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Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:

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Python Operators: Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison, Logical, Identity, Membership, Bitwise

Operators are special symbols that perform some operation on operands and returns the result. For example, 5 + 6 is an expression where + is an operator that performs arithmetic add operation on numeric left operand 5 and the right side operand 6 and returns a sum of two operands as a result.

Python includes the operator module that includes underlying methods for each operator. For example, the + operator calls the operator.add(a,b) method.

Above, expression 5 + 6 is equivalent to the expression operator.add(5, 6) and operator.__add__(5, 6) . Many function names are those used for special methods, without the double underscores (dunder methods). For backward compatibility, many of these have functions with the double underscores kept.

Python includes the following categories of operators:

Arithmetic Operators

Assignment operators, comparison operators, logical operators, identity operators, membership test operators, bitwise operators.

Arithmetic operators perform the common mathematical operation on the numeric operands.

The arithmetic operators return the type of result depends on the type of operands, as below.

• If either operand is a complex number, the result is converted to complex;
• If either operand is a floating point number, the result is converted to floating point;
• If both operands are integers, then the result is an integer and no conversion is needed.

The following table lists all the arithmetic operators in Python:

The assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. The following table lists all the arithmetic operators in Python:

The comparison operators compare two operands and return a boolean either True or False. The following table lists comparison operators in Python.

The logical operators are used to combine two boolean expressions. The logical operations are generally applicable to all objects, and support truth tests, identity tests, and boolean operations.

The identity operators check whether the two objects have the same id value e.i. both the objects point to the same memory location.

The membership test operators in and not in test whether the sequence has a given item or not. For the string and bytes types, x in y is True if and only if x is a substring of y .

Bitwise operators perform operations on binary operands.

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Assignment Operators in Python

In this article, we will learn about all the “ Assignment Operators in Python ” with examples of each.  Assignment operators in Python are essential tools for manipulating and assigning values to variables. These operators not only let you store data in variables but also perform various operations simultaneously. Understanding these operators is crucial for efficient Python programming, as they streamline code while making it more readable and maintainable. If you encounter any challenges in grasping these operators, don’t hesitate to seek Python help from the experts at CodingZap.

What Are Operators and Operands?

Operators can be understood as the mathematical symbols we have seen since childhood, like the +, -, *, / =. They are used to perform mathematical, logical or bitwise operations in a programming language. 

Operands are the values or variables on which operators act. For example, “+” will add the values of two operands, and similarly “*” will multiply the values of the 2 operands. 

In the expression “a+b”,  “+” is the operator and “a” and “b” are the operands. 

What Is Assignment Operators in Python?

Assignment operators are a fundamental concept in Python and most programming languages. They are used to assign values to variables, as well as initialize and update them. They assign the value on the right-hand side to the variable on the left.

In Python, the primary assignment operator is the “Simple assignment operator (=)”, which as the name suggests, assigns values to variables. However, Python offers a rich set of assignment operators that provide more functionality than simple assignments. These operators not only assign values but also perform specific operations at the same time, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, bitwise operations, and more. 

What Are the Basics of Assignments?

First, we’ll clarify some basic rules about the assignments in Python. For this, we’ll use the simple assignment operator “=”.

A sample program using “=” is as follows:

In the above example, the value on the right-hand side is assigned to the variable on the left. We check the value assigned by printing the variable and get the expected result, i.e. 5. 

In the example above, the statement a = 5 is called an assignment statement, which assigns values to the variables. 

The syntax for an assignment statement is as follows:

As we can see, it is composed of three components:

• The left operand of an assignment statement must always and only be a variable. 
• Then comes the assignment operator itself.
• The right operand can be a value, an expression or an object. 

Now that we have this rule clear let us look at the assignment operators in Python. The assignment operators allow us to create, initialise and update the variables. 

The simple assignment operator “=”

It is the primary assignment operator

Let’s look at some examples to understand the uses of the simple assignment operator:

As we can see in the above code, the simple assignment operator is used to create every variable type in Python, be it a primitive integer, string, or complex data structure. Strings are also an interesting concept in Python, if you’re interested to know how to compare strings in Python then you can check out our article.

Updating values

The assignment operators are also used to update variable values in Python. An example is as follows:

In the above example, we initialized our integer and list with initial values and printed them for reference. Then, we modified these values and printed them again to verify the changes. 

Multiple and parallel assignments

Python provides additional functionality to perform multiple and parallel assignments to variables in a single line. This reduces lines of code and complexity. Let’s understand them with an example:

In the above code, we demonstrate multiple and parallel assignments. 

