to find out how effectively they kill bacteria.

I am interested to learn more about ways to control / eradicate pests (e.g. the fox, cane toad, or minor bird) harmful to the Australian environment.

I would like to investigate the harmful effects of genetic engineering on our environment.

I am interested in investigating the effect of cholesterol and saturated fats on my health.

I am interested in investigating the effect individual foods like genetically modified canola have on my health.

I am interested in studying the effect of weeds in Australia.

Investigating the steps that scientists usually follow to produce a genetically modified organism is of interest to me.

Bioethics education should be discussed in biology lessons.

I would like to investigate the different purposes of genetic testing and gene therapy.

I would like to investigate different media articles on the ethics involved in biotechnology when using animals.

I would like to know more about the implications of releasing a genetically altered organism into the environment.

I would like to know what the experts think about labelling of genetically modified foods.

I would like to explore the concerns or opinions that people may have regarding the growing genetically modified canola in Australia.

I am interested in finding out the extent of insect damage to the Australian cotton crops and ways of controlling it.

Prenatal testing and the issues associated with it should be discussed in biology lessons.

Birth control and the issues associated with it should be discussed in biology lessons.

I am interested in studying the issues involved in the use of gene profiling for paternity testing (identifying the biological father).

I am interested to find out whether the pollen from genetically modified plants is responsible for killing Monarch butterflies.

I think it is important that I understand the information that can be found on food labels.

I would like to know why we are bothering to save the bilby.

I would like to actually extract DNA myself.

I would like to examine the decisions involved when saving species considered as most important to save.

I would like to see non-genetically modified farming continued so that I can have a choice as to what I eat.

I am interested in finding out how scientists have been able to develop genetically engineered cotton that produces its own insecticide.

Human cloning and the issues associated with it should be discussed in biology lessons.

Investigating the altering of human gene codes to reduce human genetic disorders would be interesting.

I would like to know how biotechnology can help metabolise oil slicks and other wastes.

I would be interested in studying the process of identifying sequences of DNA.

I would like to know more about biotechnology to form an understanding whether I would feel, and be safe to eat genetically modified food.

It is important that I understand issues relating to the impact genetically modified crops have on the Australian environment and on our health and well-being.

I would like to produce my own clone of a plant by tissue culture.

I would be interested in understanding why there is such an interest in cloning the thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger).

I would like to know from who and how foods in Australian supermarkets (and other food outlets) get their approval.

I would like to know more and be responsible for formulating my own personal understanding and opinion whether genetically modified organisms are good or bad for the environment.

I would like to know what issues influence the decisions made to conserve particular plants or animals.

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Kidman, G. What is an ‘Interesting Curriculum’ for Biotechnology Education? Students and Teachers Opposing Views. Res Sci Educ 40 , 353–373 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-009-9125-1

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Biotechnology

Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to create new technologies. On the simpler end of the spectrum, baking bread with yeast is an example of this interdisciplinary science. On the more complex side, genetic engineering, biochemistry, and molecular biology are pushing boundaries in an effort to treat illnesses, develop new biofuels, and grow plants more efficiently to feed more people.

Use these resources to dig into biotechnology with your students.

What does a biotechnologist do?

Would you make a good biotechnologist? Take our career test and find your match with over 800 careers.

What is a Biotechnologist?

A biotechnologist applies principles of biology, chemistry, genetics, and other scientific disciplines to develop and improve products, technologies, and processes within the field of biotechnology. Biotechnologists work at the intersection of biology and technology, utilizing living organisms, cells, and biological systems to create innovative solutions in various industries. They play a key role in advancing scientific research, healthcare, agriculture, and industrial processes.

Biotechnologists may be involved in diverse areas such as genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, environmental science, and the production of biofuels. Their work often includes manipulating biological systems at the molecular and cellular levels, conducting experiments, and applying cutting-edge technologies to address complex challenges and improve the quality of life.

