e commerce essay conclusion

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Conclusion of E-commerce: Summarizing Industry Impact

01 March 2024 - E-Commerce

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The landscape of e-commerce has undergone a remarkable evolution, shaping the way businesses operate and consumers shop. In this comprehensive overview, we delve into the multifaceted impact of e-commerce on industries, economies, and the daily lives of people.

The Evolution of Online Retail

The evolution of online retail represents a transformative journey that has reshaped traditional commerce, presenting businesses and consumers with novel opportunities and challenges. This section delves into the key milestones and shifts that have characterized the remarkable progression of e-commerce.

1. Inception of Digital Storefronts:

The origin of online retail can be traced back to the early days of the internet when businesses began experimenting with digital storefronts. This marked the initial step toward the convergence of technology and commerce. While basic in functionality, these early online platforms laid the groundwork for the expansive e-commerce landscape we witness today.

2. Technological Advancements:

The evolution of online retail gained momentum with technological advancements. Improved internet infrastructure, faster connection speeds, and the proliferation of smartphones facilitated a more seamless online shopping experience. This phase saw the emergence of user-friendly interfaces, enhancing the accessibility of e-commerce platforms.

3. Rise of E-commerce Giants:

The 21st century witnessed the rise of e-commerce giants such as Amazon, Alibaba, and eBay. These platforms revolutionized the retail landscape by offering extensive product selections, competitive pricing, and streamlined logistics. Their success not only signaled a shift in consumer behavior but also set the standard for operational efficiency in the e-commerce sector.

4. Mobile Commerce (m-commerce):

The advent of smartphones ushered in the era of mobile commerce. Consumers increasingly turned to mobile devices for their shopping needs, prompting businesses to optimize their platforms for mobile compatibility. Mobile apps and responsive websites became integral components of e-commerce strategies, providing users with the flexibility to shop anytime, anywhere.

5. Personalization and User Experience:

E-commerce evolved beyond transactional platforms to prioritize personalized user experiences. Advanced analytics and AI-driven technologies enabled businesses to tailor recommendations, promotions, and interfaces based on individual preferences. This focus on personalization not only enhanced customer satisfaction but also contributed to increased sales and brand loyalty.

6. Integration of Social Commerce:

The integration of social media into e-commerce platforms marked a significant shift. Social commerce leverages the vast user base of platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and Pinterest, turning social interactions into purchasing opportunities. This integration fosters a more engaging shopping experience and extends the reach of online businesses through social networks.

7. Challenges and Innovations:

The evolution of online retail hasn’t been without challenges. Issues such as cybersecurity concerns, logistical complexities, and market saturation have prompted continuous innovations. From blockchain solutions ensuring secure transactions to advancements in augmented reality (AR) for virtual try-ons, the e-commerce landscape continues to adapt to overcome obstacles and provide enhanced services.

8. Globalization of E-commerce:

E-commerce has transcended geographical boundaries, allowing businesses to reach a global audience. Cross-border transactions have become more prevalent, facilitated by efficient shipping and international payment gateways. This globalization has opened new avenues for businesses of all sizes, fostering a more interconnected and diverse e-commerce ecosystem.

The Role of SaaS in E-commerce Advancements

• Shopify has played a pivotal role in democratizing online retail. Offering a user-friendly platform, it enables businesses of all sizes to establish and manage their digital storefronts effortlessly. With features like customizable templates and secure payment options, Shopify empowers merchants to thrive in the competitive e-commerce landscape.
• For businesses leveraging WordPress, WooCommerce serves as an invaluable plugin. This SaaS product seamlessly integrates with WordPress websites, providing a robust e-commerce solution. It enables businesses to manage products, process transactions, and create engaging online experiences within the familiar WordPress environment.
• BigCommerce emerges as a scalable solution for growing e-commerce ventures. Recognizing the dynamic nature of online businesses, BigCommerce offers flexibility and scalability. It allows businesses to expand their operations without compromising on performance or user experience.
• Magento stands out as an open-source e-commerce platform renowned for its customization capabilities. Businesses seeking a tailored online presence turn to Magento for its flexibility and extensive range of plugins. It empowers users to create unique, feature-rich e-commerce websites.
• While not an e-commerce platform per se, Stripe plays a crucial role in facilitating online transactions. As a SaaS product, it provides secure and seamless payment processing solutions, ensuring a smooth experience for both merchants and customers. With its robust infrastructure, Stripe contributes to the overall reliability of e-commerce transactions.

Conclusion: Navigating the E-commerce Landscape

In conclusion, the impact of e-commerce reverberates across industries, ushering in unprecedented opportunities and challenges. The symbiotic relationship between technology, SaaS products, and e-commerce has reshaped traditional business models. As businesses continue to adapt to the ever-evolving digital landscape, the importance of staying informed and leveraging innovative tools cannot be overstated.

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6 Key Strategies for Writing a Compelling E-Commerce Essay

Crafting a remarkable e-commerce essay goes beyond simply listing facts and stats. It involves integrating these details into a story that reflects the modern online business environment. Your essay should blend analysis, insight, and foresight, offering a unique perspective on a constantly evolving field.  

This challenge often requires students to think creatively and write with conciseness and accuracy. If you find yourself seeking guidance or inspiration, there’s no better option than to ask DoMyEssay to “help me write an essay.” And, if you need some extra practical recommendations on e-commerce essay writing, this article is for you.  

The foundation of any impactful e-commerce essay lies in thorough research. Delving into the latest market studies, consumer behavior analytics, and technological advancements gives your writing substance and authority. Imagine you’re discussing the rise of AI in e-commerce. By incorporating recent research findings, your essay transforms from a mere opinion to a well-informed discussion on how AI revolutionizes customer experiences.

But remember, research isn’t just about gathering data; it’s about critically analyzing it. Question the sources, compare different viewpoints, and look for patterns. This approach adds depth to your essay and shows your critical thinking skills.

• Structure Your Essay  

A well-structured essay guides the reader through your writing, helping them understand the logic of your argument. Follow these steps to achieve it:

• Begin with an engaging introduction.
• Outline your main arguments early on.
• Make each paragraph focused on one specific point.
• Use transitions to connect paragraphs.
• Include examples and case studies for illustration.
• Avoid jargon to maintain clarity.
• Use quotes from experts sparingly.
• Analyze data to support your points.
• Conclude with a strong summary of your arguments.
• End with a thought-provoking statement or question.

Incorporate Real-World Examples

A practical method to improve your e-commerce essay is to include real-world examples. These examples offer solid proof to bolster your arguments, assisting readers in bridging the gap between theoretical concepts and practical application. For instance, discussing Amazon’s business model provides a practical illustration of e-commerce strategies in action.

When selecting examples, choose those that are relevant and recent. This demonstrates your up-to-date knowledge of the field and makes your essay more engaging. A discussion about the use of social media in e-commerce, backed by examples from successful Instagram marketing campaigns, can vividly illustrate your points.

Analyze and Critique

Analysis and critique are crucial in academic writing. They demonstrate your ability to think beyond the surface and engage with the material at a deeper level. When writing about e-commerce, don’t just describe trends; analyze their implications and critique their impact:

• Analyze the significance of e-commerce trends.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of various e-commerce strategies.
• Discuss potential future developments.
• Consider the ethical implications of e-commerce practices.
• Compare and contrast different e-commerce models.
• Take into account how tech tools influence consumer behavior.
• Assess the sustainability of e-commerce growth.
• Explore the global reach of e-commerce.
• Question existing norms and suggest improvements.

For example, when writing about the rise of mobile commerce, don’t just list statistics. Analyze how this trend is changing consumer behavior and critique its long-term sustainability. This depth of analysis shows your engagement with the topic and ability to think critically.

Use Visuals to Enhance Understanding

Incorporating charts, graphs, and infographics in your e-commerce essay can help illustrate complex data and trends. A well-placed graph demonstrating the growth of online sales over the last decade, for instance, can make your point more effective than text alone.

When using visuals, ensure they are relevant and add value to your essay. Each visual should be clearly labeled and referenced in the text. This aids in the reader’s comprehension and demonstrates your ability to integrate different forms of information cohesively.

Conclude with Impact

In your e-commerce essay, the conclusion should summarize the key points and offer insight or a call to action. For instance, after discussing the future of e-commerce, you might conclude by suggesting areas for further research or potential challenges that need addressing.

The concluding paragraph is the final thing the reader will remember. Make it clear, concise, and reflective of the essay’s overall argument. Avoid introducing new information. Instead, focus on encapsulating the essence of your discussion in a way that resonates with and inspires your reader.

Continuously developing your writing skills is crucial in your role as a student and future professional. This process includes seeking feedback, revisiting your strategies, and staying informed about current e-commerce trends. In this context, resources like the best paper writing service can be priceless. They provide you with quality examples to learn from and offer a perspective on communicating complex ideas.

Each essay is an opportunity to hone your skills, develop your voice, and deepen your understanding of this exciting field. It is not just about achieving academic excellence; it’s about preparing you for the dynamic and evolving world of e-commerce.  

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Essay on E-Commerce: Scope, Importance, Advantages and Limitations

Essay on E-Commerce: Scope, Importance, Advantages and Limitations! Read this essay to learn about essay on e commerce, e-commerce essay topics, essay on ecommerce in india, e-commerce essays advantages and disadvantages, essay on e commerce and online shopping, e-commerce essay conclusion!

Essay on e-commerce:.

Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, is the buying and selling of product or service over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on such technologies as electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems.

Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the transaction’s life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices and telephones as well.

Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchanging of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions.