We can assign the same literal value to multiple variables in multiple assignments. In the above code, the integer value 45 is assigned to all the variables a,b,c. The data type of all the variables in a multiple-assignment statement must be the same.

In parallel assignments, we can assign different values to different variables using comma-separated variables and values on either side of the assignment operator. The values are stored in the order of writing the pairs. The variable types need not be the same in parallel assignments. 

Augmented assignment operators in Python

The simple assignment operator is used to assign values to variables in Python. However, Python also supports complex assignments using which we can calculate various values and assign them to the variable in a single line. 

The basic syntax for augmented assignment operators is as follows:

The ‘$’ in the above syntax can be replaced by various operators to perform operations on operands before assigning the final value to the variable. 

Python equates the above syntax to the following expression:

We’ll understand these operators better if we directly look at their examples.  

Let’s have a look at all the augmented assignment operators in Python one at a time:

Add assignment operator “+=”

This operator adds the left and the right operands and assigns the resulting value to the variable on the left. 

An example would be

Which will equate to

It is important to note that only the value of “a” will change, whereas the value of “b” will remain the same. This is because the sum of “a” and “b” is finally stored in the variable “a”. 

Let’s look at the code and its output:

In the above code, we initialized 2 variables and added the value of the second variable to the first one using the add assignment operator. Note that the value of “a” changes, but the value of “b” remains the same. 

This operator can also be used on some data structures like lists and tuples, using which we can append values at the end of the list, as can be seen in the code above. 

Subtract assignment operator

This operator is used to subtract the right operand from the left and assign the resulting value to the variable on the left. 

A sample code is as follows:

In the above code, we initialized the 2 variables “a” and “b” and printed their values for reference. Then, we subtracted the value of “b” from “a” using the subtract assignment operator. The final expression equated to “a=a-b”. At last, we printed the final values of “a” and “b”. 

Multiplication assignment operator

The multiplication assignment operator is used to multiply the right operand with the left and assign the resulting value to the variable on the left. 

In the above code, we initialized the 2 variables “a” and “b” and printed their values for reference. Then, we multiplied the values of “a” and “b” using the multiplication assignment operator. The final expression equated to “a=a*b”. At last, we printed the final values of “a” and “b” to check the resulting values. 

Division assignment operator

The division assignment operator divides the left operand from the right and assigns the resulting value to the operand on the left. 

In the above code, we initialized the 2 variables “a” and “b” and printed their values for reference. Then, we divided “a” by “b” using the division assignment operator. The final expression equated to “a=a/b”. At last, we printed the final values of “a” and “b”. 

Floor assignment operator

The floor assignment operator divides the operand on the left from the right and rounds the value to the greatest integer less than or equal to the resultant value. This value is then stored in the operand on the left.

Sample code is as follows:

In the above code, we initialized the 2 variables “a” and “b” and printed their values for reference. Then, we divided “a” from “b” using the floor assignment operator. This operator also divides the variables in the same way as the division assignment operator but rounds off the answer to the greatest integer less than or equal to the answer. In this case, the value “16.66” was rounded off to “16”.

At last, we printed the final values of “a” and “b”. 

Modulus assignment operator

The modulus assignment operator is used to extract the remainder after dividing the operand on the left from the right. The remainder is then stored in the operand on the left.

In the above code, we initialized the 2 variables “a” and “b” and printed their values for reference. We then used the modulus assignment operator to get the remainder of the division “a/b”, and store the resulting value in “a”. At last, we printed the final values of “a” and “b”. 

Exponentiation assignment operator

This operator is used to calculate the exponent of the left-side operand raised to the power of the right-side operand, which is then stored in the operand on the left. 

In the above code, we initialized the 2 variables “a” and “b” and printed their values for reference. We then used the exponentiation assignment operator to get the value of “a” raised to the power of “b”, and store the resulting value in “a”. At last, we printed the final values of “a” and “b”. 

Bitwise AND assignment operator

This operator calculates the Bitwise AND value of the operands on the left and right and stores the value in the left operand. 

Sample code:

In the above code, we initialized the 2 variables “a” and “b” and printed their values for reference. We then used the bitwise AND assignment operator to get the bitwise AND of “a” and “b”, and store the resulting value in “a”. At last, we printed the final values of “a” and “b”. 

Bitwise OR assignment operator

This operator calculates the Bitwise OR value of the operands on the left and right and stores the value in the left operand. 

