leiden university phd astronomy

PhD Program at Leiden Observatory

Astronomy Phd positions at Leiden Observatory for CSC students

Astronomy at Leiden University

Master’s degree programme in astronomy.

Leiden Observatory is the oldest observatory in operation in the world today. As part of the Faculty of Science, it offers both a Bachelor’s and a Master’s degree programme.

In the Bachelor’s degree programme in Astronomy , you learn the basics about planets, moons, asteroids, stars and other objects, and the instruments and methods you can use to study them.

After the Bachelor’s degree, you can take the Master’s degree in Astronomy . Here you can choose from seven specialisations that prepare you for a career in research, industry or the public sector.

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The Leiden/ESA Astrophysics Program for Summer Students (LEAPS) 2024

Selection for LEAPS 2024 is over. Rejection emails have been sent.

LEAPS is an opportunity for students with an interest in astronomy and astrophysics to perform a 10 week summer research project in collaboration with a research scientist from Leiden Observatory or ESA/ESTEC. The program is open to all students not currently engaged in a Ph.D. program (please see the full eligibility criteria ) We would like to use LEAPS as an opportunity to increase the diversity of researchers in Astronomy as we understand that successful science is supported by this. Students are selected for the program based on their academic achievements and research potential. Each applicant has the opportunity to choose up to two projects of interest, and they are selected by project advisors based on what they indicate their scientific interests and experience to be. Research at Leiden Observatory and ESA/ESTEC takes place on a diverse array of topics ( see below for LEAPS 2024 projects ), and student projects will likely consist of anything from the analysis of data from world-class telescopes, to large computer simulations, to hands-on work in the astrochemistry laboratories.

For the ---- program, up to two LEAPS studentships will be awarded to students from developing countries and funded by the J. Mayo Greenberg Scholarship Prize. In memory of the distringuished pioneering Leiden astrophysicst, Professor J. Mayo Greenberg. Students from developing countries will automatically be considered for the J. Mayo Greenberg Scholarship Prize.

The LEAPS 2023 program will run in-person for 10 weeks from June 5 - August 11, 2023.

Leiden Observatory

Leiden Observatory (located in the Huygens and Oort buildings, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333CA, Leiden) is a world-class institute for research in astronomy and astrophysics based in the Netherlands, approximately 35km from Amsterdam. The atmosphere at the observatory is dynamic, with approximately 100 faculty/research scientists and 70 graduate students engaged in astrophysical research on a wide range of topics. Major fields of interest include extrasolar planets, star formation, cosmology, galaxy formation, instrumentation, and astrochemistry. Multiple research projects will likely be available within these fields.

European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC/ESA)

ESTEC is ESA’s largest establishment, and its technical and organisational hub. It is based at Keplerlaan 1, 2201AZ, Noordwijk, around 10 km from Leiden Central Station. ESA develops and manages many types of space missions, from exploration, telecommunications, to earth and space science. The Research and Scientific Support Department at ESTEC consists of approximately 40 staff scientists, with research interests ranging from the geology of planets in our solar system, to plasma physics in the magnetosphere of the Earth, space weather, to observational astronomy with ESA's space missions such as Planck, Herschel, GAIA and EUCLID.

Travel, Housing, and Stipend

Students accepted into the LEAPS program will be provided with travel costs to/from Leiden. We will also provide housing accommodations near the observatory, a modest stipend to help with living costs during the internship (approximately 197 EUR/week), and health insurance. Leiden is a small, picturesque university town located between the major cities of Amsterdam and The Hague. Summer is a beautiful time of year to be in Leiden, and we encourage LEAPS students to socialize and use their free time to enjoy the numerous summertime activities available in Holland. English is widely spoken throughout the Netherlands and international students should find it easy to live in the Leiden area. We are planning several field trips for LEAPS students including visits to the ESTEC complex where many ESA satellites are being built, and potentially to the LOFAR radio array, the world's largest low-frequency radio telescope.

How to Apply

Students should be sufficiently proficient in English to perform a research project. Please see FAQ for the full eligibility criteria.

For ESA projects (denoted by 'ESA' in the title), in case of equivalent qualifications, preference will be given to nationals of or applicants currently residing in one of the following ESA Member States, Associate Member States, or (European) Cooperating States: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

You will be asked to provide details of one person who can provide a letter of reference. Please see FAQ for more information.

Please note: not following the above requirements will result in a rejection of your application!

Once you have submitted your application, or saved a draft version, an email will be sent to your reference letter writer requesting the letter. Students will be evaluated for participation in the program on the basis of their research potential and match to available projects in their area(s) of interest.

Research Projects and Supervisors

There are 9 projects on offer for LEAPS 2024.

Project list for LEAPS 2024:

Exploring the density-velocity interplay in circumnuclear discs of agn-dominated galaxies.