Even today, some considerable time after the so called ‘dot com/Internet revolution’, electronic commerce (e-commerce) remains a relatively new, emerging and constantly changing area of business management and information technology.

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There has been and continues to be much publicity and discussion about e-commerce. Library catalogues and shelves are filled with books and articles on the subject.

However, there remains a sense of confusion, suspicion and misunderstanding surrounding the area, which has been exacerbated by the different contexts in which electronic commerce is used, coupled with the myriad related buzzwords and acronyms.

In the emerging global economy, e-commerce and e-business have increasingly become a necessary component of business strategy and a strong catalyst for economic development. The integration of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in business has revolutionized relationships within organizations and those between and among organizations and individuals.

Specifically, the use of ICT in business has enhanced productivity, encouraged greater customer participation, and enabled mass customization, besides reducing costs. With developments in the Internet and Web-based technologies, distinctions between traditional markets and the global electronic marketplace-such as business capital size, among others-are gradually being narrowed down.

The name of the game is strategic positioning, the ability of a company to determine emerging opportunities and utilize the necessary human capital skills to make the most of these opportunities through an e-business strategy that is simple, workable and practicable within the context of a global information milieu and new economic environment.

With its effect of leveling the playing field, e-commerce coupled with the appropriate strategy and policy approach enables small and medium scale enterprises to compete with large and capital-rich businesses.

On another plane, developing countries are given increased access to the global marketplace, where they compete with and complement the more developed economies.

Most, if not all, developing countries are already participating in e-commerce, either as sellers or buyers. However, to facilitate e-commerce growth in these countries, the relatively underdeveloped information infrastructure must be improved.

Among the areas for policy interventions are:

(i) High Internet access costs, including connection service fees, communication fees, and hosting charges for websites with sufficient bandwidth;

(ii) Limited availability of credit cards and a nationwide credit card system;

(iii) Underdeveloped transportation infrastructure resulting in slow and uncertain delivery of goods and services;

(iv) Network security problems and insufficient security safeguards;

(v) Lack of skilled human resources and key technologies;

(vi) Content restriction on national security and other public policy grounds, which greatly affect business in the field of information services, such as the media and entertainment sectors;

(vi) Cross-border issues, such as the recognition of transactions under laws of other ASEAN member-countries, certification services, improvement of delivery methods and customs facilitation; and

(vii) The relatively low cost of labor, which implies that a shift to a comparatively capital intensive solution including investments on the improvement of the physical and network infrastructure is not apparent.

It is recognized that in the Information age, Internet commerce is a powerful tool in the economic growth of developing countries. While there are indications of e-commerce patronage among large firms in developing countries, there seems to be little and negligible use of the Internet for commerce among small and medium sized firms.

E-commerce promises better business for SME’s and sustainable economic development for developing countries. However, this is premised on strong political will and good governance, as well as on a responsible and supportive private sector within an effective policy framework. This primer seeks to provide policy guidelines toward this end.

Essay on the History of E-Commerce:

History of ecommerce dates back to the invention of the very old notion of “sell and buy”, electricity, cables, computers, modems, and the Internet. Ecommerce became possible in 1991 when the Internet was opened to commercial use. Since that date thousands of businesses have taken up residence at web sites.

At first, the term ecommerce meant the process of execution of commercial transactions electronically with the help of the leading technologies such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) which gave an opportunity for users to exchange business information and do electronic transactions.

The ability to use these technologies appeared in the late 1970s and allowed business companies and organizations to send commercial documentation electronically. Although the Internet began to advance in popularity among the general public in 1994, it took approximately four years to develop the security protocols and DSL which allowed rapid access and a persistent connection to the Internet.

In 2000 a great number of business companies in the United States and Western Europe represented their services in the World Wide Web.

At this time the meaning of the word ecommerce was changed. People began to define the term ecommerce as the process of purchasing of available goods and services over the Internet using secure connections and electronic payment services.

Although the dot-com collapse in 2000 led to unfortunate results and many of ecommerce companies disappeared, the “brick and mortar” retailers recognized the advantages of electronic commerce and began to add such capabilities to their web sites (e.g., after the online grocery store Webvan came to ruin, two supermarket chains, Albertsons and Safeway, began to use ecommerce to enable their customers to buy groceries online).

By the end of 2001, the largest form of ecommerce, Business-to- Business (B2B) model, had around $700 billion in transactions.

According to all available data, ecommerce sales continued to grow in the next few years and, by the end of 2007, ecommerce sales accounted for 3.4 percent of total sales. Ecommerce has a great deal of advantages over “brick and mortar” stores and mail order catalogs. Consumers can easily search through a large database of products and services.

They can see actual prices, build an order over several days and email it as a “wish list” hoping that someone will pay for their selected goods. Customers can compare prices with a click of the mouse and buy the selected product at best prices.

Online vendors, in their turn, also get distinct advantages. The web and its search engines provide a way to be found by customers without expensive advertising campaign. Even small online shops can reach global markets. Web technology also allows to track customer preferences and to deliver individually-tailored marketing.

History of ecommerce is unthinkable without Amazon and E-bay which were among the first Internet companies to allow electronic transactions. Thanks to their founders we now have a handsome ecommerce sector and enjoy the buying and selling advantages of the Internet. Currently there are 5 largest and most famous worldwide internet retailers- Amazon, Dell, Staples, Office Depot and Hewlett Packard.

According to statistics, the most popular categories of products sold in the World Wide Web are music, books, computers, office supplies and other consumer electronics.

Amazon.com, Inc. is one of the most famous ecommerce companies and is located in Seattle, Washington (USA). It was founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos and was one of the first American e-commerce companies to sell products over the Internet.

After the dot-com collapse Amazon lost its position as a successful business model, however, in 2003 the company made its first annual profit which was the first step to the further development.

At the outset Amazon.com was considered as an online bookstore, but in time it extended a variety of goods by adding electronics, software, DVDs, video games, music CDs, MP3s, apparel, footwear, health products, etc.

The original name of the company was Cadabra.com, but shortly after it become popular in the Internet Bezos decided to rename his business “Amazon” after the world’s most voluminous river. In 1999 Jeff Bezos was entitled as the Person of the Year by Time Magazine in recognition of the company’s success.

Although the company’s main headquarters is located in the USA, WA, Amazon has set up separate websites in other economically developed countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, and China. The company supports and operates retail web sites for many famous businesses, including Marks & Spencer, Lacoste, The NBA, Bebe Stores, Target, etc.

Amazon is one of the first ecommerce businesses to establish an affiliate marketing program, and nowadays the company gets about 40% of its sales from affiliates and third party sellers who list and sell goods on the web site.

In 2008 Amazon penetrated into the cinema and is currently sponsoring the film “The Stolen Child” with 20th Century Fox. According to the research conducted in 2008, the domain Amazon.com attracted about 615 million customers every year.

The most popular feature of the web site is the review system, i.e. the ability for visitors to submit their reviews and rate any product on a rating scale from one to five stars. Amazon.com is also well-known for its clear and user-friendly advanced search facility which enables visitors to search for keywords in the full text of many books in the database.

One more company which has contributed much to the process of e-commerce development is Dell Inc., an American company located in Texas, which stands third in computer sales within the industry behind Hewlett Packard and Acer.

Launched in 1994 as a static page, Dell.com has made rapid strides, and by the end of 1997 was the first company to record a million dollars in online sales. The company’s unique strategy of selling goods over the World Wide Web with no retail outlets and no middlemen has been admired by a lot of customers and imitated by a great number of ecommerce businesses.

The key factor of Dell’s success is that Dell.com enables customers to choose and to control, i.e. visitors can browse the site and assemble PCs piece by piece choosing each single component based on their budget and requirements. According to statistics, approximately half of the company’s profit comes from the web site.

In 2007, Fortune magazine ranked Dell as the 34th-largest company in the Fortune 500 list and 8th on its annual Top 20 list of the most successful and admired companies in the USA in recognition of the company’s business model.

History of ecommerce is a history of a new, virtual world which is evolving according to the customer advantage. It is a world which we are all building together brick by brick, laying a secure foundation for the future generations.

Essay on the Scope of E-Commerce:

There is high scope of e-commerce in each aspect of business, at present it is in the embryonic stage but in future e-commerce would be the part of day to day activity of business firms.

Following are the marketing areas where we seek scope of e-commerce:

(i) Marketing, sales and sales promotion.

(ii) Pre-sales, subcontracts, supply.

(iii) Financing and insurance.

(iv) Commercial transactions – ordering, delivery, payment.

(v) Product service and maintenance.

(vi) Co-operative product development.

(vii) Distributed co-operative working.

(viii) Use of public and private services.

(ix) Business-to-administrations

(x) Transport and logistics.

(xi) Public procurement.

(xii) Automatic trading of digital goods like games, learning material, songs and music etc.

(xiii) Accounting and financial management.

(xiv) Legal advice

Essay on the Need for E-Commerce:

E-commerce and e-business are not solely the Internet, websites or dot com companies. It is about a new business concept that incorporates all previous business management and economic concepts.

As such, e-business and e-commerce impact on many areas of business and disciplines of business management studies:

1. Marketing:

Issues of online advertising, marketing strategies, consumer’s behavior and cultures. One of the areas in which it impacts particularly is direct marketing. In the past this was mainly door-to-door, home parties and mail order using catalogues or leaflets.

This moved to telemarketing and TV selling with the advances in telephone and television technology and finally developed into e-marketing spawning ‘e-CRM’ data mining and the like by creating new channels for direct sales and promotion.

2. Computer Sciences:

Development of different network and computing technologies and languages to support e-commerce and e-business, for example linking front and back office legacy systems with the ‘web based’ technology.