In the above code, we initialized the 2 variables “a” and “b” and printed their values for reference. We then used the bitwise OR assignment operator to get the bitwise 

OR of “a” and “b”, and store the resulting value in “a”. At last, we printed the final values of “a” and “b”. 

Bitwise XOR assignment operator

This operator calculates the XOR of the 2 operands and stores the value in the left operand. 

In the above code, we initialized the 2 variables “a” and “b” and printed their values for reference. We then used the bitwise XOR assignment operator to get the bitwise XOR of “a” and “b” and store the resulting value in “a”. At last, we printed the final values of “a” and “b”. 

Bitwise Left Shift assignment operator

This operator left-shifts the bits of the operand on the left by the units as declared by the operand on the right and stores the value in the left operand. 

In the above code, we initialized the 2 variables “a” and “b” and printed their values for reference. We then used the bitwise left shift assignment operator to left shift the bits of “a” by “b” units and store the resulting value in “a”. At last, we printed the final values of “a” and “b”. 

Bitwise Right Shift assignment operator

This operator right-shifts the bits of the operand on the left by the units as declared by the operand on the right, and stores the value in the left operand. 

In the above code, we initialized the 2 variables “a” and “b” and printed their values for reference. We then used the bitwise right shift assignment operator to right shift the bits of “a” by “b” units, and store the resulting value in “a”. At last, we printed the final values of “a” and “b”. 

In this article, we learned about the assignment operators in Python. The primary assignment operator is the simple assignment operator (“=”).

We then learned that Python supports more complex assignment operators that can be used to calculate values in place. 

The assignment operators can be used to calculate mathematical, logical, and bitwise operations. 

We also saw a consistent property of all the assignment operators, in which they calculated the expression on the right and assigned the resulting value to the variable on the left. 

There are many reasons why students look for assignment help online like difficulty in understanding the assignment, time limitation, etc. So, if you’re also looking then you can always hire CodinngZap experts.

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Variables, Expressions, and Assignments

Variables, expressions, and assignments 1 #, introduction #.

In this chapter, we introduce some of the main building blocks needed to create programs–that is, variables, expressions, and assignments. Programming related variables can be intepret in the same way that we interpret mathematical variables, as elements that store values that can later be changed. Usually, variables and values are used within the so-called expressions. Once again, just as in mathematics, an expression is a construct of values and variables connected with operators that result in a new value. Lastly, an assignment is a language construct know as an statement that assign a value (either as a constant or expression) to a variable. The rest of this notebook will dive into the main concepts that we need to fully understand these three language constructs.

Values and Types #

A value is the basic unit used in a program. It may be, for instance, a number respresenting temperature. It may be a string representing a word. Some values are 42, 42.0, and ‘Hello, Data Scientists!’.

Each value has its own type : 42 is an integer ( int in Python), 42.0 is a floating-point number ( float in Python), and ‘Hello, Data Scientists!’ is a string ( str in Python).

The Python interpreter can tell you the type of a value: the function type takes a value as argument and returns its corresponding type.

Observe the difference between type(42) and type('42') !

Expressions and Statements #

On the one hand, an expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators.

A value all by itself is considered an expression, and so is a variable.

When you type an expression at the prompt, the interpreter evaluates it, which means that it calculates the value of the expression and displays it.

In boxes above, m has the value 27 and m + 25 has the value 52 . m + 25 is said to be an expression.

On the other hand, a statement is an instruction that has an effect, like creating a variable or displaying a value.

The first statement initializes the variable n with the value 17 , this is a so-called assignment statement .

The second statement is a print statement that prints the value of the variable n .

The effect is not always visible. Assigning a value to a variable is not visible, but printing the value of a variable is.

Assignment Statements #

We have already seen that Python allows you to evaluate expressions, for instance 40 + 2 . It is very convenient if we are able to store the calculated value in some variable for future use. The latter can be done via an assignment statement. An assignment statement creates a new variable with a given name and assigns it a value.

The example in the previous code contains three assignments. The first one assigns the value of the expression 40 + 2 to a new variable called magicnumber ; the second one assigns the value of π to the variable pi , and; the last assignment assigns the string value 'Data is eatig the world' to the variable message .

Programmers generally choose names for their variables that are meaningful. In this way, they document what the variable is used for.

Do It Yourself!

Let’s compute the volume of a cube with side \(s = 5\) . Remember that the volume of a cube is defined as \(v = s^3\) . Assign the value to a variable called volume .