What does a Biotechnologist do?

With a focus on innovation and problem-solving, biotechnologists contribute to advancements that have a profound impact on fields ranging from medicine and healthcare to sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation.

Duties and Responsibilities The specific duties and responsibilities of a biotechnologist may vary based on their specialization and the industry they work in, but here are some common tasks associated with the role:

• Research and Development (R&D): Conduct research to understand biological systems and processes. Design and implement experiments to develop new products, improve existing processes, or solve specific problems.
• Laboratory Work: Perform various laboratory techniques and procedures, such as DNA manipulation, protein expression, cell culture, and other molecular biology techniques. Use advanced instruments and technologies to analyze biological samples.
• Data Analysis: Analyze experimental data using statistical methods and bioinformatics tools. Interpret results and draw conclusions to guide further research or product development.
• Product Development: Contribute to the development of new biotechnological products or improvements to existing ones. This may involve working on vaccines, pharmaceuticals, genetically modified organisms, or other bioproducts.
• Quality Control: Ensure the quality and consistency of products by implementing quality control measures and conducting quality assurance tests. Adhere to regulatory standards and industry best practices.
• Documentation: Maintain detailed records of experiments, procedures, and results. Prepare reports and documentation for internal use, regulatory submissions, or publication in scientific journals.
• Collaboration: Work collaboratively with multidisciplinary teams, including scientists, engineers, and technicians. Collaborate with academic researchers, industry partners, and regulatory agencies as needed.
• Regulatory Compliance: Stay informed about relevant regulations and compliance requirements in the biotechnology industry. Ensure that research and product development activities adhere to ethical and legal standards.
• Communication: Present research findings, project updates, and technical information to both technical and non-technical audiences. Write scientific papers, reports, and documentation.
• Problem Solving: Identify and troubleshoot problems that arise during experiments or production processes. Propose and implement solutions to overcome challenges.

Types of Biotechnologists Biotechnologists specialize in various areas within the broad field of biotechnology, contributing their expertise to different industries and applications. Here are some common types of biotechnologists, each with its own specific focus:

• Medical Biotechnologist: Medical biotechnologists are involved in the development of pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and diagnostic tools. They may work on understanding diseases at the molecular level and developing targeted therapies.
• Industrial Biotechnologist: Industrial biotechnologists focus on using biological systems for industrial processes. This can include the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals, and other industrial applications.
• Agricultural Biotechnologist: Agricultural biotechnologists work on improving crop yield, developing genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and creating sustainable agricultural practices. They are involved in areas like crop genetics, plant breeding, and biopesticides.
• Environmental Biotechnologist: Environmental biotechnologists address environmental challenges using biological processes. They are involved in waste treatment, bioremediation, and developing sustainable solutions for environmental issues.
• Food Biotechnologist: Food biotechnologists focus on improving food production, quality, and safety. They are involved in areas such as food fermentation, genetic modification of crops for nutritional enhancement, and developing food preservation technologies.
• Forensic Biotechnologist: Forensic biotechnologists apply biotechnological techniques to forensic science. They are involved in DNA analysis, identification of biological samples, and forensic pathology.
• Bioinformatics Scientist : Bioinformatics scientists analyze and interpret biological data using computational tools and techniques. They work with large datasets, perform data mining, and contribute to genomics and proteomics research.
• Regulatory Affairs Biotechnologist: Regulatory affairs biotechnologists ensure that biotechnological products and processes comply with regulatory standards. They are involved in preparing documentation for regulatory submissions and interacting with regulatory agencies.
• Clinical Biotechnologist: Clinical biotechnologists work in clinical settings, often in healthcare and diagnostics. They are involved in areas such as genetic counseling, molecular diagnostics, and personalized medicine.
• Stem Cell Biotechnologist: Stem cell biotechnologists focus on the use of stem cells for therapeutic purposes. They are involved in stem cell research, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.
• Neurobiotechnologist: Neurobiotechnologists specialize in the application of biotechnology to neuroscience. They are involved in understanding the molecular basis of neurological disorders and developing treatments.