3. Finance and Accounting:

On-line banking; issues of transaction costs; accounting and auditing implications where ‘intangible’ assets and human capital must be tangibly valued in an increasingly knowledge based economy.

4. Economics:

The impact of e-commerce on local and global economies, understanding the concept of a digital and knowledge-based economy and how this fits into economic theory.

5. Production and Operations Management:

The impact of on-line processing has led to reduced cycle times. It takes seconds to deliver digitized products and services electronically; similarly the time for processing orders can be reduced by more than 90 per cent from days to minutes.

Production systems are integrated with finance marketing and other functional systems as well as with business partners and customers.

6. Production and Operations Management:

Moving from mass production to demand driven, mass customization customer pull rather than the manufacturer push of the past. Web based Enterprise Resource Planning systems (ERP) can also be used to forward orders directly to designers and/or production floor within seconds, thus cutting production cycle times by up to 50 per cent, especially when manufacturing plants, engineers and designers are located in different countries.

In sub-assembler companies, where a product is assembled from a number of different components sourced from a number of manufacturers, communication, collaboration and coordination are critical so electronic bidding can yield cheaper components and having flexible and adaptable procurement systems allows fast changes at a minimum cost so inventories can be minimized and money saved.

7. Management Information Systems:

Analysis, design and implementation of E-business systems within an organization; issues of integration of front-end and back-end systems.

8. Human Resource Management:

Issues of on-line recruiting, home working and ‘intra- pruners’ working on a project by project basis replacing permanent employees.

9. Business Law and Ethics:

The different legal and ethical issues that have arisen as a result of a global ‘virtual’ market. Issues are copyright laws, privacy of customer information, and legality of electronic contracts.

Importance of E-Commerce :

Today, we can see e-commerce is becoming a part of study of almost all the courses in management and commerce. It is an integral part of any book or manuscript that is written on retailing, and it claims a significant share in this text also. The reason behind this lies in the fact that e-commerce technology is different and more powerful than any of the other technologies we have seen in the past century.

While these other technologies transformed economic life in the 20th century, the evolving Internet and other ITs will shape the 21st century in many ways. The foremost of these is the rise of a sizeable class of Internet-habituated consumers, and then is the creation of an ecosystem essential for e-tailing’s growth. In India’s case, both these factors are poised to fall into place rapidly.

Prior to the development of e-tailing, the process of marketing and selling goods was a mass- marketing and/or sales force-driven process. Consumers were considered as passive targets of advertising (promotional) “campaigns,” and branding blitzes were intended to influence their long-term product perceptions (brand positioning) and immediate purchasing behavior.

Selling was conducted in typical well-insulated “channels.” Consumers were viewed to be trapped by geographical and social boundaries, unable to search widely for the alternatives with best price and quality. Information about prices, costs, and tariffs could be hidden from the customers to get the resultant profitable “information asymmetries” for the selling firm.

Here, information asymmetry means any disparity in relevant market information among parties in a transaction. E-commerce has challenged much of these traditional retail business norms, assumptions, and behavior.

Essay on the Principles of E-Commerce:

The various principles of e-commerce are as follows:

1. Sell Everywhere – be Seen and be Shopped:

Customer expectations for how and when they buy products have changed substantially over the past few years. Multi-channel selling was once limited to managing direct sales, a call centre, a website, and possibly a partner channel.

With E-Commerce 2.0, this has been expanded and refined to include various online channels. These new channels include additional branded websites, various online marketplaces (such as eBay, Amazon.com, Overstock.com and others), and online shopping comparison engines (such as Shopping.com, PriceGrabber.com and others).

2. The Long Tail -Target Niche Markets:

E-Tailers who can connect with niche markets and provide a better online experience are capitalizing on new-found revenue. In the past, the obvious strategy was to find the bulk of the market and then mass market to them. With so much competition, many online merchants have adapted by discovering new methods and tools that target specific niche markets.

These niche markets are not flooded by the big brands and respond well to content and online experiences directed specifically at them. In many cases, the demands of these niche markets are simply not being met by big brands.

The Long Tail principle of E-Commerce 2.0 is about being able to reach beyond the traditional prospect base and tap the potential of niche markets.

3. Decentralized Content Generation – Data from the Community:

Buyers were once along for the ride in the e-Commerce process. Now they are in the driver’s seat. The content buyers create through forums such as product reviews, blogs and social networks influences other buyers as much or more than any promotion E-Tailers create.

Forums like YouTube and MySpace underscore how content created by consumers has become a viable and valuable part of the promotional and sales cycle for retailers. The Canadian e- Commerce site Wasabi even encourages buyers to submit any offers that they find through social and economic incentives.

While some E-Tailers are frightened by the perceived loss of control over content being published, these new avenues of data acquisition greatly increase the richness and diversity of information available, ultimately helping the buyer make better decisions.

4. Personalized Shopping – Make it Fun to Shop and Easy to Buy:

Shopping has long been considered a recreational activity by many. Shopping online is no exception. In fact, with the sophistication and speed of online shopping tools, consumers are spending more and more on E-Tailer sites.

The best of these shopping tools takes into account that buyers want to be entertained and pleased. Buyers are just as in the brick-and-mortar world do not like long checkout processes. When building your online brand, regardless of channel, remember that speedy checkout equates to happier buyers who are more likely to return and buy again.

5. Mash-Ups -Integrate and Collaborate:

Integration is nothing new, but what is new is how dynamically these integrations need to be initiated, modified, and used. The e-Commerce 2.0 environment is built upon many interrelated systems and processes that require information to be exchanged dynamically.

This happens between many systems based on individual user experience and the context of a particular customer interaction or order. Seamless access and interaction between systems is what promotes increased conversions and buyer loyalty, as well as attracts new buyers.

6. Data is King-Collect a Wealth of Opportunities:

Gone are the days of looking at purely operational reports. Seeing how many listings you have in a marketplace is fine, but it does not tell you how you compare to other E-Tailers, what your performance is like over time, or what other channels may be more profitable.

E-Commerce 2.0 is about collecting and managing data from all online channels to enable better business decisions. Discovering product opportunities relies on being able to define business objectives carefully, identify related key performance indicators (KPIs) and receive continual data to act on it.

In E-Commerce business is possible in various combinations like:

(i) B2B – Business to Business

(ii) B2C – Business to Consumer

(iii) C2B – Consumer to Business

(iv) B2E – Business to Employee

(v) C2C – Consumer to Consumer

(i) B2B – Business to Business:

E-Commerce has been in use for quite a few years and is more commonly known as EDI (electronic data interchange). In the past, EDI was conducted on a direct link of some form between the two businesses where as today the most popular connection is the internet. B2B E-Commerce could be used as a significant enabler in their move towards greater trading partner collaboration. E-Commerce technologies have allowed even the smallest businesses to improve the processes for interfacing with customers. They are now able to develop services for individual clients rather than provide a standard service.

The two businesses pass information electronically to each other.

Typically in the B2B environment, E-Commerce can be used in the following processes:

(i) Procurement

(ii) Order fulfillment.

(iii) Managing trading-partner relationships.

B2B is helpful in reduction in transaction costs and improvement of product quality and customer service and insistence by large businesses that all of their suppliers link into their e-commerce system as a condition of doing business. In addition, there is greater demand by final consumers for fast order fulfillment and the ability to track an order as it is being processed and delivered.

(ii) B2C – Business to Consumer:

Business to Consumer e-commerce is where the consumer accesses the system of the supplier. It is still a two way function but is usually done solely through the Internet.

B2C can also relate to receiving information such as share prices, insurance quotes, on­line newspapers, or weather forecasts. When the product cannot be physically examined, traditional commerce has no advantage over the convenience of electronic commerce. The largest business-to-consumer e-commerce involves intangible product that can be delivered directly to the consumer’s computer cover the network is composed of five broad categories-entertainment, travel newspaper/magazines, financial services, and e-mail. Entertainment, online games, music and video, is the largest category of products sold to consumers.

(iii) C2B – Consumer to Business:

Consumer to Business is a growing area where the consumer requests a specific service from the business. Like reservation in a hotel in a specific time period.

(iv) B2E – Business to Employee:

Business to Employee e-commerce is growing in use it is in practice in business like pharmacy marketing, supply chain management, insurance, IT companies etc. This form of e-commerce is more commonly known as an ‘Intranet’. An intranet is a web site developed to provide employees of an organization with information. The intranet is usually access through the organizations network, it can and is often extended to an entrant which uses the Internet but restricts uses by sign on and password.

(v) C2C – Consumer to Consumer:

These sites are usually some form of an auction site. The consumer lists items for sale with a commercial auction site. Other consumers access the site and place bids on the items. The site then provides a connection between the seller and buyer to complete the transaction.

Essay on the Key Elements Supporting E-Commerce :

Here are seven important infrastructure decisions that ecommerce businesses face:

Of all the infrastructure elements, marketing may be the most important. To succeed, your website must be found. Once visitors are on your site, you need to keep them there and compel them to buy from you. That’s the job of your marketing team.

Whether it is website design, social media, search marketing, merchandising, email or other forms of advertising, it’s all about marketing.

To effectively manage marketing activities in-house is very challenging. Most small ecommerce businesses outsource some element of marketing.

2. Facilitie s:

A key competitive advantage that ecommerce businesses have over brick-and-mortar stores is the investment in their physical offices and warehouses. In many cases, you can host your business out of a home office and your basement or garage.

If you drop ship or outsource fulfillment, you may be able to do that for a long period of time. Even when you grow to have many employees, you can set up your offices in class B or C space, as you have no need for a fancy store in the right location.