Keywords: hydrodynamic simulations, AGN feedback, molecular gas dynamics, circumnuclear disc, AGN-dominated galaxies

This proposed research project aims to shed light on the density-velocity relation of circumnuclear discs of galaxies using HDGAS hydrodynamic simulations. By investigating the interplay between density and velocity, as influenced by various feedback parameters (i.e. wind/jet velocity and mass loading factor), we can gain valuable insights into the formation, evolution, and dynamics of galactic discs. While hydrodynamic simulations are essential for studying the underlying physical processes, comparing their results with observational data helps validate the simulations and provides a real-world context. There are some key observational results related to the density-velocity relation in the presence of AGN we can compare with HDGAS simulation: (a) Ionized Gas Dynamics: Observations have revealed that AGN activity can significantly influence the density-velocity relation of ionized gas in galaxies. AGN-driven outflows or jets can create regions of low-density, high-velocity gas, resulting in disturbed velocity fields and asymmetric density distributions. These disruptions can be observed as kinematic asymmetries, such as double-peaked or asymmetric line profiles. (b) Molecular Gas Kinematics: Studies of molecular gas, commonly traced by carbon monoxide (CO) emission, have provided insights into the density-velocity relation within AGN-hosting galaxies. Observations have shown that AGN can induce perturbations in molecular gas kinematics, leading to non-circular motions, velocity dispersions, and warps in the velocity field. These effects can be observed through CO line profiles and position-velocity diagrams.

The magnetic environment of the M dwarf AD Leonis

Keywords: stellar magnetic fields, stellar winds, spectropolarimetry, magnetohydrodynamical simulations

AD Leonis is a bright M dwarf whose magnetic properties have been investigated extensively via spectropolarimetry. The latter is an observational technique that collects spectra in both unpolarised and polarised light, and is sensitive to the effects of magnetic fields on atoms present on the stellar surface. From a time series of circularly polarised spectra, we can reconstruct the shape of the large-scale magnetic field with a technique called Zeeman-Doppler imaging (ZDI), which can then be used as a boundary condition to simulate the environment and space weather around the star. Previous work revealed a strong large-scale magnetic field (1 kGauss) with a dipolar configuration that is symmetric relative to the stellar rotation axis. Recently, the magnetic field has weakened and tilted from the pole toward the equator, showing signs of an imminent polarity reversal and overall a solar-like cycle. The student will work on new near-infrared spectropolarimetric data to i) characterise the magnetic field of AD Leonis, ii) reconstruct a map of the large-scale magnetic field, and iii) simulate the stellar wind and environment surrounding the star. The project has both an observational/data analysis component, as well as a theoretical/simulation component. The output will feed back on the evolution of the large-scale magnetic field of AD Leonis and its environment, providing insights for both dynamo theories and star-planet interaction modelling.

(ESA) Mapping stellar remnants in the Magellanic clouds: a unique test of extragalactic transient progenitor models

Keywords: extragalactic transients, neutron stars, black holes, X-ray binaries, magnetars, gamma-ray bursts, fast radio bursts, supernovae

The locations of extragalactic transients, such as supernovae, tell us much about their origins. For example, long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are strongly biassed towards the brightest regions of their star-forming host galaxies, implying an origin from the core-collapse of the shortest-lived, most luminous, and most massive stars. The distribution of transients on and around their host galaxies can be quantified in a variety of ways. Typical measurements include the offset (the projected distance from the centre of the galaxy to the transient), and the 'fraction of light' statistic, which quantifies how biassed transients are towards (or away) from bright areas in the galaxy. Many transients are linked with stellar remnants, such as neutron stars. For example, a leading hypothesis for fast radio bursts is that they are produced by magnetars (strongly magnetised neutron stars), and some long GRB models require binary star progenitor systems, which may be similar to X-ray binaries (XRBs). A way to test these ideas is to compare the spatial distribution of stellar remnants in the Milky Way - such as magnetars and XRBs - with the distribution of extragalactic transients in their host galaxies. However, since we are embedded in the Milky Way disc, creating an external image of our Galaxy - a necessary step to perform a comparison with transient locations in other galaxies - is challenging. A potential solution lies in the Magellanic clouds. These satellite galaxies are unique because they are external to the Milky Way, and therefore viewable in their entirety, but also close enough that large populations of stellar remnants within them can be detected. Previous works have studied the distribution of massive stars in the Magellanic clouds, comparing this with the locations of supernovae in distant galaxies. However, a comparison of the distribution of stellar remnants in the Magellanic clouds, versus the environments of extragalactic transients, has yet to be carried out. This is the aim of the project, which will make particular use of Gaia data for mapping the clouds. The project will therefore provide a unique test of progenitor models for various extragalactic transients. Some experience with a programming language (e.g. python) is desirable.

