new research topics in poultry nutrition

• Architecture and Design
• Asian and Pacific Studies
• Business and Economics
• Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies
• Computer Sciences
• Cultural Studies
• Engineering
• General Interest
• Geosciences
• Industrial Chemistry
• Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies
• Jewish Studies
• Library and Information Science, Book Studies
• Life Sciences
• Linguistics and Semiotics
• Literary Studies
• Materials Sciences
• Mathematics
• Social Sciences
• Sports and Recreation
• Theology and Religion
• Publish your article
• The role of authors
• Promoting your article
• Abstracting & indexing
• Publishing Ethics
• Why publish with De Gruyter
• How to publish with De Gruyter
• Our book series
• Our subject areas
• Your digital product at De Gruyter
• Contribute to our reference works
• Product information
• Tools & resources
• Product Information
• Promotional Materials
• Orders and Inquiries
• FAQ for Library Suppliers and Book Sellers
• Repository Policy
• Free access policy
• Open Access agreements
• Database portals
• For Authors
• Customer service
• People + Culture
• Journal Management
• How to join us
• Working at De Gruyter
• Mission & Vision
• De Gruyter Foundation
• De Gruyter Ebound
• Our Responsibility
• Partner publishers

Your purchase has been completed. Your documents are now available to view.

Poultry nutrition

Nutrition is the most important environmental factor affecting development, health status, growth performance and profitability of poultry production. Feeds for poultry constitute up to 70–75% of total production costs. Poultry nutrition differs considerably from that of other livestock, which is determined by the specific anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract. Protein, energy, fat, fiber, minerals, vitamins, and water are of basic importance for poultry nutrition and their content in feeds must cover the requirement that differ depending on the bird’s age and species. In general, feed protein must be of good value including the content of essential amino acids. Among them lysine, methionine, cysteine, threonine and tryptophan are the limiting ones. The main ingredient of poultry feeds are cereal grains, i.e. wheat and maize, which predominantly constitute an energy source because their protein content is insufficient for birds. Because of that cereals cannot be the only feed for poultry and must be combined with protein sources such as soybean or rapeseed meal, legume seeds or protein concentrates. Despite birds’ requirement for nutrients and chemical composition of feeds are well known, nutrition must face many problems. One of the most important issues is to find alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters.

Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

Research funding: None declared.

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

1. Raza, A, Bashir, S, Tabassum, R. An update on carbohydrases: growth performance and intestinal health in poultry. Heliyon 2019;5:e01437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01437 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

2. Dibner, JJ, Richards, JD. The digestive system: challenges and opportunities. J Appl Poultry Res 2004;13:86–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/13.1.86 . Search in Google Scholar

3. Ravindran, V, Abdollahi, MR. Nutrition and digestive physiology of the broiler chick: state of the art and outlook. Animals 2021;11:2795. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102795 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

4. Bodin, L, Sécula, A, Chapuis, H, Cornuez, A, Lessire, M, Cobo, E, et al.. Dietary methionine deficiency reduces laying performances of female common ducks and impacts traits of interest of their mule ducklings. Poultry Sci 2019;98:5590–600. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez315 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

5. Attia, YA, Al-Khalaifah, H, Abd El-Hamid, HS, Al-Harthi, MA, El-Shafey, AA. Growth performance, digestibility, intestinal morphology, carcass traits and meat quality of broilers fed marginal nutrients deficiency-diet supplemented with different levels of active yeast. Livest Sci 2020;233:103945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103945 . Search in Google Scholar

6. Rosales, AG. Managing stress in broiler breeders: a review. J Appl Poultry Res 1994;3:199–207. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/3.2.199 . Search in Google Scholar

7. Waldenstedt, L. Nutritional factors of importance for optimal leg health in broilers: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006;126:291–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.008 . Search in Google Scholar

8. Xu, J, Wang, L, Tang, J, jia, G, Liu, G, Chen, X, et al.. Pancreatic atrophy caused by dietary selenium deficiency induces hypoinsulinemic hyperglycemia via global down-regulation of selenoprotein encoding genes in broilers. PLoS One 2017;12:e0182079. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182079 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

9. Boroojeni, FG, Vahjen, W, Männer, K, Blanch, A, Sandvang, D, Zentek, J. Bacillus subtilis in broiler diets with different levels of energy and protein. Poultry Sci 2018;97:3967–76. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey265 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

10. Wu, BY, Zhu, M, Ruan, T, Li, LJ, Lyu, YN, Wang, HS. Oxidative stress, apoptosis and abnormal expression of apoptotic protein and gene and cell cycle arrest in cecal tonsil of broilers induces by dietary methionine deficiency. Res Vet Sci 2018;121:65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.10.009 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

11. Karami, M, Karimi, A, Sadeghi, AA, Zentek, J, Boroojeni, FG. Effects of phytase and benzoic acid supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, tibia mineralization and serum traits in male broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2018;242:104258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104258 . Search in Google Scholar

