social media helpful or harmful essay

Social Media: Beneficial or Harmful? Essay

It is important to note that social media is a core element of the internet, and it reshaped how a modern human perceives information, communicates, socializes, and learns about the outside world. It became a primary lens through which one interacts with others, and thus, it is critical to properly evaluate whether or not such a state of affairs is beneficial or harmful to human wellbeing. The given assessment argues that social media, not the internet, is harmful to society and humanity in general because it reshapes the social fabric, causes loss of reason, logic, attentiveness, and memory, violates individual rights of all people as well as proliferates misinformation, which means that social media’s harms heavily outweigh its benefits.

Firstly, in order to fairly and properly assess the benefits or harms of social media, the latter should be distinguished from the internet. For example, it is stated that “the notion that the Internet is bad for you seems premised on the idea that the Internet is one thing—a monolith” (Goldsmith 597). In other words, the internet is not one thing but rather a collection of vastly different forms of communication, presentation, information exchange, entertainment, interactions, and other functions. Therefore, the internet is a source of many positive aspects of modernity because it not only brings more informational democracy but also prevents restriction and control of the free exchange of knowledge. However, the question is not about the internet as a whole but rather social media. Unlike the internet, which brings a number of benefits, which far outweigh the harms, social media does not bring a similar imbalance in favor of good. Social media was designed to simplify socialization and communication online, but the outcome is unchecked control of the flow of conversation in favor of a specific agenda, profit, and violation of individual rights.

Secondly, not all internet elements utilize artificial intelligence as extensively as social media platforms. The use of AI allows such companies to fine-tune one typology of information consumed, which means that it is social media that makes decisions for its users. While the internet is a library of knowledge, where a person makes a clear choice on what to read, watch, listen to, or interact with, social media uses AI and complex algorithms to influence its user. The underlying business model of all social media platforms is to learn about its user as much as possible and profit from them in a targeted manner. Such a design is not an inherent feature of the internet, which is not constrained to be profitable in this manner since many websites operate through subscriptions, direct sales, or other means. When it comes to such dangers, AI itself can also be a problem. It is stated that “there are indeed concerns about the near-term future of AI —algorithmic traders crashing the economy, or sensitive power grids overreacting to fluctuations and shutting down electricity for large swaths of the population” (Littman 314). In other words, social media’s extensive use of AI in combination with its problematic business model creates a host of issues that are not attributable to the internet.

Thirdly, in addition to social media-specific problems, they are also linked to harms associated with both devices and the internet in general. As stated before, the internet has its harms and benefits, but the latter usually outweighs the former. Similarly, devices come with harms as well as benefits, where the balance is tilted towards the positive aspects. However, not only social media has its inherent design flaws, but it also has problems with devices and the internet in general, which makes their harms far more abundant than benefits. For example, it is stated that “while our phones offer convenience and diversion, they also breed anxiety” (Carr 582). In addition, “as the brain grows dependent on the technology, the research suggests, the intellect weakens,” and “the division of attention impedes reasoning and performance” (Carr 583). Therefore, these device-related problems are multiplied a hundredfold by the fact that social media amplifies distraction and attention division through notifications. Social media is not a highly intellect-strengthening medium either, which further complicates the dependence factor.

Fourthly, social media companies are not properly regulated, and the nature of the business heavily favors oligopoly rather than a proper competitive environment because people want to have a unified platform for communication and audience-building. Therefore, the industry generates highly powerful companies with unchecked capabilities, where the national and even international discourse takes place exclusively on such mediums. For example, one cannot deny the influence of Twitter or Facebook as drivers of political or social discourse. Therefore, there is a conflict of interest among such big tech companies in regards to providing an open and fair platform versus making a profit, and the decision is clearly made in favor of the latter. The very structure of the business model of social media is to influence users to buy the advertisers’ products or services, and thus, it cannot be a just and fair place for discussion on important subjects by definition. Such a state of affairs threatens the fabric of society whether or not these companies intend to do so.

Fifthly, the conflict of interest described in the previous section brings its biggest harm when it comes to the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, where private enterprises are not obliged to protect the freedom of speech and expression. Since the national and international discourse and communication are taking the place of social media, where the First Amendment is mandatory to have, these platforms are unable, unwilling, and not obliged to provide it. One can easily observe how such companies can become politically tilted towards one agenda over the other, where accounts of even the most influential individuals can be banned because they violated the terms of service of the company. In other words, a company’s rules override the Constitutional rules. It is important to note that only a better speech can be an answer to a bad speech and not a removal of that voice.

Sixthly, social media platforms are heavily engaged in data collection and privacy violations, which was demonstrated by well-known scandals and criticisms. Once again, the business model of social media companies is structured in such a manner that their primary customers are not users but advertisers. A former group is a form of product or service being sold to advertisers, which means that social media advances surveillance capitalism at its core. In a century where the right to privacy is constantly becoming a problem due to governmental antiterrorism interests, social media further threatens these fundamental rights. The problem is even more dangerous when one considers the ever-increasing cyber threat proliferation, which means a breach of security in a social media company endangers all of its users.

Seventhly, social media does not have a well-structured method of combatting misinformation since its primary incentive is to promote engagement and grab attention. Social media companies are conflicted between ensuring the accuracy of the information on their platform and boosting the interactivity with their users. Such companies want to have interesting pieces of information, which are better provided by misinformation since the truth is always more complex and intricate. Therefore, one can see how social media can become a breeding ground for people with agenda of public deception. In addition, these platforms would not have the capability to ensure the accuracy of information even if they were incentivized somehow. Public panic and political polarization are other phenomena that accompany social networks, and the catalyst for these occurrences is information received both directly by the subject and disseminated using modern social communication technologies.

In conclusion, social media is not the internet, and its harms are far more extensive than the latter because it affects memory, attention, and reason and violates individual rights for privacy, free expression, and fairness in discourse, as well as proliferates misinformation. In addition, social media inherits inherent problems associated with modern devices and the internet in general, which further compounds its harm. Therefore, the effects of social media hurt the social fabric by pretending that it serves its users while its actual customers are advertisers. It also pretends to provide an open and free platform for communication while its very business model implies targeted influence on the user’s preferences. The use of AI also adds to all of the concerns related to artificial intelligence safety.

Works Cited

Carr, Nicholas. “How Smartphones Hijack Our Minds.” They Say/I Say , edited by Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein, W.W. Norton & Norton Company, 2021, pp. 582-596.

Goldsmith, Kenneth. “Go Ahead: Waste Time on the Internet.” They Say/I Say , edited by Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein, W.W. Norton & Norton Company, 2021, pp. 597-602.

Littman, Michael. “Rise of the Machines” Is Not a Likely Future.” They Say/I Say , edited by Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein, W.W. Norton & Norton Company, 2021, pp. 311-314.

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Social Media: Beneficial or Harmful? Essay

1. introduction.

The rising influence of social media platforms has a profound impact on global communication and on our everyday life. Social media is defined as "a group of internet-based applications that build on the technological foundations of the Web 2.0 and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content" (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010). It is all about sharing information in a virtual community in which people are enabled to create, co-create, modify, share, discuss, and communicate. Nowadays, social media services have expanded to a variety of applications and technologies such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter, which successfully attracted millions of users. On one hand, the "media" part refers to an instrument of communication byte-wise; media is to do with the storage and transmission of data. On the other hand, the "social" denotes a group of people who interact with each other. Therefore, "social media" would be understood as a group of internet-based applications that utilize Web 2.0 as the platform to allow users to generate and exchange contents. Social media utilizes a variety of multimedia technologies such as text, audio, picture, and video to fulfill the communication requirement among different people all over the world. From my own perspective, the root of social media can be found in the long history of human beings. Social media as a concept and a way of communicating is not new; the human race has utilized various forms of social media over its lifetime (for example, an interpretation of the concept, 'What have you been doing since the year dot..." could be a form of visual media). The progression in technology in traditional ways of collective and intercultural TV watching — e.g. fans of EastEnders who Twitter during the show — could also be seen as an extension of traditional sociability. Also, if mankind can trace our routes of utilizing the social media by walking from the physical form to a virtual form, people, in some sense, stood on the shoulders of the Web 1.0 in the transformation of social media. This online world as an important part of the global digital society plays a crucial role in modern life. For my essay, I am intrigued because it intrigued me as to the many different sides that each facet of the topic has and the different opinions and researched evidence that we may find. I believe I will learn a great deal throughout working on the proposal. Thus, the essay will look at "some studies have suggested that social media might have a positive impact on individuals' sense of social well-being and self-esteem" (Johnson, et al., 2010). I am also going to offer the opposite view of the proposed argument. We will see if there is more material backing for a theory that has been around for a while, that "social comparison is a process through which people monitor their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others" (Vogel, et al., 2014). Also, the proposed 'displacement theory', which suggests that if time is spent on social media then other standard forms of creating relationships might suffer, due to the lack of time spent meeting people in person, will be discussed in my essay.

1.1 Definition of Social Media

Social media refers to the various online platforms that allow users to create and share content, as well as participate in social networking. Such platforms are based on web and mobile technologies, and unlike traditional media (radio, television, newspapers), they enable users to interact with each other, continue content and build communities through the Internet. Social media takes many different forms, including blogs, business networks, enterprise social networks, forums, instant messaging, microblogs, social bookmarking, social gaming, social networks, video sharing, and virtual worlds. Each type of social media has its own unique characteristics and features. For instance, a blog allows users to write, post, and share content in the form of a diary, commentary, or news, whereas a video-sharing platform, such as YouTube or Vimeo, enables users to upload, share, and view video clips. On the other hand, the main focus of social gaming is to play games or engage in multiplayer competition with friends and sometimes with other people around the world. Nowadays, social media has grown extremely along with technology, allowing us to use the tools in it properly and effectively becomes a quite important skill, as well as a research interest in the field of digital marketing and computer science. In terms of marketing, social media offers such a great platform for businesses to reach consumers, interact with customers, and spread marketing messages in a meaningful way. Social media marketing is the new frontier for traditional marketing and includes a large range of variety such as social media engagement marketing, social media entertainment marketing, and so on. For example, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram offer us a few different ways to promote a marketing product or service, such as paid advertisements, sponsored links, and direct page marketing. In the academic field, many educators integrate social media into their curriculum in order to foster learning, collaboration, peer-to-peer connections, and creative thinking. Such an approach aligns well with the digital generation nowadays, bringing students the latest and most innovative resources and technology and encouraging people to develop new knowledge and ideas together.

1.2 Importance of Social Media in Society

An effective internet platform and social media popularity is one of them. With the question of the importance of social media in society these days, putting it up for debate, researchers have turned out to be keen and politically motivated to screen it as their space to exhibit the latest update on their research. Social media has the capability to get you a lot of data from society. It can enlighten the researchers with the current happenings around the globe. It is also a good source for physically challenged people. These physically challenged people can avail the opportunity of getting data from around the world. This will make them more independent in society, improving themselves for survival. Nowadays, it is about the current social media: Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, WeChat, and Instagram, transforming the conventional communication modes among family and friends. Information and data collected from 2015 to 2018 shows that the number of users has been expanded in a big efficiency. Facebook now is controlling more than 20 percent of the total users in the world and now it is supporting more than 7,000 employees and researchers in different specialties. With Twitter, the number of users goes up per day, around 391 from 2015 to 2018. With the improvement and advancement on social media and skills on how to analyze the data under political research, the arrival of 'big data' and social media will change the traditional research design in a quick and good manner. We have alternative approaches now when we measure public opinion so we can assess the distribution of policy views in our society. In addition, big data derived from social media will add qualitative information to political research. It is not only a data revolution but also an opportunity for scholars to have a better understanding of public opinion and political study. In fact, researchers conduct high-profile polling on Twitter to survey public opinion on an issue. Nine respondents are drawn: 'YouTube cause more.' As YouTube users are also engaged in political browsing, sharing, and commenting on their social media.

1.3 Purpose of the Essay

The purpose of the essay is to evaluate the advantages and drawbacks of social media and finally, establish whether it is beneficial or harmful for society. This objective is pursued by breaking down the effects of media in different societal dimensions, starting from the general public and traversing into politics and social movements. Then, the multiplied connectivity and the access convenience introduced on by social media is discussed. In this context, "convenience" pertains to the ease with which we can find out and access something that we are looking for, including records and services. Next, the developments and advertising possibilities presented to groups on social media platforms are examined. In particular, emphasis is placed on the ways in which technological advancement and the explosion of records have changed advertising strategies and practices.

2. Benefits of Social Media

Increased connectivity and communication On the internet, you can communicate with a variety of individuals. However, social media sites also provide the ability to connect with distinctive groups or networks. For example, you can decide to communicate with friends, family, or coworkers. Similarly, you may select to join a network connected with your profession. Social media platforms facilitate the sharing of ideas. From the user's point of view, social media enables relationships with friends and family as well as acquaintances. While from an academic viewpoint, it helps people to keep in touch with others in the discipline and participate in research networking. Maintaining bridges By using social media, many put their ideas out in public. This type of practice can help people to improve their ability to form and maintain connections both online and off. When lecturers incorporate social media into their courses or conferences, assignments may be given that require students to make use of the social media platform. This can help to encourage reflective practice. An internet provider in Britain carried out a survey last year and found teenagers are encouraged to further their work in the field of technology whilst at secondary school. The survey showed that almost two-thirds of young people age between 15 and 25 had a significant breakthrough whilst online. Over a quarter of them showed their discovery within a social network and had positive feedback. By sharing their findings with others they know, many could inspire their friends and family to engage in technology and learn about emerging trends. Furthermore, the students took part to communicate with established contacts and make new connections. Research published in February 2013 has shown a relationship between using social media and the likelihood of people suffering from depression. A report suggested that the analysis provides an insight into people’s well-being and signs of what is known as depressive disorder. Over time, the number of users is increasing on the main social networks. The report was able to collect data from different results and had an enormous enrollment amounting to 12,000 which proved a significant response back of 9300 results. Twitter, the hugely popular service with more than 500 million users, was found to be the most likely source for problems. More than 31% of the ‘at risk’ people registered their discomfort as a serious mental complaint, such as extreme depression. The report also shows that the evidence is strongest for young adults, who are more exposed to using social networks and in particular the age group of 19 to 24. This pattern can help experts to identify specific ages and groups which could be vulnerable. Settings Hide.getSystemService returns the standard virtual memory for later use by the program. Researchers have found significant and stable increases in addiction to the internet among young people in the USA over the past several years and is associated with an increased relative risk of suicide. It has been suggested that depression and addiction cycles can result, meaning that those already suffering with depressive disorders may turn to the internet for longer periods. By spending long times on the internet, users could deprive themselves from very important varieties of social and intellectual stimulation over time. Also, many experts have highlighted the development of negative relationships with others because of the addiction. For instance, children may experience emotional detriments as a result of cracked parent-child relationships, or neglected relationships with other siblings in the family. Han and Kaw provided reasonable research results where both have shown the relative risk of suicide associated with the increase of addiction to the internet over the past several years. Nevertheless, researchers suggested that depression and addiction cycles reasoned that an individual already suffering from depressive disorders may turn to the internet for longer periods.

2.1 Increased Connectivity and Communication

It has often been said that the internet has made the world a smaller place. This is especially true with the advent of social media. When we think of how social media has enhanced communication, the first thing that comes to mind is that it has done so largely by making it easier for people to communicate with those who they deal with in their day-to-day lives. Nowadays, it is no longer necessary to make a phone call or send a message through the post, but instead simply to use the most widely used social media platform, such as Facebook, Twitter or Instagram. Due to the ease of instant messaging, it is possible for business partners and others to bring professional relationships to a more personal level, although it is also important to realize the dangers of doing so, as posted information can be taken out of context and used in a way which was never intended. Another positive impact of social networking sites in society is that it has helped strengthen both personal and professional relationships. Many people who are well known on these social sites have used them as a means to market themselves as a person and also as a professional. It is seen as a positive resource in which employers can check up on potential employees. Equally, when individuals are applying for a job, employers look up the applicants on these social sites and so it is a great way to find job opportunities. Also, a lot of connections and relationships start on social media sites. It could be a means of organizing social events that will help encourage people to meet up and strengthen existing relationships.

2.2 Access to Information and Education

Not only does social media give us the ability to check what our friends and family do and share our life with them, but also it is a good way to find new information and even study. Currently, those involved in the field of social media research demonstrate growing interests in using social media data, as social media data can provide unprecedented research opportunities with huge sample sizes and high temporal granularity. In addition, the large amount of data collected from social media can help researchers to explore various research questions across different disciplines such as sociology, computer science, information science, library science, and so forth. Take the biggest user of social media, Facebook, as an example. It has been adopted in many research studies to understand how social media data can be used to understand human behavior. In a published journal written by Verasa and colleagues, the author discussed the opportunities and challenges of using Facebook data for health behavior intervention. The study uses Facebook data from which the researchers can examine the temporal associations between health behaviors and different types of online and offline social relationships. In the end, the study illustrated how social media data, especially data from Facebook, provides researchers with a powerful tool for better understanding the interpersonal spread of health behavior in human social networks. It is truly a good example of taking advantage of social media in accessing information and conducting research. Given that people are diverse and embodied with various personal preferences, it is impossible to use a piece of certain music to attract everybody. Students often upload their favorite music in their Facebook groups, while academic researchers can use the information, including the types of music, the expressions associated with music, and so forth, to investigate the music preferences of different groups of people. With social media at our fingertips, every student can interact with the researchers finding online, and even work with the researchers because all of the findings and the research projects can be shared among all social groups, such as the Facebook groups and university websites. Social media thus provide us with an opportunity to maximize the social good, and to strengthen our capacities to conduct and to apply open and collaborative research.

2.3 Opportunities for Business and Marketing

Another major opportunity for businesses on social media is what is known as "social commerce". Social commerce is the process of selling products directly through social media, and it's an extremely fast-growing market. In fact, around 60% of online shoppers said that they had discovered products on Facebook and then gone on to purchase them online. As of 2020, it was estimated that the total value of products sold through social commerce worldwide reached $89.4 billion, and that figure's only going to continue rising. In order to get the most sales on social commerce, it's important that businesses have what's known as a "frictionless shopping experience" where customers can get from seeing a product to purchasing in as few steps as possible. Many businesses will link their social media presence with their website's online shop, which means that customers can be only two clicks away from completing a purchase from seeing the product on a business's social media. Businesses will also use certain social commerce tactics like "drop-culture" where a limited number of products are released for sale on social media at a certain time. This, in turn, creates a "buzz" around the product and encourages people to make their purchase quickly in case they miss out, increasing demand and sales. This way, social media for businesses isn't just about creating a positive online image or sorting customer queries - it's also a powerful tool for making sales and staying ahead of a fast-moving and competitive business environment.

