essay guide uq

Written style guide

Presenting written information in a consistent way across the University enhances our professionalism and credibility.

This written style guide pulls together all the resources we use to write corporate documents, news stories and website content for The University of Queensland.

At UQ we use the Australian Macquarie Dictionary for spelling. You'll need to sign in through the Library to access UQ's account.

View the Macquarie Dictionary (staff login required)

Punctuation and style

We follow the Australian Government Style Manual (AGSM) for all other matters of written style, except for some UQ-specific exceptions and additions (see below).

View the Australian Government Style Manual

Style quick reference

We've compiled a printable PDF of some of our most-used written styles, including numbers, dates and UQ-specific terms.

Download the written style quick reference (PDF, 189.2 KB)

UQ-specific terms

Some UQ-specific exceptions and additions apply that over-ride the Australian Government Style Manual.

Enter your query in the search bar or scroll through the list below to see styles that are particular to UQ.

abbreviations

• Avoid adopting (or inventing) obscure acronyms or abbreviations, or relying too heavily on University acronyms. It’s appropriate to use the full name at first reference, then to use generic terms like ‘the association’, ‘the group’ or ‘the committee’ in later references.
• When using a term in place of a specific unit with the University, capitalise (e.g. ‘the University’, ‘the Institute’, ‘the Faculty’, ‘the School’).
• Spell out ‘Professor’ and ‘Associate Professor’: do not abbreviate to ‘Prof’ and ‘A/Prof’.
• Spell out ‘and’: don’t use ampersand (‘&’) unless part of an official title (e.g. H&M), in a table, or space is very tight.
• When writing about academic programs, always use their full name at first mention (e.g. Bachelor of Commerce). If appropriate, and if the reader will understand, you can then refer to a program’s abbreviated form (e.g. BCom). Never use full stops in program abbreviations. Refer to UQ's Awards Table (PDF 242.3 KB) for a full list of program abbreviations.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

• Always use the full term ‘Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ in the first instance before using shorter terms such as 'Indigenous', ‘First Peoples’, ‘Indigenous Australian peoples' or ‘First Nations’ to avoid repetition – but note the use of capitals in all instances.
• Refer to an Aboriginal person by their clan if it is known (e.g. use ‘Turrbul woman Casey says that...’ rather than ‘Aboriginal woman Casey says that...’).
• Always use 'Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' in full – don’t abbreviate to ‘ATSI’ or 'A&TSI'.
• Don't use 'aboriginal' as a noun (e.g. 'the aboriginal') and never use the word ‘aborigine’.
• Be conscious in your writing not to exclude or isolate Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (e.g. stating that ‘all Australians have access to quality medical care’ excludes the lived experience of many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples).
• Don’t trivialise or misrepresent important cultural beliefs and practices (e.g. don't refer to the Dreamtime as myths or legends).
• Don’t make assumptions about someone’s ancestry or identity based on their physical features. Terms such as ‘half-caste’, ‘full-blood’ and ‘part-Aboriginal’ should not be used.

accessibility

• Ensure all web content complies with UQ’s Web Accessibility Guidelines
• ‘Alum’ is singular and ‘alumni’ is plural. UQ's preference is to use 'alum' as a non-gendered, less formal alternative to 'alumnus'.
• An 'alum' is any student who has attended UQ (e.g. exchange students are UQ alumni, even though they graduate at their home universities). A ‘graduate’ is someone who completes their degree at UQ.
• For female alumni, use 'alum' for singular or 'alumni' for plural. Do not use the Latin feminine versions 'alumna' for singular or 'alumnae' for plural – although these loanwords are traditionally associated with female alumni, UQ's preference is to use non-gendered terms.

apostrophes

• For year abbreviations following degree qualifications, point the apostrophe toward the omitted characters (e.g. Bachelor of Science '69).

bachelor's degree

• Not bachelors degree or bachelor degree.
• Use an apostrophe, and don’t capitalise unless part of a degree title (e.g. Bachelor of Arts, bachelor’s degree in arts).
• Plural: bachelor’s degrees.
• Always write out dual degree titles in full (e.g. ‘Bachelor of Journalism / Bachelor of Arts’ – do not abbreviate to ‘Bachelors of Journalism/Arts’).