12. Rӧhe, I, Zentek, J. Lignocellulose as an insoluble fiber source in poultry nutrition: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021;12:82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00594-y . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. Park, SH, Hanning, I, Perrota, A, Bench, BJ, Alm, E, Ricke, SC. Modifying the gastrointestinal ecology in alternatively raised poultry and the potential for molecular and metabolic assessment. Poultry Sci 2013;92:546–61. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02734 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Shang, Y, Kumar, S, Oakley, B, Kim, WK. Chicken gut microbiota: importance and detection technology. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:254. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00254 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

15. Aboulezz, K, Abou-Hadied, M, Yuan, J, Elokil, AA, Wang, G, Wang, S, et al.. Nutritional impacts of dietary oregano and enviva essential oils on the performance, gut microbiota and blood biochemicals of growing ducks. Animal 2019;13:2216–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731119000508 . Search in Google Scholar

16. Kollarcikova, M, Kubasova, T, Karasova, D, Crhanova, M, Cejkova, D, Sisak, F, et al.. Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for prediction of new opportunistic pathogens in chicken ileal and cecal microbiota. Poultry Sci 2019;98:2347–53. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey594 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Yan, J, Zhou, B, Xi, Y, Huan, H, Li, M, Yu, J, et al.. Fermented feed regulates growth performance and the cecal microbiota community in geese. Poultry Sci 2019;98:4673–84. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez169 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Tian, Y, Li, G, Chen, L, Bu, X, Shen, J, Tao, Z, et al.. High-temperature exposure alters the community structure and functional features of the intestinal microbiota in Shaoxing ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Poultry Sci 2020;99:2662–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.046 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

19. Lu, J, Kong, XL, Wang, ZY, Yang, HM, Zhang, KN, Zou, JM. Influence of whole corn feeding on the performance, digestive tract development, and nutrient retention of geese. Poultry Sci 2011;90:587–94. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01054 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Świątkiewicz, S, Arczewska-Włosek, A, Józefiak, D. The efficacy of organic minerals in poultry nutrition: review and implications of recent studies. World’s Poult Sci J 2014;70:475–86. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043933914000531 . Search in Google Scholar

21. Alagawany, M, Elnesr, SS, Farag, MR, Tiwari, R, Yatoo, MI, Karthik, L, et al.. Nutritional significance of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health – a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2021;41:1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2020.1857887 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

22. van der Klis, JD, de Lange, L. Water intake of poultry. In: 19th European symposium on poultry nutrition, 26–29 August 2013 . Potsdam, Germany; 2013:102–7 pp. Search in Google Scholar

23. Stevenson, MH. Nutrition of domestic geese. Proc Nutr Soc 1989;48:103–11. https://doi.org/10.1079/pns19890014 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

24. Pingel, H. Influence of breeding and management on the efficiency of duck production. Lohmann Inf 1999;22:7–13. Search in Google Scholar

25. Aviagen . Ross broiler: nutrition specification . Huntsville, Alabama, USA: Aviagen; 2019. Available from: http://en.aviagen.com [Accessed 26 May 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

26. Otowski, K, Ognik, K, Kozłowski, K. Growth rate, metabolic parameters and carcass quality in turkeys fed diets with different inclusion levels and sources of supplemental copper. J Anim Feed Sci 2019;28:272–81. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/112186/2019 . Search in Google Scholar

27. Biesek, J, Kuźniacka, J, Banaszak, M, Adamski, M. The quality of carcass and meat from geese fed diets with or without soybean meal. Animals 2020;10:200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020200 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

28. Bryden, WL, Li, X, Ruhnke, I, Zhang, D, Shini, S. Nutrition, feeding and laying hen welfare. Anim Prod Sci 2021;61:893–914. https://doi.org/10.1071/an20396 . Search in Google Scholar

29. Chen, X, Shafer, D, Sifri, M, Lilburn, M, Karcher, D, Cherry, P, et al.. Centennial review: history and husbandry recommendations for raising Pekin ducks in research or commercial production. Poultry Sci 2021;100:101241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101241 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

30. Bachanek, I, Barszcz, M, Taciak, M, Tuśnio, A, Skomiał, J. Microbial activity in the large intestine of chicks fed diets with different types and levels of inulin. Ann Anim Sci 2016;16:1141–52. https://doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2016-0043 . Search in Google Scholar

31. Czerwiński, J, Słupecka-Ziemilska, M, Woliński, J, Barszcz, M, Konieczka, P, Smulikowska, S. The use of genetically modified roundup ready soyabean meal and genetically modified MON 810 maize in broiler chicken diets. Part 2. Functional status of the small intestine. J Anim Feed Sci 2015;24:144–52. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/65641/2015 . Search in Google Scholar

32. Tuśnio, A, Barszcz, M, Święch, E, Skomiał, J, Taciak, M. Large intestine morphology and microflora activity in piglets fed diets with two levels of raw or micronized blue sweet lupin seeds. Livest Sci 2020;240:104137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104137 . Search in Google Scholar

33. Opaliński, S, Korczyński, M, Szołtysik, M, Dobrzański, Z, Kołacz, R. Application of aluminosilicates for mitigation of ammonia and volatile organic compound emissions from poultry manure. Open Chem 2015;13:967–73. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2015-0115 . Search in Google Scholar