Well done! Now, why don’t you print the result in a message? It can say something like “The volume of the cube with side 5 is \(volume\) ”.

Beware that there is no checking of types ( type checking ) in Python, so a variable to which you have assigned an integer may be re-used as a float, even if we provide type-hints .

Names and Keywords #

Names of variable and other language constructs such as functions (we will cover this topic later), should be meaningful and reflect the purpose of the construct.

In general, Python names should adhere to the following rules:

It should start with a letter or underscore.

It cannot start with a number.

It must only contain alpha-numeric (i.e., letters a-z A-Z and digits 0-9) characters and underscores.

They cannot share the name of a Python keyword.

If you use illegal variable names you will get a syntax error.

By choosing the right variables names you make the code self-documenting, what is better the variable v or velocity ?

The following are examples of invalid variable names.

These basic development principles are sometimes called architectural rules . By defining and agreeing upon architectural rules you make it easier for you and your fellow developers to understand and modify your code.

If you want to read more on this, please have a look at Code complete a book by Steven McConnell [ McC04 ] .

Every programming language has a collection of reserved keywords . They are used in predefined language constructs, such as loops and conditionals . These language concepts and their usage will be explained later.

The interpreter uses keywords to recognize these language constructs in a program. Python 3 has the following keywords:

False class finally is return

None continue for lambda try

True def from nonlocal while

and del global not with

as elif if or yield

assert else import pass break

except in raise

Reassignments #

It is allowed to assign a new value to an existing variable. This process is called reassignment . As soon as you assign a value to a variable, the old value is lost.

The assignment of a variable to another variable, for instance b = a does not imply that if a is reassigned then b changes as well.

You have a variable salary that shows the weekly salary of an employee. However, you want to compute the monthly salary. Can you reassign the value to the salary variable according to the instruction?

Updating Variables #

A frequently used reassignment is for updating puposes: the value of a variable depends on the previous value of the variable.

This statement expresses “get the current value of x , add one, and then update x with the new value.”

Beware, that the variable should be initialized first, usually with a simple assignment.

Do you remember the salary excercise of the previous section (cf. 13. Reassignments)? Well, if you have not done it yet, update the salary variable by using its previous value.

Updating a variable by adding 1 is called an increment ; subtracting 1 is called a decrement . A shorthand way of doing is using += and -= , which stands for x = x + ... and x = x - ... respectively.

Order of Operations #

Expressions may contain multiple operators. The order of evaluation depends on the priorities of the operators also known as rules of precedence .

For mathematical operators, Python follows mathematical convention. The acronym PEMDAS is a useful way to remember the rules:

Parentheses have the highest precedence and can be used to force an expression to evaluate in the order you want. Since expressions in parentheses are evaluated first, 2 * (3 - 1) is 4 , and (1 + 1)**(5 - 2) is 8 . You can also use parentheses to make an expression easier to read, even if it does not change the result.

Exponentiation has the next highest precedence, so 1 + 2**3 is 9 , not 27 , and 2 * 3**2 is 18 , not 36 .

Multiplication and division have higher precedence than addition and subtraction . So 2 * 3 - 1 is 5 , not 4 , and 6 + 4 / 2 is 8 , not 5 .

Operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right (except exponentiation). So in the expression degrees / 2 * pi , the division happens first and the result is multiplied by pi . To divide by 2π, you can use parentheses or write: degrees / 2 / pi .

In case of doubt, use parentheses!

Let’s see what happens when we evaluate the following expressions. Just run the cell to check the resulting value.

Floor Division and Modulus Operators #

The floor division operator // divides two numbers and rounds down to an integer.

For example, suppose that driving to the south of France takes 555 minutes. You might want to know how long that is in hours.

Conventional division returns a floating-point number.

Hours are normally not represented with decimal points. Floor division returns the integer number of hours, dropping the fraction part.

You spend around 225 minutes every week on programming activities. You want to know around how many hours you invest to this activity during a month. Use the \(//\) operator to give the answer.

The modulus operator % works on integer values. It computes the remainder when dividing the first integer by the second one.

The modulus operator is more useful than it seems.

For example, you can check whether one number is divisible by another—if x % y is zero, then x is divisible by y .

String Operations #

In general, you cannot perform mathematical operations on strings, even if the strings look like numbers, so the following operations are illegal: '2'-'1' 'eggs'/'easy' 'third'*'a charm'

But there are two exceptions, + and * .

The + operator performs string concatenation, which means it joins the strings by linking them end-to-end.

The * operator also works on strings; it performs repetition.