building names

• Capitalise the official names of campus buildings, as well as levels and room designations (e.g. Room 4, Level 2, JD Story building).
• Do not capitalise the word ‘room’, ‘building’, or ‘campus’ unless it forms a part of an official name (e.g. Campus Travel can be found at the St Lucia campus; I visited the JD Story building).
• Do not capitalise ‘campus’ unless it forms a part of an official name (e.g. Campus Travel can be found at the St Lucia campus).
• When referring to campuses, say either ‘UQ St Lucia’, ‘UQ Gatton’, ‘UQ Herston’ or ‘St Lucia campus’, ‘Gatton campus’, ‘Herston campus’.
• Do not use both in combination as a general rule (don’t say ‘the UQ St Lucia campus’); however, for media releases sometimes this is appropriate.

capitalisation

• 'the' in The University of Queensland, even if in the middle of a sentence
• names of faculties, institutes and schools (e.g. the School of Education, the Faculty of Science)
• the words ‘University’, ‘School’, ‘Institute’, ‘Centre’ or ‘Faculty’ if you are using them to stand in for a specific UQ body or an official title (e.g. ‘He advised that the School has expertise in the arts.’)
• program names (e.g. Bachelor of Architectural Design) – use lower case when referring generally to a program/degree (e.g. arts program, law degree, UQ engineering students)
• names of program majors and fields of study (e.g. Peace and Conflict Studies, Political Science, Marine Biology) – use lower case when referring to general areas (e.g. studying politics, studying science) and remember, a student can study marine biology without majoring in Marine Biology
• general titles, job titles, academic titles, executive titles (e.g. Mr, Mrs, Communications Manager, Dr, Professor, Vice-Chancellor, Chief Executive Officer)
• titles of events or event series (e.g. Open Day, O-Week, Research Week, Global Leadership Series); however, note that only the official event title should be capitalised, and the description of the type of event, such as ‘webinar’, should remain in sentence case (e.g. Global Leadership Series: The Future of Cybersecurity webinar)
• building names (e.g. UQ Centre, Brian Wilson Chancellery), but not ‘building’ (e.g. JD Story building)
• the word ‘Indigenous’ in all contexts
• set periods of time (e.g. Semester 1, Semester 2, Trimester 1, Trimester 2, Trimester 3, Year 1, Year 2, Week 1, Week 2, Week 3, Mid-Semester Break, Year 12 student).
• alum, alumni
• bachelor’s program
• first-year, second-year, third-year (as adjectives for ‘student’)
• high school
• master’s program
• postgraduate
• student (e.g. student ID card, student resources)
• undergraduate.
• The University uses ‘course’ to refer to the individual study components that make up a degree program (e.g. ‘She is studying 4 courses in Semester 1.’).
• A ‘subject’ is a specific branch of knowledge or a theme (e.g. ‘The subject of the lecture was Chinese philosophy.’).
• Capitalise official course titles (e.g. Auditing and Public Practice, Introduction to Web Design).
• Do not use ampersands in course titles – always spell out ‘and’ in full.
• Use one word (e.g. ‘master’s by coursework’ not ‘master’s by course work’).
• Students enrol in programs and are awarded degrees – a program is an approved sequence of study that leads to the award of a degree qualification.
• Capitalise the full and formal names of specific programs (e.g. Bachelor of Architectural Design, Doctor of Philosophy).
• When referring to programs, disciplines or degrees in general ways, use lower case (e.g. studying arts; courses about politics; bachelor’s degree; undergraduate programs).
• Insert space for dual degrees (e.g. Bachelor of Journalism / Bachelor of Arts).
• Higher degree by research (HDR) programs at UQ include the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and the Master of Philosophy (MPhil): note these were previously called Research Higher Degrees (RHD).
• Capitalise the proper names of UQ’s faculties, schools, research institutes and centres.
• Use lower-case ‘university’, ‘faculties’, ‘schools’, ‘institutes’, or ‘centres’ if you are using these words in general ways or for a plural (e.g. ‘UQ has 6 faculties.’).
• Use upper-case ‘University’, ‘School’, ‘Institute, ‘Centre’ or ‘Faculty’ if you are using these words to stand in for a specific body or an official title (e.g. ‘He advised that the School has expertise in the arts.’).

forward slash

• Use a space before and after a forward slash when writing groups of words (e.g. Bachelor of Commerce / Bachelor of Arts; Foreign Correspondence Manager / Corporate Relations Adviser).
• Don’t use spaces when you use a forward slash to stand in for ‘per’ (e.g. $800/week, 60km/hr), or when you are separating small words or values (e.g. his/her, he/she, and/or, 8/9).
• If using a space improves readability, use one.

