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Optimization of Solar Grid-Based Virtual Power Plant Using Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model: A Case Study of Indian Power Sector

• Research Article-Electrical Engineering
• Published: 17 July 2021
• Volume 47 , pages 2943–2963, ( 2022 )

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• Harpreet Sharma   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7507-2189 1 &
• Sachin Mishra 1  

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The need for future sustainable energy and better transmission efficiency has advocated the large-scale integration of distributed energy resources (DER) in the utility network. The high penetration of DERs such as solar PV can potentially result in serious issues such as reverse power flow, voltage fluctuations, and utility revenue loss. The concept of a virtual power plant (VPP) can be a possible way to address these challenges through its coordinated operation of aggregated generation and flexible demand. The main goal of this research is to design the VPP model for the 11 kV distribution networks, which assists the utility in flattening its demand profile and permits high integration of grid-connected DER in a secure manner. In this study, the DER generation and load profiles of 11 kV feeders (residential and industrial) are simulated using the DER-CAM model. The results show that peak load on feeders is reduced by 37.25% and 42.78% with DER and combined DER and demand response, respectively. The solar tariff and combined operation of feeders facilitate the effective utilization of excess solar generation and prevent reverse power flow.

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Abbreviations.

• Distributed energy resource

Demand response

Distributed energy resource customer adoption model

• Virtual power plant

Mixed integer nonlinear programming

Punjab State Power Corporation Limited

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Photovoltaic

Hybrid optimization model for multiple energy resources

Supervisory control and data acquisition

Ring main unit

Time of day

Mixed integer linear programming

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Punjab State Power Corporation Limited, India for their support for the conduct of this research.

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See Fig.  9 . Fig. 9 Average solar radiation Full size image

See Table  6 . Table 6 Load characteristic data Full size table

See Figs.  10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , and 15 .

Industrial feeder week profile

Industrial feeder weekend profile

Industrial feeder peak load profile

Residential feeder weekday profile

Residential feeder weekend profile

Residential feeder peak profile

See Table  7 .

See Table  8 .

See Table  9 .

See Figs.  16 , 17 , and 18 .

The peak load dispatch profiles show power import from other nodes (adjacent feeder and utility) and PV

Industrial feeder peak load dispatch

Residential load peak load dispatch

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Sharma, H., Mishra, S. Optimization of Solar Grid-Based Virtual Power Plant Using Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model: A Case Study of Indian Power Sector. Arab J Sci Eng 47 , 2943–2963 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05975-z

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Received : 02 November 2020

Accepted : 05 July 2021

Published : 17 July 2021

Issue Date : March 2022

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05975-z

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Home > Theses > THESES1 > 1259

University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 2017+

Towards a flexible and resilient power grid with distributed energy resources.

Ghulam Mohy ud din , University of Wollongong

Degree Name

Doctor of Philosophy

School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering

Distributed energy resources (DERs) are growing rapidly due to their potential to avoid massive infrastructure transform, state incentivized policies, climate change targets, and customer-centric investment and services. However, this influx of the DERs has changed the power paradigm, and is disrupting the traditional markets and operation models of the power grids. The work reported in this thesis aims to harness flexibility and resilience for the power grid, providing solutions to the challenges involved in the management of the increasing DERs. To achieve these aims, this thesis proposes end-to-end solutions to plan, coordinate, model, monitor, forecast, and ultimately control and dispatch these DERs, optimally across all internal and external systems and stakeholders in the market and power grid operation models while addressing the uncertainties of the DERs, loads and the electricity price.

The thesis provides comprehensive investigations of the potential application and deployment of microgrids (MGs), and virtual power plants (VPPs). Here, the aggregation concept serves as a vehicle for the implementation of coordinated and optimized control decisions employing interconnected and interoperable solutions. The developed strategies and frameworks are implemented through the service-oriented design and control scheme of the MGs, and VPPs to determine the economic and technically feasible solutions in the energy market and power grid operations.

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Mohy ud din, Ghulam, Towards a Flexible and Resilient Power Grid with Distributed Energy Resources, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, 2021. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1/1259

FoR codes (2008)

0906 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Since February 17, 2022

Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong.

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Impact of distributed energy resources on locational marginal prices and electricity networks

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Distributed Optimization in Electric Power Systems: Partitioning, Communications, and Synchronization