A word of advice is to keep your options flexible. Try to find an office park that has a wide variety of spaces in different sizes. You may be able to start in a smaller space and move up to a larger one without penalty, as your needs change.

3. Customer Service :

There are many choices today for delivering high-quality customer service. You can manage those activities in-house or outsource to a third party. Basic customer service for sales and post- sales activities can be handled using email, and by providing an 800 number for more extensive phone support.

A customer-management system will make those activities easier, but for smaller companies it is not a requirement.

Live chat will impact your operations as someone needs to be available during specified hours of operation. Be sure to gauge the impact of that on your organization, if you decide to handle those activities in house.

4. Information Technology :

Choosing the right ecommerce platform is one of the most important decisions you will make in your business. Do you want to build and host your own system, outsource the development and then manage the system going forward, or using a host, software as a service platform that is more turnkey and externally managed?

If you build and host your own system, you may need more cash up front and skilled administrators and developers on your staff. By using a SaaS platform, you will not need to host or manage the system in-house, but you may still need web developers on staff.

Choosing to outsource the development and hosting will reduce your staffing costs, but you will incur higher costs for any future enhancements or changes to your websites.

There are pros and cons to any approach. Just be sure to think through the impacts on both your staffing and your cash flow and bottom line before you move forward.

5. Fulfillment :

Another key decision is whether you will manage your own inventory or outsource those activities to a fulfillment house or through drop shipping arrangements with your suppliers.

Managing your own inventory will provide you with a high level of control, but you will tie up your cash in inventory, warehouse space, and your own fulfillment staff. In some industries like the jewelry supply industry that my previous business was in managing your own inventory was the most logical choice.

We had no alternative for drop shipping, and most items were purchased in bulk and were very small. We did not trust preparation and fulfillment to an outside service.

Select the best fulfillment option to meet your needs. Be sure to understand the costs involved and analyze the other options before moving forward.

6. Finance and Administration :

As with other business operations, you will need to decide if you want to manage your finance and administration activities in-house, outsource, or a hybrid of the two. If your ecommerce platform is tightly integrated to your accounting system, you may have very little need for an in-house bookkeeper.

If you use separate systems for your website, order management and accounting, you may require more help for data entry and making sure that the information is properly managed. Many ecommerce companies use outside services for vendor payments, payroll, and other basic accounting activities.

They decide to focus on the sales, marketing, and customer service. This allows them to maintain a focus on growing their businesses, instead of paying an internal accountant or doing that work you as the business owner.

On the administration side, you need a leadership team and provide direction to them. Good communication is important, whether you have 3 or 100 employees. Whether you choose to be more authoritative or democratic in your management style is up to you.

But choose a style and stay consistent. Be sure that everyone understands their roles, as well as the overall business strategies. You may need to adjust your approach as your business evolves.

7. Human Resources :

Many small-business owners avoid the human resources function. Recruiting, setting up compensation, maintaining compliance and other HR activities are specialized and time consuming.

You may choose to bring the resources in-house to manage those activities, but also evaluate outsourcing them. There are many individuals and agencies well equipped to take on your HR activities.

Impact of E-Commerce on Business:

i. Transformation in the Marketplace:

Now business can be conducted at anywhere any place accessible to internet. Firms can offer their products and services with involvement of intermediaries. Traditional intermediary functions will be replaced, new products and markets will be developed, and new and far closer relationships will be created between business and consumers. It will change the organization of work- new channels of knowledge diffusion and human interactivity in the workplace will be opened more flexibility.

ii. Fast Growth of Business:

E-commerce will serve as a catalyst and diffuse more widely changes that are already under way in the economy, such as the reform of regulations, the establishment of electronic links between businesses (EDI), the globalization of economic activity, and the demand for higher-skilled workers. Likewise, many pectoral trends already under way, such as electronic banking, direct booking of travel, and one-to-one marketing, will be accelerated because of electronic commerce.

iii. Helpful in Globalization:

Information exchange was constraint in transnational business but e-commerce provides facilities to MNCs and global organizations to transfer real time information to employees, stake holders and customers. E-commerce over the Internet greatly increases interactivity in the economy. These linkages support business organization in expansion of business.

iv. Electronic Commerce Growth:

At present, electronic commerce over the Internet is relatively small but is growing very rapidly. At present electronic commerce is in a birth stage, and technology and market dynamics are still casting its basic shape. People resist using e-commerce. This is especially true for the business-to-consumer segment, where people concerns about security of payment, potentially fraudulent merchants, privacy of personal data, etc.

v. New Employment Opportunities:

Electronic commerce will cause changes in the mix of skills required, driving demand for information technology professionals. For electronic commerce, IT expertise also needs to be joined with strong business applications skills, and therefore requires a flexible, multi-skilled works force. Apart from contingent skills needed to support electronic commerce transactions and applications, there will be a requirement of hardware and software professionals.

vi. New Business Opportunities:

Changing industry structures and electronic commerce systems allow for new business models, based on the wide availability of information and its direct distribution-to end customers. Going further than new ones, we also see new business models are new forms of intermediaries, or information brokers. The examples are currently the directory providers or the search engines, such as Yahoo and Lycos, bidding sites like e-bay, Internet shopping, on line trading, online consultancy etc.

E-commerce is a technology driven activity which require an infrastructure that supports the seamless location, transfer, and integration of business information in a secure and reliable manner. Adaptability of e-commerce in small cities and village is very low due to non-availability of basic infrastructure.

vii. Product Promotion:

Through a direct, information rich and interactive contact with customers. The first use of electronic commerce is to provide product information through online electronic brochures and buying guides. This can be seen as an additional marketing channel, allowing reaching maximum number of customers the advantage of electronic commerce as way to deliver product information and its availability anytime, anywhere, provided the customer has right infrastructure to access the information.

viii. New Sales Channel:

Multidirectional approach of e-commerce has created new sales channels by which firms can directly reach to customers, suppliers, and stake holders, considering electronic commerce and in particular the World Wide Web, as a sales channel makes sense for two kinds of products- Physical products sometimes also sold in conventional stores, which can be advertised and for ordered online, such as computer hardware or wine, products which can additionally be delivered over the electronic commerce medium, such as information or software.

Electronic commerce strategies are of primary value in markets where information is of significant added value to the products being brought, rather than in commodity markets. Centralizing, this information digitally is therefore of significant value for customers.

ix. Customer Service:

E-commerce provides on line customer care and support services. The ability to provide online answers to problems, through resolution guides, archives of company encountered problems, electronic mail interaction, in the future audio and video support and all that 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, builds customer confidence and retention. Monitoring how customers use this support information also provides insights on improvement areas in current products and the list of issues encountered with products can be significant source of product feedback for the design of new products.

x. Customer Relationships:

Electronic commerce systems will allow for more personalized relationships between suppliers and their customers, due to their ability to collect information on customer’s needs and behavioural patterns. The role of technology in learning about customers is its ability to record every event in the relationship, such as customers asking for information about a product, buying one, requesting customer service, etc. Throughout all these interactions, either over the phone, in person or online, the needs of the customer are identified and will feed future marketing efforts.

Essay on the Basic Elements of E-Commerce Hosting:

Ecommerce web hosting is gaining swift popularity with every passing day as more and more people use the internet to shop and purchase things. Even traditional brick and mortar businesses are also looking for options to make their products and services available online so as to increase the customer base by allowing geographically dispersed customers to access their online store.

Since an online store is such an important part of the business, you may need to put in a lot of time and effort while selecting your ecommerce hosting company.

Following are the key elements of ecommerce hosting:

1. Security :

You need to bear in mind that while making online sales, you will have access to the credit card information of many clients and such information is very sensitive. Hence, online stores are prone to security issues as hackers try to gain access to such information.

Thus, to ensure that the client information is not at risk, you need to choose an ecommerce hosting provider which offers tight security options such as sophisticated firewalls, valid SSL certificates and anti- phishing software.

2. Flexibility :

If you are a startup business your business demands might not be as high as those of large businesses and you may opt for an ecommerce plan which fulfills your immediate hosting needs. However, as businesses grow, demands increase and you may need more space and bandwidth.

If your current ecommerce hosting provider does not offer flexible plans, you may need to transfer your hosting account to another provider. Thus, keep your expansion plans in mind while selecting a hosting company and make sure your provider offers flexible plans.

3. Reliability :

The key to the success of an online store is convenience and round the clock availability. People generally use online stores because they are accessible at all times from anywhere in the world.

However, if your hosting company does not provide maximum uptime, your online store may not be available to customers hence forcing them to purchase from your competitors. Thus, choosing a hosting provider which offers 50% uptime would mean that you are allowing competitors to lure your customers.

4. Accessibility and Ease :

A website which is easy to browse for products and services is generally liked by customers. Therefore, it is necessary to bring your website at the top in terms of search engine results. Once your website is search engine optimized, you may drive loads of traffic to the website. However, if the hosting servers are down most of the time, making your website search engine optimized would be in vain.

5. Technical Expertise and Customer Support :

Another key element of ecommerce hosting is technical expertise of the hosting provider. This is an essential element especially during peak times as you may need immediate technical help for your online store in order to deal with certain website issues.

Also, ensure the customer support is available 24/7 via live chat, email and phone to assist clients in solving issues.

The above mentioned elements of ecommerce hosting are crucial to the success of any online business and thus should not be ignored.

Now that you know what you need to run a successful ecommerce site, you can buy and sell websites, being sure that you will be able to figure out how to host them on a decent server or offer the best quality possible (in case you sell sites) to your buyer.