3. Negative Effects of Social Media

One major concern is the impact on mental health, as excessive use of social media can lead to feelings of loneliness and depression. It is well known that social media is the biggest cause of depression and anxiety in people of all ages, however, with young teenagers and children being the most vulnerable. For example, as social media was growing in the last ten years, there was a 93% increase in body dissatisfaction amongst women. Furthermore, there has been a huge 73% increase in women diagnosed with anorexia between 2000 and 2016, according to the National Eating Disorders Association. Similarly, the number of hospital admissions for eating disorders, where the data mentions social media, grew 70% from 2011 to 2018. Another problem is that people are substituting real-life relationships for digital ones. Many people feel over-reliant on sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to keep in touch with their friends or to cheer them up, but nothing replaces proper physical interaction and it's the lack of this which leads to stress, depression, and in some cases, antisocial behavior. In our modern society, with the dizzying array of digital technology, have we forgotten simple actions such as turning to someone and asking them 'how are you today'? We just upload our life onto the internet for other people to see, creating a fake world that actually leads to isolation. A study in America found that participants who used social media more had a higher ratio of online friends to those in real life, and these online friends were less likely to provide support in times of real need. Also, there is an increasing concern about the negative impact social media is having on the behavior of teenagers. From the sleep deprived to the cyberbullied, it is easy to see that social media can have some very negative influences. For some, it has become almost impossible to break away from the user screens, not risking the chance of missing something exciting going on in an online world. Furthermore, any insecurity can be exploited because any issue that individuals feel embarrassed or upset about will instantly spread through the twisted Chinese whispers of the cyber world. If it was face to face, you would only have to handle the issue with one 'friend' and tell them to stop, but when it is posted online, hundreds of people could join in, leading to an increase in depressive thoughts. Cyberbullying is a whole wide world that can be conducted from the comfort of our home, 24/7. Copyright 327 words 978 characters. End Date Privacy and Security Concerns. 3.2 Spread of Misinformation and Fake News. 3.3 Cyberbullying and Online Harassment. In conclusion, social media has both beneficial and harmful aspects. It offers increased connectivity and communication, access to information and education, and opportunities for business and marketing. However, it also has negative effects on mental health, privacy, the spread of misinformation, and the occurrence of cyberbullying and online harassment.

3.1 Impact on Mental Health

Undeniably, it is found that a large amount of time spent on social media can isolate individuals from the real world, leading to a serious impact on their mental health. This is supported by a study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine in 2017, where it is suggested that the use of multiple social media platforms is associated with increased likelihood of depression and anxiety. Moreover, focusing on one's social media life may hinder real-life encounters, which can affect one's mood and even psychological well-being. It is to say that while evaluating the consumption habits of children in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in the US in year 2019, the authors of the same study found that there is a "dose-response" relationship between the time spent on social media and the probability of developing depressive symptoms. Particularly, two noted psychologists Jean M. Twenge and Jonathan Haidt had noticed this worrying pattern of the youth as well and commented on this in their article on The Atlantic. They mentioned that if young people disengage from social media and spend more time on in-person social interactions, then their conditions may improve. Pressures from the online world would gradually be mitigated and their "happiness, social satisfaction, and self-esteem" might regain, as those are what they gain from "real social networks". They also expressed that these arise from activities which require "independent problem-solving", and hence implying the discredit of depending on the "short-term, stress-reducing activities" such as responding messages online to improving one's mood. One also would need a digital detox, society nowadays are attached to our different digital gadgets. And especially for the younger generations who grow up along with the advance in internet technologies, their lives tend to revolve around the digital devices. Unlike the older 90's or even before, life seems to be more colourful and meaningful as staying connected means only getting in touch with each other directly or with the aid of a simple mobile phone. Switching off the digital life may seem to be a simple task if requested. However, to these younger generations who are termed as the "digital natives", they may find it tough to live even just a day without the presence of internet. Even the task of giving up social media accounts is believed to be insurmountable for them.

3.2 Privacy and Security Concerns

The private nature of social media may be said to be a chief source of the routine problems and violations that are observed in it. Such a problem isn't restricted to the older generation who might not fully understand what they are sharing. Creation of a culture of fear of surveillance has also been an adverse effect on security. This, particularly, is legal paranoia which is often felt by ordinary people not doing something that is technically illegal but would be extremely embarrassing to be made public. As people feel that they need to increase privacy due to numerous security concerns, they in fact also decrease privacy as they give into periods of surveillance of their own internet behaviour and in some cases, that of their family members. This will have the impact of creating a self-perpetuating cycle of increased fear and lack of privacy through surveillance. Such security concerns are in fact legitimate. As very aptly described by Phil Howard and Bence Kollanyi, the director and researcher of the Oxford Internet Institute—University of Oxford, data collection and security practices that are employed by actors within the social media environment have substantial implications for the health and responsiveness of a democratic information ecosystem. A noteworthy example of security concerns associated with social media in privacy protection is the public data misuse by Cambridge Analytica. The Guardian (2018) reported that Britain's information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, who was appointed to investigate the data breach, remarked that the investigation is ongoing but made clear that the firm has consistently refused to engage with the investigation. This highlighted the remarkable ease with which a large swathe of personal information is collected by social media corporations and used for commercial purposes. Elizabeth Denham continued to say that the conclusion is that Facebook has not been sufficiently transparent to the UK Information Commissioner's Office, revealing a significant breach of law and that it is leading to a criminal process. This raised a tangible sinister privacy element as it also denied individuals the knowledge of knowing what will happen to their own personal data. Moreover, the failure of social media corporations to be open and transparent about the usage of personal data has resulted in less security for the users themselves because there is no guarantee that the data collected and held by these corporations will not be manipulated or misused. It is vital to further understand that in a digital age, the increase in express connectivity and ongoing interactions, the strength of democracy and the penetration of political interference, the amount and quality of personal data and the security and protection of that data may ultimately decide and determine the fate of the democratic process. In a wider context, there exists an urgent need for a universal privacy standard within a globalized digital arena. The protection and sanctity of private information has to be unified on the basis of a user-centric and user-protection model that mirrors and reflects the globalized use and connected nature of the digital space. It is evident that with such a standardized level of uniformity, security concerns may be alleviated due to the fact that all social media corporations are bound by a stringent set of data protection laws and user privacy rights. This, in turn, allows for increased fortification against the dangers of data misuse or privacy intrusion on any single unified international platform; thus leading to better user protection from privacy and security breaches.

3.3 Spread of Misinformation and Fake News

Furthermore, the spread of misinformation and fake news is a significant problem on social media, which can have serious consequences. Misinformation is false or inaccurate information that is spread by mistake. This can be due to a lack of understanding from the person sharing the information and can lead to innocent people being blamed and even conflicts between different groups. On the other hand, fake news is written and published with the intent to mislead in order to damage an agency, entity, or person, and/or gain financially or politically. In recent years, there have been many instances where fake news has been used for political gain. For example, during the 2016 US Presidential election, it was found that accounts in a Russian troll farm were targeting American audiences and that other accounts were spreading fake news and false claims to discredit Hillary Clinton. This is particularly concerning as people are more likely to believe in fake news. A research conducted by New York University and the Universite Grenoble Alpes has found that fake news on his native social media travels six times faster than the truth. Social media has played a large role in the growth of fake news as it makes it easy to spread and hard for fact-checking. Once a piece of fake news is established and is shared repeatedly, it is extremely hard to stop the spread of it. This has led to dangers in real life, in particular in spread of false health information or when a false story has significant political or social ramifications. For example, there have been many situations where fake news has swayed political opinions on topics such as immigration and even led to harmful misinformation being spread about vaccination against various diseases. With the growing concern about fake news, many social media websites have started monitoring and taking down accounts and posts that spread false information in order to prevent harm and reduce the ability for fake news to spread. For example, both Facebook and Twitter have worked to take down fake accounts created by governments and non-state groups and the European Union have set up a 'Code of Practice on Disinformation' which requires action from online platforms in order to stop the spread of fake news and also provides a set of criteria for what is considered disinformation. However, there are still many practical challenges in finding solutions for stopping the spread of fake news. Regulators, researchers and companies are struggling to find a working definition for what fake news actually is and also how to track its spread. It is expected that the fight against fake news will be an ongoing battle in the coming years.

3.4 Cyberbullying and Online Harassment

Social media has allowed people to maintain a presence in their friends' lives and to make new friends without really having to face them. This has led to cyberbullying and a rise in online harassment. Cyberbullying can be defined as the use of electronic communication to harass or bully someone, usually by sending intimidating or threatening messages. This is especially a problem among young people, with many feeling as though they cannot escape the constant pressure of bullies online. In fact, a recent study found that 42% of young people have experienced this kind of behavior on social media. Because instances of cyberbullying occur in the online environment, it can be difficult for a victim to prevent the abuse. No matter how much you block bullies or report the abuse to the social media company, many victims continue to receive abuse. In some cases, victims have been subjected to such abuse for many years. This constant stream of harassment can have a huge impact on mental health, with some people developing depression or anxiety as a result of cyberbullying. In some extreme cases, cyberbullying has even led to victims self-harming or ending their life. This is particularly true for a girl who experienced extensive cyberbullying over a period of time. She suffered from both verbal abuse and the release of personal and sensitive information by her own friends. The harassment that she experienced led her to self-harming, and eventually, she had to change schools. However, the abuse quickly escalated, and she was forced to shut down all of her social media accounts. Despite this, the abuse continued through other platforms and her bullies. It was found that they urged her to take her own life. In July 2019, they were convicted for their acts of harassment.

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Home — Essay Samples — Sociology — Sociology of Media and Communication — Social Media

Argumentative Essays About Social Media

This is a comprehensive resource to help you find the perfect social media essay topic. Whether you're navigating the complexities of digital communication, exploring the impact of social media on society, or examining its effects on personal identity, the right topic can transform your essay into a captivating and insightful exploration. Remember, selecting a topic that resonates with your personal interests and academic goals not only makes the writing process more enjoyable but also enriches your learning experience. Let's dive into a world of creativity and critical thinking!

Essay Types and Topics

Below, you'll find a curated list of essay topics organized by type. Each section includes diverse topics that touch on technology, society, personal growth, and academic interests, along with introduction and conclusion paragraph examples to get you started.

Argumentative Essays

Introduction Example: "In the digital age, social media platforms have become central to our daily interactions and self-perception, particularly among teenagers. This essay explores the impact of social media on teen self-esteem, arguing that while it offers a space for expression and connection, it also presents significant challenges to self-image. "

Conclusion Example: "Having delved into the complex relationship between social media and teen self-esteem, it is clear that the digital landscape holds profound effects on individual self-perception. This essay reaffirms the thesis that social media can both uplift and undermine teen self-esteem, calling for a balanced approach to digital engagement."

Introduction Example: "As political landscapes evolve, social media has emerged as a powerful tool for political mobilization and engagement. This essay investigates the role of social media in shaping political movements, positing that it significantly enhances communication and organizational capabilities, yet raises questions about information authenticity. "

Conclusion Example: "Through examining the dual facets of social media in political mobilization, the essay concludes that while social media is a pivotal tool for engagement, it necessitates critical scrutiny of information to ensure a well-informed public discourse."

Compare and Contrast Essays

Introduction Example: "In the competitive realm of digital marketing, Instagram and Twitter stand out as leading platforms for brand promotion. This essay compares and contrasts their effectiveness, revealing that each platform caters to unique marketing strengths due to its specific user engagement and content dissemination strategies. "

Conclusion Example: "The comparative analysis of Instagram and Twitter highlights distinct advantages for brands, with Instagram excelling in visual storytelling and Twitter in real-time engagement, underscoring the importance of strategic platform selection in digital marketing."

Descriptive Essays

Introduction Example: "Today's social media landscape is a vibrant tapestry of platforms, each contributing to the digital era's social fabric. This essay describes the characteristics and cultural significance of current social media trends, illustrating that they reflect and shape our societal values and interactions. "

Conclusion Example: "In portraying the dynamic and diverse nature of today's social media landscape, this essay underscores its role in molding contemporary cultural and social paradigms, inviting readers to reflect on their digital footprints."

Persuasive Essays

Introduction Example: "In an era where digital presence is ubiquitous, fostering positive social media habits is essential for mental and emotional well-being. This essay advocates for mindful social media use, arguing that intentional engagement can enhance our life experiences rather than detract from them. "

Conclusion Example: "This essay has championed the cause for positive social media habits, reinforcing the thesis that through mindful engagement, individuals can navigate the digital world in a way that promotes personal growth and well-being."

Narrative Essays

Introduction Example: "Embarking on a personal journey with social media has been both enlightening and challenging. This narrative essay delves into my experiences, highlighting how social media has influenced my perception of self and community. "

Conclusion Example: "Reflecting on my social media journey, this essay concludes that while it has significantly shaped my interactions and self-view, it has also offered invaluable lessons on connectivity and self-awareness, affirming the nuanced role of digital platforms in our lives."

Engagement and Creativity

As you explore these topics, remember to approach your essay with an open mind and creative spirit. The purpose of academic writing is not just to inform but to engage and provoke thought. Use this opportunity to delve deep into your topic, analyze different perspectives, and articulate your own insights.

Educational Value

Each essay type offers unique learning outcomes. Argumentative essays enhance your analytical thinking and ability to construct well-founded arguments. Compare and contrast essays develop your skills in identifying similarities and differences. Descriptive essays improve your ability to paint vivid pictures through words, while persuasive essays refine your ability to influence and convince. Finally, narrative essays offer a platform for personal expression and storytelling. Embrace these opportunities to grow academically and personally.

Some Easy Argumentative Essay Topics on Social Media

• The Impact of Social Media: Advantages and Disadvantages
• Is Social Media Enhancing or Eroding Our Real-Life Social Skills?
• Should There Be Stricter Regulations on Social Media Content to Protect Youth?
• Social Media's Role in Relationships: Communication Enhancer or Barrier
• Does Social Media Contribute to Political Polarization?
• The Role of Social Media in Shaping Perceptions of Divorce
• The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health: Benefit or Harm?
• Can Social Media Be Considered a Reliable Source of News and Information?
• Is Social Media Responsible for the Rise in Cyberbullying?
• Impact of Social Media on Mental Health
• Does Social Media Promote Narcissism and Self-Centered Behaviors?
• The Role of Social Media in Business Marketing: Is It Indispensable?

The Ethical and Health Implications of Social Media

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Social Media is Harmful to Society

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Pros and Cons of Social Media: Social Networking

Positive and negative effects of social media, sleeping habits and social media usage, negative effect of social media on young people, get a personalized essay in under 3 hours.

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Social Media Cons and Prons: Evaluating Its Advantages and Disadvantage

The importance of staying safe on social media, impact of social media on our lives, social media: negative effects and addiction, discussion on whether is social media beneficial or harmful for society, negative effects of social media: relationships and communication, social media pros and cons, social media - good and bad sides, a study of the role of social media concerning confidentiality of personal data, how social media causes stereotyping, social media addiction: consequences and strategies for recovery, the role of social media in making us more narcissistic, the effect social media is having on today's society and political atmosphere, digital/social media, censorship in social media, why teenagers are addicted to social media and how it affects them, advantages and disadvantages of social media for society, enormous impact of mass media on children, the role of social media in the current business world, social media is the reason for many of the world’s problems and solutions.

Social media refers to dynamic online platforms that enable individuals to actively engage in the generation and dissemination of various forms of content, including information, ideas, and personal interests. These interactive digital channels foster virtual communities and networks, allowing users to connect, communicate, and express themselves. By harnessing the power of technology, social media platforms provide a space for individuals to share and exchange content, fostering connections and facilitating the flow of information in an increasingly digital world.

In a peculiar manner, the inception of social media can be traced back to May 24, 1844, when a sequence of electronic dots and dashes was manually tapped on a telegraph machine. Although the origins of digital communication have deep historical roots, most contemporary narratives regarding the modern beginnings of the internet and social media often point to the emergence of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in 1969. The year 1987 witnessed the establishment of the direct precursor to today's internet, as the National Science Foundation introduced the more robust and expansive NSFNET, a nationwide digital network. A significant milestone occurred in 1997 when Six Degrees, the first genuine social media platform, was launched.

Mark Zuckerberg is a notable figure in the realm of social media as the co-founder and CEO of Facebook. Zuckerberg played a pivotal role in transforming Facebook from a small networking platform for college students into a global social media giant with billions of users. His innovative ideas and strategic decisions have reshaped the way people connect and share information online, making him one of the most influential individuals in the digital age. Jack Dorsey is recognized as one of the key pioneers of social media, notably for co-founding Twitter. Dorsey's creation revolutionized online communication by introducing the concept of microblogging, allowing users to share short messages in real-time. Twitter quickly gained popularity, becoming a powerful platform for news dissemination, public conversations, and social movements. Dorsey's entrepreneurial spirit and vision have contributed significantly to the evolution of social media and its impact on society. Sheryl Sandberg is a prominent figure in the social media landscape, known for her influential role as the Chief Operating Officer (COO) of Facebook.Sandberg played a crucial part in scaling and monetizing Facebook's operations, transforming it into a global advertising powerhouse. She is also recognized for her advocacy of women's empowerment and leadership in the tech industry, inspiring countless individuals and promoting diversity and inclusion within the social media sphere. Sandberg's contributions have left an indelible mark on the growth and development of social media platforms worldwide.

Social Networking Sites: Facebook, LinkedIn, and MySpace. Microblogging Platforms: Twitter. Media Sharing Networks: Instagram, YouTube, and Snapchat. Discussion Forums and Community-Based Platforms: Reddit and Quora. Blogging Platforms: WordPress and Blogger. Social Bookmarking and Content Curation Platforms: Pinterest and Flipboard. Messaging Apps: WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, and WeChat.

Facebook (2004), Reddit (2005), Twitter (2006), Instagram (2010), Pinterest (2010), Snapchat (2011), TikTok (2016)

1. Increased Connectivity 2. Information Sharing and Awareness 3. Networking and Professional Opportunities 4. Creativity and Self-Expression 5. Supportive Communities and Causes

1. Privacy Concerns 2. Cyberbullying and Online Harassment 3. Information Overload and Misinformation 4. Time and Productivity Drain 5. Comparison and Self-Esteem Issues

The topic of social media holds significant importance for students as it plays a prominent role in their lives, both academically and socially. Social media platforms provide students with opportunities to connect, collaborate, and share knowledge with peers, expanding their learning networks beyond the confines of the classroom. It facilitates communication and access to educational resources, allowing students to stay updated on academic trends and research. Additionally, social media enhances digital literacy and prepares students for the realities of the digital age. However, it is crucial for students to develop critical thinking skills to navigate the potential pitfalls of social media, such as misinformation and online safety, ensuring a responsible and balanced use of these platforms.

The topic of social media is worthy of being explored in an essay due to its profound impact on various aspects of society. Writing an essay on social media allows for an in-depth examination of its influence on communication, relationships, information sharing, and societal dynamics. It offers an opportunity to analyze the advantages and disadvantages, exploring topics such as privacy, online identities, social activism, and the role of social media in shaping cultural norms. Additionally, studying social media enables a critical evaluation of its effects on mental health, politics, and business. By delving into this subject, one can gain a comprehensive understanding of the complex and ever-evolving digital landscape we inhabit.

1. Social media users spend an average of 2 hours and 25 minutes per day on social networking platforms. This amounts to over 7 years of an individual's lifetime spent on social media, highlighting its significant presence in our daily lives. 2. Instagram has over 1 billion monthly active users, with more than 500 million of them using the platform on a daily basis. 3. YouTube has over 2 billion logged-in monthly active users. On average, users spend over 1 billion hours watching YouTube videos every day, emphasizing the platform's extensive reach and the power of video content. 4. Social media has become a major news source, with 48% of people getting their news from social media platforms. This shift in news consumption highlights the role of social media in shaping public opinion and disseminating information in real-time. 5. Influencer marketing has grown exponentially, with 63% of marketers planning to increase their influencer marketing budget in the coming year. This showcases the effectiveness of influencers in reaching and engaging with target audiences, and the value brands place on leveraging social media personalities to promote their products or services.