34. Saeed, M, Arain, MA, Naveed, M, Alagawany, M, Abd El-Hack, ME, Bhutto, ZA, et al.. Yucca schidigera can mitigate ammonia emissions from manure and promote poultry health and production. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 2018;25:35027–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3546-1 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

35. Konieczka, P, Kaczmarek, SA, Hejdysz, M, Kinsner, M, Szkopek, D, Smulikowska, S. Effect of faba bean extrusion and phytase supplementation on performance, phosphorus and nitrogen retention, and gut microbiota activity in broilers. J Sci Food Agric 2020;100:4217–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10461 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

36. Adedokun, SA, Olojede, OC. Optimizing gastrointestinal integrity in poultry: the role of nutrients and feed additives. Front Vet Sci 2019;5:348. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00348 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

37. Jerrett, SA, Goodge, WR. Evidence for amylase in avian salivary glands. J Morphol 1973;139:27–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051390103 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

38. Zhao, C, Nguyen, T, Liu, L, Sacco, RE, Brogden, KA, Lehrer, RI. Gallinacin-3, an inducible epithelial β-defensin in the chicken. Infect Immun 2001;69:2684–91. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.4.2684-2691.2001 . Search in Google Scholar

39. Peng, KS, Ruan, LS, Tu, J, Qi, KZ, Jiang, LH. Tissue distribution, expression, and antimicrobial activity of Anas platyrhynchos avian β-defensin 6. Poultry Sci 2013;92:97–104. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02562 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Pérez-Torres, A, Ustarroz-Cano, M, Millán-Aldaco, D. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells in the cornea, tongue and oesophagus of the chicken (Gallus gallus). Histochem J 2002;34:507–15. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024714107373 . 10.1023/A:1024714107373 Search in Google Scholar PubMed

41. Ivey, WD, Edgar, SA. The histogenesis of the esophagus and crop of the chicken, Turkey, Guinea fowl and pigeon, with special reference to ciliated epithelium. Anat Rec 1952;114:189–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091140207 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

42. Salvi, E, Vaccaro, R, Renda, TG. An immunohistochemical study of the ontogeny of the neuroendocrine system in the chicken oesophagus. Anat Embryol 1998;197:283–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004290050138 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

43. van Dijk, A, Veldhuizen, EJ, Kalkhove, SI, Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven, JL, Romijn, RA, Haagsman, HP. The β-defensin gallinacin-6 is expressed in the chicken digestive tract and has antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:912–22. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.00568-06 . Search in Google Scholar

44. Kitazawa, T, Kaiya, H, Taneike, T. Contractile effects of ghrelin-related peptides on the chicken gastrointestinal tract in vitro. Peptides 2007;28:617–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2006.10.012 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

45. Kitazawa, T, Maeda, Y, Kaiya, H. Molecular cloning of growth hormone secretagogue-receptor and effect of quail ghrelin on gastrointestinal motility in Japanese quail. Regul Pept 2009;158:132–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regpep.2009.07.005 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

46. Ponte, PI, Lordelo, MM, Guerreiro, CI, Soares, MC, Mourao, JL, Crespo, JP, et al.. Crop β-glucanase activity limits the effectiveness of a recombinant cellulase used to supplement a barley-based feed for free-range broilers. Br Poultry Sci 2008;49:347–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660802158340 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

47. May, JD, Lott, BD, Simmons, JD. The effect of environmental temperature and body weight on the growth rate and feed:gain of male broilers. Poultry Sci 1998;77:499–501. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.4.499 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

48. Vergara, P, Ferrando, C, Jiménez, M, Fernández, E, Goñalons, E. Factors determining gastrointestinal transit time of several markers in the domestic fowl. Q J Exp Physiol 1989;74:867–74. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1989.sp003357 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

49. Furuse, M, Choi, Y, Yang, S, Kita, K, Okumura, J. Enhanced release of cholecystokinin in chickens fed diets high in phenylalanine or tyrosine. Comp Biochem Physiol Part A Physiol 1991;99:449–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(91)90031-7 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

50. Mabayo, RT, Furuse, M, Yang, SI, Okumura, J. Medium-chain triacylglycerols enhance release of cholecystokinin in chicks. J Nutr 1992;122:1702–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/122.8.1702 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

51. Furuse, M, Mabayo, RT, Miyachi, Y, Okumura, J. Effect of ketone bodies on crop emptying in the chicken. Br Poultry Sci 1997;38:432–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669708418015 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

52. Furuse, M, Yang, SI, Muramatsu, T, Okumura, I. Enhanced release of cholecystokinin by soya-bean trypsin inhibitor in chickens. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990;25:1242–6. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365529008998560 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

53. Tachibana, T, Matsuda, K, Sawa, H, Mikami, A, Ueda, H, Cline, MA. Differential thresholds of neuromedins B-C-and bombesin-induced anorexia and crop-emptying rate in chicks. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010;169:144–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.08.006 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

54. Fuller, R, Brooker, BE. Lactobacilli which attach to the crop epithelium of the fowl. Am J Clin Nutr 1974;27:1305–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/27.11.1305 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Fuller, R. The importance of lactobacilli in maintaining normal microbial balance in the crop. Br Poultry Sci 1977;18:85–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071667708416332 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