What is the workplace of a Biotechnologist like?

Biotechnologists often find themselves working in state-of-the-art laboratories equipped with advanced technologies and specialized instruments. These laboratories are typically well-maintained and adhere to strict safety and regulatory standards. The workspaces are designed to facilitate various experimental procedures, from molecular biology techniques to cell culture and data analysis.

Collaboration is a key aspect of the biotechnologist's workplace. In academic and research settings, biotechnologists frequently work as part of multidisciplinary teams, collaborating with scientists, engineers, and technicians. This collaborative environment fosters the exchange of ideas and expertise, allowing for a comprehensive approach to complex research projects.

In the industrial sector, biotechnologists may be employed by biotech companies, pharmaceutical firms, or agribusinesses. In these settings, the workplace often extends beyond the laboratory to include offices, meeting rooms, and production facilities. Biotechnologists working in industry may be involved in product development, quality control, and regulatory compliance, requiring interaction with colleagues from diverse backgrounds, including business and marketing professionals.

The work of a biotechnologist is dynamic, with projects often evolving in response to new discoveries and research outcomes. This dynamic nature contributes to a stimulating and intellectually challenging workplace. Biotechnologists are engaged in problem-solving, troubleshooting, and continuous learning, as they seek innovative solutions to advance their projects and contribute to the broader field of biotechnology.

Communication skills are essential for biotechnologists, as they need to convey their findings and insights to both technical and non-technical audiences. This can involve preparing scientific papers, presenting at conferences, and collaborating with stakeholders ranging from fellow researchers to regulatory agencies.

Frequently Asked Questions

Science related careers and degrees.

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Agricultural Biotechnology Education and Outreach Initiative

Feed Your Mind Main Page

Congress appropriated a total of $7.5 million to fund the Agricultural Biotechnology Education and Outreach Initiative, which calls upon the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to provide education and outreach to the public on agricultural biotechnology and food and animal feed ingredients derived from biotechnology. The FDA is currently working on this initiative in coordination with U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017

Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018

Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019

Initiative Goal

Feed Your Mind was developed to share science-based information that educates, informs, and broadens understanding about agricultural biotechnology for consumers. The content in this initiative is for consumer education and is not intended for use in regulatory or policy decision-making.

Background Work on this Initiative

The FDA obtained input from a broad group of stakeholders on this issue. Two public meetings were held in November 2017 and a docket was opened to receive public comments. Comments were received from individuals in all 50 states, Washington, D.C., and other countries.

The FDA examined the latest science and research studies relevant to consumer education and outreach to help inform the development of the initiative’s educational materials.

Current Efforts

The Initiative is a multi-phased effort. In 2020 and 2021, the new agricultural biotechnology website and a selection of fact sheets, infographics, videos, and a supplementary curriculum for middle school and high school classrooms were released. In August 2022, new resources for health professionals and consumers were made available. These resources were based on extensive research that informed the development of educational and outreach materials.

Additional consumer materials will be released in late 2022.

Questions & Answers

What is the Agricultural Biotechnology Education and Outreach Initiative (the Initiative) and why was it undertaken?

In the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2017 , Congress directed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to conduct “consumer outreach and education regarding agricultural biotechnology and biotechnology derived food products and animal feed, including through publication and distribution of science-based educational information on the environmental, nutritional, food safety, economic, and humanitarian impacts of such biotechnology, food products, and feed.” The Fiscal Year (FY) 2018 Appropriations bill, signed in March 2018, included additional funding for this consumer education and outreach Initiative. The FY 2019 Appropriations bill , signed in January 2019, again included additional funding for the Initiative.