Essay on the Advantages, Limitations, and Challenges :

E-tailing can be considered another form of non-store retailing. Its closest “cousin,” in terms of other forms of non-store retailing, is catalog retailing. Catalog retailing still claims a significant part of all retail transactions pie. It is therefore instructive to compare e-tailing to catalog retailing to gain some insight into its potential impact.

Catalog retailing, which evolved over a century ago, grew rapidly in its early stages (similar to e-tailing), and it was assumed to become a very important part of the overall retailing environment and market. It allowed customers to shop from home, when they wanted, at their own convenience. While this proved enticing and comfortable for some consumers and some types of products, there are some limitations that limited its growth further.

Advantages :

1. Customers have a much wider choice at their fingertips (many e-tail sites, etc.). Thus, the web creates a global bazaar-style marketplace that brings together many consumers and many retailers and sellers.

2. With web search capabilities (which need further development), it is easier to find the different types and varieties of goods a customer is searching for.

3. Customers can execute transactions/put orders via the same medium the information is provided, so there is no disconnect between the desire to purchase and the ability to purchase.

4. Payment schemes are still evolving, and therefore, this advantage is likely to become more apparent in the future.

5. E-tailers can use price discrimination more efficiently than other retailers.

6. E-tailers can use previous transactions to identify the likelihood of products being pur­chased at certain price points.

7. Product placement- E-tailers can change the product placement (user display) based on previous transactions, to increase the visibility of goods that the user is more likely to purchase based on their close relationship with previous purchases. Thus, placement can be designed based on the context of the previous purchases.

8. E-tailing includes some advantages to the consumer that no other form of retailing can provide. The hypertext nature of the medium allows for more flexible forms of transactions—the growth of C2B and C2C highlights this point. It allows for ease of comparison across broad product categories with the evolution of shopping bots and allows for more flexible pricing mechanisms that lead to dynamic pricing.

9. This is giving benefit to marketers who provide products with real (perceived) value and consumers in general. It also penalizes the marketers who have thrived in market­places that had “information” barriers to entry, where lack of information for customers restricted their choices and led to inefficient pricing and localized monopolies.

10. Inventory-based e-retailers are known the world over for running highly automated and efficient warehouses, bringing new benchmarks in this function.

Limitations :

1. All the customers may not have access to the web, as they do to the postal system. This is a temporary issue as the evolution of the web continues.

2. Ease of use may be an issue, as the web design may appear to be complex for some users or at sometimes a bit chaotic.

3. Online retail stores are not standardized in design in the way catalogs and retail stores (which use planograms for the same) have become.

4. Therefore, different user behaviors and patterns (navigation schemes) need to be observed for each online store. This is again a temporary issue as the evolution of the web continues.

5. Many times, trust deficit, security, and privacy concerns prevail. Consumers are con­cerned with the exposure of the data they provide/insert during transactions.

6. In Indian context, tax demands and regulatory hassles, coupled with low Internet den­sity and sundry other problems, pose some other challenges.

Related Articles:

• Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Internet
• Personal Selling: Meaning, Advantages and Limitations
• 8 Examples of E-Commerce around the World | Global Trade
• Advantages and Limitations of Advertising

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E-Commerce, Essay Example

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E-commerce includes the buying and selling of objects over the Internet.  It can include services and products, and e-commerce may also be performed on other types of computer networks besides the Internet.  E-commerce has become considerably popular in recent years, with its involvement in some aspect of transactions that occur over the Internet.  Online shopping and banking are two examples of this common aspect of the Internet and online business as it resembles today’s market.

E-business is much broader than e-commerce.  The former represents the application of information and communication technologies to support the business’s activities.  E-business includes more aspects than e-commerce, such as the interaction between business customers and partners.  E-business goes beyond the buying and selling of goods and services of e-commerce, although it certainly contains it in many cases.  Thus, they intersect in the dynamics of online transactions.

Competitive advantage can of course take many forms, referring to the higher earning of the cost of investments.  The capturing of advantageous attributes represents an effective strategy, such as the implementation of new technologies into a product or business model.  Access to natural resources can also provide a company with a competitive advantage.

Obtaining a competitive advantage can take two forms.  Porter (1985) has identified two type of competitive advantage, found in cost advantage and differentiation advantage.  The former refers to delivering the same benefits as the business’s competitors, but at a lower cost.  The latter refers to delivering benefits that go above and beyond products of competing businesses.  As these two forms both create superior value for its customers, a business can obtain a competitive advantage in either, or boy, ways.  A business may use either of these positional advantages to prove benefits in cost or differentiation.  Or, a resource-based advantage makes use of the business’s resources and capabilities to produce a competitive advantage.

Scaling methods remain an important dynamic, even for small businesses.  For instance, one method is used by small businesses in regards to search engine optimization, where such principles are utilized in order to allow the website to be scaled.  Scaling allows websites to become friendlier to users and servers.  Thus, businesses should be careful to spend time on the many scaling methods available to improve the efficiency and presentation of their website to customers and other businesses.

Online security measures often run into dangerous online criminals who exhibit a number of options in the way of Internet crime.  According to Chickowski (2008), “the ways of making money with online scams, identity theft, and hacking are limited only by criminal creativity.”  Chickowski also points to the “thriving” underground community of online criminals (2008).  A number of scams exist to give problems to Internet crime.

Some of the most dangerous forms of Internet crime are which Chickowski mentions.  Identity theft is one growing crime in the United States and around the world, with the Internet serving as a major role.  Hackers and other criminals target businesses or users on the Internet for online crimes.  For instance, malware writers attempt to exploit Internet Explorer, which takes up nearly 70% of the browser market (Keizer 2009).  It has caused users to look for other browsers, account for Internet Explorer’s dropping share.

Internet security is constantly evolving.  However, so are methods to hack into user’s and business’s accounts.  As a result online crime is undergoing difficult situations in this realm.  Not to mention, not all Internet users keep up with the latest technologies and scams.  This makes them easy targets for online criminals to take advantage of these users, to infiltrate their accounts, passwords, and other sensitive information.

Someone who uses the Internet would generally be much more likely to continue doing so.  The Internet allows individuals to perform a number of activities, both for business and personal reasons that would make continued use of the Internet quite logical.  For instance, an individual may find connectivity with friends and family useful.  Others may find the Internet complimentary to research for work, or even supplement their work with a website to improve business.

Internet usage can also be seen along the lines of e-commerce, to which we have analyzed briefly.  Shopping online is considered quite convenient for many who have engaged in this part of business.  As retailers make better use of the Internet, such as cheaper and faster methods of shipping and online sales, consumers will be more likely to shop online.  This relationship is one of many in the growing use of the Internet for individuals who are becoming more experienced online.

Overall convenience will dictate increased presence on the Internet for many individuals.  The Internet provides many conveniences to enhance the quality of life, to connecting with family via e-mail or a social network to finding additional work online.  Of course conveniences exist in e-commerce and business online for consumers and businesses.  The nature of the Internet will allow experienced users to continue or increase their Internet usage.

Chickowski, Ericka (2008). “Inside online crime: Of hackers, identity theft and online scams.” http://www.baselinemag.com/c/a/Security/Inside-Online-Crime-Of-Hackers-Identity-Theft-and-Online-Scams/. Retrieved 2010-05-25

Keizer, Gregg (2009). “Internet explorer loses market share.” http://www.pcworld.com/article/156306/ie_loses_market_share.html?tk=rss_news. Retrieved 2010-05-25

Porter, Michael (1985). Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. New York, NY: Free Press.

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History, Types, Advantages and Disadvantages of E-commerce

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History of E-commerce

The concept e-commerce was initially used to define the procedure of carrying out business transactions electronically using such technologies as the EDI and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) that first appeared in the 1970s (O’Brien & Marakas, 2006). They facilitated the enactment of electronic contracts among diverse businesses specifically in the arrangement of electronic purchase orders and invoices. EDI and EFT used to be the empowering items of machinery that laid the foundation for the today’s e-commerce. In 1982, the development of the Boston Computer Exchange that was a marketplace for used computer equipment marked the first known example of electronic commerce (Tian & Stewart, 2007). All through the 1980s, the conception of credit cards, ATMs and mobile banking was the subsequent phase for the advancement of e-commerce. In the early 1990s, e-commerce developed further providing additional services such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), data warehouses and data mining. In 1994, e-commerce services rapidly developed with the introduction of security protocols and high-speed internet connections such as DSL ensuring much faster online transactions (Tian & Stewart, 2007).

Electronic commerce was first introduced in the 1990s, and its practical application was getting more and more widely spread especially during the past five years. Soon, the precincts between conservative and e-commerce became progressively fuzzy as more companies transferred their activities to the Internet. During the 1990s, experts forecasted an accelerated progression in e-commerce associated making deals. In response to those predictions, over the years 1998-2000 (Tian & Stewart, 2007), a substantial number of businesses in Western Europe and the United States constructed their first major e-commerce websites. It 1994, the pioneer e-commerce companies, specifically eBay and Amazon, were launched (Tian & Stewart, 2007). Amazon and eBay were the first corporations to establish their conspicuous e-commerce brands, such as computers, books, office supplies, music, and a diversity of electronic devices. These companies allow consumers to purchase diverse goods and services online from other companies and consumers. Besides, eBay hosts online auctions (Tian & Stewart, 2007).

Amazon.com, Inc. initially was the most well-known e-commerce company founded by Jeff Bezos. Originally, Amazon’s business framework needed tremendous investment in warehousing, distribution and gratification proficiency that took years before Amazon gained profitability in the market. Finally in 2003, Amazon got its first annual proceeds. Dell.com is another giant company in the sphere of e-commerce that was launched in 1994 with a single static web age. Dell’s online services rapidly grew over the years, and in 1997, it announced a single-day transactions record of a million dollars on its website (Tian & Stewart, 2007).