1. Schober, M. F., Pasek, J., Guggenheim, L., Lampe, C., & Conrad, F. G. (2016). Social media analyses for social measurement. Public opinion quarterly, 80(1), 180-211. (https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-abstract/80/1/180/2593846) 2. Appel, G., Grewal, L., Hadi, R., & Stephen, A. T. (2020). The future of social media in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing science, 48(1), 79-95. (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11747-019-00695-1?error=cookies_not_support) 3. Aichner, T., Grünfelder, M., Maurer, O., & Jegeni, D. (2021). Twenty-five years of social media: a review of social media applications and definitions from 1994 to 2019. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 24(4), 215-222. (https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/cyber.2020.0134) 4. Ruths, D., & Pfeffer, J. (2014). Social media for large studies of behavior. Science, 346(6213), 1063-1064. (https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.346.6213.1063) 5. Hou, Y., Xiong, D., Jiang, T., Song, L., & Wang, Q. (2019). Social media addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention. Cyberpsychology: Journal of psychosocial research on cyberspace, 13(1). (https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/11562) 6. Auxier, B., & Anderson, M. (2021). Social media use in 2021. Pew Research Center, 1, 1-4. (https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/04/PI_2021.04.07_Social-Media-Use_FINAL.pdf) 7. Al-Samarraie, H., Bello, K. A., Alzahrani, A. I., Smith, A. P., & Emele, C. (2021). Young users' social media addiction: causes, consequences and preventions. Information Technology & People, 35(7), 2314-2343. (https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITP-11-2020-0753/full/html) 8. Bhargava, V. R., & Velasquez, M. (2021). Ethics of the attention economy: The problem of social media addiction. Business Ethics Quarterly, 31(3), 321-359. (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-ethics-quarterly/article/ethics-of-the-attention-economy-the-problem-of-social-mediaaddiction/1CC67609A12E9A912BB8A291FDFFE799)

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• Effects of Social Media
• Discourse Community
• American Identity
• Cultural Appropriation
• Sociological Imagination
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• Sex, Gender and Sexuality

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Persuasive Essay

Persuasive Essays About Social Media

Last updated on: Jan 2, 2024

Learning From Pros To Write Persuasive Essays About Social Media

By: Donna C.

Reviewed By: Jacklyn H.

Published on: Jan 26, 2023

Writing a persuasive essay about social media can be tough. Most people want to make sure they convince their readers of their argument without coming across as aggressive. 

We’ve gathered some examples you can use to write a persuasive essay about social media. 

They will show you how to structure your argument, choose evidence, and avoid common mistakes. 

With our help, you'll be able to write a convincing essay that will get your reader's attention.

Let’s get started!

On this Page

What is a Persuasive Essay?

A persuasive essay tries to convince readers to accept your point of view or opinion on a particular topic. 

You must take a stand, support it with facts and evidence, and explain why it's the right viewpoint. 

It's not enough to just give an opinion; you need to back it up with data and research. 

Persuasive essays are usually written as argumentative essays, so you must develop a thesis statement and support it with evidence. 

Writing a persuasive essay can be difficult. Using strong logic and careful arguments can convince your readers to see things from your perspective.

How to start a Persuasive essay about social media?

Here’s how you can start a persuasive essay:

• Start your persuasive essay about social networking sites by introducing the issue and outlining why it matters. 
• Explain the potential implications of unrestricted access to social media and how that could affect our society. 
• Take a stance on the issue, supporting it with evidence from reliable sources. 
• Discuss ways social media can be used to benefit our lives, as well as possible risks associated with its use. 
• End your persuasive essay with a call to action, encouraging readers to make informed decisions about social media usage.

Need help in starting your essay? See how you can create a persuasive essay outline .

Remember, the main goal of your essay is to persuade readers to consider your point of view.

Paper Due? Why Suffer? That's our Job!

Here is an example to show you how to write an introduction:

Persuasive essay about social media introduction

Not sure on how to write the intro? Watch this video to write a perfect introduction.

Persuasive Essay Examples About Social Media 

Social media has become an integral part of our lives. It's time to understand its power and impact. 

Let’s start with a simple persuasive essay about social media.

Here are a few persuasive essay examples that showcase the potential of social media positively and negatively. 

Persuasive essay about social media addiction

Persuasive essay about social media platforms are a danger to our privacy

Persuasive essay about social media - beneficial or harmful

Persuasive essay about social media privacy

Examples Of Argumentative Essay About Social Media

It's clear that social media has changed how we interact and communicate with others. So it's no surprise that this topic makes for an excellent argumentative essay. 

Here are some examples of argumentative essays about social media that you can use as inspiration to get started: 

Argumentative essay about social media advantages and disadvantages

Argumentative essay about social media addiction

Argumentative essay about social media on students

Looking for more sample PDFs? Take a look at these persuasive essay examples !

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Persuasive Essay Topics About Social Media

Here are some ideas for persuasive essay topics about social media: 

• Should governments be able to control the content that appears on social networks? 
• How can companies protect their data from hackers and other malicious actors on social media platforms? 
• How has social media impacted real-life relationships between individuals and groups?
• Are influencers a powerful tool of persuasion, or are they a threat to democracy? 
• How can schools and universities use social media responsibly in the classroom? 
• Should employers be allowed to monitor their employees' use of social media during work hours? 
• Is the current data privacy landscape sufficient to protect individual users on social networks?
• Should businesses be held accountable for their social media content? 
• How have the algorithms used by social media companies impacted our lives? 
• What are the ethical implications of using targeted advertising based on user data collected from social networks? 

Need more options? Here are some more persuasive essay topics for you!

Let’s sum it up!

Social media isn't going away anytime soon, and lots of people need to understand the benefits and dangers of using it. 

By writing a persuasive essay about social media, you can help others become more aware of both sides of the issue.

Our examples make it easier for people to make an informed decision about how to use it responsibly. 

Make your voice heard and write a persuasive essay about social media today. 

Are you looking for an essay writer who can craft an argument that will make your reader stand up and listen? 

SharkPapers.com has got you covered!

Our essay writing service is designed to help you create the perfect argument supported by expert-level research and compelling evidence.

We understand how important it is to ensure your essay is persuasive. 

So if you're looking for a top-notch persuasive essay writing service, SharkPapers.com is the place to be. 

Let our persuasive essay writer craft the perfect argument for you today!

Frequently Asked Questions

What are some good persuasive essay topics.

When choosing a topic, you need something interesting that grabs the reader’s attention. 

Here are some great topics for your next persuasive essay: 

1. Should schools have mandatory uniforms?  2. Should students be allowed to use cell phones in class?  3. Should we get rid of teacher tenure?  4. Is gun control an effective way to reduce crime rates?  5. Do video games lead to violence among teens? 

How do you write an introduction for social media essay?

The main purpose of an introduction is to provide a general overview of the topic and spark interest in readers. So it should be concise yet intriguing.

To give you an idea, here are some advice and tips on how to write an effective introduction:

1. Start with a hook 2. Provide background information  3. Include relevant research studies 4. Mention central points

What is a good title for a social media essay?

If you're looking for a great title for a social media essay, why not consider this:

"The Impact of Social Media on Our Lives: A Detailed Analysis". 

Law, Education

Donna writes on a broad range of topics, but she is mostly passionate about social issues, current events, and human-interest stories. She has received high praise for her writing from both colleagues and readers alike. Donna is known in her field for creating content that is not only professional but also captivating.

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Essay on Social Media for School Students and Children

500+ words essay on social media.

Social media is a tool that is becoming quite popular these days because of its user-friendly features. Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and more are giving people a chance to connect with each other across distances. In other words, the whole world is at our fingertips all thanks to social media. The youth is especially one of the most dominant users of social media. All this makes you wonder that something so powerful and with such a massive reach cannot be all good. Like how there are always two sides to a coin, the same goes for social media. Subsequently, different people have different opinions on this debatable topic. So, in this essay on Social Media, we will see the advantages and disadvantages of social media.

Advantages of Social Media

When we look at the positive aspect of social media, we find numerous advantages. The most important being a great device for education . All the information one requires is just a click away. Students can educate themselves on various topics using social media.

Moreover, live lectures are now possible because of social media. You can attend a lecture happening in America while sitting in India.

Furthermore, as more and more people are distancing themselves from newspapers, they are depending on social media for news. You are always updated on the latest happenings of the world through it. A person becomes more socially aware of the issues of the world.

In addition, it strengthens bonds with your loved ones. Distance is not a barrier anymore because of social media. For instance, you can easily communicate with your friends and relatives overseas.

Most importantly, it also provides a great platform for young budding artists to showcase their talent for free. You can get great opportunities for employment through social media too.

Another advantage definitely benefits companies who wish to promote their brands. Social media has become a hub for advertising and offers you great opportunities for connecting with the customer.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Disadvantages of Social Media

Despite having such unique advantages, social media is considered to be one of the most harmful elements of society. If the use of social media is not monitored, it can lead to grave consequences.

Thus, the sharing on social media especially by children must be monitored at all times. Next up is the addition of social media which is quite common amongst the youth.

This addiction hampers with the academic performance of a student as they waste their time on social media instead of studying. Social media also creates communal rifts. Fake news is spread with the use of it, which poisons the mind of peace-loving citizens.

In short, surely social media has both advantages and disadvantages. But, it all depends on the user at the end. The youth must particularly create a balance between their academic performances, physical activities, and social media. Excess use of anything is harmful and the same thing applies to social media. Therefore, we must strive to live a satisfying life with the right balance.

FAQs on Social Media

Q.1 Is social media beneficial? If yes, then how?

A.1 Social media is quite beneficial. Social Media offers information, news, educational material, a platform for talented youth and brands.

Q.2 What is a disadvantage of Social Media?

A.2 Social media invades your privacy. It makes you addicted and causes health problems. It also results in cyberbullying and scams as well as communal hatred.

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The Pros and Cons of Social Media for Youth

A new review article looks at how social media affects well-being in youth...

Posted October 16, 2021 | Reviewed by Lybi Ma

• Social media has both positive and negative effects on well-being in youth.
• Social media impacts four distinct areas for youth: connections, identity, learning, and emotions.

More than 90 percent of teenagers in the U.S. have a smartphone. Access to this type of technology and social networking changes the playing field for young people who are simultaneously developing a sense of identity and new social relationships.

We have certainly heard about the downside of teens and smartphones: cyberbullying, anxiety , and a misrepresented sense of body image . Research demonstrates there are some benefits too, including the ability to keep in touch with friends and loved ones – especially when the COVID-19 pandemic limited in-person social interactions.

A new systematic review published in the journal Adolescent Research Review combines the evidence from qualitative studies that investigate adolescent social media use.

The authors found, in short, that the links between adolescent well-being and social media are complicated and depend on a broad range of factors.

“Adults have always been concerned about how the latest technology will harm children,” said Amanda Purington, director of evaluation and research for ACT for Youth in the BCTR and a doctoral candidate in Cornell’s Social Media Lab. “This goes back to radio programs, comic books, novels – you name it, adults were worried about it. The same is now true for social media. And yes, there are concerns – there are many potential risks and harms. But there are potential benefits, too.”

Reviewing 19 studies of young people ages 11 to 20, the authors identified four major themes related to social media and well-being that ultimately affected aspects of young people’s mental health and sense of self.

The first theme, connections, describes how social media either supports or hinders young people’s relationships with their peers, friends, and family. The studies in the review provided plenty of examples of ways that social media helped youth build connections with others. Participants reported that social media helped to create intimacy with friends and could improve popularity. Youth who said they were shy reported having an easier time making friends through social media. Studies also found social media was useful in keeping in touch with family and friends who live far away and allowing groups to communicate in masse. In seven papers, participants identified social media as a source of support and reassurance.

In 13 of the papers, youth reported that social media also harmed their connections with others. They provided examples of bullying and threats and an atmosphere of criticism and negativity during social media interactions. Youth cited the anonymity of social media as part of the problem, as well as miscommunication that can occur online.

Study participants also reported a feeling of disconnection associated with relationships on social media. Some youth felt rejected or left out when their social media posts did not receive the feedback they expected. Others reported feeling frustrated, lonely , or paranoid about being left out.

The second theme, identity, describes how adolescents are supported or frustrated on social media in trying to develop their identities.

Youth in many of the studies described how social media helped them to “come out of their shells” and express their true identities. They reported liking the ability to write and edit their thoughts and use images to express themselves. They reported that feedback they received on social media helped to bolster their self-confidence and they reported enjoying the ability to look back on memories to keep track of how their identity changed over time.

In eight studies, youth described ways that social media led to inauthentic representations of themselves. They felt suspicious that others would use photo editing to disguise their identities and complained about how easy it was to deliver communications slyly, rather than with the honesty required in face-to-face communication. They also felt self-conscious about posting selfies, and reported that the feedback they received would affect their feelings of self-worth .

The third theme, learning, describes how social media use supports or hinders education . In many studies, participants reported how social media helped to broaden their perspectives and expose them to new ideas and topics. Many youths specifically cited exposure to political and social movements, such as Black Lives Matter.

On the flip side, youth in five studies reported that social media interfered with their education. They said that phone notifications and the pressure to constantly check in on social media distracted them from their studies. Participants reported that they found it difficult to spend quiet time alone without checking their phones. Others said the 24-7 nature of social media kept them up too late at night, making it difficult to get up for school the next day.

The fourth theme, emotions, describes the ways that social media impacts young people’s emotional experiences in both positive and negative ways. In 11 papers, participants reported that social media had a positive effect on their emotions. Some reported it improved their mood, helped them to feel excited, and often prompted laughter . (Think funny animal videos.) Others reported that social media helped to alleviate negative moods, including annoyance, anger , and boredom . They described logging onto social media as a form of stress management .

But in nearly all of the papers included in the review, participants said social media was a source of worry and pressure. Participants expressed concern about judgment from their peers. They often felt embarrassed about how they looked in images. Many participants expressed worry that they were addicted to social media. Others fretted about leaving a digital footprint that would affect them later in life. Many participants reported experiencing pressure to constantly respond and stay connected on social media. And a smaller number of participants reported feeling disturbed by encountering troubling content, such as self-harm and seeing former partners in new relationships.

“As this review article highlights, social media provides spaces for adolescents to work on some of the central developmental tasks of their age, such as forming deeper connections with peers and exploring identity,” Purington said. “I believe the key is to help youth maximize these benefits while minimizing risks, and we can do this by educating youth about how to use social media in ways that are positive, safe, and prosocial.”

The take-home message: The body of evidence on social media and well-being paints a complicated picture of how this new technology is affecting youth. While there are certainly benefits when young people use social media, there is also a broad range of pressures and negative consequences.

The Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research at Cornell University is focused on using research findings to improve health and well-being of people at all stages of life.

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Feb 15, 2023

6 Example Essays on Social Media | Advantages, Effects, and Outlines

Got an essay assignment about the effects of social media we got you covered check out our examples and outlines below.

Social media has become one of our society's most prominent ways of communication and information sharing in a very short time. It has changed how we communicate and has given us a platform to express our views and opinions and connect with others. It keeps us informed about the world around us. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn have brought individuals from all over the world together, breaking down geographical borders and fostering a genuinely global community.

However, social media comes with its difficulties. With the rise of misinformation, cyberbullying, and privacy problems, it's critical to utilize these platforms properly and be aware of the risks. Students in the academic world are frequently assigned essays about the impact of social media on numerous elements of our lives, such as relationships, politics, and culture. These essays necessitate a thorough comprehension of the subject matter, critical thinking, and the ability to synthesize and convey information clearly and succinctly.

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So, whether you're a student looking to better your essay writing skills or want to remain up to date on the latest social media advancements, Jenni.ai is here to help. Jenni.ai is the ideal tool for helping you write your finest essay ever, thanks to its simple design, an extensive database of example essays, and cutting-edge AI technology. So, why delay? Sign up for a free trial of Jenni.ai today and begin exploring the worlds of social networking and essay writing!

Want to learn how to write an argumentative essay? Check out these inspiring examples!

We will provide various examples of social media essays so you may get a feel for the genre.

6 Examples of Social Media Essays

Here are 6 examples of Social Media Essays:

The Impact of Social Media on Relationships and Communication

Introduction:.

The way we share information and build relationships has evolved as a direct result of the prevalence of social media in our daily lives. The influence of social media on interpersonal connections and conversation is a hot topic. Although social media has many positive effects, such as bringing people together regardless of physical proximity and making communication quicker and more accessible, it also has a dark side that can affect interpersonal connections and dialogue.

Positive Effects:

Connecting People Across Distances

One of social media's most significant benefits is its ability to connect individuals across long distances. People can use social media platforms to interact and stay in touch with friends and family far away. People can now maintain intimate relationships with those they care about, even when physically separated.

Improved Communication Speed and Efficiency

Additionally, the proliferation of social media sites has accelerated and simplified communication. Thanks to instant messaging, users can have short, timely conversations rather than lengthy ones via email. Furthermore, social media facilitates group communication, such as with classmates or employees, by providing a unified forum for such activities.

Negative Effects:

Decreased Face-to-Face Communication

The decline in in-person interaction is one of social media's most pernicious consequences on interpersonal connections and dialogue. People's reliance on digital communication over in-person contact has increased along with the popularity of social media. Face-to-face interaction has suffered as a result, which has adverse effects on interpersonal relationships and the development of social skills.

Decreased Emotional Intimacy

Another adverse effect of social media on relationships and communication is decreased emotional intimacy. Digital communication lacks the nonverbal cues and facial expressions critical in building emotional connections with others. This can make it more difficult for people to develop close and meaningful relationships, leading to increased loneliness and isolation.

Increased Conflict and Miscommunication

Finally, social media can also lead to increased conflict and miscommunication. The anonymity and distance provided by digital communication can lead to misunderstandings and hurtful comments that might not have been made face-to-face. Additionally, social media can provide a platform for cyberbullying , which can have severe consequences for the victim's mental health and well-being.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the impact of social media on relationships and communication is a complex issue with both positive and negative effects. While social media platforms offer many benefits, such as connecting people across distances and enabling faster and more accessible communication, they also have a dark side that can negatively affect relationships and communication. It is up to individuals to use social media responsibly and to prioritize in-person communication in their relationships and interactions with others.

The Role of Social Media in the Spread of Misinformation and Fake News

Social media has revolutionized the way information is shared and disseminated. However, the ease and speed at which data can be spread on social media also make it a powerful tool for spreading misinformation and fake news. Misinformation and fake news can seriously affect public opinion, influence political decisions, and even cause harm to individuals and communities.

The Pervasiveness of Misinformation and Fake News on Social Media

Misinformation and fake news are prevalent on social media platforms, where they can spread quickly and reach a large audience. This is partly due to the way social media algorithms work, which prioritizes content likely to generate engagement, such as sensational or controversial stories. As a result, false information can spread rapidly and be widely shared before it is fact-checked or debunked.

The Influence of Social Media on Public Opinion

Social media can significantly impact public opinion, as people are likelier to believe the information they see shared by their friends and followers. This can lead to a self-reinforcing cycle, where misinformation and fake news are spread and reinforced, even in the face of evidence to the contrary.

The Challenge of Correcting Misinformation and Fake News

Correcting misinformation and fake news on social media can be a challenging task. This is partly due to the speed at which false information can spread and the difficulty of reaching the same audience exposed to the wrong information in the first place. Additionally, some individuals may be resistant to accepting correction, primarily if the incorrect information supports their beliefs or biases.

In conclusion, the function of social media in disseminating misinformation and fake news is complex and urgent. While social media has revolutionized the sharing of information, it has also made it simpler for false information to propagate and be widely believed. Individuals must be accountable for the information they share and consume, and social media firms must take measures to prevent the spread of disinformation and fake news on their platforms.

The Effects of Social Media on Mental Health and Well-Being

Social media has become an integral part of modern life, with billions of people around the world using platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter to stay connected with others and access information. However, while social media has many benefits, it can also negatively affect mental health and well-being.