The Initiative, Feed Your Mind , is a multi-phased effort. The initiative provides science-based educational resources for consumers, health care professionals, teachers, and health educators to educate, inform, and broaden the understanding of agricultural biotechnology, the products of which are sometimes referred to as genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In 2020 and 2021, the new agricultural biotechnology website and a selection of fact sheets, infographics, videos, and a supplementary curriculum for middle school and high school classrooms were released. In August 2022, new resources for health professionals and consumers were made available. These resources were based on extensive research that informed the development of educational and outreach materials. Additional consumer materials will be released in late 2022.

What was the process for developing and informing this Initiative?

The FDA’s Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) led the development of the Agricultural Biotechnology Education and Outreach Initiative. A steering committee made up of members from the FDA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and several working groups were established to provide subject matter expertise and coordinate efforts across each agency.

To help guide development of the Initiative, the FDA began by gathering input from stakeholders through two public meetings and opened a docket to receive public comments.

The FDA examined the latest science and research studies relevant to agricultural biotechnology to help inform the development of educational materials. We conducted more than 40 focus groups representing the diverse backgrounds of consumers around the country to gauge their understanding and needs related to information on this topic. Draft educational resources were extensively tested for clarity and usability with a diverse array of consumers across the country.

What is the goal of Feed Your Mind and what topics does it cover?

Feed Your Mind was developed to share science-based information that educates, informs, and broadens understanding about agricultural biotechnology for consumers.

The materials aim to educate consumers about agricultural biotechnology by:

• Increasing understanding about agricultural biotechnology, including what it means, other names used to describe it, and the history of its development.
• Increasing awareness about the most common genetically engineered (GE), sometimes referred to as GMO, food crops and understanding of how GE foods are created and used.
• Increasing awareness about the federal government’s role in the regulation of agricultural biotechnology for human and animal food.

Feed Your Mind includes many different types of materials/resources. What are they and who are they for?

Resources were designed for consumers, but they can be useful resources for health care professionals and nutrition educators.

The resources, many in plain language, include:

• Fact sheets
• Infographics
• Informative videos

Feed Your Mind also offers materials for specific professional audiences who can help educate students, including Science and Our Food Supply , a supplementary curriculum that teachers can use in middle and high school classrooms. There are also new resources for health professionals and health educators .

Will there be more resources/materials added to the Initiative website? If yes, when?

Resources are being released to the public in phases.

The initial phase included the agricultural biotechnology Initiative website and a selection of fact sheets, infographics, and videos.

Additional materials—including a supplementary curriculum for middle school and high school classrooms, resources for health professionals, and additional consumer materials—have been added since launching Feed Your Mind in 2020.

Can materials from the Initiative be downloaded and shared with others?

Yes! The Initiative includes a variety of tools and resources for organizations and individuals to review and use free of charge.

All materials are available on www.fda.gov/feedyourmind where it is easy to download and share digital content and resources about GMO topics of interest.

Who should I contact if I have questions about this Initiative?

Submit your questions about the Initiative using the following options:

Food and Cosmetics Information Center Inquiry Form

Industry and Consumer Assistance

Who was involved in developing these materials?

Materials were developed by scientists and public health education experts from FDA, USDA, and EPA.

Does this Initiative discuss genome editing (and other newer techniques)?

Genome editing is a term used to describe a relatively new set of technologies that enable one to make targeted changes in the DNA of a plant, animal, or other living organism.

To provide the most up-to-date information, Feed Your Mind provides some basic details about advances in the field, including genome editing, but most materials focus on the use of genetic engineering technologies.

How does this effort relate to the bioengineered (BE) labeling regulation?

This Initiative was developed in response to a provision in the FY 2017, 2018, and 2019 Appropriations Acts . Another law, the National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard , was passed by Congress in July of 2016. The Standard directed USDA to establish a national mandatory labeling standard for disclosing human foods that are or may be bioengineered. Certain types of genetically engineered foods have a disclosure that lets you know if the food is bioengineered. “Bioengineered food” is the term that Congress used to describe certain types of genetically engineered foods when they passed the National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard.