Speedy Gonzales is a cartoon known to be the fastest mouse in all Mexico . He is also famous for saying “Arriba Arriba Andale Arriba Arriba Yepa”. Can you use the following variables, namely arriba , andale and yepa to print the mentioned expression? Don’t forget to use the string operators.

Asking the User for Input #

The programs we have written so far accept no input from the user.

To get data from the user through the Python prompt, we can use the built-in function input .

When input is called your whole program stops and waits for the user to enter the required data. Once the user types the value and presses Return or Enter , the function returns the input value as a string and the program continues with its execution.

Try it out!

You can also print a message to clarify the purpose of the required input as follows.

The resulting string can later be translated to a different type, like an integer or a float. To do so, you use the functions int and float , respectively. But be careful, the user might introduce a value that cannot be converted to the type you required.

We want to know the name of a user so we can display a welcome message in our program. The message should say something like “Hello \(name\) , welcome to our hello world program!”.

Script Mode #

So far we have run Python in interactive mode in these Jupyter notebooks, which means that you interact directly with the interpreter in the code cells . The interactive mode is a good way to get started, but if you are working with more than a few lines of code, it can be clumsy. The alternative is to save code in a file called a script and then run the interpreter in script mode to execute the script. By convention, Python scripts have names that end with .py .

Use the PyCharm icon in Anaconda Navigator to create and execute stand-alone Python scripts. Later in the course, you will have to work with Python projects for the assignments, in order to get acquainted with another way of interacing with Python code.

This Jupyter Notebook is based on Chapter 2 of the books Python for Everybody [ Sev16 ] and Think Python (Sections 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, and 5.12) [ Dow15 ] .

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If that is about as clear as mud don't worry we're going to walk through a number of examples. And one very nice thing about the syntax for assignment operators is that it is nearly identical to a standard type of operator. So if you memorize the list of all the python operators then you're going to be able to use each one of these assignment operators quite easily.

The very first thing I'm going to do is let's first make sure that we can print out the total. So right here we have a total and it's an integer that equals 100. Now if we wanted to add say 10 to 100 how would we go about doing that? We could reassign the value total and we could say total and then just add 10. So let's see if this works right here. I'm going to run it and you can see we have a hundred and ten. So that works.

However, whenever you find yourself performing this type of calculation what you can do is use an assignment operator. And so the syntax for that is going to get rid of everything here in the middle and say plus equals and then whatever value. In this case I want to add onto it.

So you can see we have our operator and then right afterward you have an equal sign. And this is going to do is exactly like what we had before. So if I run this again you can see total is a hundred and ten

I'm going to just so you have a reference in the show notes I'm going to say that total equals total plus 10. This is exactly the same as what we're doing right here we're simply using assignment in order to do it.

I'm going to quickly go through each one of the other elements that you can use assignment for. And if you go back and you reference the show notes or your own notes for whenever you kept track of all of the different operators you're going to notice a trend. And that is because they're all exactly the same. So here if I want to subtract 10 from the total I can simply use the subtraction operator here run it again. And now you can see we have 90. Now don't be confused because we only temporarily change the value to 1 10. So when I commented this out and I ran it from scratch it took the total and it subtracted 10 from that total and that's what got printed out.

I'm going to copy this and the next one down the line is going to be multiplication. So in this case I'm going to say multiply with the asterisk the total and I'm just going to say times two just so we can see exactly what the value is going to be. And now we can see that's 200 which makes sense.

So we've taken total we have multiplied it by two and we have piped the entire thing into the total variable. So far so good. As you may have guessed next when we're going to do is division. So now I'm going to say total and then we're going to perform this division assignment and we're going to say divide this by 10 run it and you can see it gives us the value and it converts it to a float of ten point zero.

Now if this is starting to get a little bit much. Let's take a quick pause and see exactly what this is doing. Remember that all we're doing here is it's a shortcut. You could still perform it the same way we have in number 3 I could say total is equal to the total divided by 10. And if I run this you'll see we get ten point zero. And let's see what this warning is it says redefinition of total type from int to float. So we don't have to worry about this and this for if you're building Python programs you're very rarely ever going to see the syntax and it's because we have this assignment operator right here. So that is for division. And we also have the ability to use floor division as well. So if I run this you're going to see it's 10. But one thing you may notice is it's 10 it's not ten point zero. So remember that our floor division returns an integer it doesn't return a floating-point number. So if that is what you want then you can perform that task just like we did there.