Comparison and Low Self-Esteem

One of the key ways that social media can affect mental health is by promoting feelings of comparison and low self-esteem. People often present a curated version of their lives on social media, highlighting their successes and hiding their struggles. This can lead others to compare themselves unfavorably, leading to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem.

Cyberbullying and Online Harassment

Another way that social media can negatively impact mental health is through cyberbullying and online harassment. Social media provides a platform for anonymous individuals to harass and abuse others, leading to feelings of anxiety, fear, and depression.

Social Isolation

Despite its name, social media can also contribute to feelings of isolation. At the same time, people may have many online friends but need more meaningful in-person connections and support. This can lead to feelings of loneliness and depression.

Addiction and Overuse

Finally, social media can be addictive, leading to overuse and negatively impacting mental health and well-being. People may spend hours each day scrolling through their feeds, neglecting other important areas of their lives, such as work, family, and self-care.

In sum, social media has positive and negative consequences on one's psychological and emotional well-being. Realizing this, and taking measures like reducing one's social media use, reaching out to loved ones for help, and prioritizing one's well-being, are crucial. In addition, it's vital that social media giants take ownership of their platforms and actively encourage excellent mental health and well-being.

The Use of Social Media in Political Activism and Social Movements

Social media has recently become increasingly crucial in political action and social movements. Platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have given people new ways to express themselves, organize protests, and raise awareness about social and political issues.

Raising Awareness and Mobilizing Action

One of the most important uses of social media in political activity and social movements has been to raise awareness about important issues and mobilize action. Hashtags such as #MeToo and #BlackLivesMatter, for example, have brought attention to sexual harassment and racial injustice, respectively. Similarly, social media has been used to organize protests and other political actions, allowing people to band together and express themselves on a bigger scale.

Connecting with like-minded individuals

A second method in that social media has been utilized in political activity and social movements is to unite like-minded individuals. Through social media, individuals can join online groups, share knowledge and resources, and work with others to accomplish shared objectives. This has been especially significant for geographically scattered individuals or those without access to traditional means of political organizing.

Challenges and Limitations

As a vehicle for political action and social movements, social media has faced many obstacles and restrictions despite its many advantages. For instance, the propagation of misinformation and fake news on social media can impede attempts to disseminate accurate and reliable information. In addition, social media corporations have been condemned for censorship and insufficient protection of user rights.

In conclusion, social media has emerged as a potent instrument for political activism and social movements, giving voice to previously unheard communities and galvanizing support for change. Social media presents many opportunities for communication and collaboration. Still, users and institutions must be conscious of the risks and limitations of these tools to promote their responsible and productive usage.

The Potential Privacy Concerns Raised by Social Media Use and Data Collection Practices

With billions of users each day on sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, social media has ingrained itself into every aspect of our lives. While these platforms offer a straightforward method to communicate with others and exchange information, they also raise significant concerns over data collecting and privacy. This article will examine the possible privacy issues posed by social media use and data-gathering techniques.

Data Collection and Sharing

The gathering and sharing of personal data are significant privacy issues brought up by social media use. Social networking sites gather user data, including details about their relationships, hobbies, and routines. This information is made available to third-party businesses for various uses, such as marketing and advertising. This can lead to serious concerns about who has access to and uses our personal information.

Lack of Control Over Personal Information

The absence of user control over personal information is a significant privacy issue brought up by social media usage. Social media makes it challenging to limit who has access to and how data is utilized once it has been posted. Sensitive information may end up being extensively disseminated and may be used maliciously as a result.

Personalized Marketing

Social media companies utilize the information they gather about users to target them with adverts relevant to their interests and usage patterns. Although this could be useful, it might also cause consumers to worry about their privacy since they might feel that their personal information is being used without their permission. Furthermore, there are issues with the integrity of the data being used to target users and the possibility of prejudice based on individual traits.

Government Surveillance

Using social media might spark worries about government surveillance. There are significant concerns regarding privacy and free expression when governments in some nations utilize social media platforms to follow and monitor residents.

In conclusion, social media use raises significant concerns regarding data collecting and privacy. While these platforms make it easy to interact with people and exchange information, they also gather a lot of personal information, which raises questions about who may access it and how it will be used. Users should be aware of these privacy issues and take precautions to safeguard their personal information, such as exercising caution when choosing what details to disclose on social media and keeping their information sharing with other firms to a minimum.

The Ethical and Privacy Concerns Surrounding Social Media Use And Data Collection

Our use of social media to communicate with loved ones, acquire information, and even conduct business has become a crucial part of our everyday lives. The extensive use of social media does, however, raise some ethical and privacy issues that must be resolved. The influence of social media use and data collecting on user rights, the accountability of social media businesses, and the need for improved regulation are all topics that will be covered in this article.

Effect on Individual Privacy:

Social networking sites gather tons of personal data from their users, including delicate information like search history, location data, and even health data. Each user's detailed profile may be created with this data and sold to advertising or used for other reasons. Concerns regarding the privacy of personal information might arise because social media businesses can use this data to target users with customized adverts.

Additionally, individuals might need to know how much their personal information is being gathered and exploited. Data breaches or the unauthorized sharing of personal information with other parties may result in instances where sensitive information is exposed. Users should be aware of the privacy rules of social media firms and take precautions to secure their data.

Responsibility of Social Media Companies:

Social media firms should ensure that they responsibly and ethically gather and use user information. This entails establishing strong security measures to safeguard sensitive information and ensuring users are informed of what information is being collected and how it is used.

Many social media businesses, nevertheless, have come under fire for not upholding these obligations. For instance, the Cambridge Analytica incident highlighted how Facebook users' personal information was exploited for political objectives without their knowledge. This demonstrates the necessity of social media corporations being held responsible for their deeds and ensuring that they are safeguarding the security and privacy of their users.

Better Regulation Is Needed

There is a need for tighter regulation in this field, given the effect, social media has on individual privacy as well as the obligations of social media firms. The creation of laws and regulations that ensure social media companies are gathering and using user information ethically and responsibly, as well as making sure users are aware of their rights and have the ability to control the information that is being collected about them, are all part of this.

Additionally, legislation should ensure that social media businesses are held responsible for their behavior, for example, by levying fines for data breaches or the unauthorized use of personal data. This will provide social media businesses with a significant incentive to prioritize their users' privacy and security and ensure they are upholding their obligations.

In conclusion, social media has fundamentally changed how we engage and communicate with one another, but this increased convenience also raises several ethical and privacy issues. Essential concerns that need to be addressed include the effect of social media on individual privacy, the accountability of social media businesses, and the requirement for greater regulation to safeguard user rights. We can make everyone's online experience safer and more secure by looking more closely at these issues.

In conclusion, social media is a complex and multifaceted topic that has recently captured the world's attention. With its ever-growing influence on our lives, it's no surprise that it has become a popular subject for students to explore in their writing. Whether you are writing an argumentative essay on the impact of social media on privacy, a persuasive essay on the role of social media in politics, or a descriptive essay on the changes social media has brought to the way we communicate, there are countless angles to approach this subject.

However, writing a comprehensive and well-researched essay on social media can be daunting. It requires a thorough understanding of the topic and the ability to articulate your ideas clearly and concisely. This is where Jenni.ai comes in. Our AI-powered tool is designed to help students like you save time and energy and focus on what truly matters - your education. With Jenni.ai , you'll have access to a wealth of examples and receive personalized writing suggestions and feedback.

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Is social media good for you?

Using social media can have benefits for your mental health, but only if you use it in the right way

By Dr Peggy Kern, University of Melbourne

Whether I’m standing on the tram, sitting in a café, or walking down the street, I’m struck by the sight of so many people looking down at their phones, scrolling through Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, or a myriad of other social media platforms.

I immediately ask myself, in this increasingly technological age, what is the impact of constant social media use on our mental health?

On one hand, it allows us to stay up-to-date and connected. I can find out what friends in America and around the world are doing at any time of day or night.

On the other, it’s hard to carry on a normal conversation without someone compulsively checking their feed, rendered paranoid by FOMO (fear of missing out). A person might have thousands of “friends”, but feel completely alone.

So is social media good or bad for us? In a new study published in the Journal of Mental Health , PhD student Elizabeth Seabrook, Dr Nikki Rickard from Monash University and myself found that it is not as clear-cut as you might think.

We reviewed 70 studies that have examined how social network use relates to depression, anxiety, and subjective wellbeing. Results were mixed. Some studies found social media users were happier and more connected with other people.

But other studies found that social media users had more signs of depression or anxiety. So we also looked at various factors that had an impact on when it is beneficial or harmful.

How gender shapes our Facebook chats

Studies were conducted between 2005 and 2016, mostly with adolescents and young adults. Most focused on Facebook, with a few studies centred around the use of Twitter, MySpace, or social media in general.

These studies examined a variety of themes, including how much time people spent on social media, the number of friends they had, and whether or not they liked and felt accepted by their friends.

Also examined were the words they used, how much personal information they shared, whether they compared themselves with others, and how much they felt addicted to social media.

Across the studies, it appears that it’s not so much that social media causes anxiety and depression, but that people have different ways of using social media, which may be more or less helpful.

For example, Chris, who reported high levels of wellbeing, liked to use Facebook to catch up on the latest gossip and share with others fun things that happened during the day.

Meanwhile, Carey, who suffers from depression, spent hours browsing the newsfeed, and bemoaning how nice everyone else’s life seems.

For many, social media appears to have a range of benefits. It provides a way for many of us to connect with others. We can support other people and feel supported by them. It may even be a useful way for those with social anxiety and those who have a hard time with face-to-face interactions to connect with others.

But for those with depression or anxiety, it could make their symptoms worse. Indeed people who often compared themselves to their friends, ruminated about life, or had negative interactions with others, were at greater risk of depression and anxiety.

Notably, the number of hours that people spent on social media didn’t make a clear difference – it was more the feeling of being addicted to it. It seems like what a person writes about is more indicative of their state of mental health than the number of hours spent online.

Share the love with positive posts

Those with symptoms of depression were more likely to be jealous of their friends, compare themselves to others, and use negative language when using social media. This is similar to what I’ve seen in some of my other research, which points to the power of the words that we use.

A growing number of studies suggest that we might be able to use data from social media use to identify people suffering from depression or anxiety, thereby providing the possibility for offering support and resources for those who might not otherwise get the help they need.

So what can we take away from the study? We each have unique patterns in how we use social media, in terms of the language we use and how we behave when we are using it.

Do you keep your friends updated on your activities? Post pictures of your family? Complain about work or other people? Passively browse news feeds without commenting? Do you feel like it helps you connect with others, or do you feel addicted and controlled by it?

As a whole, our review suggests that it is valuable to pause and consider what our behavioural patterns are. By understanding them better, we potentially can make better choices about how to best use social media, as well as use it to promote good mental health.

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How Harmful Is Social Media?

By Gideon Lewis-Kraus

In April, the social psychologist Jonathan Haidt published an essay in The Atlantic in which he sought to explain, as the piece’s title had it, “Why the Past 10 Years of American Life Have Been Uniquely Stupid.” Anyone familiar with Haidt’s work in the past half decade could have anticipated his answer: social media. Although Haidt concedes that political polarization and factional enmity long predate the rise of the platforms, and that there are plenty of other factors involved, he believes that the tools of virality—Facebook’s Like and Share buttons, Twitter’s Retweet function—have algorithmically and irrevocably corroded public life. He has determined that a great historical discontinuity can be dated with some precision to the period between 2010 and 2014, when these features became widely available on phones.

“What changed in the 2010s?” Haidt asks, reminding his audience that a former Twitter developer had once compared the Retweet button to the provision of a four-year-old with a loaded weapon. “A mean tweet doesn’t kill anyone; it is an attempt to shame or punish someone publicly while broadcasting one’s own virtue, brilliance, or tribal loyalties. It’s more a dart than a bullet, causing pain but no fatalities. Even so, from 2009 to 2012, Facebook and Twitter passed out roughly a billion dart guns globally. We’ve been shooting one another ever since.” While the right has thrived on conspiracy-mongering and misinformation, the left has turned punitive: “When everyone was issued a dart gun in the early 2010s, many left-leaning institutions began shooting themselves in the brain. And, unfortunately, those were the brains that inform, instruct, and entertain most of the country.” Haidt’s prevailing metaphor of thoroughgoing fragmentation is the story of the Tower of Babel: the rise of social media has “unwittingly dissolved the mortar of trust, belief in institutions, and shared stories that had held a large and diverse secular democracy together.”

These are, needless to say, common concerns. Chief among Haidt’s worries is that use of social media has left us particularly vulnerable to confirmation bias, or the propensity to fix upon evidence that shores up our prior beliefs. Haidt acknowledges that the extant literature on social media’s effects is large and complex, and that there is something in it for everyone. On January 6, 2021, he was on the phone with Chris Bail, a sociologist at Duke and the author of the recent book “ Breaking the Social Media Prism ,” when Bail urged him to turn on the television. Two weeks later, Haidt wrote to Bail, expressing his frustration at the way Facebook officials consistently cited the same handful of studies in their defense. He suggested that the two of them collaborate on a comprehensive literature review that they could share, as a Google Doc, with other researchers. (Haidt had experimented with such a model before.) Bail was cautious. He told me, “What I said to him was, ‘Well, you know, I’m not sure the research is going to bear out your version of the story,’ and he said, ‘Why don’t we see?’ ”

Bail emphasized that he is not a “platform-basher.” He added, “In my book, my main take is, Yes, the platforms play a role, but we are greatly exaggerating what it’s possible for them to do—how much they could change things no matter who’s at the helm at these companies—and we’re profoundly underestimating the human element, the motivation of users.” He found Haidt’s idea of a Google Doc appealing, in the way that it would produce a kind of living document that existed “somewhere between scholarship and public writing.” Haidt was eager for a forum to test his ideas. “I decided that if I was going to be writing about this—what changed in the universe, around 2014, when things got weird on campus and elsewhere—once again, I’d better be confident I’m right,” he said. “I can’t just go off my feelings and my readings of the biased literature. We all suffer from confirmation bias, and the only cure is other people who don’t share your own.”

Haidt and Bail, along with a research assistant, populated the document over the course of several weeks last year, and in November they invited about two dozen scholars to contribute. Haidt told me, of the difficulties of social-scientific methodology, “When you first approach a question, you don’t even know what it is. ‘Is social media destroying democracy, yes or no?’ That’s not a good question. You can’t answer that question. So what can you ask and answer?” As the document took on a life of its own, tractable rubrics emerged—Does social media make people angrier or more affectively polarized? Does it create political echo chambers? Does it increase the probability of violence? Does it enable foreign governments to increase political dysfunction in the United States and other democracies? Haidt continued, “It’s only after you break it up into lots of answerable questions that you see where the complexity lies.”

Haidt came away with the sense, on balance, that social media was in fact pretty bad. He was disappointed, but not surprised, that Facebook’s response to his article relied on the same three studies they’ve been reciting for years. “This is something you see with breakfast cereals,” he said, noting that a cereal company “might say, ‘Did you know we have twenty-five per cent more riboflavin than the leading brand?’ They’ll point to features where the evidence is in their favor, which distracts you from the over-all fact that your cereal tastes worse and is less healthy.”

After Haidt’s piece was published, the Google Doc—“Social Media and Political Dysfunction: A Collaborative Review”—was made available to the public . Comments piled up, and a new section was added, at the end, to include a miscellany of Twitter threads and Substack essays that appeared in response to Haidt’s interpretation of the evidence. Some colleagues and kibbitzers agreed with Haidt. But others, though they might have shared his basic intuition that something in our experience of social media was amiss, drew upon the same data set to reach less definitive conclusions, or even mildly contradictory ones. Even after the initial flurry of responses to Haidt’s article disappeared into social-media memory, the document, insofar as it captured the state of the social-media debate, remained a lively artifact.

Near the end of the collaborative project’s introduction, the authors warn, “We caution readers not to simply add up the number of studies on each side and declare one side the winner.” The document runs to more than a hundred and fifty pages, and for each question there are affirmative and dissenting studies, as well as some that indicate mixed results. According to one paper, “Political expressions on social media and the online forum were found to (a) reinforce the expressers’ partisan thought process and (b) harden their pre-existing political preferences,” but, according to another, which used data collected during the 2016 election, “Over the course of the campaign, we found media use and attitudes remained relatively stable. Our results also showed that Facebook news use was related to modest over-time spiral of depolarization. Furthermore, we found that people who use Facebook for news were more likely to view both pro- and counter-attitudinal news in each wave. Our results indicated that counter-attitudinal exposure increased over time, which resulted in depolarization.” If results like these seem incompatible, a perplexed reader is given recourse to a study that says, “Our findings indicate that political polarization on social media cannot be conceptualized as a unified phenomenon, as there are significant cross-platform differences.”

Interested in echo chambers? “Our results show that the aggregation of users in homophilic clusters dominate online interactions on Facebook and Twitter,” which seems convincing—except that, as another team has it, “We do not find evidence supporting a strong characterization of ‘echo chambers’ in which the majority of people’s sources of news are mutually exclusive and from opposite poles.” By the end of the file, the vaguely patronizing top-line recommendation against simple summation begins to make more sense. A document that originated as a bulwark against confirmation bias could, as it turned out, just as easily function as a kind of generative device to support anybody’s pet conviction. The only sane response, it seemed, was simply to throw one’s hands in the air.

When I spoke to some of the researchers whose work had been included, I found a combination of broad, visceral unease with the current situation—with the banefulness of harassment and trolling; with the opacity of the platforms; with, well, the widespread presentiment that of course social media is in many ways bad—and a contrastive sense that it might not be catastrophically bad in some of the specific ways that many of us have come to take for granted as true. This was not mere contrarianism, and there was no trace of gleeful mythbusting; the issue was important enough to get right. When I told Bail that the upshot seemed to me to be that exactly nothing was unambiguously clear, he suggested that there was at least some firm ground. He sounded a bit less apocalyptic than Haidt.

“A lot of the stories out there are just wrong,” he told me. “The political echo chamber has been massively overstated. Maybe it’s three to five per cent of people who are properly in an echo chamber.” Echo chambers, as hotboxes of confirmation bias, are counterproductive for democracy. But research indicates that most of us are actually exposed to a wider range of views on social media than we are in real life, where our social networks—in the original use of the term—are rarely heterogeneous. (Haidt told me that this was an issue on which the Google Doc changed his mind; he became convinced that echo chambers probably aren’t as widespread a problem as he’d once imagined.) And too much of a focus on our intuitions about social media’s echo-chamber effect could obscure the relevant counterfactual: a conservative might abandon Twitter only to watch more Fox News. “Stepping outside your echo chamber is supposed to make you moderate, but maybe it makes you more extreme,” Bail said. The research is inchoate and ongoing, and it’s difficult to say anything on the topic with absolute certainty. But this was, in part, Bail’s point: we ought to be less sure about the particular impacts of social media.

Bail went on, “The second story is foreign misinformation.” It’s not that misinformation doesn’t exist, or that it hasn’t had indirect effects, especially when it creates perverse incentives for the mainstream media to cover stories circulating online. Haidt also draws convincingly upon the work of Renée DiResta, the research manager at the Stanford Internet Observatory, to sketch out a potential future in which the work of shitposting has been outsourced to artificial intelligence, further polluting the informational environment. But, at least so far, very few Americans seem to suffer from consistent exposure to fake news—“probably less than two per cent of Twitter users, maybe fewer now, and for those who were it didn’t change their opinions,” Bail said. This was probably because the people likeliest to consume such spectacles were the sort of people primed to believe them in the first place. “In fact,” he said, “echo chambers might have done something to quarantine that misinformation.”