For more details on the labeling requirement for foods that are genetically modified or “bioengineered,” including sample labels, visit www.ams.usda.gov/be.

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What To Do With a Biology Degree (Besides Go to Medical School)

Earning a degree in biology is a significant educational accomplishment that paves the way for diverse career possibilities beyond the path to medical school. Your biology degree from an institution like UNH's  College of Life Sciences and Agriculture provides you with a launching pad to explore careers that contribute to scientific advancements and societal wellbeing. The practical experiences and knowledge gained from UNH COLSA's comprehensive biology major program not only prepare you for STEM careers, but also arm you with the versatility to adapt to various professional roles.

Whether it's contributing to environmental policy, managing laboratory teams, or educating the next generation of scientists, your background in biology is both a solid and flexible foundation for a myriad of career paths. Exploring these alternatives can lead to fulfilling professional experiences that align with your interests and skills, while also impacting the world in meaningful ways.

Education and Advanced Degrees

In the field of biology, education extends beyond an undergraduate degree, providing various paths that can lead to specialized careers and higher earning potential.

Pursuing Graduate School

Earning a graduate degree such as a master’s degree or a Ph.D. can significantly enhance your expertise in biology. Opting for an Accelerated Master's program offers a unique advantage, as it allows you to begin graduate coursework while completing your undergraduate degree. This can save time and position you ahead in the competitive job market.

For those interested in advancing their education further, a Ph.D. or doctorate opens doors to research positions and academic careers. Committing to a doctorate involves conducting extensive original research, culminating in a dissertation that contributes new knowledge to the field of biology.

Alternative Certifications and Courses

If you're not looking to pursue full graduate programs, there are alternative certifications and courses that can bolster your qualifications and may also lead to new job opportunities. This can range from a certification in a specialized field, such as bioinformatics or environmental management, to industry-related courses that enhance particular skills.

Such postgraduate education can complement your existing biology degree and enable you to branch into niche roles within the vast biological sciences landscape. Choosing to specialize through these certifications can make you an attractive candidate to employers who value specific skill sets backed by credible education.

Careers in Research and Science

With a biology degree, your career possibilities extend beyond medical school. You're poised to contribute to science through diverse and exciting avenues.

Research Scientist Career Paths

As a research scientist, you can specialize in various fields such as genetics, molecular biology, or microbiology. In academia or research institutes within the Greater Boston area, you might engage in groundbreaking studies, contributing to scientific knowledge and innovation. You could work as a biologist conducting experiments or as a laboratory technician assisting in data collection and analysis.

• Genetics: Focus on hereditary traits and DNA analysis to advance medical treatments or enhance agricultural breeds.
• Molecular Biology: Study the molecular mechanisms of life to develop new pharmaceuticals or understand disease pathways.

Environmental and Ecological Opportunities

Your biology degree equips you to work in environmental science and ecology, analyzing ecosystems to sustain biodiversity and environmental health. You can become an environmental scientist or an ecologist in conservation organizations or governmental agencies.

• Environmental Science: Apply your knowledge to assess environmental impact and develop conservation strategies.
• Ecology: Work in field research to understand the interactions within ecosystems and mitigate human impact on wildlife.

Biotech Industry Positions

The biotechnology industry, notably in the Greater Boston area, offers various roles for biology graduates. Positions in companies focused on health, agriculture, or food science are in demand. Your understanding of cellular and biomolecular processes makes you valuable for roles like biotechnologist or process development scientist.

• Biotechnology: Join companies to help create innovative healthcare solutions through biological research.
• Food Science: Use your biology expertise to improve food safety, enhance nutrition, and develop sustainable food systems.

Health and Medicine Alternatives

With a biology degree, you have a solid foundation to pursue an array of fulfilling careers in health and medicine that don't require medical school. Here are some specific paths you can take in healthcare services and public health education.