Types of E-commerce

E-commerce has various categories. There are six major divisions of e-commerce, i.e. Business to Business (B2B) that is an e-commerce category, which entails all electronic transactions of goods and services conducted among businesses (Fernandes, 2014). Manufacturers and traditional commerce wholesalers stereotypically function using this category of e-commerce.

Business to Consumer (B2C) is an e-commerce platform that is popular for its formation of electronic business associations between commercial and eventual clients. It tallies to the merchandizing segment of electronic commerce, where customary retail trade usually functions. Business to Consumer affiliations are not only easier and more vibrant, but also more intermittent (Fernandes, 2014). This brand of commerce has grown progressively due to the emergence of a network, and the existing copious computer-generated outlets on the Internet, which sells all kinds of end user merchandises and services such as computers, footwear, books, vehicles, foodstuffs, monetary merchandises, digital periodicals, etc. The shoppers usually have access to more gen provided about informative content compared to shopping in the old-fashioned market (Fernandes, 2014). There is also a universal concept that buying via the internet is relatively cheaper, and it does not put in danger a personalized customer service. Business to Consumer e-commerce further warrants a quick processing and delivery of products.

Consumer to Consumer (C2C) e-commerce is a type that includes all electronic transactions of goods and services carried out by users (Laudon & Laudon, 2010). As a rule, such deals are made by the third parties. E-commerce provides an online platform specifically where these transactions will be carried out.

Consumer to Business (C2B) is an e-commerce category that offers a complete reverse of the traditional approach to buying and selling of goods and services. This form of e-commerce is commonly used in a multitude of funded projects (Laudon & Laudon, 2010). A wide range of people make their products available for procurement to companies precisely seeking the products they are offering. The key illustrations of C2B deals include the websites where inventers provide numerous suggestions for a corporation insignia. Eventually, just one emblem is chosen and efficiently procured. Another platform is the arcades that trade free royalty pictures, imageries, and designs (Fernandes, 2014).

Business to Administration (B2A) is the type of e-commerce that embraces all online transactions carried out by corporations and public administration (Fernandes, 2014). B2A e-commerce provides significant services in such areas as the pecuniary sector, societal security, business operations, lawful documents, catalogues, etc. This e-commerce platform has grown briskly over the years with significant investments made in the e-government.

Consumer to Administration (C2A) is an e-commerce platform that embroils all automated businesses owned by individuals and the government (Laudon & Laudon, 2010). The Consumer to Administration contracts include educational applications that involve the dissemination of information over the internet and distance learning that allows students from all over the world to gain knowledge in different educational centers across the globe without physically attending classes in the given institution. Another application is the social security where this type of e-commerce is evidenced through the distribution of information of the social security holder and their beneficiaries. Making payments to the social security accounts can also be done online (Fernandes, 2014). Taxes are another C2A application where filing of tax returns and making payments have been simplified hence making governments collect more revenues as this platform closes all the tax evasion loopholes. C2A e-commerce has also enabled the advancement of the health sector as patients can now make online appointments with their doctors. This is convenient as patients do not have to physically visit the doctors’ offices to make appointments. The information about the patients can also be stored online to avoid excessive paperwork. Patients can also pay for their treatment online (Fernandes, 2014).

Advantages of E-commerce

According to O’Brien and Marakas (2006), e-business is a two-way advantageous status quo for both the customer and supplier. E-commerce brings a lot of benefits to consumers and product providers alike. Benefits to consumers include the following: customers get access to a wide choice of products in the cyber market; e-commerce ensures that the choice of products is not restricted to a few goods available in the market. A wide variety of goods and services allows a consumer to compare the prices and quality of various products and then choose the best (Sinha, 2014).

Consumers enjoy lower prices for merchandises due to the amplified cybernetic contention amid suppliers (Sinha, 2014). The e-commerce has long been embraced, and it now encompasses a lot of players. The market participants are competing for the potential customers, and, for this reason, they have competitive prices, which is an advantage for consumers. Consumers enjoy an advantage of choosing the best price available to them, thus enabling them to save money.

Consumers have access to full information in the market. There is no information asymmetry. It is up to consumers to research about a product or a service they are interested in and make an informed decision (Sinha, 2014). The accessibility of the extensive gen circulation makes it possible and more convenient for shoppers to equate the goods, specifications and fees, and even examine the available testimonials before selecting and purchasing the product.

Consumers get to enjoy expansive access to support and guidance from specialists and consultants. E-commerce experts offer full support and guidance to customers regarding the available products and services (Sinha, 2014). These advisory services are available anytime hence making online shopping much easier for customers.

E-commerce helps consumers to save time and money. Consumers save the time they could have used to drive to the market stalls to do their shopping as they can just shop online (O’Brien & Marakas, 2006). In the shopping centers such as the supermarkets, malls and others, there are always long queues and this makes shopping time-consuming (Loshin & Vacca, 2004). E-commerce has no such queues as customers are served immediately. Users can also save money as they can bargain on some commodities that do not have fixed prices.

Consumers also enjoy faster services available to them together with the delivery services. E-commerce provides a vast array of fast services to the online customers. E-commerce extends its services to delivering products to the clients. Consumers enjoy the delivery services since it is a door-door order delivery (O’Brien & Marakas, 2006).

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E-commerce induces users to shop online as trademarked goods are relatively cheaper in the online stores. Some products are relatively cheaper in the online shops than the physical outlets. This helps consumers to save some money (Laudon & Laudon, 2010).

E-commerce provides 24 hours and seven days per week shopping. Consumers are provided with virtual stores that are always open. Improved productivity has been accomplished through the existing rivalry amongst the online businesses. The consumers in turn benefit by receiving better quality products and services resulting in splendid expediency as well as ample pre and post-sales assistance (Sinha, 2014).

E-commerce is also beneficial for products/services providers in the following ways: e-commerce assists dwindling stock expenses as it does not need to uphold mammoth stocks or expensive marketing outlets. The online marketing and sales department is a quotient of the traditional mortar-based businesses (Sinha, 2014). Portfolio handling budgets are curtailed by implementing just-in-time methods that boost the company’s capacity to evaluate demand more precisely.

E-commerce helps service providers to enhance customer services. Studies have shown that the provision of after-sale services represents 10% of the costs of production. In the e-commerce platform, these expenses are condensed. On the other hand, there is an enhancement in the superiority of services (Laudon & Traver, 2002). A superior consumer affiliation known as customization is reached as every customer’s needs are met, thus, retaining the clients in the e-commerce setting. For this reason, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) has developed a catchphrase that many corporations have been adopting. E-commerce avails decent prospects for CRM elucidations that in turn help establish good customer relations. It is necessary for every company to improve customer loyalty as customers with extensive choices of suppliers can move from one online store to the next one (O’Brien & Marakas, 2006).

Globalization of businesses is also achieved through e-commerce; as e-commerce condenses operating costs, the firms are facilitated to make the information about its products and services available to all the potential consumers internationally (Loshin & Vacca, 2004). For example, Amazon is a prominent virtual bookstore has internationalized its operations making huge sales volumes hence defeating the traditional retailers.

Marketing of products is made quicker in the e-commerce platforms. Companies make goods and services available in the market quicker due to the overall online design process, drawing associates and clienteles into the progression and eliminating the outdated communication obstructions (Sinha, 2014).

Productivity and competitiveness are amplified via e-commerce as it allows the manufacturers to establish relationships with their customers. The best companies enjoy a competitive advantage in the market; hence controlling a larger market share. For instance, Amazon has a well-developed online store that has attracted many customers hereafter making it a market leader in the e-commerce industry (Loshin & Vacca, 2004).

Consumers and service providers enjoy economic benefits facilitated by e-commerce, such as condensed costs of production for suppliers. Opening of new outlets enhances faster shopping for consumers and facilitates greater market share for suppliers. Order streamlining acceleration and accuracy saves time spent by customers. Proper authorization and handling of products ensures there are no irregularities for the suppliers’ businesses. Enriched decision making means that there is enough gen availed to ensure that customers will not regret their purchase. Suppliers find it easier to control the existing investments in infrastructure as e-commerce centralizes operations. Tracing and conveyance of products is made easier for both the consumers and providers to avoid losses. E-commerce creates a connection between the producers and purveyors via the same network to cut on operational costs, which is beneficial to website operators (Sinha, 2014).

Disadvantages of E-commerce

There are some transactions that are inappropriate for electronic commerce, specifically corporations dealing with retailing merchandises that are exceedingly fragile and costly and goods that necessitate scrutiny before securing (O’Brien & Marakas, 2006). Some of the core disadvantages of e-commerce encompass the following. Firstly, security is the primary challenge as customers need to be confident in the supplier and trust the provider in terms of payment techniques. Sometimes, customers can be tricked and swindled. Customers find it difficult simply to trust the online stores that may delay business. So customers are required to survey the reliability and reputation of the online stores before entering into any contract with them (Laudon & Traver, 2002). The service providers should also ensure that their systems and information are not questionable as customers always need a secure access. Fortification of data is also indispensable.

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Secondly, firms face difficulties of assimilating the present traditional commerce databanks and transaction processing software into e-commerce related software (Sinha, 2014). Thirdly, handling an e-commerce business, it becomes difficult to compute the return on investment. Fourthly, various corporations have been faced with the situations where hiring and retaining workforces with the technical, design, and business progression abilities is desirable to generate an operational e-commerce existence. Fifthly, some online businesses face cultural and legal barriers while conducting the electronic activities as different nations have different legal frameworks and different cultural practices (Sinha, 2014). Sixthly, some online service providers forget the extent to which why forming a loyal relationship with customers is important. Without customer loyalty, the business is highly unlikely to survive. Seventhly, scalability of the system should be enhanced to ensure that the developed website supports a broad range of customers at a time to avoid congestion and time wastage (Laudon & Traver, 2002).