The final story that Bail wanted to discuss was the “proverbial rabbit hole, the path to algorithmic radicalization,” by which YouTube might serve a viewer increasingly extreme videos. There is some anecdotal evidence to suggest that this does happen, at least on occasion, and such anecdotes are alarming to hear. But a new working paper led by Brendan Nyhan, a political scientist at Dartmouth, found that almost all extremist content is either consumed by subscribers to the relevant channels—a sign of actual demand rather than manipulation or preference falsification—or encountered via links from external sites. It’s easy to see why we might prefer if this were not the case: algorithmic radicalization is presumably a simpler problem to solve than the fact that there are people who deliberately seek out vile content. “These are the three stories—echo chambers, foreign influence campaigns, and radicalizing recommendation algorithms—but, when you look at the literature, they’ve all been overstated.” He thought that these findings were crucial for us to assimilate, if only to help us understand that our problems may lie beyond technocratic tinkering. He explained, “Part of my interest in getting this research out there is to demonstrate that everybody is waiting for an Elon Musk to ride in and save us with an algorithm”—or, presumably, the reverse—“and it’s just not going to happen.”

When I spoke with Nyhan, he told me much the same thing: “The most credible research is way out of line with the takes.” He noted, of extremist content and misinformation, that reliable research that “measures exposure to these things finds that the people consuming this content are small minorities who have extreme views already.” The problem with the bulk of the earlier research, Nyhan told me, is that it’s almost all correlational. “Many of these studies will find polarization on social media,” he said. “But that might just be the society we live in reflected on social media!” He hastened to add, “Not that this is untroubling, and none of this is to let these companies, which are exercising a lot of power with very little scrutiny, off the hook. But a lot of the criticisms of them are very poorly founded. . . . The expansion of Internet access coincides with fifteen other trends over time, and separating them is very difficult. The lack of good data is a huge problem insofar as it lets people project their own fears into this area.” He told me, “It’s hard to weigh in on the side of ‘We don’t know, the evidence is weak,’ because those points are always going to be drowned out in our discourse. But these arguments are systematically underprovided in the public domain.”

In his Atlantic article, Haidt leans on a working paper by two social scientists, Philipp Lorenz-Spreen and Lisa Oswald, who took on a comprehensive meta-analysis of about five hundred papers and concluded that “the large majority of reported associations between digital media use and trust appear to be detrimental for democracy.” Haidt writes, “The literature is complex—some studies show benefits, particularly in less developed democracies—but the review found that, on balance, social media amplifies political polarization; foments populism, especially right-wing populism; and is associated with the spread of misinformation.” Nyhan was less convinced that the meta-analysis supported such categorical verdicts, especially once you bracketed the kinds of correlational findings that might simply mirror social and political dynamics. He told me, “If you look at their summary of studies that allow for causal inferences—it’s very mixed.”

As for the studies Nyhan considered most methodologically sound, he pointed to a 2020 article called “The Welfare Effects of Social Media,” by Hunt Allcott, Luca Braghieri, Sarah Eichmeyer, and Matthew Gentzkow. For four weeks prior to the 2018 midterm elections, the authors randomly divided a group of volunteers into two cohorts—one that continued to use Facebook as usual, and another that was paid to deactivate their accounts for that period. They found that deactivation “(i) reduced online activity, while increasing offline activities such as watching TV alone and socializing with family and friends; (ii) reduced both factual news knowledge and political polarization; (iii) increased subjective well-being; and (iv) caused a large persistent reduction in post-experiment Facebook use.” But Gentzkow reminded me that his conclusions, including that Facebook may slightly increase polarization, had to be heavily qualified: “From other kinds of evidence, I think there’s reason to think social media is not the main driver of increasing polarization over the long haul in the United States.”

In the book “ Why We’re Polarized ,” for example, Ezra Klein invokes the work of such scholars as Lilliana Mason to argue that the roots of polarization might be found in, among other factors, the political realignment and nationalization that began in the sixties, and were then sacralized, on the right, by the rise of talk radio and cable news. These dynamics have served to flatten our political identities, weakening our ability or inclination to find compromise. Insofar as some forms of social media encourage the hardening of connections between our identities and a narrow set of opinions, we might increasingly self-select into mutually incomprehensible and hostile groups; Haidt plausibly suggests that these processes are accelerated by the coalescence of social-media tribes around figures of fearful online charisma. “Social media might be more of an amplifier of other things going on rather than a major driver independently,” Gentzkow argued. “I think it takes some gymnastics to tell a story where it’s all primarily driven by social media, especially when you’re looking at different countries, and across different groups.”

Another study, led by Nejla Asimovic and Joshua Tucker, replicated Gentzkow’s approach in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and they found almost precisely the opposite results: the people who stayed on Facebook were, by the end of the study, more positively disposed to their historic out-groups. The authors’ interpretation was that ethnic groups have so little contact in Bosnia that, for some people, social media is essentially the only place where they can form positive images of one another. “To have a replication and have the signs flip like that, it’s pretty stunning,” Bail told me. “It’s a different conversation in every part of the world.”

Nyhan argued that, at least in wealthy Western countries, we might be too heavily discounting the degree to which platforms have responded to criticism: “Everyone is still operating under the view that algorithms simply maximize engagement in a short-term way” with minimal attention to potential externalities. “That might’ve been true when Zuckerberg had seven people working for him, but there are a lot of considerations that go into these rankings now.” He added, “There’s some evidence that, with reverse-chronological feeds”—streams of unwashed content, which some critics argue are less manipulative than algorithmic curation—“people get exposed to more low-quality content, so it’s another case where a very simple notion of ‘algorithms are bad’ doesn’t stand up to scrutiny. It doesn’t mean they’re good, it’s just that we don’t know.”

Bail told me that, over all, he was less confident than Haidt that the available evidence lines up clearly against the platforms. “Maybe there’s a slight majority of studies that say that social media is a net negative, at least in the West, and maybe it’s doing some good in the rest of the world.” But, he noted, “Jon will say that science has this expectation of rigor that can’t keep up with the need in the real world—that even if we don’t have the definitive study that creates the historical counterfactual that Facebook is largely responsible for polarization in the U.S., there’s still a lot pointing in that direction, and I think that’s a fair point.” He paused. “It can’t all be randomized control trials.”

Haidt comes across in conversation as searching and sincere, and, during our exchange, he paused several times to suggest that I include a quote from John Stuart Mill on the importance of good-faith debate to moral progress. In that spirit, I asked him what he thought of the argument, elaborated by some of Haidt’s critics, that the problems he described are fundamentally political, social, and economic, and that to blame social media is to search for lost keys under the streetlamp, where the light is better. He agreed that this was the steelman opponent: there were predecessors for cancel culture in de Tocqueville, and anxiety about new media that went back to the time of the printing press. “This is a perfectly reasonable hypothesis, and it’s absolutely up to the prosecution—people like me—to argue that, no, this time it’s different. But it’s a civil case! The evidential standard is not ‘beyond a reasonable doubt,’ as in a criminal case. It’s just a preponderance of the evidence.”

The way scholars weigh the testimony is subject to their disciplinary orientations. Economists and political scientists tend to believe that you can’t even begin to talk about causal dynamics without a randomized controlled trial, whereas sociologists and psychologists are more comfortable drawing inferences on a correlational basis. Haidt believes that conditions are too dire to take the hardheaded, no-reasonable-doubt view. “The preponderance of the evidence is what we use in public health. If there’s an epidemic—when COVID started, suppose all the scientists had said, ‘No, we gotta be so certain before you do anything’? We have to think about what’s actually happening, what’s likeliest to pay off.” He continued, “We have the largest epidemic ever of teen mental health, and there is no other explanation,” he said. “It is a raging public-health epidemic, and the kids themselves say Instagram did it, and we have some evidence, so is it appropriate to say, ‘Nah, you haven’t proven it’?”

This was his attitude across the board. He argued that social media seemed to aggrandize inflammatory posts and to be correlated with a rise in violence; even if only small groups were exposed to fake news, such beliefs might still proliferate in ways that were hard to measure. “In the post-Babel era, what matters is not the average but the dynamics, the contagion, the exponential amplification,” he said. “Small things can grow very quickly, so arguments that Russian disinformation didn’t matter are like COVID arguments that people coming in from China didn’t have contact with a lot of people.” Given the transformative effects of social media, Haidt insisted, it was important to act now, even in the absence of dispositive evidence. “Academic debates play out over decades and are often never resolved, whereas the social-media environment changes year by year,” he said. “We don’t have the luxury of waiting around five or ten years for literature reviews.”

Haidt could be accused of question-begging—of assuming the existence of a crisis that the research might or might not ultimately underwrite. Still, the gap between the two sides in this case might not be quite as wide as Haidt thinks. Skeptics of his strongest claims are not saying that there’s no there there. Just because the average YouTube user is unlikely to be led to Stormfront videos, Nyhan told me, doesn’t mean we shouldn’t worry that some people are watching Stormfront videos; just because echo chambers and foreign misinformation seem to have had effects only at the margins, Gentzkow said, doesn’t mean they’re entirely irrelevant. “There are many questions here where the thing we as researchers are interested in is how social media affects the average person,” Gentzkow told me. “There’s a different set of questions where all you need is a small number of people to change—questions about ethnic violence in Bangladesh or Sri Lanka, people on YouTube mobilized to do mass shootings. Much of the evidence broadly makes me skeptical that the average effects are as big as the public discussion thinks they are, but I also think there are cases where a small number of people with very extreme views are able to find each other and connect and act.” He added, “That’s where many of the things I’d be most concerned about lie.”

The same might be said about any phenomenon where the base rate is very low but the stakes are very high, such as teen suicide. “It’s another case where those rare edge cases in terms of total social harm may be enormous. You don’t need many teen-age kids to decide to kill themselves or have serious mental-health outcomes in order for the social harm to be really big.” He added, “Almost none of this work is able to get at those edge-case effects, and we have to be careful that if we do establish that the average effect of something is zero, or small, that it doesn’t mean we shouldn’t be worried about it—because we might be missing those extremes.” Jaime Settle, a scholar of political behavior at the College of William & Mary and the author of the book “ Frenemies: How Social Media Polarizes America ,” noted that Haidt is “farther along the spectrum of what most academics who study this stuff are going to say we have strong evidence for.” But she understood his impulse: “We do have serious problems, and I’m glad Jon wrote the piece, and down the road I wouldn’t be surprised if we got a fuller handle on the role of social media in all of this—there are definitely ways in which social media has changed our politics for the worse.”

It’s tempting to sidestep the question of diagnosis entirely, and to evaluate Haidt’s essay not on the basis of predictive accuracy—whether social media will lead to the destruction of American democracy—but as a set of proposals for what we might do better. If he is wrong, how much damage are his prescriptions likely to do? Haidt, to his great credit, does not indulge in any wishful thinking, and if his diagnosis is largely technological his prescriptions are sociopolitical. Two of his three major suggestions seem useful and have nothing to do with social media: he thinks that we should end closed primaries and that children should be given wide latitude for unsupervised play. His recommendations for social-media reform are, for the most part, uncontroversial: he believes that preteens shouldn’t be on Instagram and that platforms should share their data with outside researchers—proposals that are both likely to be beneficial and not very costly.

It remains possible, however, that the true costs of social-media anxieties are harder to tabulate. Gentzkow told me that, for the period between 2016 and 2020, the direct effects of misinformation were difficult to discern. “But it might have had a much larger effect because we got so worried about it—a broader impact on trust,” he said. “Even if not that many people were exposed, the narrative that the world is full of fake news, and you can’t trust anything, and other people are being misled about it—well, that might have had a bigger impact than the content itself.” Nyhan had a similar reaction. “There are genuine questions that are really important, but there’s a kind of opportunity cost that is missed here. There’s so much focus on sweeping claims that aren’t actionable, or unfounded claims we can contradict with data, that are crowding out the harms we can demonstrate, and the things we can test, that could make social media better.” He added, “We’re years into this, and we’re still having an uninformed conversation about social media. It’s totally wild.”

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Social media harms teens’ mental health, mounting evidence shows. what now.

Understanding what is going on in teens’ minds is necessary for targeted policy suggestions

Most teens use social media, often for hours on end. Some social scientists are confident that such use is harming their mental health. Now they want to pinpoint what explains the link.

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By Sujata Gupta

February 20, 2024 at 7:30 am

In January, Mark Zuckerberg, CEO of Facebook’s parent company Meta, appeared at a congressional hearing to answer questions about how social media potentially harms children. Zuckerberg opened by saying: “The existing body of scientific work has not shown a causal link between using social media and young people having worse mental health.”

But many social scientists would disagree with that statement. In recent years, studies have started to show a causal link between teen social media use and reduced well-being or mood disorders, chiefly depression and anxiety.

Ironically, one of the most cited studies into this link focused on Facebook.

Researchers delved into whether the platform’s introduction across college campuses in the mid 2000s increased symptoms associated with depression and anxiety. The answer was a clear yes , says MIT economist Alexey Makarin, a coauthor of the study, which appeared in the November 2022 American Economic Review . “There is still a lot to be explored,” Makarin says, but “[to say] there is no causal evidence that social media causes mental health issues, to that I definitely object.”

The concern, and the studies, come from statistics showing that social media use in teens ages 13 to 17 is now almost ubiquitous. Two-thirds of teens report using TikTok, and some 60 percent of teens report using Instagram or Snapchat, a 2022 survey found. (Only 30 percent said they used Facebook.) Another survey showed that girls, on average, allot roughly 3.4 hours per day to TikTok, Instagram and Facebook, compared with roughly 2.1 hours among boys. At the same time, more teens are showing signs of depression than ever, especially girls ( SN: 6/30/23 ).

As more studies show a strong link between these phenomena, some researchers are starting to shift their attention to possible mechanisms. Why does social media use seem to trigger mental health problems? Why are those effects unevenly distributed among different groups, such as girls or young adults? And can the positives of social media be teased out from the negatives to provide more targeted guidance to teens, their caregivers and policymakers?

“You can’t design good public policy if you don’t know why things are happening,” says Scott Cunningham, an economist at Baylor University in Waco, Texas.

Increasing rigor

Concerns over the effects of social media use in children have been circulating for years, resulting in a massive body of scientific literature. But those mostly correlational studies could not show if teen social media use was harming mental health or if teens with mental health problems were using more social media.

Moreover, the findings from such studies were often inconclusive, or the effects on mental health so small as to be inconsequential. In one study that received considerable media attention, psychologists Amy Orben and Andrew Przybylski combined data from three surveys to see if they could find a link between technology use, including social media, and reduced well-being. The duo gauged the well-being of over 355,000 teenagers by focusing on questions around depression, suicidal thinking and self-esteem.

Digital technology use was associated with a slight decrease in adolescent well-being , Orben, now of the University of Cambridge, and Przybylski, of the University of Oxford, reported in 2019 in Nature Human Behaviour . But the duo downplayed that finding, noting that researchers have observed similar drops in adolescent well-being associated with drinking milk, going to the movies or eating potatoes.

Holes have begun to appear in that narrative thanks to newer, more rigorous studies.

In one longitudinal study, researchers — including Orben and Przybylski — used survey data on social media use and well-being from over 17,400 teens and young adults to look at how individuals’ responses to a question gauging life satisfaction changed between 2011 and 2018. And they dug into how the responses varied by gender, age and time spent on social media.

Social media use was associated with a drop in well-being among teens during certain developmental periods, chiefly puberty and young adulthood, the team reported in 2022 in Nature Communications . That translated to lower well-being scores around ages 11 to 13 for girls and ages 14 to 15 for boys. Both groups also reported a drop in well-being around age 19. Moreover, among the older teens, the team found evidence for the Goldilocks Hypothesis: the idea that both too much and too little time spent on social media can harm mental health.

“There’s hardly any effect if you look over everybody. But if you look at specific age groups, at particularly what [Orben] calls ‘windows of sensitivity’ … you see these clear effects,” says L.J. Shrum, a consumer psychologist at HEC Paris who was not involved with this research. His review of studies related to teen social media use and mental health is forthcoming in the Journal of the Association for Consumer Research.

Cause and effect

That longitudinal study hints at causation, researchers say. But one of the clearest ways to pin down cause and effect is through natural or quasi-experiments. For these in-the-wild experiments, researchers must identify situations where the rollout of a societal “treatment” is staggered across space and time. They can then compare outcomes among members of the group who received the treatment to those still in the queue — the control group.

That was the approach Makarin and his team used in their study of Facebook. The researchers homed in on the staggered rollout of Facebook across 775 college campuses from 2004 to 2006. They combined that rollout data with student responses to the National College Health Assessment, a widely used survey of college students’ mental and physical health.

The team then sought to understand if those survey questions captured diagnosable mental health problems. Specifically, they had roughly 500 undergraduate students respond to questions both in the National College Health Assessment and in validated screening tools for depression and anxiety. They found that mental health scores on the assessment predicted scores on the screenings. That suggested that a drop in well-being on the college survey was a good proxy for a corresponding increase in diagnosable mental health disorders. 

Compared with campuses that had not yet gained access to Facebook, college campuses with Facebook experienced a 2 percentage point increase in the number of students who met the diagnostic criteria for anxiety or depression, the team found.

When it comes to showing a causal link between social media use in teens and worse mental health, “that study really is the crown jewel right now,” says Cunningham, who was not involved in that research.

A need for nuance

The social media landscape today is vastly different than the landscape of 20 years ago. Facebook is now optimized for maximum addiction, Shrum says, and other newer platforms, such as Snapchat, Instagram and TikTok, have since copied and built on those features. Paired with the ubiquity of social media in general, the negative effects on mental health may well be larger now.

Moreover, social media research tends to focus on young adults — an easier cohort to study than minors. That needs to change, Cunningham says. “Most of us are worried about our high school kids and younger.” 

And so, researchers must pivot accordingly. Crucially, simple comparisons of social media users and nonusers no longer make sense. As Orben and Przybylski’s 2022 work suggested, a teen not on social media might well feel worse than one who briefly logs on. 

Researchers must also dig into why, and under what circumstances, social media use can harm mental health, Cunningham says. Explanations for this link abound. For instance, social media is thought to crowd out other activities or increase people’s likelihood of comparing themselves unfavorably with others. But big data studies, with their reliance on existing surveys and statistical analyses, cannot address those deeper questions. “These kinds of papers, there’s nothing you can really ask … to find these plausible mechanisms,” Cunningham says.

One ongoing effort to understand social media use from this more nuanced vantage point is the SMART Schools project out of the University of Birmingham in England. Pedagogical expert Victoria Goodyear and her team are comparing mental and physical health outcomes among children who attend schools that have restricted cell phone use to those attending schools without such a policy. The researchers described the protocol of that study of 30 schools and over 1,000 students in the July BMJ Open.

Goodyear and colleagues are also combining that natural experiment with qualitative research. They met with 36 five-person focus groups each consisting of all students, all parents or all educators at six of those schools. The team hopes to learn how students use their phones during the day, how usage practices make students feel, and what the various parties think of restrictions on cell phone use during the school day.

Talking to teens and those in their orbit is the best way to get at the mechanisms by which social media influences well-being — for better or worse, Goodyear says. Moving beyond big data to this more personal approach, however, takes considerable time and effort. “Social media has increased in pace and momentum very, very quickly,” she says. “And research takes a long time to catch up with that process.”

Until that catch-up occurs, though, researchers cannot dole out much advice. “What guidance could we provide to young people, parents and schools to help maintain the positives of social media use?” Goodyear asks. “There’s not concrete evidence yet.”

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Does Social Media Do More Harm Than Good for Society?

Social media has both positive and negative effects on society. But is it doing more harm than good?