56. Cutler, SA, Rasmussen, MA, Hensley, MJ, Wilhelms, KW, Griffith, RW, Scanes, CG. Effects of Lactobacilli and lactose on Salmonella typhimurium colonisation and microbial fermentation in the crop of the young Turkey. Br Poultry Sci 2005;46:708–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660500393694 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

57. Durant, JA, Corrier, DE, Byrd, JA, Stanker, LH, Ricke, SC. Feed deprivation affects crop environment and modulates Salmonella enteritidis colonisation and invasion of leghorn hens. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999;65:1919–23. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.5.1919-1923.1999 . Search in Google Scholar

58. Furuse, M, Yang, SI, Niwa, N, Okumura, J. Effect of short chain fatty acids on the performance and intestinal weight in germ-free and conventional chicks. Br Poultry Sci 1991;32:159–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669108417337 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Hinton, A, Buhr, RJ, Ingram, KD. Physical, chemical, and microbiological changes in the crop of broiler chickens subjected to incremental feed withdrawal. Poultry Sci 2000;79:212–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.2.212 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

60. Tabata, H, Yasugi, S. Tissue interaction regulates expression of a spasmolytic polypeptide gene in chicken stomach epithelium. Dev Growth Differ 1998;40:519–26. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-169x.1998.t01-3-00006.x . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

61. Playford, RJ, Marchbank, T, Chinery, R, Evison, R, Pignatelli, M, Boulton, RA, et al.. Human spasmolytic polypeptide is a cytoprotective agent that stimulates cell migration. Gastroenterology 1995;108:108–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(95)90014-4 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

62. Rodrigues, I, Choct, M. The foregut and its manipulation via feeding practices in the chicken. Poultry Sci 2018;97:3188–206. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey191 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

63. Svihus, B. The gizzard: function, influence of diet structure and effects on nutrient availability. World Poultry Sci J 2011;67:207–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043933911000249 . Search in Google Scholar

64. Gabella, G. Structure of the musculature of the chicken small intestine. Anat Embryol 1985;171:139–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00341408 . Search in Google Scholar

65. Scanes, CG, Pierzchala-Koziec, K. Biology of the gastro-intestinal tract in poultry. Avian Biol Res 2014;7:193–222. https://doi.org/10.3184/175815514x14162292284822 . Search in Google Scholar

66. Azzam, MM, Zou, XT, Dong, XY, Xie, P. Effect of supplemental L-threonine on mucin 2 gene expression and intestine mucosal immune and digestive enzymes activities of laying hens in environments with high temperature and humidity. Poultry Sci 2011;90:2251–6. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-01574 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

67. Marchaim, U, Kulka, RG. The non-parallel increase of amylase, chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase in the developing chick pancreas. Biochim Biophys Acta 1967;146:553–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2744(67)90239-2 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

68. Wang, K, Gan, L, Lee, I, Hood, L. Isolation and characterisation of the chicken trypsinogen gene family. Biochem J 1995;307:471–9. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3070471 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

69. Hurwitz, S, Bar, A, Katz, M, Sklan, D, Budowski, P. Absorption and secretion of fatty acids and bile acids in the intestine of the laying fowl. J Nutr 1973;103:543–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/103.4.543 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

70. Gilbert, ER, Li, H, Emmerson, DA, Webb, KE, Wong, EA. Developmental regulation of nutrient transporter and enzyme mRNA abundance in the small intestine of broilers. Poultry Sci 2007;86:1739–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.8.1739 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

71. Tasaki, I, Takahashi, N. Absorption of amino acids from the small intestine of domestic fowl. J Nutr 1966;88:359–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/88.4.359 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

72. Hurwitz, S, Shamir, N, Bar, A. Protein digestion and absorption in the chick: effect of Ascarida galli. Am J Clin Nutr 1972;25:311–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/25.3.311 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

73. Hong, YH, Song, W, Lee, SH, Lillehoj, HS. Differential gene expression profiles of β-defensins in the crop, intestine, and spleen using a necrotic enteritis model in 2 commercial broiler chicken lines. Poultry Sci 2012;91:1081–8. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-01948 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

74. Holt, PS, Vaughn, LE, Gast, RK. Changes in Peyer’s patch and cecal tonsil B lymphocytes in laying hens following challenge with Salmonella enterica Serovar enteritidis. Int J Poultry Sci 2011;10:231–7. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2011.231.237 . Search in Google Scholar

75. Munyaka, PM, Echeverry, H, Yitbarek, A, Camelo-Jaimes, G, Sharif, S, Guenter, W, et al.. Local and systemic innate immunity in broiler chickens supplemented with yeast-derived carbohydrates. Poultry Sci 2012;91:2164–72. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02306 . Search in Google Scholar

76. Basha, ME, Duke, GE. Effect of fasting on small intestinal antiperistalsis in the Nicholas Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). J Exp Zool 1999;283:469–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19990301/01)283:4/5<469::aid-jez17>3.0.co;2-j . 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990301/01)283:4/5<469::AID-JEZ17>3.0.CO;2-J Search in Google Scholar