E-commerce is a new type of business where commercial operations are carried out via the Internet. E-commerce systems make available an opportunity to purchase and sell goods and services, order payments, preserve services, spawn prices subject to innumerable circumstances, and implement marketing strategies. Customers are also exposed to a wide range of options to choose from. Service providers also save money as they do not market their products physically as the products are available online to everyone accessing the Internet. Along with the growth of the popularity of e-commerce, the technology also develops making it easier to open and operate cybernetic online stores. E-commerce businesses have enjoyed some advantages over the offline retail locations and catalog operators. E-commerce has enabled consumers to browse online, easily search and find exactly what they are looking for and immediately purchase products. Shopping is made easier and faster with the help of e-commerce. However, e-commerce businesses also face challenges that are impossible to avoid.

- "E-commerce is an evolution" - By using electronic technology through the internet, it achieved       * More competitions, more marketplaces, faster transactions, and more advanced technologies        to make activities between customers and producers more active.        * We as customers and internet users are responsible to keep our e-commerce healthy and safe so        that e-business can be more reliable in the future - Movie : E-Commerce - Evolution (Click the play button below)

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Essays on E-Commerce

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Essay on E Commerce in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on E Commerce in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on E Commerce in India

Introduction to e-commerce.

E-commerce, or electronic commerce, is the buying and selling of goods and services on the internet. In India, it has become extremely popular due to the rise in smartphone usage and internet access.

Impact on Indian Market

E-commerce has transformed the Indian market. It’s now easy to shop from home, leading to a boom in online businesses. Major players like Flipkart and Amazon have seen tremendous growth.

Advantages of E-Commerce

E-commerce offers many advantages. It provides a wider product range, competitive prices, and the convenience of home delivery. It also allows businesses to reach a larger audience.

Challenges for E-Commerce in India

Despite its advantages, e-commerce in India faces challenges. These include internet connectivity issues, digital literacy, and concerns about online fraud. However, efforts are being made to address these issues.

250 Words Essay on E Commerce in India

Introduction.

E-commerce, or electronic commerce, has revolutionized the way business is conducted in India. It refers to the buying and selling of goods and services, and the transfer of funds, through digital platforms.

Growth and Evolution

E-commerce in India has seen exponential growth in the last decade. The advent of advanced technologies, increased internet penetration, and a shift in consumer behavior have driven this evolution. The Indian e-commerce market is expected to grow to US$ 200 billion by 2026 from US$ 38.5 billion in 2017.

Key Players

The Indian e-commerce landscape is dominated by giants like Amazon India, Flipkart, and Snapdeal. These platforms offer a wide range of products, from electronics to fashion, and have become a preferred shopping destination for the Indian populace.

Government Regulations

The Indian government has implemented various regulations to manage this booming industry. The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) has streamlined taxation, while the FDI policy for e-commerce has attracted foreign investments.

Despite its growth, e-commerce in India faces challenges like logistics and infrastructure issues, digital illiteracy, and data privacy concerns. Cybersecurity is another significant concern that needs to be addressed.

E-commerce in India is a dynamic and rapidly evolving sector, offering immense opportunities. However, it is essential to address the challenges to ensure sustainable growth. The future of e-commerce in India promises exciting prospects, given the increasing digitalization and evolving consumer preferences.

500 Words Essay on E Commerce in India

Introduction to e-commerce in india.

E-commerce, or electronic commerce, has been a transformative force in India’s economic landscape. It refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet, which has revolutionized traditional commerce by providing unparalleled convenience, variety, and cost-effectiveness.

The Growth of E-commerce in India

India’s e-commerce sector has seen exponential growth in the past decade. This surge can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, the proliferation of smartphones and the internet has made online shopping a viable option for a large segment of the population. Secondly, the rise of digital payments, facilitated by initiatives like the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), has made transactions seamless and secure. Lastly, the growing middle class with increasing disposable income has fueled demand for a wide range of products and services available online.

Impact on Businesses and Consumers

E-commerce has had a profound impact on both businesses and consumers in India. For businesses, it has opened up new markets and opportunities. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs), in particular, have benefited from the vast reach of e-commerce platforms, enabling them to overcome geographical limitations and reach customers nationwide, or even globally.

For consumers, e-commerce has expanded choice and convenience. They can now compare products, read reviews, and make informed decisions before making a purchase. Moreover, the convenience of home delivery and easy returns has made online shopping an attractive alternative to traditional retail.

Challenges and Future Prospects

Despite the impressive growth, e-commerce in India faces several challenges. Infrastructure bottlenecks, such as inadequate logistics and supply chain, can hinder delivery and customer satisfaction. Cybersecurity is another concern, as cases of online fraud and data breaches can erode consumer trust in online transactions.

However, the future of e-commerce in India remains promising. The government’s Digital India initiative aims to further improve digital infrastructure and promote online transactions. Additionally, emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain are expected to revolutionize e-commerce, offering personalized shopping experiences, enhanced security, and greater transparency.

In conclusion, e-commerce has transformed the commercial landscape in India, offering unprecedented opportunities for businesses and consumers alike. While challenges persist, the e-commerce sector in India is poised for continued growth, driven by technological advancements and supportive government policies. As such, it will continue to play a pivotal role in India’s economic development in the years to come.

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Comscore's 2024 State of Digital Commerce Report

Comscore has released its annual, research-based overview of key insights and trends from 2023 on digital e-commerce, mobile shopping, social and how brands are engaging consumers throughout the consumer journey.

Download the report to see the latest analysis on emerging trends and ways that brands are leveraging a cross-platform strategy to drive total awareness and engagement.

Key takeaways include:

• Record $1.3 Trillion spend in 2023
• Desktop growth outpaced mobile growth
• Q4 2023 achieved the highest quarter since Comscore reporting began

Download Report

To get in touch with our team about this report and how we can support your e-commerce growth, click on this link .

The 2024 State of Digital Commerce report was unveiled at ARF Shopper 2024 in Chicago on April 18.

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Moving to Moscow

This guide was written prior to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine and is therefore not reflective of the current situation. Travel to Russia is currently not advisable due to the area’s volatile political situation.

Moscow is an incredibly large, interesting and challenging destination offering a wide variety of experiences for expats. There is much to see and learn about Russian culture in the capital city, and expats will certainly not be bored among the hustle and bustle of Moscow's lively streets. 

Living in Moscow as an expat

Moscow is a constantly changing and rapidly expanding city. As it's one of Russia's main economic centres, the majority of expats moving to Russia for work  settle here. Moscow offers job opportunities in a range of fields, from technology and finance to human resources and teaching. These generally come with a rather lucrative employment package but are hard-earned and can be difficult to find. 

Moscow has an extensive public transport system. The most common means of transport is the efficient, safe and cheap metro. Many of the metro stations are lavishly decorated and constitute works of art in themselves. During rush hour, it can get crowded, especially in the centre. Traffic congestion can be nightmarish in Moscow, and many expats choose to hire a driver rather than brave the roads alone.

Moscow is by no means short of cultural activities and events . No visit is complete without a trip to the Bolshoi Theatre, and ballet performances at the Kremlin Palace are outstanding. There are several fascinating museums in the city, as well as wonderful architecture. 

Cost of living in Moscow

Moscow has a relatively high cost of living. While it's cheaper than many of the world's major capitals, accommodation comes at a huge cost, and those who choose to live lavishly will also pay dearly for it. That said, those with money can enjoy a luxurious  lifestyle in Moscow that's on par with any major international city.

Expat families and children

Expat families should note that the standard of public education and hospitals can be considerably lacking in Moscow. That said, expats always have the option of sending their children to one of the private or international schools located in the capital. There are also numerous private healthcare facilities available that expats can visit.

Parents will be glad to know that Moscow is filled with attractions and activities to entertain the kids. Families will also discover that some of Moscow’s most attractive features are the many public parks dotted throughout the city, which give it a more spacious and leafier feel. Going for a walk in the park is a daily habit for many residents, and families with children can make use of these green spaces for a day spent outdoors.

Climate in Moscow

Unlike the rest of Russia, Moscow has a humid continental climate. Summer weather is warm, with average daytime temperatures of  73°F (23°C). Most of the city's rainfall occurs during the summer months. Winters, on the other hand, are long, cold and snowy.

Expats in Moscow who can keep an open mind will find that the Russian capital has a lot to offer. Before moving to Moscow, expats should read as much as they can about the city to prepare themselves and to minimise any initial culture shock . One of the best ways to prepare for relocating to Moscow is to learn how to read the Cyrillic alphabet and speak some basic Russian.

What do expats love about Moscow? " What I like the most about Moscow is the city itself. It is always clean, vibrant, and full of entertainment and friendly pedestrians. It means that you can walk as far as you want to and feel safe about doing so." Read more about Eva, an Indonesian expat, and her move to Moscow in her interview.  " Honestly, I think Moscow is highly underrated. Compared to other metropolitan cities in the world, I think it is one of the best cities for quality of life! "Expats usually relocate here for business purposes since there are plenty of opportunities to take advantage of. Another bonus is the fast pace of city life, which is great for many expats."  Read about Russia from the perspective of a Russian – Yulia, a global nomad, shares her thoughts on life in Moscow .

Further reading

►For info about the ups and downs of life in the city, read Pros and Cons of Moving to Moscow .

Are you an expat living in Moscow?