Media has always had the power to influence our society, but it wasn't until the social media boom that we saw it on this scale and magnitude. While it has the potential for good, social media has been also been harmful to society because of how we use it.

Here's how social media is harming our mental health, self-image, communication skills, and society at large—potentially causing more harm than good overall.

Social Media Can Lead to Depression, Anxiety, and Loneliness

The uncontrollable urge to share everyday life with others on social media is starting to have long-term effects. Studies have shown that increased use of social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok is leading to depression, anxiety, and loneliness.

The COVID-19 pandemic not only pushed more people to the platforms but also caused people to spend unusual amounts of time cruising their feeds. According to Statista , as of 2022, people spend an average of 147 minutes on social media daily. That's more than two hours.

More importantly, science has found that social media can make you sad . Social media platforms have become aware of how to manipulate your brain's reward response to increase engagement and time spent on apps. When you receive positive feedback on a post you made or a picture you uploaded, it releases endorphins. This is what keeps people on the platforms for hours. But it can also lead to increased feelings of anxiety, depression, and loneliness.

Casinos use the same types of tactics to get people to spend more time, and money, on their business. Giving out small wins to keep people coming back but never being able to fulfill their needs. If everyone had a full understanding of this concept, it could lead to healthier social media habits. Problem is, not very many people know how to create a healthy balance.

Communication on Social Media Has a Dark Side

While not everyone on the internet has a hard time communicating in real life, there is still a good portion of introverts who have an easier time talking online. Social media makes it easier for those people to connect with others and learn social cues that could have been missed. This can be especially helpful for people who live in smaller towns and have a deep desire to broaden their horizons.

While you can't exactly remain anonymous on social media without creating a fake profile, you can create a whole new persona. This can help people who have a hard time socializing to break out of their shells.

Where social media has gotten into trouble is when these personas get pulled to the dark side. According to Help Guide , about 10 percent of teens report being bullied on social media, and even more claim they have been the recipient of offensive remarks. Being on the receiving end can lead to lower self-esteem and self-image.

It's also hard to express clear and concise communication when only using a keyboard. Language gets lost in translation without more communication clues to give context, like body language. What could have been intended as an innocent remark could be taken personally. This could lead to an argument that could have been avoided if it had been made in person.

Communication on social media still has some maturing to do before it becomes a force for good.

Social Media's Divisive Effect

At no other time in the history of the world has it been easier to connect with someone from around the world as it is today. Social media has had a large part in getting more people in contact with each other. These connections have fostered a whole world of communities that wouldn't have existed without the invention of the internet and social media. To be fair, social media has some positive effects on society .

But at the same time, the ease of finding like-minded people through social media has shown to be just as dangerous as it has been positive. Since its inception, the public has become increasingly aware of just what types of groups were forming in the dark corners of social media. Groups that would threaten the well-being of others were allowed to assemble online.

The 2016 election was controversial for the use of foreign interference through Facebook ads to swing the opinions of the public. The continued disparity between political opinions is a big reason why Americans feel social media is doing more harm than good these days.

The power of social media to influence entire nations has come under the microscope with recent events and other forms of media, like movies. Documentaries like The Social Dilemma have shown exactly what kind of manipulation social media is capable of.

Our dependence on social media is causing large consequences on how we live our lives. Although, the same could potentially be said about any form of media. The only difference is the scale that social media operates on and the instantaneous effect of that power. As a result, we face a dilemma of disinformation, social division spurred by bad-faith actors, and massive influence campaigns driven by social media.

Self-Image Suffers Due to Social Media

We have all gone through periods of comparing ourselves to others, whether it be in school or work. Social media has taken that concept to a whole other level by putting the haves and the have-nots front and center. What started as an honest way to connect with like-minded communities and friends has become a way to sell and buy happiness. Social media has, essentially, turned into a marketing platform.

Facebook, Instagram, and even LinkedIn have all drastically reduced the organic reach of posts with algorithmic timelines. This means fewer and fewer people get to see what you post unless you want to pay for advertising. Only a handful of people, known as influencers, have a massive audience.

And many of them have financial reasons for their posts. They sell products by filling their social feeds with good experiences and amazing places. This leads to a majority of people on the platform trying to make their lives seem just as good. That, in turn, can lead to severe loneliness and pressure from always comparing your life to others without knowing the context behind the pictures.

The Future of Social Media in Society

Social media, in and of itself, is not bad or harmful to society. What makes it harmful is how we use it and how we feel about ourselves while using it.

Right now, that pendulum is swinging in the wrong direction, but all it takes is enough people choosing to use it for the right reasons.

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Benefits and harms of social media use: A latent profile analysis of emerging adults

Brian taehyuk keum.

1 Department of Social Welfare, University of California Los Angeles, 337 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA

Yu-Wei Wang

2 University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA

Julia Callaway

3 University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Israel Abebe

Seini o’connor.

4 Refugees As Survivors New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand

Associated Data

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to confidentiality and privacy reasons set forth by the Institutional Review Board.

Not applicable.

The rise in social media use among emerging adults in the United States has been well-documented, but researchers are still working on identifying how the type—not just the frequency—of use impacts psychological well-being. We identified “profiles” of social media use among young adults based on the frequency and purposes of use, and examined their associations with benefits and harms to psychosocial well-being, using data from 2828 incoming undergraduate students ( M age  = 18.29 years; age range: 17 to 25 years). Using Latent Profile Analysis, we identified three unique profiles of individuals who used social media with varying levels of intensity across different purposes: Active Users (32.4%), Passive Users (25.3%), and Average Users (42.4%). Each profile was associated with varying levels of beneficial and harmful psychosocial outcomes. Compared to Average Users, (a) Active Users reported significantly better psychosocial well-being, but also more harmful outcomes; and (b) Passive Users experienced significantly lower levels of perceived social media benefits and social connectedness, while also reporting less problematic social media use and social media stress. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.

Emerging adulthood—defined broadly as the period of time from the late teens through the 20s, with a particular focus on ages 18-25 (Arnett, 2000 )—represents an important stage for the continuation of identity and psychological development. With the ubiquitous presence of social media in young adults’ lives (Pew Research Center, 2018 ), a growing body of research has documented the influence of social media on this developmental process (Mazalin & Moore, 2004 ; Subrahmanyam et al., 2008 ). Researchers have identified broad patterns of social media use—such as active, passive, and problematic use (Marino et al., 2018 ; Verduyn et al., 2017 )—and both harms and benefits associated with using social media (e.g., Verduyn et al., 2017 ). Others have uncovered specific patterns of social media use among adolescents (e.g., Bányai et al., 2017 ; Kurek et al., 2017 ) to identify groups of individuals that seem to be at greater mental health risk.

However, questions remain about the patterns of social media use among emerging adults that may lead to benefits or vulnerability to harmful psychological effects. Also, it is unclear whether the mixed research findings related to patterns of social media use and psychosocial outcomes were associated with “what” people use social media for. The majority of research on social media use has focused on frequency and amount of use and negative psychosocial outcomes (e.g., loneliness, distress), with less attention paid to the purpose of use and beneficial outcomes (e.g., social connection, meaning in life). To address this gap and to examine both the quantity and type of social media use in a comprehensive way, we used a novel approach to examine social media use patterns (“profiles”) of emerging adults based on the frequency and purpose of social media use and their differential associations with psychosocial benefits and harms.

Benefits and Patterns of Social Media Use

The Uses and Gratifications Theory on social media use (Katz et al., 1973 ; Ruggiero, 2000 ) suggest people use social media to fulfill their needs and motivation for gratification.

According to this theory, one major motivator for use and gratification is to connect with others online efficiently, selectively, and meaningfully, in order to fulfill their social needs and approval (Urista et al., 2009 ). There are a plethora of social media platforms that help individuals form their social capital, and their social media use is largely dictated by this process. Given the importance of social connection in the survival of human beings (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2010 ), social media has been noted as an important tool for social bonding and network building. For example, studies have found that online-mediated social connections promoted benefits and well-being among cybervictims (McLouglin et al., 2018 ) and buffered anxiety and isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic (Stuart et al., 2021 ).

In fact, research has identified a range of social, developmental, and emotional benefits associated with social media use (Anderson & Jiang, 2018 ; Duggan et al., 2015 ; GLSEN et al., 2013 ). A recent study by the Pew Research Center on teenagers’ habits and experiences of using social media indicated that a majority felt more connected to their friends, interacted with a more diverse group of people, and felt supported when they used social media (Anderson & Jiang, 2018 ). Gender Minority groups (e.g., lesbians, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth) may particularly benefit from the use of social media and other online resources that provide information, support, and feelings of meaningfulness, as well as those social media outlets that may assist in identity development and civic connectedness (GLSEN et al., 2013 ). Additionally, researchers have noted the potential of social media platforms to provide a prompt for reminiscence and increased meaning in life and have demonstrated how deeper engagement with personal social media content can facilitate connections with others, enhance self-knowledge, and increase a sense of connection between present and past selves (Thomas & Briggs, 2016 ). Research with young adults in Australia identified “Facebook connectedness” to be distinct from other forms of social connectedness, and to be significantly associated with lower depression and anxiety and greater life satisfaction (Grieve et al., 2013 ).

On the contrary, some researchers have linked social media use to harmful and deleterious effects on mental health (e.g., Marino et al., 2018 ; Twenge et al., 2018 ). While the Uses and Gratifications Theory (Katz et al., 1973 ; Ruggiero, 2000 ) suggests that social connection may be a major motivator of social media use, those who use social media for connection may also experience social isolation and comparison, which can in turn yield harmful outcomes such as loneliness and self-negativity (Primack et al., 2017 ). Comprehensive reviews of the literature documented the negative associations between social media use and various measures of psychological well-being (Frost & Rickwood, 2017 ; Verduyn et al., 2017 ). Specifically, across dozens of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, researchers identified a pattern of small to medium positive associations between higher levels of social media use and harmful psychological outcomes (i.e., anxiety, depression, and distorted body image), and negative relationships between levels of social media use and subjective well-being.

These seemingly conflicting findings may be explained by psychosocial variables associated with more passive or active forms of engagement. The association between social media use and well-being appears to vary with the pattern or type of social media use. Some studies suggested that passive patterns of using social media (such as browsing others’ profiles or scrolling through feeds) were associated more consistently with harmful outcomes, whereas active patterns of social media use (such as self-disclosing online, engaging with others, and sharing links) were more consistently related to beneficial outcomes (Frost & Rickwood, 2017 ; Verduyn et al., 2017 ). Other studies suggested that harmful outcomes were associated with more intense patterns of social media use that promote upward social comparison, envy, brooding, and more negative and emotional self-disclosures (which may be more likely when users are only “looking” at others’ lives and not interacting with them), whereas beneficial outcomes were associated with patterns of use that promote perceived social support, social capital, and social connectedness (Frost & Rickwood, 2017 ; for a summary, see Verduyn et al., 2017 ). Marino et al. ( 2018 ) further proposed that “problematic” patterns of use—characterized not only by a high frequency of social media use but also addiction-like symptoms and struggles with self-regulation—led to poor psychological outcomes. These researchers found that psychological distress was significantly higher among young adults across 23 independent samples who exhibited “problematic” patterns of Facebook use.

Groups of Individuals with Distinct Patterns of Social Media Use

Noting the importance of differentiating between types of social media use, a growing number of studies examined psychosocial factors associated with different levels and patterns of use among individuals. For example, Wilson et al. ( 2010 ) examined whether social media use among 201 university students was predicted by their scores on the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory. They found that extroverted and less conscientious students reported significantly greater social media use and addictive inclinations. Another study showed that individuals with greater social comparison tendencies reported greater social media use (Tandoc et al., 2015 ). Additionally, one study demonstrated that negative collective self-esteem was associated with online social compensation among first-year college students—those who felt negatively about their social group used social media to connect with other group members and to feel better about themselves (Barker, 2009 ). As for other psychosocial factors, Caplan ( 2007 ) found that both self-reported loneliness and social anxiety among 343 undergraduate students were significantly associated with a preference for online interactions. In this study, they also found that social anxiety explained more variance in predicting preference for online interactions, which in turn significantly predicted greater problems in keeping up with their school, work, and social engagements. Overall, a wide range of personal characteristics and individual tendencies seem to differentiate individuals’ social media use patterns.

Against this backdrop, researchers have employed statistical analyses to identify different clusters of internet and social media use behaviors and examine whether certain patterns are associated with greater benefits or harms. For example, Eynon and Malmberg ( 2011 ) conducted Latent Profile Analysis on 1069 children and teenagers in the United Kingdom (ages 8-19) and found that, based on internet use, individuals clustered into peripheral, normative, and all-rounder/active participator groups. Using a latent segmentation approach, Alarcón-del-Amo et al. ( 2011 ) found four groups (introvert, novel, versatile, and expert-communicator) that differed in the frequency of social media use among 399 internet users (ages 16-74). Both studies found nuanced patterns of social media use that seem to be distinguished by the activities performed on social media and frequency of use. While these patterns are informative in understanding different themes of social media behaviors, they do not account for the purpose or motivation behind these behaviors that could further provide greater nuance in profiling social media use.

Beyond the level of use, other studies have examined contextual patterns of use or patterns in relation to psychological outcomes. For example, Bányai et al. ( 2017 ) used Latent Profile Analysis on data from 5961 adolescents in Europe regarding their social media addiction and found that about 4.5% were at risk for social media addiction, while 17.2% and 78.3% were at low- and no-risk, respectively. Using a similar methodology, Kurek et al. ( 2017 ) found four clusters of information and communication technology use among 933 adolescents: average use, elevated use (of all forms of technology), high video game-low social media use, and high social media and internet use. As expected, they found that adolescents in the elevated and high video game groups reported poorer identity such as false self-perception and lower self-image satisfaction, compared with the average use group. Kurek et al. ( 2017 ) also found significant relationships between the elevated and the high social media/internet use groups and self-reported problem behaviors (e.g., with friends), relative to the average group. Using a similar approach, Ilakkuvan et al. ( 2019 ) conducted a Latent Profile Analysis with 1062 young adults who used social media and found five classes: low users (lower use of social media compared to full sample), high users (higher use of social media compared to full sample), professional users (high use of professional social media such as Linkedin, low use of creative social media such as Vine), creative users (high use of vine and Tumblr, low use of Linkedin), and mainstream users (high use of Facebook and YouTube, and average use of other social media). Compared to high users, creative users had higher odds of using substances and lower odds of depressive symptoms, mainstream users had higher odds of using substances socially (alcohol and hookah), professional users had higher odds of using alcohol, cigarettes, and cigars, and low users had higher odds of using other drugs (e.g., cocaine and heroin). Altogether, findings in these studies suggested that certain patterns of use may be more likely to be associated with harmful outcomes.

The Present Study

Based on our review, we aimed to fill two gaps in the literature. First, whereas most studies have examined social media use patterns based on the frequency of use of different social media platforms (e.g., Fardouly & Vartanian, 2015 ; Manago et al., 2015 ), we developed and employed more comprehensive social media use items differentiating patterns of use by frequency and purpose (e.g., staying connected with friends and family; networking; meeting new people; expressing ideas). Building on the Uses and Gratifications Theory (Katz et al., 1973 ; Ruggiero, 2000 ), this approach allows for a reflection of the driving forces behind certain social media activities and provides context for explaining the profiles that emerge from our study. Secondly, while most studies have focused on the psychological harms in relation to patterns of social media use, we also tested different social media patterns in relation to psychological benefits . As reviewed above and based on the Uses and Gratifications Theory that suggests motivation for social media use to fulfill social needs (Katz et al., 1973 ; Ruggiero, 2000 ), social media use presents a plethora of potential benefits in terms of social connectedness, online support, life satisfaction, and the development of one’s identity and sense of self. Therefore, we believe it is equally important to understand, promote, and capitalize on these beneficial outcomes.

We conducted Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) to uncover different types of social media users among emerging adults based on items regarding purposes of social media use. We then examined whether there may be significant differences among the groups regarding the benefits and harms associated with social media use. Beneficial outcomes include factors such as perceived social media-related benefits, satisfaction with life, social connectedness, and a sense of meaning in life. Harmful outcomes include factors that indicate poorer psychological well-being, such as social media-related stress, problematic social media use, and lack of social comfort on social media. Our hypotheses on these associations were contingent on the different profiles that emerged from our sample. However, based on previous research on adolescents and adults, we hypothesized that there would be higher levels of both harmful and beneficial outcomes associated with more active users, while the reverse may be true for passive users.

Participants and Procedure

The study received Institutional Review Board approval (#316599-15). Data for the current study was drawn from archival data consisting of 2828 undergraduates (mean age = 18.3 years; age range: 17 to 25 years) who were newly entering a large Mid-Atlantic public university. The data were collected as part of an incoming student survey administered in August of 2018. We arrived at the sample size of 2828 from the original 4321 by removing cases who failed both attention-check questions (one appearing halfway and one at the end of the survey), indicated that they do not use social media, reported ages older than 25, and were missing data on the primary study variables. Because the LPA analysis strategy requires large sample sizes (Nylund-Gibson & Choi, 2018 ), we maximized the sample size possible.

Participants identified racially/ethnically as White (55.3%), Asian/Asian American (21.8%), Black/African American (6.9%), Chicano/Hispanic/Latino/a (4.2%), Middle Eastern/North African (1.6%), and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (0.1%). One in 10 (10%) identified as bi- or multi-racial, selecting more than one of these racial backgrounds. Over half identified as female (53.1%), and 46% as male, while 0.9% identified as transgender, gender non-conforming, or having a different gender identity.

Social Media Use

We developed items to capture students’ frequency and type of social media use. First, we asked students to rank-order social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, Tumblr, Twitter, and Other—please specify) based on how much they used these social media platforms. Second, we asked students to identify their frequency of use of social media across all of these platforms, on a 1 ( never ) to 5 ( very often ) scale, for each of the 16 different purposes represented by the following categories: social connection (e.g., “staying connected with friends and family”), support and help (e.g., “seeking advice, help, or support from others”), tangible benefits (e.g., “getting income”), entertainment (e.g., following sports/fitness), and casual use (e.g., “passing time without a particular purpose;” see Fig.  1 for all 16 purposes). Third, we asked students on a scale of 1 ( never ) to 10 ( all the time ) how often they: a) “Check your social media account(s)”, b) “Actively use your social media account(s) (e.g., posting status updates, sharing links, reacting and commenting on friends’ walls, or sending messages),” and c) “Passively use your social media account(s) (e.g., scrolling through your newsfeed, looking at friends’ pages, pictures, and status updates).” We then (a) examined the total number of distinct social media platforms they engaged with and the order of the platforms based on the frequency of use, (b) calculated the average frequency for each of the 16 purposes of social media use items, and (c) calculated a mean score for their overall, active, and passive social media use.

Plot of mean responses to 16 Purpose of Use variables, overall and by class

Benefits of Social Media Use

One-item social media benefits.

We developed a stand-alone item asking students to rate their agreement to the statement “I get the benefit, support, and help I need from social media.” Students indicated their response on a six-point Likert-type scale (1 =  “strongly disagree” to 6 =  “strongly agree” ).

Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener et al., 1985 )

This measure has five items presenting statements that respondents are invited to agree or disagree with (on a 7-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 = “ strongly disagree” to “ strongly agree” ). Example items include “In most ways my life is close to my ideal” and “I am satisfied with my life.” Scores on each item are averaged to produce an overall score, with higher scores indicating higher life satisfaction. It shows convergent validity with other measures of subjective well-being across two samples (Diener et al., 1985 ), such as other measures of life satisfaction ( r  = .62 to .66), single-item measures of life satisfaction as a whole ( r  = .62 to .68), semantic-differential measurements of present life ( r  = .59 to.75), and affect balance including relationships with positive affect ( r  = .50 to .51) and negative affect ( r  = −.32 to −.37). Additionally, in their review of the literature, Diener et al. ( 2013 ) reported a relationship between satisfaction with life scales, including the SWLS, and non-self-report measures of life satisfaction, such as ratings made by trained raters based on interviews conducted with the participants (Diener et al., 2013 ). Reliability estimates in past studies have been reported to be.80 or higher (Diener et al., 2013 ). For our sample, α = .87.

Social Connectedness Scale – Revised 15 Item Version (SC-15; Lee et al., 2008 )

This scale measures individuals’ sense of belonging to and being in connection with their social world. It was shortened from the 20-item Social Connectedness Scale-Revised (SCS; Lee et al., 2001 ) to remove items cross-loading across social connectedness and extraversion. Respondents are asked to rate their agreement to statements such as “I am able to relate to my peers” and “Even around people I know, I don’t feel that I really belong” (reverse scored) on a scale from 1 (“strongly disagree”) to 6 (“strongly agree”). Both versions of the scale have convergent validity and are significantly correlated with—but conceptually distinct from—extraversion; r  = .62 ( p  < .01) for the 20-item version and r  = .55 ( p  < .01) for the 15-item version (Lee et al., 2008 ). Additionally, Lee et al. ( 2008 ) found the SC-15 to be significantly correlated with life satisfaction ( r  = .50, p  < .01), affect balance ( r  = .52, p  < .01), positive affect ( r  = .40, p  < .01), and negative affect ( r  = −.41, p  < .01). They also reported good reliability in a general college sample (α = .93). For our sample, α = .94.

Meaning in Life Measure (MILM; Hill et al., 2018 )

This 8-item measure has two subscales, assessing agreement on a 1 (“ extremely disagree ”) to 9 (“ extremely agree ”) scale with items related to Experience of meaning in life (e.g., “I have something I want to accomplish in my life”) and Reflectivity about meaning in life (e.g., “There are times in my life when I think about what it all means”). Hill et al. ( 2018 ) found the measure to have good construct and concurrent validity, showing positive relationships with other measures of meaning in life ( r  = .69, p  < .001), subjective well-being ( r  = .56-.67, p  < .001), extraversion ( r  = .26, p  < .001), agreeableness ( r  = .42, p  < .001), conscientiousness ( r  = .35, p  < .001), and openness ( r  = .36, p  < .001). Hill and colleagues also reported high test-retest reliability, and good internal consistency across the total scale (α = .85) and each of the subscales (α = .82 for Experience and α = .86 for Reflectivity). For our sample, α = .87 for the full scale, α = .79 for the Experience subscale, and α = .88 for the Reflectivity subscale.

Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ-Search; Steger et al., 2006 )

This measure contains 10 items assessing perceived meaning in life across two subscales: Presence and Search. For this study, we used the five-item Search subscale, which asks participants to rate a series of statements (e.g., “I am always looking for something that makes my life feel meaningful”) on a scale of 1 (absolutely untrue) to 10 (absolutely true). The “Presence” subscale overlaps with the “Experience” subscale in the MILM, and therefore was not included in the survey. Steger and colleagues reported good convergent validity for the Search subscale, showing significant correlations with fear ( r  = .25, p  < .005), shame ( r  = .19, p  < .05), sadness ( r  = .26, p  < .005), neuroticism ( r  = .20, p  < .05), and depression ( r  = .36, p  < .005). They also reported good test-retest reliability and high internal consistency of the Search subscale (α = .87) in their undergraduate student samples. For our sample, α = .94.

Harms of Social Media Use

One-item social media stress.

We developed a stand-alone item asking students to rate their agreement to the statement “social media brings additional stress to my life.” Students indicated their response on a six-point Likert-type scale (1 = “strongly disagree” to 6 = “strongly agree”).

Emotional Thermometers (Mitchell, 2007 ; Mitchell et al., 2010 )

This measure asked participants to indicate their level of depression, distress, anxiety, and anger on visual thermometers with “temperature” levels ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 = “none” and 10 = “extreme.” Participants marked the number that best described how much emotional upset they had been experiencing in the week prior to taking the survey, including the day they completed the survey. The thermometers have been validated against other diagnostic measures in a clinical sample and found to have adequate specificity and sensitivity. Specifically, Mitchell ( 2007 ) reported in a meta-analysis the pooled sensitivity (77%) and specificity (66%) of the Distress thermometer against various validated measures in ten different studies. Additionally, Mitchell and colleageus (Mitchell et al., 2010 ) reported that as compared to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) total score (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983 ), the Anger thermometer was optimal with 61% sensitivity and 92% specificity. As compared to the HADS anxiety scale, the Anxiety thermometer was optimal with 92% sensitivity and 61% specificity. As compared to the HADS depression scale (60% sensitivity and 78% specificity) and the DSM-IV screening for major depression (80% sensitivity and 79% specificity), the Depression thermometer was optimal.

Three Item Loneliness Scale (Hughes et al., 2004 )

This measure was developed as a shortened form of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (R-UCLA; Russell et al., 1980 ) suitable for inclusion in longer surveys. The three items assess how often respondents lack companionship, feel left out, and feel isolated, measured on a 3-point Likert-type scale (1 = “hardly ever” to 3 = “often”). The average score across the three items is calculated, with higher scores indicating greater loneliness. Hughes et al. ( 2004 ) reported that the scale had acceptable internal reliability (α = .72) in older adult samples and was highly correlated with scores on the original R-UCLA scale (r = .82, p < .001) and with scores on loneliness-related items in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale (CES-D; Turvey et al., 1999 ), demonstrating convergent validity. For our sample, α = .82.

Problematic Social Media Use

This measure is an adaptation of the short-form of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ-9; Koronczai et al., 2011 ), which was developed from the longer 18-item PIUQ (Demetrovics et al., 2008 ). For the purposes of our study, we changed PIUQ items referring to “the Internet” to refer to “social media.” Respondents were asked to indicate on a scale from 1 (“never”) to 5 (“always”) how frequently they engaged in problematic behaviors on three subscales: Obsession (e.g., “How often do you feel tense, irritated, or stressed if you cannot be on social media for as long as you want to?”), Neglect (e.g., “How often do you neglect household chores to spend more time on social media?”) or Lack of Control (e.g., “How often does it happen to you that you wish to decrease the amount of time spent on social media but you do not succeed?”).

In initially developing the scale through testing with an online community sample of young adults, Demetrovics et al. ( 2008 ) reported acceptable/good internal consistency across the three subscales (α ranging from .74 to .87), and high test-retest reliability (r = .903, p < .001). For the briefer version, Koronczai et al. ( 2011 ) reported good whole-scale reliability in both adolescent (α = .87) and adult (α = .84) samples. Neither scale has been clinically validated for the diagnosis of internet addiction, although Demetrovics et al. ( 2008 ) found that higher PIUQ scores were positively associated with other addictive behaviors, such as the use of slots ( F  = .131, p  = .011) and other gaming machines ( F  = 4.501, p  = .025). They also provided support for the validity of the PIUQ as a tool for assessing patterns of use by collecting corresponding data on participants’ internet habits and demographic data. For our sample, α = .86.

Online Cognition Scale-Social Comfort Subscale (Davis et al., 2004 )

The Online Cognition Scale is a 36-item questionnaire designed to measure problematic Internet use. The full OCS has four subscales (Loneliness/depression, Lack of Impulse Control, Social Comfort, and Distraction). We used only the 13-item Social Comfort subscale for this study, replacing the reference to “online” with reference to “on social media.” Higher Social Comfort is regarded in this study as a further indicator of problematic social media use. Respondents rate their agreement on a 1 (“Strongly disagree”) to 7 (“Strongly agree”) scale for items such as “I say or do things on social media that I could never do in person” and “I wish my friends and family knew how people regard me on social media,” from which an average Social Comfort score is calculated. Davis et al. ( 2004 ) reported that the Social Comfort subscale showed (a) convergent validity with related measures of rejection sensitivity ( r  = .41, p  < .001), procrastination ( r  = .23, p  < .001), loneliness ( r  = .37, p  < .001), and feelings of competency online ( r  = .62, p  < .001), and (b) good reliability (α = .87) in their sample of undergraduate students. For our sample, α = .86.

Our overall aims were to understand the distinct class profiles of social media use among college students based on the purpose of use, and to quantify how these profiles were associated with beneficial and harmful outcomes. We used LPA, which serves as a person-centered statistical tool. LPA was conducted with Mplus version 8.2 using estimation of robust standard errors to account for non-normality. Akaike (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) were assessed to select the best-fitting class solution. Lower values of AIC and BIC by at least 10 units suggest an empirically significant better fit. In conjunction, entropy values and significance tests of the Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted Likelihood Ratio Test (aLRT) were examined to support empirical identification of a best fitting class solution. Higher entropy values indicate a greater distinction of classes within a solution and a significant LRT indicates that an n number of classes is significantly better than an n-1 model. Interpretability of the fit was also based on significant class membership probabilities. Solutions with class membership probabilities less than 5% were not considered.

Based on the 16 items indicating the purposes of social media use, one to five-class solutions were considered. Model fit comparisons, parsimony, and class membership probabilities were all considered in selecting the best-fitting class solution. Table  1 presents the sequential class solutions. The three-class solution was identified as the best-fitting class solution, primarily using the aLRT tests. Both the AIC and BIC sequentially decreased from one to four-class solutions, and increased in the five-class model, but the aLRT test was not significant for the four-class model. This indicated that the four-class solution did not significantly fit the data better than the three-class model, and that a fourth cluster did not necessarily represent a meaningful class beyond a three-class solution. The entropy for the three-class solution was 0.79, indicating that there was a meaningful distinction between the classes. All class membership probabilities were greater than 5%, with the smallest class representing 25.3% of the sample.

Sequential class solutions for latent profile analysis

LL Log Likelihood, AIC Akaike Information Criteria, BIC Bayesian

Information Criteria, aBIC Adjusted Bayesian Information Criteria, aLRT

Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted Likelihood Ratio Test

We examined the following results to develop appropriate labels for each class: (a) summary statistics across each profile for each of the 16 purposes of the social media use variable, (b) the number of platforms the respondents used, and (c) the frequency of social media use. The three profiles varied in the level of engagement in each of the social media activities. Figure  1 displays the overall mean responses as well as the means by class across the 16 social media use purposes. Table  2 includes the frequencies of checking social media in general, as well as active and passive use, among the full sample and three groups.

Means and standard deviations of the types of social media use

*Items were rated on a scale of 1 ( never ) to 10 ( all the time )

Uses of Social Media

Overall, the participants primarily (i.e., “ sometimes ” to “ very ofte n” on a scale of 1 = “ never ” to 5 = “ very often” ) used social media for nine purposes: entertainment, passing time without a particular purpose, browsing, staying connected with friends and family members, sharing good or interesting things with friends, casually looking at what other people are doing or posting about, seeking information, keeping up with trends, and following sports/fitness (see Fig. ​ Fig.1). 1 ). On average, the participants used three to four social media platforms (μ = 3.73, SD = 1.24). On a scale of 1 (“ never” ) to 10 (“ all the time” ), on average, participants checked their social media accounts between several times a day and once an hour (μ = 7.50, SD = 1.64), actively updated their social media accounts between once a week and several times a week (μ = 4.92, SD = 2.44), and passively used social media between several times a day and once an hour (μ = 7.26, SD = 1.89).

Types of Users

When looking at the characteristics of the three-class profiles, an “Active User” group emerged, which represented 32.4% of the sample. Students in this group primarily (at least “sometimes”) used social media platforms for all but three (i.e., seeking advice, venting, and getting income) of the 16 purposes and used them at a higher frequency for these reasons, compared to Average and Passive Users (see Fig. ​ Fig.1). 1 ). On average, students in this group used more than four different social media platforms—the only group to do so. The “Active Users” checked social media more frequently than the other two groups – between once an hour and several times an hour (μ = 8.32, SD = 1.34) and actively engaged with social media about once a day (μ = 6.00, SD = 2.40), while also passively using social media between once an hour and several times an hour (μ = 8.18, SD = 1.64). In sum, Active Users used more social media outlets for more varying purposes and visited these platforms more frequently than Average and Passive Users (see Table ​ Table1 1 ).

The second group that emerged was the “Passive Users” group. This group represented 25.3% of the study sample, and primarily used social media for five purposes: to be entertained, pass time, browse, stay connected with friends/family, and casually looking at what other people are doing or posting about. It is important to note that Passive Users used social media for these purposes at frequency levels that were much lower than the overall study sample. They used around 3 different social media platforms (μ = 3.08, SD = 1.26). Students in this group checked social media less frequently than the other two groups – between once a day and several times a day (μ = 6.53, SD = 1.92), actively used social media less frequently – between several times a month to once a week (μ = 3.50, SD = 2.16), and passively used social media less frequently – between once a day to several times a day (μ = 6.29, SD = 2.17).

Lastly, an “Average User” group emerged between the Active Users and Passive Users. This group represented 42.4% of the sample, making it the largest group. This group primarily used social media for nine purposes (all purposes, except for networking, meeting new people, expressing ideas, venting, seeking advice, getting income, and help with school). They reported using between three and four social media platforms (μ = 3.79, SD = 1.15). Overall, Average Users’ patterns of use are less frequent than Active Users’ and more frequent than Passive Users’. They checked social media several times a day to once an hour (μ = 7.44, SD = 1.33), actively used social media close to several times a week (μ = 4.94, SD = 2.19), and passively used social media between several times a day to once an hour (μ = 7.14, SD = 1.53).

Social Media Use Profile Membership and Psychosocial Outcomes

Once we identified the most appropriate number of class profiles, we used categorical regressions to build models to investigate the relationship between class (the independent variable) and each of the “benefits” and “harms” outcome variables, using the Average Users as the reference group. This allows examination of whether the Active and Passive Users generally scored significantly higher or lower in the outcome variables in relation to Average Users. The “benefits” outcome variables were: perceived social media benefits, life satisfaction, and social connectedness, as well as experience, reflection, and search for the meaning of life. The “harms” outcome variables were: perceived social media stress, distress, anxiety, anger, depression, loneliness, problematic social media use, and social comfort on social media. We used RStudio version 1.1.463 to conduct the categorical regression analyses. To avoid the risk of Type I error in interpreting the regression results, we adopted a conservative alpha of 0.01 to determine significance.

Compared to the Average Users, on average, Active Users had significantly higher levels of all beneficial outcomes, except for satisfaction with life, and higher levels of all the harmful outcomes listed, except for distress and loneliness. Relative to the Average Users, on average, Passive Users reported significantly lower levels of beneficial outcomes on two measures (perceived social media benefits and social connectedness), and lower levels of harmful outcomes on three measures (lower levels of social media stress, problematic social media use, social comfort on social media). Tables  3 and ​ and4 4 show the complete results of the categorical regression models.

Categorical regression coefficients of “Beneficial” psychosocial outcomes

Referent group is Average Users

Categorical regression coefficients of “Harmful” psychosocial outcomes

The current study examined the social media use patterns among emerging adults (18-25) based on their frequency of social media use for different purposes. As with previous studies that found multiple groups of distinct use (e.g., Bányai et al., 2017 ; Ilakkuvan et al., 2019 ; Kurek et al., 2017 ), we found three unique profiles of individuals who used social media for different purposes: Active, Passive, and Average Users. We also found associations between these profiles and beneficial/harmful psychosocial outcomes. Notably, our study appears to be the first to examine differences in perceived benefits and harms associated with social media use profiles among emerging adults. These associations provide important nuances to understanding how individuals with varying purposes and levels of social media use may reap benefits, while also incurring some psychological costs.

One major trend observed in our findings is that regardless of which profile of social media use individuals fit within, it appeared that students who participated in our study experienced a combination of both beneficial and harmful outcomes associated with social media use. There was no one particular profile that experienced only beneficial or only harmful outcomes. As expected, the Active Users reported significantly higher benefits (except for satisfaction with life) and more harmful psychosocial outcomes (except for distress and loneliness) than the Average Users. The results explain the “double-edged sword” effect of social media, in which the benefits reaped by the Active Users came with psychological costs. In line with previous literature (e.g., Bányai et al., 2017 ), the Active profile resembled an “at-risk” group for experiencing harmful outcomes. However, our findings on the perceived benefits provided additional insight: perhaps the motive for individuals in this group to continue to actively engage in social media may be from the high level of benefits and sense of connectedness they gained from it, although they also suffered and faced stress from social media use.

Whereas most previous studies on social media use patterns found that passive users were usually associated with harmful outcomes (Frost & Rickwood, 2017 ; Verduyn et al., 2017 ), we found nuanced context to understand their experiences by exploring both beneficial and harmful outcomes among emerging adults. As with the Active Users, the Passive Users also reported beneficial and harmful outcomes associated with social media use, but this group appeared to experience significantly lower levels of both sets of outcomes than the Average Users. These individuals reported significantly lower social media stress, problematic social media use, and social comfort on social media. Thus, one might speculate that this group resembles a “low-risk” group. However, our findings also suggest that they experienced fewer benefits associated with social media use—such as lower social connectedness. It appears that Passive Users may experience fewer harmful psychological outcomes, but they may be “missing out” on potential benefits that may be helpful in building relationships and networks.

Of note, meaning in life was a potential outcome of social media use in our study. Despite social media’s potential for facilitating a search for meaning in life (Thomas & Briggs, 2016 ), no studies have directly examined this process. Given the plethora of information available and the different types of social connections that can be made on social media, it is reasonable to anticipate that individuals may develop greater insight into their meaning in life or use social media to search for meaning. In fact, we found that the Active Users scored significantly higher on the presence of, reflection on, and search for meaning when compared to Average Users. No previous research appeared to connect meaning in life with social media use, but we can speculate as to why this pattern of results emerged. In line with the Uses and Gratifications Theory (Ruggiero, 2000 ), it is possible that Active Users were more likely to frequently seek information or to form social connections that helped with the development of their own meaning in life. Indeed, Active Users reported the most social connectedness among the three groups. Active Users may depend heavily on online relationships within which they formed their insights about their meaning in life in relation to others in the world. Collectively, our results provide evidence of nuanced processes of social media use that may contribute to emerging adults’ meaning in life and well-being.

Limitations

We acknowledged that there are several limitations to our study. First, our results were based on a college sample from a university in the Mid-Atlantic region and thus we are not able to generalize our findings to college students in other geographical regions and to non-college populations. Second, although we developed new items that reflect purposes of social media use across multiple domains of use (e.g., social network, information seeking, entertainment), participants may have used social media for other purposes that were not captured in the current set of items. Furthermore, future research would need to examine the psychometric validity of these measures and test to see if our findings may be replicated. Third, given the self-report nature of these items (as well as our outcome measures), we may have captured more subjective, rather than objective, experiences of social media use and its relation to harms and benefits. Therefore, responses may have been subject to self-perception and recall bias. Lastly, causal relations between the variables of interest may not be inferred from our cross-sectional research design.

Implications for Practice

Despite these limitations, we believe our approach and results have important implications for future practice and research. First, the social media use items we developed and the profile types we identified showed potential as a tool for clinicians and other mental health professionals. Because the current study drew data from a single cross-sectional university student sample, future studies can further validate the social media use items with diverse populations so that it can be used as a tool to assess different dimensions of maladaptive social media use. The three profiles may be used to conceptualize people’s patterns of social media use and identify related psychological risks and protective factors. Second, to date, most studies on social media use patterns have examined primarily harmful outcomes. The most salient contribution of our study is that we examined the benefits as well as the costs associated with social media use. This enabled us to identify a “double-edged sword” effect of experiencing both harms and benefits, which has important implications. Our results suggest that while Active Users experienced “costs” from their social media use, they also perceived that they were benefiting from their social media use, which may have motivated them to actively use social media more. It is important for clinicians, educators, and other professionals to understand these perceived benefits, while being wary of the harmful effects of problematic or frequent social media use.