77. Karasawa, Y, Son, JH, Koh, K. Ligation of caeca improves nitrogen utilisation and decreases urinary uric acid excretion in chickens fed on a low protein diet plus urea. Br Poultry Sci 1997;38:439–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669708418017 . Search in Google Scholar

78. Thomas, DH, Skadhauge, E. Functions of the flow of urine and digesta in the avian lower intestine. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 1989;86:212–8. Search in Google Scholar

79. McWhorter, TJ, Caviedes-Vidal, E, Karasov, WH. The integration of digestion and osmoregulation in the avian gut. Biol Rev 2009;84:533–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00086.x . Search in Google Scholar

80. Duke, GE, Evanson, OA, Huberty, BJ. Electrical potential changes and contractile activity of the distal cecum of turkeys. Poultry Sci 1980;59:1925–34. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0591925 . Search in Google Scholar

81. Son, JH, Karasawa, Y. Effects of caecal ligation and colostomy on water intake and excretion in chickens. Br Poultry Sci 2001;42:130–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/713655023 . Search in Google Scholar

82. Karasawa, Y. Effect of colostomy on nitrogen nutrition in the chicken fed a low protein diet plus urea. J Nutr 1989;119:1388–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/119.10.1388 . Search in Google Scholar

83. Calonge, ML, Cano, M, Ilundáin, AA. K+ transport in colonocytes isolated from the chick: effect of anisosmotic buffers. Exp Physiol 1998;83:629–38. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1998.sp004144 . Search in Google Scholar

84. Tactacan, GB, Rodriguez-Lecompte, JC, Karmin, O, House, JD. Functional characterisation of folic acid transport in the intestine of the laying hen using the everted intestinal sac model. Poultry Sci 2011;90:83–90. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01029 . Search in Google Scholar

85. Dansky, LM, Hill, FW. Application of the chromic oxide indicator method to balance studies with growing chickens. J Nutr 1952;47:449–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/47.3.449 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

86. Tuckey, R, March, BE, Biely, J. Diet and the rate of food passage in the growing chick. Poultry Sci 1958;37:786–92. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0370786 . Search in Google Scholar

87. Zou, XT, Qiao, XJ, Xu, ZR. Effect of β-mannanase (Hemicell) on growth performance and immunity of broilers. Poultry Sci 2006;85:2176–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.12.2176 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

88. Dänicke, S, Simon, O, Jeroch, H, Bedford, M. Interactions between dietary fat type and xylanase supplementation when rye-based diets are fed to broiler chickens. 1. Physico-chemical chyme features. Br Poultry Sci 1997;38:537–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669708418034 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

89. Quail, MA, Kozarewa, I, Smith, F, Scally, A, Stephens, PJ, Durbin, R, et al.. A large genome center’s improvements to the Illumina sequencing system. Nat Methods 2008;5:1005–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1270 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

90. Ansorge, WJ. Next-generation DNA sequencing techniques. N Biotech 2009;25:195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2008.12.009 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

91. Glenn, TC. Field guide to next-generation sequencers. Mol Ecol Resour 2011;11:759–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03024.x . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

92. Gong, J, Si, W, Foster, RJ, Huang, R, Yu, H, Yin, Y, et al.. 16S rRNA gene-based analysis of mucosa-associated bacterial community and phylogeny in the chicken gastrointestinal tract: from crops to ceca. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006;59:147–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00193.x . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

93. Baker, GC, Smith, JJ, Cowan, DA. Review and reanalysis of domain specific 16S primers. J Microbiol Methods 2003;55:541–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2003.08.009 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

94. Liu, Z, Lozupone, C, Hamady, M, Bushman, FD, Knight, R. Short pyrosequencing reads suffice for accurate microbial community analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2007;35:e120. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm541 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

95. Hanning, I, Ricke, SC. Prescreening methods of microbial populations for the assessment of sequencing potential. In: Kwon, YM, Ricke, SC, editors. High-throughput next generation sequencing: methods and applications . New York, NY: Springer Protocols, Humana Press; 2011:159–70 pp. 10.1007/978-1-61779-089-8_11 Search in Google Scholar PubMed

96. Rehman, HU, Vahjen, W, Awad, WA, Zentek, J. Indigenous bacteria and bacterial metabolitc products in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. Arch Anim Nutr 2007;61:319–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390701556817 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

97. Lu, J, Idris, U, Harmon, B, Hofacre, C, Maurer, JJ, Lee, MD. Diversity and succession of the intestinal bacterial community of the maturing broiler chicken. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003;69:6816–24. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.11.6816-6824.2003 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

98. Oakley, BB, Lillehoj, HS, Kogut, MH, Kim, WK, Maurer, JJ, Pedroso, A, et al.. The chicken gastrointestinal microbiome. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014;360:100–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6968.12608 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

99. Kogut, MH, Oakley, BB. Spatial and temporal changes in the broiler chicken cecal and fecal microbiomes and correlations of bacterial taxa with cytokine gene expression. Front Vet Sci 2016;3:11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2016.00011 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

100. Wilkinson, TJ, Cowan, AA, Vallin, HE, Onime, LA, Oyama, LB, Cameron, SJ, et al.. Characterization of the microbiome along the gastrointestinal tract of growing turkeys. Front Microbiol 2017;8:1089. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01089 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