Expat Arrivals is looking for locals to contribute to this guide, and answer forum questions from others planning their move to Moscow. Please contact us if you'd like to contribute.

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In Moscow, a Financial District in Name Only

Moscow’s financial district, known as Moscow City, has become a visible symbol of Russia’s economic woes.

An office worker inside one of Moscow City’s skyscrapers. Russia, facing broad-ranging financial sanctions and largely dominated by state-run companies, simply has no need for vast office spaces for stock traders, auditors and bankers.

From 2000 to 2007, the Russian economy grew on average 7 percent a year. Most of the site’s construction occurred in the last decade. 

Workers during their lunch hour passed through an underground passage that links skyscrapers in Moscow City. Office space in the neighborhood currently averages $6.90 a square foot each month, almost a dollar below the city average.

One tower in Moscow City, called Evolution, twists in a DNA-evoking double helix. New buildings are also being repurposed at the development stage.

High Level Hostel, one of the newest tenants in the neighborhood, sits on prime real estate on the 43rd floor of a multimillion-dollar glass-and-steel tower.

Empire Tower, the skyscraper that is home to High Level hostel, is still largely empty two years after opening.

As Kremlin policies have dealt blows to the country’s financial sector jobs, Moscow City is now shifting tactics to fill the glut of premier office space.

Outside the City of Capitals building, with the twisting Evolution tower in the background. While nonfinancial ventures — from a culinary school to a 6,000-seat movie theater — rent more space in Moscow City, meshing the various constituencies is now creating new challenges.

By Andrew E. Kramer

• Nov. 25, 2014

MOSCOW — In the coveted corner office, a bearded man in sweatpants scrambled eggs at a kitchenette, all the while taking in the serene beauty of the city lights twinkling far below.

In the conference room, or as the company prefers to call it, the “common area,” two other men lounged about playing video games on an Xbox. In place of cubicles, there are bunk beds.

High Level Hostel, one of the newest tenants in the financial district here known as Moscow City, sits on prime real estate on the 43rd floor of a multimillion-dollar glass-and-steel tower. It is not a youth-hostel-themed work space, but an actual youth hostel — dirty socks and all.

“We thought, ‘why not open a hostel in a skyscraper?’ ” said Roman Drozdenko, the 25-year-old owner. “Nobody’s done that before.”

The tower, with its marble veneer foyer, banks of elevators and breathtaking views, was clearly built for lawyers, accountants or stock traders. But “there were no questions regarding our guests” from the building management when he opened in September, Mr. Drozdenko said. “In fact, there were no questions at all.”

Moscow’s skyscraper district, formally the Moscow International Business Center, reflects the broader problems in the Russian economy. The country, facing broad-ranging financial sanctions and largely dominated by state-run companies, simply has no need for vast office spaces for stock traders, auditors and bankers.

Vacancy rates in the newly built financial district have become acute. The entire site, some 148 acres that now includes the tallest building in Europe , Mercury City Tower, had a vacancy rate of 32 percent at the end of October, according to Cushman & Wakefield, the real estate consultancy. The rate is projected to rise above 50 percent next year when new buildings open.

“Russians have a great tradition of building things they don’t need,” Sergei Petrov, an office worker in Naberezhnaya tower, said of the emptiness behind the glass facades, a veritable Potemkin Wall Street.

Moscow City was envisioned as a hub of emerging market finance, a shiny skyscraper-dotted testament to Russia’s growing international influence. For a time, the idea was not improbable: From 2000 to 2007, the Russian economy grew on average 7 percent a year.

This herculean undertaking on a bank of the Moskva River was to be Moscow’s answer to Manhattan or the City of London.

One tower, called Evolution, twists in a DNA-evoking double helix. The spires of Federation Towers resemble billowing sails, evoking Russia sailing into a capitalist future. Federation Tower East, when finished, will rise 95 stories to a height of 1,224 feet, surpassing its still mostly empty neighbor Mercury City Tower as the tallest building in Europe.

Eight skyscrapers are finished, including the gold-tinted Mercury tower. Eight others are under construction, and two more are planned. The entire site is scheduled to be finished by 2018.

But Russia’s tanks are now getting more international attention than its banks, leaving Moscow City as a $12 billion reminder of the nation’s economic woes.

Western sanctions, for example, have taken aim at Russia’s largest state financial institutions, Sberbank and VTB, which both own towers or floor space in Moscow City. The two banks now have a limited ability to issue debt on global markets, thus limiting their growth options.

Sanctions by the United States and the European Union are expected to trim about 1 percentage point of growth from Russia’s gross domestic product this year, and slightly more next year if they remain in place. Even without sanctions, problems have been stacking up. Rising inflation, falling oil prices, and a tumbling ruble have left Russia near recession.

The government also accounts for an outsize proportion of the economy, leaving scant jobs for the grunt workers of private enterprise, the bankers, lawyers and traders for whom Moscow City was built. In Russia, 81 percent of the shares of the top 10 companies are owned by the same entity, the state, compared with 11 in Germany, according to a study by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development economists.

Rather than turning to banks, Russia’s largest company, the sanctioned state oil company Rosneft is now appealing directly to state funds for loans. And the Kremlin this year again delayed shifting pensions into the private sector, dealing another blow to financial sector jobs.

“Somebody had the idea that if you build a lot of skyscrapers in one spot you have an international financial center,” Darrell Stanaford, a real estate analyst in Moscow with Romanov Dvor, said in an interview. “But it doesn’t work. You need other things, too.”

Moscow City, which has taken a direct hit from these policies, is now shifting tactics to fill the glut of premier office space.

City, the management company for the development in the neighborhood, says financial services companies are no longer the majority of its new tenants. Of the new Russian occupants signing leases this year, 58 percent were nonfinancial companies as well as local small and midsize businesses, like High Level Hostel, according to the management company.

New buildings are also being repurposed at the development stage. One low-rise will become a 6,000-seat movie theater.

In finished towers, various nonfinancial ventures are renting space. One company sells Cambodian citizenship to Russians wanting a second passport. A culinary school and restaurant are opening.

Many multinationals have rented space. IBM, General Electric, KPMG, General Motors, Hyundai, Energizer and Japan Tobacco International are all tenants, as is a major Russian investment bank, Renaissance Capital.

Prices, too, are falling. Mr. Drozdenko, the hostel owner, said a real estate agent offered him the space for about $8,000 a month for 1,600 square feet, or about $5 a square foot.

In Moscow City, office space currently averages $6.90 a square foot each month. That’s below the average of $7.75 for high-grade office space elsewhere in the capital, according to Denis T. Sokolov, senior analyst and a partner at Cushman & Wakefield in Moscow.

“We have to do this,” Dmitry Granov, the director of City management, said in an interview of the effort to broaden the range of tenants, because of the dearth of financial sector jobs in Russia.

“If before we were looking for international corporations, today we are looking for Russian companies, and small and medium businesses,” he said. He said dropping rents would attract technology start-ups.

City management company contested the vacancy estimate by Cushman & Wakefield. Cushman & Wakefield counts vacant sublease space in its total, while the management company does not. City says current vacancies are about 20 percent.

Meshing the various constituencies is also creating challenges.

“The cafes, amenities and dress code you need is different for clients of a youth hostel and for investment bankers,” said Mr. Stanaford, the real estate analyst, of settling tenants like High Level Hostel in their high-level location. “What image-conscious business is going to buy office space in the same skyscraper with a youth hostel?”

Empire Tower, the skyscraper where High Level hostel sits, is still largely empty two years after opening. In the foyer, an oval marble sculpture echoes the oval motif of the 60-story tower, designed for a more professional clientele.

Forty-three stories up, High Level Hostel opened in September with 24 beds, with prices starting at $25.50 in a six-person room, including a breakfast of toast, porridge or muesli. The hostel manager, Leonid L. Fedotov, 19, who goes by the nickname the Beard, recalled backpacking guests from Holland named Ron and Eve.

“It was really cool because Ron and I played guitar in the evening,” he said, as they gazed out at the twirling facade of Evolution Tower and the sea of lights of Moscow below.

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Reimagining Design with Nature: ecological urbanism in Moscow

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• Published: 10 September 2019
• Volume 1 , pages 233–247, ( 2019 )

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The twenty-first century is the era when populations of cities will exceed rural communities for the first time in human history. The population growth of cities in many countries, including those in transition from planned to market economies, is putting considerable strain on ecological and natural resources. This paper examines four central issues: (a) the challenges and opportunities presented through working in jurisdictions where there are no official or established methods in place to guide regional, ecological and landscape planning and design; (b) the experience of the author’s practice—Gillespies LLP—in addressing these challenges using techniques and methods inspired by McHarg in Design with Nature in the Russian Federation in the first decade of the twenty-first century; (c) the augmentation of methods derived from Design with Nature in reference to innovations in technology since its publication and the contribution that the art of landscape painters can make to landscape analysis and interpretation; and (d) the application of this experience to the international competition and colloquium for the expansion of Moscow. The text concludes with a comment on how the application of this learning and methodological development to landscape and ecological planning and design was judged to be a central tenant of the winning design. Finally, a concluding section reflects on lessons learned and conclusions drawn.

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The landscape team from Gillespies Glasgow Studio (Steve Nelson, Graeme Pert, Joanne Walker, Rory Wilson and Chris Swan) led by the author and all our collaborators in the Capital Cities Planning Group.

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Evans, B.M. Reimagining Design with Nature: ecological urbanism in Moscow. Socio Ecol Pract Res 1 , 233–247 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42532-019-00031-5

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Received : 17 March 2019

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Published : 10 September 2019

Issue Date : October 2019

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s42532-019-00031-5

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