Implications for Future Research

For future research, we believe it is important to examine the mechanisms for social media harms and benefits, and to test potential interventions to minimize the harms, while maintaining or enhancing the benefits. Additionally, it would be important to conduct research on approaches that can promote the benefits more effectively, especially among Passive Users that seem to be “missing out” on the benefits of social media use, while also helping Active Users to understand the concurring costs of social media. Moreover, future studies should consider predictors of the different patterns of social media use. Although we have identified three descriptive clusters of social media use, we are limited in what we can say about the factors that lead to such patterns. Many factors may differentiate adults’ social media use, including individual differences (e.g., personality differences), group factors (e.g., collective self-esteem, group social identity), and offline social contextual variables such as relationship satisfaction and sense of belongingness. For example, it would be important for future researchers to assess how the benefits and harms fof social media use may be contextualized among underrepresented and marginalized youth and emerging adults (e.g., racial minority individuals, LGBTQ individuals). As Dari et al. ( 2021 ) suggested, community-based participatory research could be used to explore ecologically valid and relevant lived experiences of social media use that can inform how the harms may involve experiences such as online racism (Keum & Miller, 2017 , 2018 ) and benefits can include culturally-relevant social support networks (Keum, 2017 ). Another opportunity for future research would be to examine differences in psychosocial outcomes based on social media platforms. There is evidence from social media marketing research that social media users may engage with social media platforms differently, which could lead to different psychosocial outcomes (Goodrich & de Mooij, 2013 ). In addition to quantitative methods, researchers can consider innovative qualitative approaches such as the Online Photovoice method which gives participants opportunities to express their own lived experiences online with as little bias and influence from the researchers (Tanhan & Strack, 2020 ). Finally, our data were collected prior to the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is unclear how the reliance on internet connections during the pandemic may have influenced young adults’ social media use and its relationship with psychosocial well-being. The interaction between COVID-19-related psychosocial implications and social media use would need to be studied.

In conclusion, with the ever-growing presence and influence of social media on the day-to-day lives of emerging adults, who are going through a critical developmental stage, it is crucial that the full extent of the effects on users’ psychological and overall well-being are thoroughly investigated and understood. The knowledge base that our study has added can inform educational and other interventions aiming to optimize the benefits and minimize the harms associated with social media, and help emerging adults navigate the right balance in this digital world.

Acknowledgements

Portions of the research findings were presented at the 2020 American Psychological Association Annual Meeting.

Authors’ Contribution

Brian TaeHyuk Keum: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project Administration.

Yu-Wei Wang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.

Julia Callaway: Software, Validation, Formal analyses, Writing – review & editing, Visualization.

Israel Abebe: Validation, Formal analyses, Writing – review & editing.

Tiana Cruz: Investigation, Data Curation, Writing – review & editing.

Seini O’Connor: Writing – review & editing, Visualization.

Data Availability

Code availability, declarations.

The study received Institutional Review Board approval (#316599-15).

All participants were provided informed consent and consented to participated in the study.

All participants were provided informed consent that data will be used for publication.

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Just How Harmful Is Social Media? Our Experts Weigh-In.

A recent investigation by the Wall Street Journal revealed that Facebook was aware of mental health risks linked to the use of its Instagram app but kept those findings secret. Internal research by the social media giant found that Instagram worsened body image issues for one in three teenage girls, and all teenage users of the app linked it to experiences of anxiety and depression. It isn’t the first evidence of social media’s harms. Watchdog groups have identified Facebook and Instagram as avenues for cyberbullying , and reports have linked TikTok to dangerous and antisocial behavior, including a recent spate of school vandalism .

As social media has proliferated worldwide—Facebook has 2.85 billion users—so too have concerns over how the platforms are affecting individual and collective wellbeing. Social media is criticized for being addictive by design and for its role in the spread of misinformation on critical issues from vaccine safety to election integrity, as well as the rise of right-wing extremism. Social media companies, and many users, defend the platforms as avenues for promoting creativity and community-building. And some research has pushed back against the idea that social media raises the risk for depression in teens . So just how healthy or unhealthy is social media?

Two experts from Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health and Columbia Psychiatry share their insights into one crucial aspect of social media’s influence—its effect on the mental health of young people and adults. Deborah Glasofer , associate professor of psychology in psychiatry, conducts psychotherapy development research for adults with eating disorders and teaches about cognitive behavioral therapy. She is the co-author of the book Eating Disorders: What Everyone Needs to Know. Claude Mellins , Professor of medical psychology in the Departments of Psychiatry and Sociomedical Sciences, studies wellbeing among college and graduate students, among other topics, and serves as program director of CopeColumbia, a peer support program for Columbia faculty and staff whose mental health has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. She co-led the SHIFT research study to reduce sexual violence among undergraduates. Both use social media.

What do we know about the mental health risks of social media use?

Mellins : Facebook and Instagram and other social media platforms are important sources of socialization and relationship-building for many young people. Although there are important benefits, social media can also provide platforms for bullying and exclusion, unrealistic expectations about body image and sources of popularity, normalization of risk-taking behaviors, and can be detrimental to mental health. Girls and young people who identify as sexual and gender minorities can be especially vulnerable as targets. Young people’s brains are still developing, and as individuals, young people are developing their own identities. What they see on social media can define what is expected in ways that is not accurate and that can be destructive to identity development and self-image. Adolescence is a time of risk-taking, which is both a strength and a vulnerability. Social media can exacerbate risks, as we have seen played out in the news. 

Although there are important benefits, social media can also provide platforms for bullying and exclusion, unrealistic expectations about body image and sources of popularity, normalization of risk-taking behaviors, and can be detrimental to mental health. – Claude Mellins

Glasofer : For those vulnerable to developing an eating disorder, social media may be especially unhelpful because it allows people to easily compare their appearance to their friends, to celebrities, even older images of themselves. Research tells us that how much someone engages with photo-related activities like posting and sharing photos on Facebook or Instagram is associated with less body acceptance and more obsessing about appearance. For adolescent girls in particular, the more time they spend on social media directly relates to how much they absorb the idea that being thin is ideal, are driven to try to become thin, and/or overly scrutinize their own bodies. Also, if someone is vulnerable to an eating disorder, they may be especially attracted to seeking out unhelpful information—which is all too easy to find on social media.

Are there any upsides to social media?

Mellins : For young people, social media provides a platform to help them figure out who they are. For very shy or introverted young people, it can be a way to meet others with similar interests. During the pandemic, social media made it possible for people to connect in ways when in-person socialization was not possible.  Social support and socializing are critical influences on coping and resilience. Friends we couldn’t see in person were available online and allowed us important points of connection. On the other hand, fewer opportunities for in-person interactions with friends and family meant less of a real-world check on some of the negative influences of social media.

Whether it’s social media or in person, a good peer group makes the difference. A group of friends that connects over shared interests like art or music, and is balanced in their outlook on eating and appearance, is a positive. – Deborah Glasofer

Glasofer : Whether it’s social media or in person, a good peer group makes the difference. A group of friends that connects over shared interests like art or music, and is balanced in their outlook on eating and appearance, is a positive. In fact, a good peer group online may be protective against negative in-person influences. For those with a history of eating disorders, there are body-positive and recovery groups on social media. Some people find these groups to be supportive; for others, it’s more beneficial to move on and pursue other interests.

Is there a healthy way to be on social media?

Mellins : If you feel social media is a negative experience, you might need a break. Disengaging with social media permanently is more difficult­—especially for young people. These platforms are powerful tools for connecting and staying up-to-date with friends and family. Social events, too. If you’re not on social media then you’re reliant on your friends to reach out to you personally, which doesn’t always happen. It’s complicated.

Glasofer : When you find yourself feeling badly about yourself in relation to what other people are posting about themselves, then social media is not doing you any favors. If there is anything on social media that is negatively affecting your actions or your choices­—for example, if you’re starting to eat restrictively or exercise excessively—then it’s time to reassess. Parents should check-in with their kids about their lives on social media. In general, I recommend limiting social media— creating boundaries that are reasonable and work for you—so you can be present with people in your life. I also recommend social media vacations. It’s good to take the time to notice the difference between the virtual world and the real world.

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Argumentative Essay on Social Media

Today our world is full of a whole lot of opinionated people. Everyone loves to share what they think about almost any topic. Whether the topic is very important or completely irrelevant. Although everyone has opinions on things that are somewhat unimportant, some topics are worth discussing our opinions on. One of which that most definitely has some of the most diverse opinions on is social media. Many people think that social media is distracting, negative, and harmful, while others think it is one of the best things that has ever happened and are addicted to it. Some people love to scroll through Instagram or talk to people on Snapchat; However, they still think that the majority of the time social media is much more harmful than helpful. While Social media can provide a place to catch up with friends and things going on in the world, it also has the ability to completely tear lives apart and in some cases lead to depression or anxiety. People with social media should limit their time on these apps or even in some cases, delete the apps altogether due to the negative effects and all of the drama. 

How It Really Is

In contrast to what some people think, Social media is far more harmful than helpful. There are numerous reasons as to why social media is harmful, to start with, there is entirely too much drama and false information that spreads quickly all over social media apps. As a result of this, a whole lot of people are substantially more unhappy with themselves and with their lives. In some cases, social media is even likely to encourage people to do things they should not do and will regret later on in their lives. 

One example of this could be whenever somebody is bullying someone through Instagram and the pressure of being like everyone else could possibly make someone go along with it just because everyone else is doing it. Although a great deal of people claim they would never bully anyone, it is surprising how quickly social media can change a person and cause them to do things they wouldn’t expect to ever do. In the article “Social media websites can harm and help kids” by Nanci Hellmich, she states that “Facebook and other social media websites can enrich children’s lives, but they could also be hazardous to their mental and physical health” (Hellmich). 

This statement is completely agreeable because at first social media can be fun, but eventually it can become addictive and affect people negatively without them even realizing it. In quite a few instances, social media gets so awful to the point where people should delete it, however, it can be remarkably addicting, so people want to stay on it just to continue to see the drama and negative things happening instead of simply deleting the apps.

Not only does social media cause unhappiness and even depression in some cases, it can also be extremely distracting. For many people, social media is the most distracting out of everything in their lives. Not only does it prevent several important things, like doing chores or homework, it can even prevent spending time with friends and family, or even getting enough sleep at night. To start out, being on social media is mostly fun, however, the more time spent on it the more it gets to the point of taking over a tremendous part of people's lives. One example of this being a distraction is stated in the article “Social Networking: Helpful or Harmful”, “A lot of my friends and I spend a lot of time on Facebook, and it is often a big distraction from our work.” (Winkler), This is one of the various instances of somebody being distracted by and affected negatively by social media apps. This shows that social media being distracting is a problem many people with the apps face. 

Social media is quite a controversial topic in the world today. Some people believe it truly does have a negative impact on the world, while others may argue that social media is very entertaining and allows an opportunity to maintain connections with friends and family. Reports even say these sites and other technology can be useful to kids for staying in touch, socializing, entertainment, and even doing homework and that they can enhance kids’ creativity and help them develop technical skills (Hellmich). Although technology can be useful in some ways like for homework, it is more common that people will become distracted and end up on some other app while trying to do homework, which can lead to too much time spent online can squeeze out other important activities (Hellmich).

In conclusion, people with social media who believe that it is good for them should look around and see all of the various other ways it negatively affects others. Maybe if people who think social media is good and are not addicted to it start to encourage others to limit their time on the apps, our world today could become somewhat better with the relief of a little less negative effects caused by social media. With social media being as big of a deal as it is in our society, it is obvious that it is in all probability not going to come to an end. Although this will not happen, our society can prevent things like bullying and drama caused by social media by limiting our time on apps such as Instagram, Snapchat, and Twitter. 

Works cited

Hellmich, Nanci. “Social Media Websites Can Help and Harm Kids.” USA Today 

28 March 2011, pg. 1.

Winkler, Travis. “Social Networking: Helpful or Harmful.” The Daily 

Pennsylvania, 17 March 2009, pg. 2.

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The Top 10 Bad Outcomes of Social Media Use, According to Students

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The downsides of social media use are getting a lot of attention in 2024.

The year started with Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg getting grilled in a congressional hearing about the negative impact of social media use on children. The U.S. House passed a bill in March to ban the use of TikTok in the United States, and the Senate is considering a similar measure. And at the end of March, Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis signed one of the country’s most restrictive state social media bans for minors that is scheduled to go into effect in January.

Addressing adolescents’ worsening mental health recently has become a top priority for school, district, state, and federal leaders as young people struggle with record-high rates of depression and anxiety. And much of the conversation around the mental health crisis has centered on young people’s constant use of cellphones and social media.

“Children have been sold this belief that the more [social media] connections they have, the better off they are,” said Lisa Strohman , a clinical psychologist who specializes in technology-overuse issues and is featured in Education Week’s Technology Counts report. [But] their relationships are not deep, they’re not authentic.”

As part of its Technology Counts report, the EdWeek Research Center surveyed 1,056 high school students across the country about a whole host of issues related to social media use. The survey was conducted Feb. 9 through March 4.

One question asked students what negative consequences they had experienced as a result of their social media use. The question gave them 25 possible options to pick from. Here is a look at the top 10 answers:

1.    I believed information I later learned was fake.

2.    i was too tired to do what i needed to do because i didn't get enough sleep., 3.    i have used social media, but i cannot think of any negative outcomes i experienced as a result., 4.    i got in trouble with my parents/family/home., 5.    my self-esteem got worse., 6.    i was bullied., 7.    i embarrassed myself., 8.    i lost a friend or friends., 9.    it made me feel more isolated/alone., 10.    my grades/test scores got worse..

Data analysis for this article was provided by the EdWeek Research Center. Learn more about the center’s work.

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A deposition Elon Musk fought to keep confidential was released. Read the most interesting quotes.

• Elon Musk's deposition from a lawsuit alleging he falsely boosted a conspiracy theory was released.
• Musk's lawyers had attempted to prevent the deposition from being released, HuffPost reported.
• In the deposition, Musk said he might have financially impaired X more than helping it.

A deposition that Elon Musk's lawyer fought to keep from the public eye was released on Monday.

Musk sat for a deposition in March over a lawsuit that alleges the billionaire boosted a conspiracy theory that falsely affiliated 22-year-old Ben Brody with a neo-Nazi group.

Brody filed the lawsuit last fall after Musk promoted posts on his social media site X that falsely identified Brody as a man who had engaged in a brawl at a Pride event that had occurred between the two far-right groups: the Rose City Nationalists and the Proud Boys. The groups had intended to interrupt the LGBTQ+ event.

Last year, Musk responded to a series of posts on X about the incident that appeared to indicate Brody was one of the individuals from a video of the incident.

"Looks like one is a college student (who wants to join the govt) and another is maybe an Antifa member," Must wrote on X . "But nonetheless a probable false flag situation."

Brody is suing for $1 million in damages, accusing Musk of damaging his reputation. The 22-year-old said he was doxxed, harassed, and even forced to flee his home at one point due to the fallout from the posts on social media.

HuffPost was the first to report on the transcript of the deposition, which was released on Monday. A judge denied Musk's lawyer's efforts to mark the transcript as "confidential," the publication reported.

Take a look at some of the most interesting quotes from the two-hour deposition.

Musk says he 'may have done more to financially impair' X than to help it

In the deposition, Bankston asked Musk about a quote from Walter Isaacson's biography of the Tesla CEO.

In the book, Isaacson quotes Musk as saying: "I've shot myself in the foot so often, I ought to buy some Kevlar boots."

Musk said in the deposition that he's "guilty of many self-inflicted wounds."

"I may have done more to financially impair the company than to help it, but I certainly I — I do not guide my posts by what is financially beneficial but what I believe is interesting or important or entertaining to the public," Musk later said in response to a question from Bankston regarding whether he'd used his posts on X to boost the social media company formerly called Twitter.

Since Musk bought Twitter in 2022, the company has reportedly lost many of its biggest advertisers and Musk has faced criticism for some of his posts on the site, including one where he appeared to boost a post promoting the "great replacement" conspiracy theory that is commonly spread by white supremacists.

Fidelity lowered the value of its stake in Musk's social-media company in February — suggesting its valuation of X has dropped 73% since Musk bought the platform for $44 billion.

'One is my main account and the other is baby smoke 9000'

Musk admitted he'd briefly used "test account" on X in 2023, and appeared to say he also posted to an alternate account regularly called "baby smoke 9000," according to the deposition transcript.

It's possible the name of the account is a typo in the transcript, as there is no account listed under the name @babysmoke9000. Musk has, however, been linked to the account @babysmurf9000 in the past, which has reposted Tesla and X news, along with a recent documentary that Musk appeared in.

Motherboard was the first to report on the other suspected account, @ermnmusk, last year after Musk posted a screenshot of his Twitter account. Some users were able to track down the suspected additional account that appeared to be visible in the photo.

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Musk appears to have used the @ermnmusk account to post on X from the perspective of his three-year-old son, also named X.

"I will finally turn 3 on May 4th!" the account posted in April 2023, according to Motherboard.

Musk's son with Grimes, X Æ A-12, was born on May 4.

"I wish I was old enough to go to nightclubs," another tweet from the account in 2023 read, according to Motherboard. "They sound so fun."

Musk said during his deposition that he'd used the alternate account for testing, but it was no longer in use.

"I briefly used this as a test account," Musk said. "There are only two accounts that I use on a regular basis. One is my main account and the other is baby smoke 9,000."

The account @ermnmusk posted on X as recently as Monday under the name "Elon Test."

Sorry guys just turned the Sun off, should be back on now! — Elon Test (@Ermnmusk) April 8, 2024

'I rely upon Community Notes for fact-checking'

The X owner said he doesn't use any of the company's internal tools to verify the legitimacy of a post on the site before he interacts with it. Instead, he posts things with the intent of X's Community Notes feature allowing users to correct inaccuracies.

When asked by the lawyer if he'd tried to look into the information regarding Brody before he boosted posts on X that appeared to reference him, Musk said he hadn't.

"I don't recall securing other information," Musk responded.

"I think I really did this in good faith, because I would not ask for a fact-check which is what I do by adding Community Notes," Musk said, referencing how he had tagged Community Notes in his post.

The feature allows users to add notes to a post on X, but the note is only shown if enough people vote to have the note added and it "requires people who historically have disagreed to agree," Musk told Bankston.

"I rely upon Community Notes for fact-checking," Musk said. "I find it to be the best system on the internet."

' … the real plaintiff is the lawyer seeking money'

Musk also took some digs at the lawyer asking him questions.

When Bankston asked the billionaire if he understood that Brody was suing him, Musk said it was really Brody's lawyer who'd sued him.

"I view many cases, and probably this one too, that the real plaintiff is the lawyer seeking money, like you," Musk said.

Musk said social media attacks rarely have a 'meaningful negative impact' on someone's life

When asked whether he felt his posts involving Brody had negatively impacted the 22-year-old, Musk said he didn't think they had.

"People are attacked all the time in the media, online media, social media, but it is rare that that actually has a meaningful negative impact on their life," Musk said.

Musk and his attorney Alex Spiro did not immediately respond to a request for comment. Bankston declined to comment.

Watch: OPINION: Media activist shares how Musk could change Twitter

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