Next one on the list is our exponents. I'm going to say the total and we're going to say we're going to assign that to the total squared. So going to run this and we get ten thousand. Just like you'd expect. And we have one more which is the modulus operator. So here remember it is the percent equals 2. And this is going to return zero because 100 is even if we changed 100 to be 101. This is going to return one because remember the typical purpose of the modulus operator is to let you know if you're working with an event or an odd value.

Now with all this being said, I wanted to show you every different option that you could use the assignment operator on. But I want to say that the most common way that you're going to use this or the most common one is going to be this one right here where we're adding or subtracting. So those are going to be the two most common. And what usually you're going to use that for is when you're incrementing or decrementing values so a very common way to do this would actually be like we have our total right here. So we have a total of 100 and you could imagine it being a shopping cart and it's 100 dollars and you could say product 2 and set this equal to 120. And then if I say product 3 and set this equal to 10. And so what I could do here is I could say total plus equals product to and then we could take the value and say product 3 and now if I run this you can see the value is 230.

So that's a very common way whenever you want to generate a sum you can use this type of syntax which is much faster and it's also going to be a more pythonic way it's going to be the way you're going to see in standard Python programs whenever you're wanting to generate a sum and then reset and reassign the value.

So in review, that is how you can use assignment operators in Python.

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A gentle introduction to programming using python, assignments.

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Basic Statements in Python

Table of contents, what is a statement in python, statement set, multi-line statements, simple statements, expression statements, the assert statement, the try statement.

In Python, statements are instructions or commands that you write to perform specific actions or tasks. They are the building blocks of a Python program.

A statement is a line of code that performs a specific action. It is the smallest unit of code that can be executed by the Python interpreter.

Assignment Statement

In this example, the value 10 is assigned to the variable x using the assignment statement.

Conditional Statement

In this example, the if-else statement is used to check the value of x and print a corresponding message.

By using statements, programmers can instruct the computer to perform a variety of tasks, from simple arithmetic operations to complex decision-making processes. Proper use of statements is crucial to writing efficient and effective Python code.

Here's a table summarizing various types of statements in Python:

Please note that this table provides a brief overview of each statement type, and there may be additional details and variations for each statement.

Multi-line statements are a convenient way to write long code in Python without making it cluttered. They allow you to write several lines of code as a single statement, making it easier for developers to read and understand the code. Here are two examples of multi-line statements in Python:

• Using backslash:
• Using parentheses:

Simple statements are the smallest unit of execution in Python programming language and they do not contain any logical or conditional expressions. They are usually composed of a single line of code and can perform basic operations such as assigning values to variables , printing out values, or calling functions .

Examples of simple statements in Python:

Simple statements are essential to programming in Python and are often used in combination with more complex statements to create robust programs and applications.

Expression statements in Python are lines of code that evaluate and produce a value. They are used to assign values to variables, call functions, and perform other operations that produce a result.

In this example, we assign the value 5 to the variable x , then add 3 to x and assign the result ( 8 ) to the variable y . Finally, we print the value of y .

In this example, we define a function square that takes one argument ( x ) and returns its square. We then call the function with the argument 5 and assign the result ( 25 ) to the variable result . Finally, we print the value of result .

Overall, expression statements are an essential part of Python programming and allow for the execution of mathematical and computational operations.

The assert statement in Python is used to test conditions and trigger an error if the condition is not met. It is often used for debugging and testing purposes.

Where condition is the expression that is tested, and message is the optional error message that is displayed when the condition is not met.

In this example, the assert statement tests whether x is equal to 5 . If the condition is met, the statement has no effect. If the condition is not met, an error will be raised with the message x should be 5 .

In this example, the assert statement tests whether y is not equal to 0 before performing the division. If the condition is met, the division proceeds as normal. If the condition is not met, an error will be raised with the message Cannot divide by zero .

Overall, assert statements are a useful tool in Python for debugging and testing, as they can help catch errors early on. They are also easily disabled in production code to avoid any unnecessary overhead.

The try statement in Python is used to catch exceptions that may occur during the execution of a block of code. It ensures that even when an error occurs, the code does not stop running.

Examples of Error Processing

Dive deep into the topic.

• Match Statements
• Operators in Python Statements
• The IF Statement

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Augmented Assignment Operators in Python

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An assignment operator is an operator that is used to assign some value to a variable. Like normally in Python, we write “ a = 5 “ to assign value 5 to variable ‘a’. Augmented assignment operators have a special role to play in Python programming. It basically combines the functioning of the arithmetic or bitwise operator with the assignment operator. So assume if we need to add 7 to a variable “a” and assign the result back to “a”, then instead of writing normally as “ a = a + 7 “, we can use the augmented assignment operator and write the expression as “ a += 7 “. Here += has combined the functionality of arithmetic addition and assignment.