To integrate large volumes of renewables and use electricity more efficiently, many industrial trials are on-going around the world that aim to realize decentralized or hierarchical control of renewable and distributed energy resources, flexible loads and monitoring devices. As the cost and complexity involved in the centralized communications and control infrastructure may be prohibitive in controlling millions of these distributed energy resources and devices, distributed optimization methods are expected to become much more prevalent in the operation of future electric power systems, as they have the potential to address this challenge and can be applied to various applications such as optimal power ow, state estimation, voltage control, and many others. While many distributed optimization algorithms are developed mathematically, little effort has been reported so far on how these methods should actually be implemented in real-world large-scale systems. The challenges associated with this include identifying how to decompose the overall optimization problem, what communication infrastructures can support the information exchange among subproblems, and whether to coordinate the updates of the subproblems in a synchronous or asynchronous manner. This research is dedicated to developing mathematical tools to address these issues, particularly for solving the non-convex optimal power flow problem. As the first part of this thesis, we develop a partitioning method that defines the boundaries of regions when applying distributed algorithms to a power system. This partitioning method quantifies the computational couplings among the buses and groups the buses with large couplings into one region. Through numerical experiments, we show that the developed spectral partitioning approach is the key to achieving fast convergence of distributed optimization algorithms on large-scale systems. After the partitioning of the system is defined, one needs to determine whether the communications among neighboring regions are supported. Therefore, as the second part of this thesis, we propose models for centralized and distributed communications infrastructures and study the impact of communication delays on the efficiency of distributed optimization algorithms through network simulations. Our findings suggest that the centralized communications infrastructure can be prohibitive for distributed optimization and cost-effective migration paths to a more distributed communications infrastructure are necessary. As the sizes and complexities of subproblems and communication delays are generally heterogeneous, synchronous distributed algorithms can be inefficient as they require waiting for the slowest region in the system. Hence, as the third part of this thesis, we develop an asynchronous distributed optimization method and show its convergence for the considered optimal power flow problem. We further study the impact of parameter tuning, system partitioning and communication delays on the proposed asynchronous method and compare its practical performance with its synchronous counterpart. Simulation results indicate that the asynchronous approach can be more efficient with proper partitioning and parameter settings on large-scale systems. The outcome of this research provides important insights into how existing hardware and software solutions for Energy Management Systems in the power grid can be used or need to be extended for deploying distributed optimization methods, which establishes the interconnection between theoretical studies of distributed algorithms and their practical implementation. As the evolution towards a more distributed control architecture is already taking place in many utility networks, the approaches proposed in this thesis provide important tools and a methodology for adopting distributed optimization in power systems.

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• Electrical and Computer Engineering

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Cpower brings customer flexibility to new york's first-in-the-country distributed energy resource integration program.

As the first registered aggregator, CPower will bid virtual power plants into the New York DER Participation Model, allowing NYISO to unlock benefits for the grid through customer distributed energy resources

BALTIMORE , April 29, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- CPower Energy (" CPower "), the leading, national distributed energy resource (DER) monetization and virtual power plant (VPP) provider, today announced that it is the first registered aggregator for the country's first program to integrate aggregations of DERs into wholesale markets , the DER and Aggregation Participation Model program offered by the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO), the state's grid operator.

"We applaud NYISO for its leadership in establishing the nation's first program for integrating VPPs into wholesale markets," said Michael Smith , CEO, CPower "This program is an important step forward for utilizing the full spectrum of value DERs can provide and will improve grid reliability as renewable integration grows. We're honored to be one of few aggregators approved to bid into the program and look forward to working with NYISO stakeholders over the next few years to develop models to expand the reach of the program to smaller DERs and reduce remaining barriers to participation by larger customers."

This landmark program allows DERs to be aggregated as VPPs to provide both wholesale services to the grid operator and retail services to utilities and load servers simultaneously. This allows grid operators to unlock the full benefits of VPPs for the resiliency and reliability of the grid, while also creating new revenue opportunities for commercial and industrial energy users and DER owners and developers.

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) approved the program on the same day that New York's Public Service Commission formally instituted a major, multi-year Grid of the Future proceeding dedicated to vastly increasing grid flexibility in the Empire State. The Grid of the Future proceeding will dovetail with, and help build upon, the NYISO program by developing a grid flexibility study and plan outlining the current and future potential capabilities of flexible DERs across New York's electric grid. The study will also identify near-term actions likely to increase the deployment and use of flexible resources and the improved integration of flexible resources into grid planning and grid operations. CPower will be participating in the Grid of the Future process to further unlock additional opportunities for its customers.

Customers interested in earning grid services revenue and reducing energy costs by helping NYSO improve grid flexibility can contact CPower to learn more: cpowerenergy.com/contact/ .

About CPower Energy CPower Energy is the leading, national distributed energy resource (DER) monetization and virtual power plant provider, creating the Customer-Powered Grid™ that will enable a flexible, clean and dependable energy future. With 6.7 GW of capacity at more than 27,000 sites across the U.S., we unlock the full value of DERs to strengthen the grid when and where reliable, dispatchable resources are needed most. CPower is based in Baltimore, Md. , and is owned by LS Power, a development, investment and operating company focused on the power and energy infrastructure sector. For more information, visit: www.cpowerenergy.com .

View original content to download multimedia: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/cpower-brings-customer-flexibility-to-new-yorks-first-in-the-country-distributed-energy-resource-integration-program-302129554.html

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