Nursing and Healthcare Services

If your interest in health sciences is paired with a desire to work directly with patients, consider careers in nursing and healthcare services:

• Registered Nurse (RN): You can become an RN and provide patient care, educate the public on various health conditions, and offer support through treatment. Prerequisites typically include passing the NCLEX-RN exam.
• Nurse Practitioner (NP): As an NP, you will perform many of the same duties as a physician, such as diagnosing diseases and prescribing medication, often with a master's degree in nursing.
• Neonatal Nursing : Focus on caring for newborns.
• Geriatric Nursing : Specialize in the care of elderly patients.
• Oncology Nursing : Work with cancer patients  

Public Health and Education

Your biology degree is an asset for careers in public health and education, where you can influence community health policies and contribute to educating the public:

• Health Educator: As a health educator, you will develop programs and materials to educate the public on health and nutrition to promote wellness.
• Epidemiologist : Study the patterns of diseases and work to control their spread.
• Public Health Analyst : Evaluate and improve public health programs  

In these roles, your work will actively influence health outcomes and policies, impacting the well-being of communities on a large scale.

Private Sector and Industry

Pursuing a career in the private sector with a biology degree opens a multitude of pathways beyond medical school, particularly within the biotech and pharmaceutical industries. Positions such as biotech consultants, pharmaceutical sales representatives, and regulatory affairs consultants not only are in demand, but they also offer competitive salaries that reflect the specialization and business acumen required in these roles.

Biotech Consultancy

As a biotech consultant, you will offer expert advice to companies on how to develop, commercialize, and navigate the complex landscape of biotech products. Your role is pivotal in bridging the gap between scientific innovation and business strategy. Biotechnology consulting often involves conducting market research, analyzing data, and providing recommendations based on current market trends and the competitive landscape.

Pharmaceutical Sales and Marketing

Your expertise in biology can be your foothold in the pharmaceutical sales and marketing arena. As a pharmaceutical sales representative , your knowledge of biology helps you to understand and effectively communicate the benefits of medical drugs to health care providers. Your salary reflects not only your scientific know-how but also your ability to drive sales and implement successful marketing strategies. Salary benchmarks can often be obtained through industry surveys and financial reports from relevant companies.

Regulatory Affairs

In the realm of regulatory affairs, you ensure that biotech and pharmaceutical companies comply with all of the regulations pertaining to their business. This role requires a keen eye for detail and a comprehensive understanding of legal and quality standards. As a regulatory affairs consultant , you might be involved in reviewing materials such as clinical data and marketing literature to guarantee that they meet regulatory compliance standards. The importance of your work in safeguarding public health and ensuring the legality of products is reflected in the market salary for regulatory affairs professionals.

Teaching and Academia

Pursuing a career in teaching and academia with a biology degree opens numerous opportunities beyond medical school. You can inspire the next generation of scientists by sharing your knowledge and fueling innovation in biology-centric fields.

From Classroom to Laboratory

As a high school biology teacher, you have the chance to introduce students to the wonders of the natural world and foundational concepts that could shape their academic interests. You'll be responsible for developing lesson plans, conducting experiments, and guiding students through the complexities of biological sciences. If you aim to expand into research, positions in education at the university level often combine teaching with the opportunity to run a research laboratory. Here, your dual role entails educating students and pushing the boundaries of scientific inquiry.

Becoming a Biology Professor

Ascending to the role of a biology professor at a university requires advanced education, typically a doctoral degree, and a commitment to both teaching and research. Professors not only teach and mentor students but also contribute to the academic community through scholarly research and publication. Your responsibilities may include:

• Conducting groundbreaking research and securing grants.
• Presenting findings at conferences.
• Serving on academic committees.
• Reviewing peer research.

In this role, you become a pivotal element of the education system, shaping both the minds and the future of the field of biology.