Modelling the delivery of ammonia to the inner regions of protoplanetary disks

Keywords: protoplanetary disks, dust transport, astrochemistry, planet formation

The composition of planets is determined by that of the protoplanetary disks in which they form. The chemical composition of these disks is seen to be very diverse and is expected to evolve over time due to the radial motion of its constituent gas and dust components. In particular, dust grains undergo rapid inwards radial drift. As they do so they experience warmer ambient temperatures which can result in the sublimation of ice species from the grains. The temperature - and hence location - at which this desorption occurs can depend strongly on the interactions between different molecular ice species which can be parametrized through the “binding energy”. The goal of this project is to undertake simulations to explore the impact of different binding energies pertaining to pure ices, mixed (polar) ices or semi-refractory ammonium salts on the delivery of NH3 (which has so far eluded detection in JWST observations of protoplanetary disks) to the inner disk. For example, can NH3 become locked in solids and hidden from observations in the mid-IR? When in a disk's evolution are we most likely to see ammonia in the inner disk? The main simulations will be conducted using a python code following the evolution of disk gas & dust in 1D. The outputs could then be passed to a thermochemical code or slab models to make predictions for detectability of NH3 in mid-IR spectra or coupled with simple prescriptions for planet formation to understand how planetary nitrogen abundances would be affected.

Gravitational lensing analysis of dark matter haloes of dwarf galaxies using wide-field surveys

Keywords: galaxy-galaxy lensing, dwarf galaxies, halo-model, Kilo-Degree Survey, Hyper-Suprime Cam Survey

The mechanism of galaxy evolution is tightly related to the growth of dark matter haloes. To investigate the invisible dark matter haloes that are hosting galaxies, we can use gravitational lensing analysis of wide-field surveys (e.g. Kilo-Degree Survey, Hyper-Suprime Cam Survey). As the surveys provide sharp galaxy images, it is possible to analyse shape distortion of distant background galaxies caused by the gravitational potential of target galaxies, which we call “gravitational lensing analysis.” By stacking the shape distortion signals from millions of galaxies, the profile of dark matter haloes of the target galaxies can be precisely measured. Among interesting galaxies, studies of dwarf galaxies provide ample knowledge about small scale properties of dark matter and galaxy-halo connection. Dwarf galaxies are tiny. Therefore, obtaining their gravitational lensing signal is a challenging task. We will apply a machine learning algorithm to select the dwarf galaxies. Eventually, we aim to constrain halo-model (profile) parameters from the measured gravitational lensing signal of dwarf galaxies.

(ESA) Multi-spectral characterisation of formation process of dynamic events in the solar atmosphere

Keywords: solar physics, multispectral solar observations, chromospheric and coronal heating, interferometry, machine learning

Understanding the physical processes taking place in the Sun and being able to predict violent events such as solar flares is imperative in order to sustain safe advancements in space exploration. The Solar Orbiter, developed by ESA, offers large advancements in measurements of the solar atmosphere. The spacecraft consists of several remote-sensing instruments operating at different wavelength regimes, each specialized to measure specific properties of the solar atmosphere. In addition, the close orbit around the Sun and the coming high latitude orbit of the Solar Orbiter enabling the study of the solar poles, facilitates novel scientific analysis. On the other hand, observations in the radio regime provide very powerful diagnostics to study the solar atmosphere as they provide more direct temperature measurements of the probed plasma. The Earth-based observatory Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA), consisting of about 66 antennas, provides ground-breaking measurements in the radio regime in terms of high sensitivity and angular resolution, necessary to resolve small-scale features. This project would involve identifying small-scale features in the observations of the solar atmosphere and study the correlation between signatures at millimeter wavelengths to intensity measurements at other wavelength regimes and magnetic field measurements. The addition of the plasma temperature measurements with ALMA is important in understanding the formation processes of dynamic events detected in the Solar Orbiter data, that could potentially be small solar flares. The project could include machine learning techniques for the statistical analysis and feature detection algorithms. One of the main aims would be to efficiently distinguish potential different formation processes of small-scale brightening events, which would lead to meaningful scientific publication.

Estimating halo merging timescales through emulation-based models

Keywords: dynamics, haloes, machine learning, N-body simulations

Cosmic structure formation proceeds in a bottom-up manner, whereby small structures form first and then coalesce together to form more massive ones. This process is largely driven by dynamical friction, which is the result of a lagging wake of mass behind the least massive object, inducing a dragging force that removes its orbital energy and angular momentum. The efficiency of this process, and hence the timescale on which mergers occur, depends on the orbital and structural properties of the objects that are involved. Previous models used to predict merging timescales are based on analytical arguments or formulas calibrated to cosmological simulations, which have resulted in varying degrees of success. In this project, we will leverage targeted simulations that sample a broad range of possible parameter combinations – e.g. orbital energy, eccentricity, relative masses – together with machine learning techniques to explore how well previous models do, what role does numerical resolution play, and whether emulation-based models fare better than traditional approaches. Programming skills are recommended.