So, augmented assignment operators provide a short way to perform a binary operation and assigning results back to one of the operands. The way to write an augmented operator is just to write that binary operator and assignment operator together. In Python, we have several different augmented assignment operators like +=, -=, *=, /=, //=, **=, |=, &=, >>=, <<=, %= and ^=. Let’s see their functioning with the help of some exemplar codes:

1. Addition and Assignment (+=): This operator combines the impact of arithmetic addition and assignment. Here,

 a = a + b can be written as a += b

2. Subtraction and Assignment (-=): This operator combines the impact of subtraction and assignment.  

a = a – b can be written as a -= b

Example:  

3. Multiplication and Assignment (*=): This operator combines the functionality of multiplication and assignment.  

a = a * b can be written as a *= b

4. Division and Assignment (/=): This operator has the combined functionality of division and assignment.  

a = a / b can be written as a /= b

5. Floor Division and Assignment (//=): It performs the functioning of floor division and assignment.  

a = a // b can be written as a //= b

6. Modulo and Assignment (%=): This operator combines the impact of the modulo operator and assignment.  

a = a % b can be written as a %= b

7. Power and Assignment (**=): This operator is equivalent to the power and assignment operator together.  

a = a**b can be written as a **= b

8. Bitwise AND & Assignment (&=): This operator combines the impact of the bitwise AND operator and assignment operator. 

a = a & b can be written as a &= b

9. Bitwise OR and Assignment (|=): This operator combines the impact of Bitwise OR and assignment operator.  

a = a | b can be written as a |= b

10. Bitwise XOR and Assignment (^=): This augmented assignment operator combines the functionality of the bitwise XOR operator and assignment operator. 

a = a ^ b can be written as a ^= b

11. Bitwise Left Shift and Assignment (<<=): It puts together the functioning of the bitwise left shift operator and assignment operator.  

a = a << b can be written as a <<= b

12. Bitwise Right Shift and Assignment (>>=): It puts together the functioning of the bitwise right shift operator and assignment operator.  

a = a >> b can be written as a >>= b

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Assignment 1: Introduction to Python

Task 1: the four fours challange, task 2: making change from a dollar, submitting your work.

due by 9:00 p.m. EST on Tuesday 1/23/24

Preliminaries

In your work on this assignment, make sure to abide by the collaboration policies of the course.

For each problem in this problem set, we will be writing or evaluating some Python code. You are encouraged to use the Spyder IDE which will be discussed/presented in class, but you are welcome to use another IDE if you choose.

If you have questions while working on this assignment, please post them on Piazza! This is the best way to get a quick response from your classmates and the course staff.

Programming Guidelines

Refer to the class Coding Standards for important style guidelines. The grader will be awarding/deducting points for writing code that comforms to these standards.

Every program file must begin with a descriptive header comment that includes your name, username/BU email, and a brief description of the work contained in the file.

Every function must include a descriptive docstring that explains what the function does and identifies/defines each of the parameters to the function.

Your functions must have the exact names specified below, or we won’t be able to test them. Note in particular that the case of the letters matters (all of them should be lowercase), and that some of the names include an underscore character ( _ ).

Make sure that your functions return the specified value, rather than printing it. None of these functions should use a print statement.

If a function takes more than one input, you must keep the inputs in the order that we have specified.

You should not use any Python features that we have not discussed in class or read about in the textbook.

Your functions do not need to handle bad inputs – inputs with a type or value that doesn’t correspond to the description of the inputs provided in the problem.

You must test your work before you submit it You can prove to yourself whether it works correctly – or not – and make corrections before submission. If you need help testing your code, please ask the course staff!

Do not submit work with syntax errors. Syntax errors will cause the Gradescope autograder to fail, resulting in a grade of 0.

Warnings: Individual Work and Academic Conduct!!

This is an individual assignment. You may discuss the problem statement/requirements, Python syntax, test cases, and error messages with your classmates. However, each student must write their own code without copying or referring to other student’s work.

It is strictly forbidden to use any code that you find from online websites including but not limited to as CourseHero, Chegg, or any other sites that publish homework solutions.

It is strictly forbidden to use any generative AI (e.g., ChatGPT or any similar tools**) to write solutions for for any assignment.