101. Best, AB, Porter, AL, Fraley, SM, Fraley, GS. Characterization of gut microbiome dynamics in developing pekin ducks and impact of management system. Front Microbiol 2017;7:2125. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02125 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

102. Hedemann, MS, Theil, PK, Knudsen, KEB. The thickness of the intestinal mucous layer in the colon of rats fed various sources of non-digestible carbohydrates is positively correlated with the pool of SCFA but negatively with the proportion of butyric acid in digesta. Br J Nutr 2009;102:117–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508143549 . Search in Google Scholar

103. Nicholson, JK, Holmes, E, Kinross, J, Burcelin, R, Gibson, G, Jia, W, et al.. Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions. Science 2012;336:1262–7. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1223813 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

104. Blachier, F, Mariotti, F, Huneau, JF, Tomé, D. Effects of amino acid-derived luminal metabolites on the colonic epithelium and physiopathological consequences. Amino Acids 2007;33:547–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-006-0477-9 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

105. Petracci, M, Mudalal, S, Soglia, F, Cavani, C. Meat quality in fast-growing broiler chickens. World’s Poult Sci J 2015;71:363–74. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043933915000367 . Search in Google Scholar

106. Sakomura, NK, longo, FA, Oviedo-Rondon, EO, Boa-Viagem, C, Ferraudo, A. Modeling energy utilization and growth parameter description for broiler chickens. Poultry Sci 2005;84:1363–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.9.1363 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

107. del Puerto, M, Cabrera, MC, Saadoun, A. A note on fatty acids profile of meat from broiler chickens supplemented with inorganic or organic selenium. Int J Food Sci 2017;2017:7613069. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7613069 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

108. Konieczka, P, Barszcz, M, Chmielewska, N, Cieślak, M, Szlis, M, Smulikowska, S. Interactive effects of dietary lipids and vitamin E level on performance, blood eicosanoids, and response to mitogen stimulation in broiler chickens of different ages. Poultry Sci 2017;96:359–69. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew219 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

109. Konieczka, P, Barszcz, M, Choct, M, Smulikowska, S. The interactive effect of dietary n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio and vitamin E level on tissue lipid peroxidation, DNA damage in intestinal epithelial cells, and gut morphology in chickens of different ages. Poultry Sci 2018;97:149–58. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex274 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

110. Mu, K, Kitts, DD. Use of soy lecithin to improve nutritional quality of poultry meats and its effect on stability and sensory attributes. J Nutr Food Sci 2018;8:714. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000714 . Search in Google Scholar

111. Aviagen. Ross broiler management handbook . Huntsville, Alabama, USA: Aviagen; 2018. Available from: http://en.aviagen.com [Accessed 26 May 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

112. Barekatain, MR, Swick, RA. Composition of more specialized pre-starter and starter diets for young broiler chickens: a review. Anim Prod Sci 2016;56:1239–47. https://doi.org/10.1071/an15333 . Search in Google Scholar

113. Chalova, VI, Kim, JH, Patterson, PH, Ricke, SC, Kim, WK. Reduction of nitrogen excretion and emissions from poultry: a review for conventional poultry. World’s Poult Sci J 2016;72:509–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043933916000477 . Search in Google Scholar

114. Kobayashi, H, Nakashima, K, Ishida, A, Ashihara, A, Katsumata, M. Effects of low protein diet and low protein diet supplemented with synthetic essential amino acids on meat quality of broiler chickens. Anim Sci J 2013;84:489–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12021 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

115. Leiber, F, Gelencsér, T, Stamer, A, Amsler, Z, Wohlfahrt, J, Früh, B, et al.. Insect and legume-based protein sources to replace soybean cake in an organic broiler diet: effects on growth performance and physical meat quality. Renew Agric Food Syst 2015;32:21–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000496 . Search in Google Scholar

116. Cabel, MC, Waldroup, PW. Effect of dietary protein level and length of feeding on performance and abdominal fat content of broiler chickens. Poultry Sci 1991;70:1550–8. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0701550 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

117. Mateos, GG, Jiménez-Moreno, E, Serrano, MP, Lázaro, RP. Poultry response to high levels of dietary fiber sources varying in physical and chemical characteristics. J Appl Poultry Res 2012;21:156–74. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2011-00477 . Search in Google Scholar

118. National Research Council . Nutrient requirements of poultry , 9th Rev. ed. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1994. Search in Google Scholar

119. Saleh, EA, Watkins, SE, Waldroup, PW. Changing time of feeding starter, grower, and finisher diets for broilers. 2. Birds grown to 2.2 kg. J Appl Poultry Res 1997;6:64–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/6.1.64 . Search in Google Scholar

120. Swennen, Q, Everaert, N, Debonne, M, Verbaeys, I, Careghi, C, Tona, K, et al.. Effect of macronutrient ratio of the pre-strarter diet on broiler performance and intermediary metabolism. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2010;94:375–84. 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2009.00918.x Search in Google Scholar PubMed

121. Leentfaar, E, Lopez, G, van de Braak, T. Nutrition guide . Boxmeer, The Netherlands: Hendrix Genetics; 2022. Available from: https://layinghens.hendrix-genetics.com [Accessed 26 May 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