Decoding chemistry within extragalactic star-forming regions

Keywords: astrochemistry, chemical modeling, star formation, interstellar medium, molecules

Star-forming regions exhibit complex physical and chemical properties. Even a single region displays extremely different gas conditions, such as density and temperature, leading to local chemical variations. While it is possible to distinguish between the different environments within star-forming regions in our Galaxy, it may not always be feasible for external galaxies. In such cases, chemical modeling plays a crucial role in accurately constraining the origin of the observed emission. The goal of the project is to build a set of chemical templates of the most common environments within star-forming regions, like shocks and protostellar cores. The student will concentrate on species that are efficiently released through prevalent mechanisms in these environments, such as sputtering and heating. In particular, the focus will be on species, e.g., CH3OH, which can be equally abundant in shocks and protostellar cores. Using the in-house gas-grain chemical code, the student will model expected chemical properties and identify which physical conditions are critical for the chemical enhancement of the selected species. The model outputs will be validated against observational data from the literature.

(ESA) Uncovering solar flares through statistical analysis of over a decade of JAXA/ESA Hinode observations

Keywords: solar flares, statistical analysis, spectroscopy, plasma physics, solar missions, solar dynamics

Solar flares are the most energetic events in our solar system, capable of impacting technology and astronauts in space. As we enter the era of Solar Orbiter and new solar missions, understanding the processes behind flares takes on renewed significance. This project leverages over a decade of solar observations from the ESA/JAXA-led Hinode spacecraft to uncover and elucidate flare acceleration and heating mechanisms. Specifically, the student will compile a database correlating plasma properties with solar images, seeking relationships between flaring magnetic structures and energy release. Depending on the progress in the first part of the project, potential extensions include deriving key plasma parameters (densities, temperatures) over flare evolution from EIS spectra; alongside incorporating data from spacecraft observing different layers of the solar atmosphere, including the recently launched Solar Orbiter. The database created through this project will enable a series of novel statistical studies to fully understand solar flares and the spectroscopic signatures across events. As we enter an era of new missions like Solar Orbiter, this project provides an essential dataset to further the study of flare heating mechanisms and space weather origins. This project will be performed in collaboration with ESA scientists who are involved in a range of state-of-the-art solar missions, including the Solar Orbiter and Hinode emission.

Type of project: Experimental, Physics, System design

Please note that the ESA projects (marked by ESA in their 'Type of project' description) are only available for nationals from ESA member or affiliate states.

Projects not marked with ESA are held at Leiden University, and are open to any nationality.

End of list

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Astronomy (MSc)

About the programme

Within the two-year Astronomy master’s programme, you can choose from seven specialisations, ranging from fundamental or applied astronomy research in cosmology, instrumentation or data science, to combinations of astronomy research with education, management or science communication.

Overview of the Astronomy programme

The two-year Astronomy master’s programme offers seven specialisations:

• Astronomy Research : you follow a tailor-made programme to become an independent and resourceful scientist.
• Astronomy and Instrumentation: obtain in-depth knowledge of state of the art approaches to develop high tech astronomy instruments.
• Astronomy and Data Science: focus on development and application of new data mining technologies, fully embracing modern astronomy as a data rich branch of science. 
• Astronomy and Cosmology: discover all aspects of modern astrophysics, including extensive observation, interpretation, simulation and theory.
• Astronomy and Business Studies: combine training in astronomy with education in management and entrepreneurship.
• Astronomy and Science Communication and Society: combine research with all aspects of science communication, such as journalism and universe awareness education.
• Astronomy and Education (taught partly in Dutch): prepare yourself for a career in teaching science at high school level.

All Astronomy master’s specialisations have their own curriculum with a wide variety of in-house Astronomy courses to tailor your own study path:

• Origin and Evolution of the Universe
• Interstellar Medium
• Galaxies: Structure, Dynamics and Evolution
• Stellar Structure and Evolution
• Computational Astrophysics
• Large Scale Structure and Galaxy Formation
• Star and Planet Formation
• Interacademy Courses of NOVA research school for astronomy
• Astronomical Telescopes and Instruments
• Astronomy from Space
• Detection of Light
• High Contrast Imaging
• Observational High-Energy Astrophysics
• Project Management for Scientists
• Radio Astronomy
• Observational Cosmology
• Astrochemistry
• Databases and Data Mining in Astronomy
• High-energy Astrophysics
• Gravitational Lensing
• Compact Objects and Accretion

Educational methods

• Working groups
• Practical classes

Assessment methods

• Written, oral and take home exams
• Homework assignments
• Presentations and colloquia
• Reports (scientific paper, literature study)

Student support

The favorable student–staff ratio guarantees a high degree of interaction with and personal attention from the (senior) staff. The Astronomy study advisor is available for individual and confidential study support. In addition, Astronomy master’s students get their own desk and computer during their master research project. Therefore, close collaboration with supervisors and group members is guaranteed. Moreover, the Astronomy master’s programme provides an informal atmosphere and a welcoming research community, in which social activities flourish.