graduate certificates and diplomas

• Capitalise for specific degrees (e.g. a Graduate Certificate in Writing, Editing and Publishing).
• Use lower-case for general use (e.g. She’s completing a graduate certificate).

inclusive language

• Inclusive language: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (PDF, 116KB)
• Inclusive language: Age (PDF, 109KB)
• Inclusive language: Cultural and linguistic (PDF, 118KB)
• Inclusive language: Disability (PDF, 126KB)
• Inclusive language: Gender (PDF, 118KB)
• Inclusive language: Sexuality and gender diversity (PDF, 142KB) .
• Refer to the Diversity Council Australia Words at Work guidelines for more information.

master's degree

• Not masters degree or master degree. Use an apostrophe, and don’t capitalise unless part of a degree title (Master of Science; master’s degree in science).
• Plural: master’s degrees.
• O-Week (not OWeek, O Week or O’Week) is the name of UQ’s orientation week. O-Week is the official start to several weeks of activities for new and continuing students.

phone numbers

• International: +61 7 3365 1111
• Domestic: 07 3365 1111
• Local (South East Queensland): 3365 1111
• UQ Internal: 336 51111 (the preferred format for publications such as UQ Update , which are sent to all staff, including those who work from home or off-site and can’t access UQ’s phone system)
• Web: ensure phone numbers work on mobile by using the following code (change number as required): <a href="tel:33651111">3365 1111</a>.
• Mobile phones international: +61 404 000 000
• Mobile phones domestic: 0404 000 000.
• clinical immersion
• clinical placement
• clinical practice
• industry experience
• industry study
• practicum (prac)
• teaching practice
• work placement.
• Use ‘placement’ if you need a general term to describe any activity where a student gets to apply their classroom knowledge in a work setting.
• Other words, such as ‘internship’, will mean different things to different audiences (e.g. a medical internship is different to a marketing internship). If you are ever unsure, just use ‘placement’.

place names

• Asia–Pacific region (note en-dash instead of hyphen)
• Central West Queensland
• Far North Queensland
• Middle East
• North West Queensland
• Northern Hemisphere
• Queensland's south-east corner
• South East Asia
• South East Queensland
• south eastern Queensland
• South Pacific
• South West Queensland
• Sub-Saharan Africa.

Policies and Procedures Library

• UQ's Policies and Procedures Library (PPL) contains all of UQ's procedures, policies and guidelines that provide the framework for UQ's operation and activities.
• When writing for a general audience (e.g. students, external stakeholders, alumni), if you are referring to a policy, procedure or guidelines from the PPL, refer to it by using the relevant name. Don’t use the document number, and don't use italics (e.g. 'See the Higher Degree by Research Examination Policy', not 'See 4.60.08 Higher Degree by Research Examination Policy ').
• When writing for staff, if you are referring to policies, procedures or guidelines from the PPL, refer to it by using the relevant name, followed by the number in square brackets. Don't use italics (e.g. 'See the Higher Degree by Research Examination Policy [4.60.08]').
• Where possible, direct readers to a specific section of a policy, procedure or guideline (e.g. 'To learn more about oral examinations, see section 9 of the Higher Degree by Research Examination Policy.' – reference to the actual section here helps the reader navigate to the most relevant information).
• Avoid using synonyms for ‘said’.
• Use the person's full name (including awarded titles only) on first mention (e.g. 'Dr Elliot Parker said', 'Sasha Jones said') but only use their last name (and awarded title if relevant) for the rest of a page, story or article ('Dr Parker said', 'Jones said').
• e.g. “It’s groundbreaking technology,” she said (not ‘said she’).
• e.g. “It’s groundbreaking technology,” Dr Parker said (not ‘said Dr Parker’).
• e.g. “It was a great course…one of the best,” she said.
• e.g. “I had always loved education but I had probably taken it for granted until I came to Brisbane,” Milbourne said. “UQ set me on a completely different path and I think that’s where I really grew. “I learned that words and actions actually could make a difference.”
• e.g. “He [Jones] was so rude to me,” Ms Chan said.