Environmental and Conservation Roles

With a biology degree, you have a powerful tool to enter fields that are crucial for understanding and preserving our natural world. Careers in environmental and conservation roles are diverse, ranging from direct wildlife management to addressing broader ecological concerns through science and research.

Wildlife Conservation and Management

Your passion for zoology can lead you to protect and manage wildlife populations. As a wildlife conservationist, your tasks may involve habitat restoration, population monitoring, and developing conservation plans. These roles often require fieldwork, possibly in remote locations, and can involve collaboration with government agencies or non-profit organizations.

Roles might include:

• Zoologists: You study animal behavior, genetics, and overall health to support conservation efforts.
• Park Rangers: With your biology degree, you can serve as the frontline of wildlife protection, educate visitors, and manage natural resources within parks.

Environmental Science Careers

Addressing the impacts of climate change and pollution falls under the purview of environmental scientists. Your role is to analyze environmental data, develop plans to protect the environment, or work in remediation to clean up polluted areas.

Your career path may involve:

• Climatology: Study climate patterns and their effects on ecosystems.
• Ecology: Focus on how organisms interact with their environment and each other.
• Environmental Policy: Use your expertise to help shape laws and regulations that protect natural resources.

By choosing a career in environmental and conservation roles, you become an integral part of preserving the planet for future generations. Your biology degree is not just a path to medical school; it's your entry point to vital roles that have a lasting impact on the world's ecological health.

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Stanford University

• Technology Areas

explore 2023 technology focus areas

• Artificial Intelligence
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2023 technology focus area

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KEY TAKEAWAYS

•   Biotechnology is burgeoning, contributing around 5 percent to the US GDP with a historical doubling time of about seven years. 

•   Synthetic biology is third-generation biotechnology, complementing domestication and breeding (the first generation) and gene editing (the second generation).

•   The United States is struggling to grasp the scale of the bio-opportunity, the strategic ramifications unique to network-enabled biotechnologies, and the possibilities and perils of distributed biomanufacturing.

Biotechnology creates products or services in partnership with biology. For example, skin microbes can be engineered to combat skin cancer and essential medicines can be brewed from yeast at industrial scales. Biotechnology, already a huge industry—5 percent of GDP— is expected to grow greatly. Synthetic biology, a subset of biotechnology, builds on genetic engineering to focus on improving the composition and functions of living systems. DNA sequencing and synthesis are two fundamental technologies underlying synthetic biology. DNA sequencers are machines that read or decode specific DNA molecules, while synthesizers write user-specified sequences of DNA. The cost of sequencing a human genome has fallen from $10,000 to around $600 in the last decade, while the cost of gene synthesis dropped from $4/base (2003) to $0.04/base (2023).

Key Developments

Synthetic biology has applications in medicine, agriculture, manufacturing, and sustainability. DNA and RNA synthesis underlie all mRNA vaccines, including those for COVID-19. Synthetic biology can also cultivate drought-resistant crops and enable cells to be programmed to manufacture medicines or fuel on an agile, distributed basis. 

The “superpower” of the internet—the ability to rapidly move information—can amplify the “superpower” of biology: the ability to grow and assemble complex objects locally. For example, DNA sequencers and synthesizers connected to the internet could routinely allow researchers to distribute vaccines against viruses around the world faster than a pandemic can spread. Developed wisely, such capabilities could lead to biodefense and public health systems operating at light speed. Ignored or mismanaged, such capabilities could result in widespread access to bioterror capabilities or worse. Artificial intelligence will likely supercharge synthetic biology, starting with molecular, pathway, and cellular design.

Over the Horizon

For biology to develop fully as a technology, careful attention and sustained support for improving the methods underlying biotechnology overall are essential. Whoever develops the tools for measuring, modeling, and making with biology has a chance of being world leading. Whoever first unlocks routinization and coordination of labor in biotechnology workflows and commercialization will cement their leadership. Careful consideration of such needs and opportunities reveals gaps in the nation’s portfolio (e.g., the National Institute of Standards and Technology should be resourced to develop and advance standards and reference materials undergirding a networked bioeconomy). 