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Astronomy (MSc)

Contacts for the master's programme Astronomy.

Administrative secretary:  Drs. A.N.G. Pen-Oosthoek E-mail:  [email protected] Use  this form to submit requests to the Astronomy Board of Examiners.

Email address full comittee [email protected] Email address student members [email protected]

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Some study programmes help you monitor your own academic progress by assisting you in drawing up a study plan at the end of your first year.

The study plan is intended to help you remain focused and motivated for the rest of your programme. You will draw up a study plan for your second and third years at the end of your first and second year respectively.

All Astronomy master's students draw up a Master Study Plan. This is part of the Leiden Study System, aiming to stimulate you to obtain your master's degree within two years. Therefore, you need to be aware of your study progress. The Master Study Plan is a tool to help you study as successfully as possible in order to earn your degree in time. Please note that your Astronomy Master Study Plan can only be accepted after apporval of the Astronomy study advisor.

Master Study Plan contents

The Master Study Plan is the backbone of your Astronomy master's programme. It contains a fully specified overview of all courses, associated exams and research projects you want to finish in the two years of your Astronomy master's. The Master Study Plan consists of two parts:

A.  Proposed schedule for your two-year Astronomy master's programme. B. Verification of requirements, demonstrating that the proposed schedule satisfies all official regulations .

Drawing up a Master Study Plan only makes sense if you stick to it. Therefore, it is important to come up with a realistic planning that is feasible for you. Remember that you may have to account for:

• Deficiencies
• Unfinished bachelor's courses
• (Extra) electives
• Relevant ancillary activities, e.g. board or commision memberships
• Other personal circumstances

Study Plan Tip!

Schedule important study elements as early as possible in your Master Study Plan. These include compulsory elements, courses that will help you in your preferred research area and your First Research Project.

Drawing up your Master Study Plan

In the Summer preceding the academic year in which you start your Astronomy master's, the Astronomy study advisor will request all incoming Astronomy master's students to draw up a Master Study Plan for the upcoming two years. You will also receive a template for your Master Study Plan from the Astronomy study advisor. The template specifies the Astronomy specialisation that you have chosen upon registration for the Astronomy master's programme. Draft the Astronomy master's schedule in your Master Study Plan using the following resources:

• In the  Astronomy Prospectus for the upcoming academic year , select the Astronomy master's specialisation that you will follow for a detailed description of mandatory and elective courses.
• Consult the list of Astronomy courses for the upcoming year and the preliminary list of Astronomy courses for the next academic year.
• You may also want to view the list of available Physics courses in the Physics Prospectus for the upcoming academic year  and the preliminary list of Physics courses for the next academic year (if available).

Consult the  Course and Examination Regulations  for the current academic year. Regulations specific for the Astronomy master's programme can be found in the Appendix of the document.

In individual cases, courses from different programmes or fields of study may be elected, but only after discussion with the Astronomy study advisor and prior written approval from the Astronomy Board of Examiners .

Handing in your Master Study Plan

When you have finished the first draft of your Master Study Plan, e-mail it to the Astronomy study advisor at least 48 hours before your  intake meeting (preferably earlier). During the intake meeting, you will discuss your Master Study Plan with the study advisor.

Once accepted, your Master Study Plan is entered in an electronic database, and progress will be regularly monitored by the study advisor. When facing delays in your studies, for example resulting from personal circumstances, you can discuss your progress with the study advisor using your Master Study Plan. This enables both the study advisor and yourself to compare your progress to your intended planning for timely identification of delays. Please note that for all Astronomy specialisations, the Master Study Plan and any changes to it can only be accepted if approved by the study advisor.

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Astronomy and Instrumentation

Structure of the programme.

This specialisation offers students the option to conduct a research master in astronomy with a particular focus on advanced astronomical instrumentation, techniques and instrument development. It prepares students as much for a career in research as for a career outside academia. The two-year programme consists of two parts. First, students follow advanced courses in both instrumentation and general astronomy. Second, students carry out a minor and a major research project.