122. Lichnikova, M. The effect of dietary calcium source, concentration and particle size on calcium retention, eggshell quality and overall calcium requirement in laying hens. Br Poultry Sci 2007;48:71–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660601148203 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

123. Novogen . Nutrition guide . Pledran, France: Novogen S.A.S; 2022. Available from: https://www.novogen-layers.com [Accessed 26 May 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

124. Wilson, BW, Nieberg, PS, Buhr, RJ, Kelly, BJ, Shultz, FT. Turkey muscle growth and focal myopathy. Poultry Sci 1990;69:1553–62. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0691553 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

125. Aviagen Turkeys . Feeding guidelines for Nicholas and B.U.T. heavy lines . Tattenhall, Cheshire, Great Britain: Aviagen Turkeys Ltd.; 2022. Available from: https://www.aviagenturkeys.com [Accessed 26 May 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

126. Jankowski, J, Zdunczyk, Z, Juskiewicz, J. Whole grain in Turkey nutrition. Part 2: production results in different feeding systems. World’s Poult Sci J 2016;72:563–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043933916000519 . Search in Google Scholar

127. Zhang, SJ, Zhu, CH, Guo, J, Tang, QP, Li, HF, Zou, JM. Metabolizable energy and fiber digestibility of uncommon feedstuffs for geese. Poultry Sci 2013;92:1812–7. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02515 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

128. Jamroz, D. Recommendations for nutrition of geese. In: Smulikowska, S, Rutkowski, A, editors. Recommended allowances and nutritive value of feedstuffs for poultry (in Polish) , 5th ed. Jabłonna (Poland): The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish Branch of WPSA; 2018:58–65 pp. Search in Google Scholar

129. Li, YP, Wang, ZY, Yang, HM, Xu, L, Xie, YJ, Jin, SL, et al.. Effects of dietary fiber on growth performance, slaughter performance, serum biochemical parameters, and nutrient utilization in geese. Poultry Sci 2017;96:1250–6. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew385 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

130. Fan, H, Xie, M, Wang, W, Hou, S, Huang, W. Effects of dietary energy on growth performance and carcass quality of white growing pekin ducks from two to six weeks of age. Poultry Sci 2008;87:1162–4. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2007-00460 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

131. Wen, Z, Rasolofomanana, T, Tang, J, Jiang, Y, Xie, M, Yang, P, et al.. Effects of dietary energy and lysine levels on growth performance and carcass yields of Pekin ducks from hatch to 21 days of age. Poultry Sci 2017;96:3361–6. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex122 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

132. Xie, M, Zhao, JN, Hou, SS, Huang, W. The apparent metabolizable energy requirement of White Pekin ducklings from hatch to 3 weeks of age. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010;157:95–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.01.011 . Search in Google Scholar

133. Wood, PJ. Physicochemical characteristics and physiological properties of oat (1–3), (1–4)-β-D-glucan. In: Wood, PJ, editor. Oat bran . Minnesota, USA: AACC; 1993:83–112 pp. Search in Google Scholar

134. Cumming, RB. Opportunities for whole grain feeding. In: Proceedings of the ninth European poultry conference (world’s poultry science association) . Glasgow, Great Britain; 1994:219–22 pp. Search in Google Scholar

135. Svihus, B. Norwegian poultry industry converts to whole grain pellets. World Poultrymeat 2001;17:20–1. Search in Google Scholar

136. Bennett, CD, Classen, HL, Riddell, C. Feeding broiler chickens wheat and barley diets containing whole, ground and pelleted grain. Poultry Sci 2002;81:995–1003. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.7.995 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

137. Plavnik, I, Macovsky, B, Sklan, D. Effect of feeding whole wheat on performance of broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002;96:229–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00321-2 . Search in Google Scholar

138. Cumming, RB. Mechanisms of biological control of coccidiosis in chickens. In: Proceedings of the Australian poultry science symposium . Sydney, Australia; 1992:46–51 pp. Search in Google Scholar

139. Forbes, JM, Covasa, M. Application of diet selection by poultry with particular reference to whole cereals. World Poult Sci J 1995;51:149–65. https://doi.org/10.1079/wps19950010 . Search in Google Scholar

140. Gabriel, I, Mallet, S, Leconte, M. Differences in the digestive tract characteristics of broiler chickens fed on complete pelleted diet or whole wheat added to pelleted protein concentrate. Br Poultry Sci 2003;44:283–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/0007166031000096470 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

141. Engberg, RM, Hedemann, MS, Steenfeldt, S, Jensen, BB. Influence of whole wheat and xylanase on broiler performance and microbial composition and activity in the digestive tract. Poultry Sci 2004;83:925–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.6.925 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

142. Banfield, MJ, Kwakkel, RP, Forbes, JM. Effects of wheat structure and viscosity on coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002;98:37–48. 10.1016/S0377-8401(02)00032-9 Search in Google Scholar

143. Inborr, J, Schmitz, M, Ahrens, F. Effect of adding fibre and starch degrading enzymes to a barley/wheat based diet on performance and nutrient digestibility in different segments of the small intestine of early weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1993;44:113–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(93)90042-i . Search in Google Scholar