quotation marks

• Use double quotation marks for direct quotes, and use single quotation marks for quotes within quotes.
• titles of unpublished documents
• titles of small parts of a larger work
• titles of articles in a journal or periodical
• titles of essays, lectures, poems, or songs (e.g. “You’re the Voice” from John Farnham’s Whispering Jack ).
• Use single quotation marks to draw attention to single words or phrases that aren’t direct speech (e.g. click the ‘Financial’ tab in mySI-net).
• Avoid ‘scare quotes’ – using quotation marks for emphasis – as they can seem insincere, sarcastic, or suggest the opposite meaning to what was intended (e.g. Mrs Lovett’s pies contain a ‘special ingredient’; UQ offers the ‘best’ programs).
• Capitalise 'week' and 'semester' when referring to the academic calendar and use numerals (e.g. Semester 1, Week 9).
• Use lower-case 'week' and 'semester' in other instances.
• Insert comma before year (e.g. Semester 2, 2022).
• For non-UQ audiences, always use ‘the UQ Senate’ first, then ‘the Senate’ for subsequent mentions.
• For internal UQ audiences, use ‘the Senate’, unless you need to distinguish the UQ Senate from the Senate of Australian Parliament; then use ‘the UQ Senate’.
• Always capitalise ‘Senate’.
• Refer to members as ‘Senate members’ (don’t call them ‘Senators’) – this is consistent with the University of Queensland Act 1998 .
• Use a colon between hours and minutes (not a full stop) with no space between the number and am/pm; not necessary to use :00 if the time is on the hour (e.g. 9am, 9:30am not 9.00am, 9.30am).
• [title] Emeritus Professor
• [first name] Stuart
• [last name] Pegg
• [postnominals if applicable] AM
• For non-academic rank holders: give full name (and postnominals if applicable) at first mention, and then use last name only (e.g. UQ’s COO is Andrew Flannery. Flannery was previously…)
• If it is necessary to give a title to a non-academic rank holder, use ‘Mr’ and ‘Ms’ rather than ‘Miss’ or ‘Mrs’, unless otherwise requested.
• For visiting international academics, refer to them by their international rank.
• UQ aims to distinguish between people who have received a doctoral qualification and those who practise in a medical field, and
• in fields other than human medicine, regulatory bodies (such as the Veterinary Standards Board , Dental Board and Psychology Board ) require that practitioners only use the title ‘Dr’ in context with their degree postnominals or in a way that could not mislead the public to think they are a human medicine professional.
• Chancellor. Do not abbreviate.
• Deputy Chancellor. Do not abbreviate.
• Vice-Chancellor and President. Do not abbreviate. For international audiences, reverse order: President and Vice-Chancellor.
• Provost. Do not abbreviate.
• Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic). Abbreviation: DVC(A).
• Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Global Engagement). Abbreviation: DVC(GE).
• Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Indigenous Engagement). Abbreviation: DVC(IE).
• Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation). Abbreviation: DVC(RI).
• Pro-Vice-Chancellor. Abbreviation: PVC.
• Pro-Vice-Chancellor (Advancement). Abbreviation: PVC(A).
• Pro-Vice-Chancellor (Teaching and Learning). Abbreviation: PVC(T&L).
• Level A: Associate Lecturer. Title: Dr (if they have a PhD).
• Level B: Lecturer. Title: Dr (if they have a PhD).
• Level C: Senior Lecturer. Title: Dr (if they have a PhD).
• Level D: Associate Professor. Title: Dr (if they have a PhD) (no abbreviation for subsequent mentions).
• Level E: Professor (no abbreviation for subsequent mentions).
• Honorary: Adjunct Professor (same rules as above depending on their level at another institution).
• Plural is ‘emeritus professors’, not ‘professores emeriti’ unless for a formal/traditional purpose; note all lower-case for plural (e.g. ‘Emeritus Professor John Smith AO presented at the conference along with other emeritus professors. Emeritus Professor Smith is well known to the group as a generous philanthropist.’).
• Level A: Postdoctoral Research Fellow (or Research Officer, Research Assistant)
• Level B: Research Fellow (or Senior Research Officer)
• Level C: Senior Research Fellow (or Research Scientist)
• Level D: Principal Research Fellow
• Level E: Professorial Research Fellow, Senior Principal Research Fellow.
• If you’re ever unsure what title to use, ask the person what their preference is.
• Contact [email protected] for advice about acknowledgements or protocol events.
• Full name: The University of Queensland (capitalise ‘The’ even in the middle of a sentence).
• Only use the full name once with ‘UQ’ in brackets after, then use ‘UQ’ for subsequent mentions (e.g. 'The University of Queensland (UQ) is an idyllic environment. UQ is a great place to study.').
• When referring to ‘the University’ without its full title, use a capital ‘U’ without capitalising ‘the’. Do not use a capital when using the word ‘university’ in a general way (e.g. ‘recruitment activities for the University have been growing’; ‘he applied to study at university’).
• Where general UQ contact details are requested, use the following: Postal address: The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia Website: uq.edu.au Switchboard: +61 7 3365 1111
• UQ Library is the collective name given to UQ’s library branches (Central Library, Biological Sciences Library, Fryer Library, Dorothy Hill Engineering and Sciences Library etc.).
• Capitalise ‘UQ Library’ when using it as an umbrella term for all branches.