Programme (120 EC)

| EC | Level |

Mandatory Courses

Astronomical Telescopes and Instruments | 6 | 500 |

Detection of Light a | 3 | 500 |

Detection of Light b | 3 | 500 |

Elective Courses

Astronomy Core Courses, at least: | 6 | 500 |

Instrumentation-related Astronomy Courses | 12-18 | 400-500 |

Astronomy Courses of any type * | 24-30 | 400-500 |

Research Projects

First Research Project in Instrumental or General Astronomy | 30 | 500 |

Master's Research Project in Instrumental Astronomical | 30 | 600 |

Up to 12 EC of the general and specialist Astronomy courses may be replaced by non-Astronomy courses from the Mathematics, Physics, or Computer Science master's programmes. Among these 12 EC you may choose one of the two inter-faculty electives listed below.

Master Study Plan

At the start of the master’s programme, students are required to draw up the Master Study Plan : a complete list of planned courses and projects for two subsequent academic years in consultation with the Study Advisor Astronomy . To select courses, consult the course list for academic year 2022-2023 (see below).

For more information on the specific requirements of this specialisation, see the appendix of the Course and Examination Regulations .

Courses 2022-2023

See also: Enrolment as a minor student (guest student) at TU Delft

Inter-faculty Electives

Additional Astronomy bachelor courses if required

Course levels

Level 100 Introductory course, builds upon the level of the final pre-university education examination. Characteristics : teaching based on material in textbook or syllabus, pedagogically structured, with practice material and mock examinations; supervised workgroups; emphasis on study material and examples in lectures.

Level 200 Course of an introductory nature, no specific prior knowledge but experience of independent study expected. Characteristics : textbooks or other study material of a more or less introductory nature; lectures, e.g. in the form of capita selecta; independent study of the material is expected.

Level 300 Advanced course (entry requirement level 100 or 200). Characteristics: textbooks that have not necessarily been written for educational purposes; independent study of the examination material; in examinations independent application of the study material to new problems.

Level 400 Specialised course (entry requirement level 200 or 300). Characteristics: alongside a textbook, use of specialist literature (scientific articles); assessment in the form of limited research, a lecture or a written paper. Courses at this level can, to a certain extent, also be on the master’s curriculum.

Level 500 Course with an academic focus (entry requirement: the student has been admitted to a master’s programme; preparatory course at level 300 or 400 has been followed). Characteristics: study of advanced specialised scientific literature intended for researchers; focus of the examination is solving a problem in a lecture and/or paper or own research, following independent critical assessment of the material.

Level 600 Very specialised course (entry requirement level 400 or 500) Characteristics: current scientific articles; latest scientific developments; independent contribution (dissertation research) dealing with an as yet unsolved problem, with verbal presentation.

The classification is based on the Framework Document Leiden Register of Study Programmes .

Career Orientation

During the Master program Astronomy we want to provide you with the best possible preparation for the job market. In addition to knowledge, it is important that you develop skills, gain practical experience, orientate on positions & careers, and reflect on your own profile and development. In addition to substantive knowledge, it is also important to be aware of the so-called transferable skills that you develop outside and during your education. These are, for example, your cognitive skills such as critical thinking and communication. Altogether, this contributes to your development as a professional and offers good preparation for the labour market.

With a master’s degree in Astronomy you are well prepared for jobs in research, industry and the public sector, including technological, financial and consultancy companies, research institutes, governments and science communication organizations.

Nevertheless, questions about this subject may arise during your studies, such as: How can you use the knowledge and skills you gain within and outside your study program in the labour market? Which direction do you choose within your study and why? What are you already able to do, and what skills do you still want to learn? How do you translate the courses you choose into something you would like to do later?

During the two years of your master’s programme, you will create a portfolio with reflection assignments and evaluations of career events that you attended. This portfolio will help you to determine your goals for the future and to reflect on questions such as "What are my strengths?", "What is important to me in a job?" and "What do I need to focus on in order to achieve my goals?".

Career Orientation Portfolio

The portfolio will consist of two reflection assignments, on which you will receive personal feedback from the Science Career Service. Furthermore, you are required to attend at least two career orientation activities per year. Afterwards you will be asked to write a short evaluation of the event in order to reflect on what you have taken away from it. More information about the Career Orientation Portfolio can be found on the Master Astronomy Brightspace page.

Throughout the year, all kinds of activities are organized where you get the chance to orientate yourself on the job market and are given opportunities to reflect on your own development, possibilities and (study) career profile. To provide you with the best possible preparation for the labour market, we organize two CIMAS (Career Information Meeting Astronomy) sessions per year. During a CIMAS we will organize several activities concerning study and career orientation. There will be alumni from the corporate field and PhD candidates that will share their experiences and advice. In addition to this, we also organize workshops that help you with practical career activities, such as networking and building your CV.