Students who submit work that is not authentically their own individual work will earn a grade of 0 on this assignment and a reprimand from the office of the Dean.

40 points; individual-only

To practice arithmetic expressions in Python, you will come up with four arithmetic expressions that will produce the integer values 1, 2, 3, and 4.

In this problem you will write a simple Python program that computes the integers 0 through 4 using expressions involving exactly four fours and no other numbers. For example:

Your expressions may use any of the following operators: + , - , * , // (integer division), ** (power), and parentheses. Note that you should use the integer division operator ( // ) instead of the regular division operator ( / ), because the / operator will cause your results to include a decimal. For example, 4//4 will give you 1 , but 4/4 will give you 1.0 .

Begin by downloading the starter-code file a01_four_fours.py . Save this file to your computer. Open it in Spyder’s editor window using the File/Open ... menu choice.

We have given you an example expression for computing the value 0. You should add in the code needed to compute the integers 1 through 4 using four fours. For each integer, you should assign the result of the computation to an appropriately named variable.

• To test your file, run the program using the run icon in the upper-right corner. You will see output in the console window at the bottom of the screen. zero = 0 one = 1 two = 2 three = 3 four = 4

There are multiple ways to compute a given integer. For example, here is an alternative approach for 0:

We encourage you to try to come up with each of the expressions on your own. However, the real point of this problem is getting comfortable with Python, so if you have trouble coming up with an expression for a given number, feel free to ask a classmate or one of the course staff members, or to consult information about the four fours challenge that is available online. However, please do not post your expressions on Piazza for everyone to see.

Begin by downloading the starter-code file a01_change.py . Save this file to your computer. Open it in Spyder’s editor window using the File/Open ... menu choice.

Write a program that, given a price in cents that is less than a dollar (i.e., 100 cents), determines the method of giving change that uses the fewest coins. The program will not take input from the user, but rather it will begin with a hard-coded value for the price, i.e.:

The result of the program should be given in the format below: pennies (1 cent) first, then nickels (5 cents), dimes (10 cents), and quarters (25 cents), each on a separate line):

Here’s an example of the output, given an intial price of 67 cents:

Note: this program can be done with only the arithmetic operators: + - // * % . In addition, you must create variables ( pennies , nickels , dimes , and quarters ) to hold the values you have caculated.

You may include any additional variables you choose.

Your finished program should print out the results, similar to the example above.

There is no need for if statements or anything else we have not discussed yet.

Designing and Planning Your Solution: Pseudo code and Comments

The most successful way to write this kind of program is to begin by thinking about the algorithm and outlining the steps required in the order they need to be performed. Pseudo-code is a way to write the steps of your algorithm without worrying about specific Python syntax.

To begin, write out pseudo code as comments (beginning with #) for each step you need to take, one per line. After you have the steps logically worked out as pseudo code, go back and write in the python code for each step. Do not delete the pseudo code! This is your program documentation and should remain in the finished product.

Practicing Step-wise Refinement

It is crucial that you get into the habit of writing a small amount of code and testing it thoroughly. You should work through this assignment using step-wise refinement as follows. For each step below, you should write the code, and then test your program to verify that each step works correctly.

a. Write a program will begin with the hard-coded price, find the change (in cents), store it in a variable, and print it out.

b. Continue your program by finding the number of quarters required for the change, and storing this amount in a variable. Hint: use integer division. Print out the number of quarters.

c. Continue by finding the number of dimes. Hint: how much change is left after you found the number of quarters?

d. Continue to find the number of nickels and pennies.

e. Revise/reorder your print statements to obtain the specified output (above).

Testing your program

Once you believe that you have a working program (i.e., no syntax erros that prevent it from running), you must test it thoroughly for correctness. That is, you must try different values for the price, by changing the single line that assigns a value to the variable price .

For example, try changing the price to 1; the result should be 99 cents of change. Try other permutation to be certain that your program will work for ANY value of price less than 100. As you test, you might discover logical/arithmetic errors in your work. This is expected! Use this as an opportunity to revise your work to achieve a correct solution.

20 points; will be assigned by code review

Log in to GradeScope to submit your work.

Be sure to name your files correctly!

Under the heading for Assignment 1, attach each of the 2 required files to your submission.

When you upload the files, the autograder will test your program.

• You may resubmit multiple times, but only the last submission will be graded.

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Python Lab Assignments

You can not learn a programming language by only reading the language construct. It also requires programming - writing your own code and studying those of others. Solve these assignments, then study the solutions presented here.