web addresses

• Use lower case for all URLs and email addresses when they must be included.
• Don’t include the ‘http://’ or ‘www.’ part of the web address, or the final forward slash at the end of the address (e.g. ‘google.com’ not ‘http://www.google.com/’ or ‘www.google.com’).
• Don’t include hyperlinks in headings.
• Where possible, hyperlink text to a website rather than including the URL in-text. For conventions regarding including links in text, view the ITS web content guide .
• When writing a URL in a sentence, rewrite the sentence where possible to avoid the URL being at the end of the sentence. Where this isn't possible, use a full stop at the end of the sentence even if it is after a URL.
• If a URL can’t fit on one line, the break should come before a full stop, single slash, or other punctuation mark. If a URL is so long that it breaks a line, consider using a link shortener such as bit.ly .
• Always check a URL before shortening it, as some older UQ sites require the ‘www’ to work properly; if a site requires the ‘www’ to load, include it.
• A website is a collection of linked webpages, and a webpage is any page that sits within a website. For example, this Written Style Guide webpage is part of the Marketing and Communication website.
• Spell 'website' and 'webpage' as one word, but 'web link' as 2 words. A web link is a link from one website to another.

Additional resources

For a general overview of UQ's written style, download:

UQ written style quick reference (PDF, 189.2KB) ›

Make your writing sharper and more accessible for a general audience with the:

UQ tone of voice guidelines ›

Develop inclusive language practice with the:

Inclusive language: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (PDF, 116KB) ›

Inclusive language: Age (PDF, 109KB) ›

Inclusive language: Cultural and linguistic (PDF, 118KB) ›

Inclusive language: Disability (PDF, 126KB) ›

Inclusive language: Gender (PDF, 118KB) ›

Inclusive language: Sexuality and gender diversity (PDF, 142KB) ›

Access short UQ-approved blurbs on a range of topics through:

For academic and research writing, access specific styles at:

Referencing style guides ›

Find templates and images to illustrate or prepare your work at:

UQ Digital Asset Manager (DAM) ›

Understand commonly used acronyms and initialisms at UQ:

UQ commonly used acronyms and initialisms (PDF, 140KB) ›

Questions or comments?

Contact the Corporate Publications team :

10 Referencing Skills

Reference any and all materials you have used within your written work that are from a published text, video, or recording.

A referencing style is a set of rules on how to acknowledge the thoughts, ideas and works of others in a particular way. Referencing is a crucial part of successful academic writing, avoiding plagiarism and maintaining academic integrity in your assignments and research [1] .

You will need the author’s name (all authors); the year of publication; the chapter or journal article title; the book or journal name; editors names if it is an edited text; in a journal you will need the volume number and issue number; page ranges are needed for book chapters and journal articles; the publisher is needed for a book; if it is an online book, a DOI in needed. See the link in the “HOW?” section below for specific details of how to reference different types of texts.

Primarily to avoid plagiarism , plus you should also give credit where credit is due. It demonstrates evidence of your research and reading of academic sources for your assessments and adds the weight of expert knowledge to your own arguments/points/claims. It is good academic practice and demonstrates academic integrity. It also allows readers of your work to seek information from your sources or complete further reading.

Whenever you are searching for academic articles or books for your assessment, always take notes of the required referencing information. An in-text citation must be included in your written work each time you use materials ( sources ) that are not your own. You must also provide an end-of-text reference list that corresponds with all citations used in-text. Only sources cited in-text should appear in the reference list and no other sources you may have examined though not included in the finished assessment.

The University of Queensland provides all relevant style guides. UQ College Academic English uses APA (7th edition). Each edition of a style has variances, so ensure you have asked your lecturers/tutors which specific style and edition you are required to use for your particular courses.

APA 7th style guide – library link

https://guides.library.uq.edu.au/referencing/apa7 

What is a reference list?