There are also many other career events that you can attend, for example:

Workshops form the Science Career Service

Career colleges from the Science Career Service

The Science Career Event (Bèta-banenmarkt)

De Leidsche Flesch Career Market

De Leidsche Flesch career symposia

The LOCNOC Master Career Day

V-OS alumni-mentoring events

Scientific conferences and symposia

Most graduates holding a MSc degree in Astronomy from Leiden University find work in many different capacities, including:

Research: universities, observatories, research institutes

Industry and consultancy: ICT, R&D, telecom, high technology, aerospace

Finance: banking, insurance, pension funds

Public sector: governments, policy makers, high schools

Science communication: journalism, popular writing, museums Typical jobs for Astronomy graduates include:

Scientific researcher (postdoc, research fellow, professor)

R&D engineer

Data scientist, statistician

Policy advisor, public information officer (e.g. Ministry of Foreign Affairs)

High school physics teacher

Scientific editor for magazines, newspapers and other media

Research at Leiden Observatory

If you want to get more deeply involved in research after graduating in Astronomy, consider pursuing a PhD at Leiden Observatory. If you have completed the Leiden master’s degree program in Astronomy, you are directly eligible for admission to our PhD program. Read more.

Science Career Service

Science Career Service , one of the utilities of the Science faculty, offers information and advice on study (re)orientation, career planning and personal professional profile as well as preparation for the job market, such as job applications. Facilities provided to students include online information, walk-in consultations, workshops and individual counselling sessions. In addition, Science Career Service offers expertise and support to programmes that want to strengthen the connection between their curriculum and the job market. This can vary from providing specific guest lectures/workshops to advising on integrating career orientation programmes into the curriculum.

LU Career Zone

The Leiden University Career Zone is the website for students and alumni of Leiden University to support their (study) career planning. You will find advice, information, video recordings of webinars and tools such as professional tests to get an idea of your personal profile. You can also explore positions and sectors, you will find tips about CV, job application, LinkedIn and there is a vacancy platform that you can make use of.

Mentornetwerk

Leiden University likes to prepare students and young alumni well for the job market. For this we use the knowledge and experience of Leiden alumni. To bring students and young alumni with questions about their careers into contact with experienced alumni, Leiden University has established the Mentor Network . Students and young alumni can register for free.

Do you have questions about your (study) career choices and has the above information not been able to help you further? Your study adviser ([email protected]) is always available to discuss your plans and concerns.

30 Best universities for Mechanical Engineering in Moscow, Russia

Updated: February 29, 2024

• Art & Design
• Computer Science
• Engineering
• Environmental Science
• Liberal Arts & Social Sciences
• Mathematics

Below is a list of best universities in Moscow ranked based on their research performance in Mechanical Engineering. A graph of 269K citations received by 45.8K academic papers made by 30 universities in Moscow was used to calculate publications' ratings, which then were adjusted for release dates and added to final scores.

We don't distinguish between undergraduate and graduate programs nor do we adjust for current majors offered. You can find information about granted degrees on a university page but always double-check with the university website.

1. Moscow State University

For Mechanical Engineering

2. Bauman Moscow State Technical University

3. National Research University Higher School of Economics

4. Moscow Aviation Institute

5. N.R.U. Moscow Power Engineering Institute

6. National Research Nuclear University MEPI

7. National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"

8. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

9. Moscow State Technological University "Stankin"

10. RUDN University

11. Moscow Polytech

12. Moscow State University of Railway Engineering

13. Finance Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation

14. Moscow Medical Academy

15. Russian State University of Oil and Gas

16. mendeleev university of chemical technology of russia.

17. Russian National Research Medical University

18. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics

19. National Research University of Electronic Technology

20. Moscow State Pedagogical University

21. Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration

22. State University of Management

23. Moscow State Institute of International Relations

24. Russian State Geological Prospecting University

25. russian state agricultural university.

26. New Economic School

27. Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation

28. Russian State University for the Humanities

29. Russian State Social University

30. Moscow State Linguistic University

Universities for Mechanical Engineering near Moscow

Engineering subfields in moscow.

Howard University's News & Stories Hub

Astronomy professor talks eclipses and their role in our solar system.

Dragana Tankosic, Ph.D., a professor in the Department of Astronomy and Physics, provided context about solar eclipses and what we could expect ahead of the total eclipse that will be visible to North America

To acknowledge this year’s solar eclipse, on Monday, April 8, Howard University’s Biology and Earth, Environment and Equity departments will host a viewing of the near-total solar eclipse from 3 to 4 p.m. in the Greenhouse of the EE Just Hall – Biology Building.

The peak eclipse is projected at 3:20 p.m. Special glasses to safely view the eclipse will be available for the first 50 people.