The building blocks for a federal strategic vision released in 2022 (including the National Engineering Biology Research and Development Initiative, National Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Initiative, National Security Memorandum 15, and National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology) tend to focus on applications and outcomes. Yet each offers important openings for creating support for foundational bioengineering research; these opportunities must be seized via active multilateral efforts to provide advice and input. The recently launched Global Forum on Technology at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) offers an important additional platform for coordination among democracies.

“Patient capital,” both private and public, is crucial for foundational research, since many biotechnologies have long development scales. Such long-term capital must be sustained in times of ebb and flow in the pace of scientific advancement. Although mRNA vaccines came into widespread public knowledge in 2021, their history began thirty years ago, a history that offers humbling lessons regarding lack of vision and support among institutions and programs now happy to claim credit for success. 

From a strategic perspective, we are tracking four areas of significant consequence and opportunity:  (1) progress toward constructing life from scratch (e.g., building a cell);  (2) advances in electrobiosynthesis (i.e., growing biomass starting from renewable electricity and atmospheric carbon);  (3) advances in next-generation DNA synthesis, including a potential return to desktop synthesis; and  (4) progress toward profitability (e.g., when synthetic biology companies realize and sustain significant profits). 

REPORT PREVIEW: Biotechnology Synthetic Biology

SETR 02: Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology by Hoover Institution

Faculty Council Advisor

Drew Endy is the Martin Family University Fellow in Undergraduate Education (bioengineering), codirector of degree programs for the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design (the d.school), core faculty at the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), and senior fellow (courtesy) of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. He serves as president and director of the Biobricks Foundation and director of the iGEM Foundation and the Biobuilder Educational Foundation. His research focuses on the foundations of synthetic biology along with broader societal aspects. He earned a PhD in biotechnology and biochemical engineering from Dartmouth College.

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Stanford Emerging Technology Review Congressional Fellowship Program

The Hoover Institution and Stanford School of Engineering appreciate the important role of Congressional staff as they advise Members on the critically important policy issues that routinely come before Congress.

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Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo said Friday that she is considering requiring cloud server providers to report details on whether foreign users are developing artificial intelligence models, an extension of the Biden administration’s efforts to institute AI…

OpenAI and Other Tech Giants Will Have to Warn the US Government When They Start New AI Projects

The Biden administration is using the Defense Production Act to require companies to inform the Commerce Department when they start training high-powered AI algorithms.

Commerce Secretary and Others on AI and Innovation

Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo, former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, and Stanford University computer scientist Fei-Fei Li discussed artificial intelligence and technological innovation at an event hosted by the Hoover Institution in Washington, DC.…

Stanford Emerging Technology Review Launches in Washington DC

Contributor scholars, Stanford engineers all, of the Stanford Emerging Technology Review brought their insights to the nation’s capital last week, launching the initiative with events in the nation’s capital.

A Conversation On The State Of Scientific And Technological Innovation

The U.S. Department of Commerce, together with the Hoover Institution and Stanford School of Engineering, invite you to a conversation on the state of scientific and technological innovation and the launch of Stanford Emerging Technology Review at JP Morgan…

The Stanford Emerging Tech Review | DC Launch

The Hoover Institution and the School of Engineering at Stanford University invite you to the DC launch of the Stanford Emerging Technology Review at the Hoover DC office on Thursday, January 25th, from 4:00 PM - 5:30 PM ET.

Stanford aims to help policy makers prepare for AI, robotics and more

A new project from Stanford University aims to help policymakers get their heads around a range of fast-developing new technologies, from AI and cryptography to robotics and synthetic biology.

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Technology Applications By Policy Area

Cross-Cutting Themes

Executive Summary