All works that include the ideas, words and images of other authors need to include citations . The full reference for each brief citation must be listed on a new page at the end of the written work, with the heading – References  (centered on the page).

The following information is included in the UQ Library style guide for APA (7th ed.) . Visit the style guide and access the full information via the “reference List” tab on the left-hand side of the screen.

• No specific font type or size required. Recommendations include Calibri size 11, Arial size 11, Lucida size 10, Times New Roman size 12, Georgia size 11 or Computer Modern size 10 (LaTeX). NOTE: It should align with the rest of the assignment.
• The reference list is  double line-spaced .
• A reference list is  arranged alphabetically by author last name .
• Each reference appears on a new line.
• Each item in the reference list is required to have a  hanging indent from the second line onward .

Zarate, K., Maggin, D. M., & Passmore, A. (2019). Meta‐analysis of mindfulness training on teacher well‐being. Psychology in the Schools , 56(10), 1700–1715. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22308

• References should not be numbered.
• If a reference has no author, it is cited by title, and included in the alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title ( not A, An, or The).
• If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, starting with the earliest publication date.
• If there is no date, the abbreviation  n.d. may be used. It is extremely rare to not find a publication date; if it is a website, use the date the page was last updated, found at the very bottom of the page or home page.
• Use the  full journal name , not the abbreviated name, and type it as it appears in the journal – use appropriate capitalization.
• Web addresses or DOI s can either be live links (blue and underlined) or as normal black text with no underline. If the work containing the reference list is to be made available online, use the live link format.

What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography?

• A  reference list only includes the sources (books, articles, and web pages, etc.) that are cited in the text of the document (essay, report).
• A  bibliography includes all sources consulted, even if they are not cited in the document. This is more frequently used for research and PhD students.

Example Reference List (An extended list is available via the UQ Library style guide)

American Psychological Association. (2020). Journal article references. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/journal-article-references

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association : the official guide to APA style (7th ed.).

McAdoo, T. (2020, March 16). How to create an APA style reference for a canceled conference presentation . American Psychological Association. https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/canceled-conferences

Melbourne University Law Review Association & Melbourne Journal of International Law. (2010). Australian guide to legal citation . (3rd ed.). https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/1586203/FinalOnlinePDF-2012Reprint.pdf

Also see Chapter 14 – Integrating Sources and Academic Integrity

• https://guides.library.uq.edu.au/referencing ↵

the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own

Digital Object Identifier

source material is where you use the information and ideas of others in your own academic writing - they can be text, speech, images, websites, videos.

The brief form of the reference that you include in the body of your work (essay, report). Follow the referencing style guide for exact details.

Contains details of all the sources cited in a text, usually presented in alphabetical order and found at the end of a work.

A brief reference to a source, embedded within a text. Refer to the referencing style guide for instructions.

Academic Writing Skills Copyright © 2021 by Patricia Williamson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Complete guides on all our programs, and how you can make the most of your time at UQ.

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Complete guides to our study areas and degree programs.

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Improve your English proficiency and academic entry qualifications in the UQ Foundation Program.

• UQ College Foundation Program guide (PDF, 1.78 MB)
• UQ College Foundation Program guide (Chinese version) (PDF, 1.84 MB)
• UQ College Foundation Program guide (Japanese version) (PDF, 2.21 MB)

UQ College resources

• Get started
• Academic English
• Behavioural Science
• Business Management
• Health and Nutrition
• Humanities and Social Sciences
• Information Technology
• General Mathematics
• Mathematical Methods

Referencing styles

Introduction to referencing, digital essentials, endnote referencing software.

• Training and software

The style  recommended by UQ College is:

Introduction to referencing (YouTube, 3m43s)

• Digital Essentials Self-paced online tutorials that will guide you through searching for information and completing your assignments.

Modules include:

• Information essentials  — types of information, finding and evaluating online information, fake news
• Types of assignments  — written, video, audio, presentations, posters, blogs, 3D models, coding
• Write, cite and submit  — plagiarism, referencing and referencing styles, EndNote, submission requirements

EndNote can be used to manage references, insert citations and generate lists of references.

Trademark of Clarivate

• Download and use EndNote How to download EndNote and instructions on setting up EndNote, exporting references from databases, getting EndNote references into Word and troubleshooting issues.
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• Last Updated: Mar 26, 2024 11:50 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.uq.edu.au/uqcollege