Dragana Tankosic, Ph.D., a professor in the College of Arts & Sciences’ Department of Astronomy and Physics, provided context about solar eclipses and what we could expect ahead of the total eclipse that will be visible to North America.

Q: What would you define an eclipse as?

A: An eclipse in general is a phenomenon that happens when a celestial body is temporarily obscured, as it gets in the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the observer. Based on that, a solar eclipse is an event when the Moon, the natural satellite of the Earth, gets in between Sun and Earth. In that case the sunlight coming to the Earth is obscured by the Moon getting in between them.

Q: So, what are the types of solar eclipses?

A: We have three different types of solar eclipses: total, annular, and partial eclipses.

A total solar eclipse happens when the moon is in such a position that it completely blocks the sun from our view. For us, it will basically look like the sun and the moon are the same size. That’s why we have that effect of the sun being completely blocked here.

Annular eclipses happen when the moon is at the furthest point away from Earth at the point of the eclipse. In that case, the sun is not completely blocked. We will have that event on October 2 this year. That’s the eclipse we call the Ring of Fire.

A partial eclipse occurs when only part of the sun gets blocked by the moon.

Q: What are the differences between lunar and solar eclipses?

A: Great question. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth gets between the Moon and Sun. In that case the Moon will be in the shadow of the Earth.

Q: Where are eclipses in the larger scale and operation of the solar system?

A: The planets and their moons orbit around the sun and all of that is governed by Newton’s Universal Law of Gravity and Kepler’s laws of Planetary motion. Using those laws, we can determine when we will be going to have these solar events.

During a solar eclipse, the sunlight is obscured so we’re not going to have the usual radiation of sunlight coming in on other planets that would affect their ionosphere. The ionosphere is part of the Earth’s atmosphere where charged particles or ions are contained. They’re used in telecommunications to transmit signals.

Q: So, do eclipses occur on other planets in our solar system?

A: Yes, but the first thing we need to look into is if the planets have a natural satellite. If they don’t have the moons orbiting around them, then a solar eclipse can’t happen. For example, Venus and Mercury are two planets in the solar system that do not have moons.

Q: So, we’re not going to see any eclipses related to Venus and Mercury?

A: Now, Mars, as another inner planet, has two moons: Phobos and Deimos. However, those two moons are relatively small and cannot be at the right distance to completely block the sunlight when they would get between Mars and the sun.

Q: Just no total eclipses for Mars then?

A: We only get partial solar eclipses in relation to Mars. We’re not going to have a total solar eclipse, only partial or annular.

Now if we move to the four outer planets – Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune – they don’t have a solid surface. They are gaseous, or what we call them, gas giants that are mostly made of helium and/or hydrogen. They are bigger than the inner planets and they have many moons.

Having many moons orbiting around the outer planets gives us more opportunities for total solar eclipses to happen. However, since they don’t have a solid surface that makes it difficult to observe the eclipse.

Q: Has the Howard University Department of Physics and Astronomy conducted any research on eclipses?

A: I was able to find that one of the graduates from Howard University, Jamie Sims, who is a Meridian, Mississippi native, was working on a GEO ES-16 Satellite. In particular, she was involved in taking images of the eclipse. Other than that, I am not aware of any other research projects related to the Solar eclipse.

About Prof. Dragana Tankosic:

Dragana Tankosic, Ph.D., is a full-time lecturer at Howard University. She is assigned to teach general physics I and II, general astronomy, and observational astronomy. In addition, she became a fixed-term graduate faculty member in the Physics and Astronomy program at Howard University.

As a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, a NASA postdoctoral research fellow, and a research associate and graduate research assistant at the UAH, Tankosic was an integral part of the Dusty Plasma Group at NASA-MSFC. She was actively involved in highly unique and productive research activities related to fundamental investigations of optical and physical characteristics of lunar dust grains such as laboratory experiments on photoelectric emission from micron-size individual cosmic and lunar dust grains, and laboratory investigation of charging of lunar dust grains by solar wind electrons. Tankosic earned her both her bachelor's and master’s in science from University of Belgrade, Serbia, and a Ph.D. at the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH).

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• Victor Mukhin

Victor M. Mukhin was born in 1946 in the town of Orsk, Russia. In 1970 he graduated the Technological Institute in Leningrad. Victor M. Mukhin was directed to work to the scientific-industrial organization "Neorganika" (Elektrostal, Moscow region) where he is working during 47 years, at present as the head of the laboratory of carbon sorbents.     Victor M. Mukhin defended a Ph. D. thesis and a doctoral thesis at the Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (in 1979 and 1997 accordingly). Professor of Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia. Scientific interests: production, investigation and application of active carbons, technological and ecological carbon-adsorptive processes, environmental protection, production of ecologically clean food.   

Title : Active carbons as nanoporous materials for solving of environmental problems

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