144. Stein, HH, Kim, SW, Nielsen, TT, Easter, RA. Standardized ileal protein and amino acid digestibility by growing pigs and sows. J Anim Sci 2001;79:2113–22. https://doi.org/10.2527/2001.7982113x . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

145. Wang, L, Newman, RK, Newman, CW, Hofer, PJ. Barley β-glucans alter intestinal viscosity and reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations in chicks. J Nutr 1992;122:2292–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/122.11.2292 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

146. White, WB, Bird, HR, Sunde, ML, Marlett, JA. Viscosity of β-D-glucan as a factor in the enzymatic improvement of barley for chicks. Poultry Sci 1983;62:853–62. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0620853 . Search in Google Scholar

147. Pettersson, D, Graham, H, Åman, P. Enzyme supplementation of low or high crude protein concentration diets for broiler chickens. Anim Prod 1990;51:399–404. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100005547 . Search in Google Scholar

148. Graham, H, Pettersson, D. A note on the effect of a beta-glucanase and a multi-enzyme on production in broiler chicks fed a barley-based diet. Swed J Agric Res 1992;22:39–42. Search in Google Scholar

149. Hesselman, K, Åman, P. The effect of β-glucanase on the utilization of starch and nitrogen by broiler chickens fed on barley of low- or high-viscosity. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1986;15:83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(86)90015-5 . Search in Google Scholar

150. Guenter, W. Impact of feed enzymes on nutrient utilization of ingredients in growing poultry. J Appl Poultry Res 1993;2:82–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/2.1.82 . Search in Google Scholar

151. McNab, JM, Smithard, RR. Barley beta-glucan: an antinutritional factor in poultry feeding. Nutr Res Rev 1992;5:45–60. 10.1079/NRR19920006 Search in Google Scholar PubMed

152. Knudsen, KEB. Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant materials used in animal feeding. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1997;67:319–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(97)00009-6 . Search in Google Scholar

153. Sundberg, B, Pettersson, D, Åman, P. Nutritional properties of fibre-rich barley products fed to broiler chickens. J Sci Food Agric 1995;67:469–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740670408 . Search in Google Scholar

154. Song, GL, Li, DF, Piao, XS, Chi, F, Wang, JT. Comparisons of amino acid availability by different methods and metabolizable energy determination of a Chinese variety of high oil corn. Poultry Sci 2003;82:1017–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.6.1017 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

155. Lasek, O, Barteczko, J, Borowiec, F, Smulikowska, S, Augustyn, R. The nutritive value of maize cultivars for broiler chickens. J Anim Feed Sci 2012;21:345–60. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66087/2012 . Search in Google Scholar

156. Stein, HH, Lagos, LV, Casas, GA. Nutritional value of feed ingredients of plant origin fed to pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016;218:33–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.003 . Search in Google Scholar

157. Guéguen, J. Legume seed protein extraction, processing and end products characteristics. Qual Plantarum Plant Foods Hum Nutr 1983;32:267–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01091191 . Search in Google Scholar

158. Pastuszewska, B. Nasiona roślin strączkowych (obecna nazwa botaniczna – bobowate). In: Jamroz, D, editor. Żywienie zwierząt i paszoznawstwo t. 3. 2013 . Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN; 2013:216–31 pp. Search in Google Scholar

159. Liener, IE. Antinutritional factors in legume seeds: state of the art. In: Huisman, J, van der Poel, TFB, Liener, IE, editors. Recent advances of research in antinutritional factors in legume seeds . Pudoc Wageningen; 1989:6–13 pp. Search in Google Scholar

160. Huisman, J, Tolman, GH. Antinutritional factors in the plant proteins of diets for non-ruminants. In: Garnsworthy, PC, Wiseman, J, editors. Recent developments in pig nutrition . Nottingham: Nottingham University Press; 2001, vol 3:261–322 pp. 10.1016/B978-0-7506-0714-8.50005-9 Search in Google Scholar

161. Khattab, RY, Arntfield, SD. Nutritional quality of legume seeds as affected by some physical treatments 2. Antinutritional factors. Food Sci Technol 2009;42:1113–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2009.02.004 . Search in Google Scholar

162. van Barneveld, RI. Understanding the nutritional chemistry of lupin (Lupinus spp.) seed to improve livestock production efficiency. Nutr Res Rev 1999;12:203–30. https://doi.org/10.1079/095442299108728938 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

163. Alatorre-Cruz, JM, Pita-López, W, López-Reyes, RG, Ferriz-Martínez, RA, Cervantes-Jiménez, R, Carrillo, MDJG, et al.. Effects of intragastrically-administered Tepary bean lectins on digestive and immune organs: preclinical evaluation. Toxicol Rep 2017;5:56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.12.008 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

164. Ramadass, B, Dokladny, K, Moseley, PL, Patel, YR, Lin, HC. Sucrose co-administration reduces the toxic effect of lectin on gut permeability and intestinal bacterial colonization. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:2778–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-010-1359-2 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

165. Erbaş, M, Certel, M, Uslu, MK. Some chemical properties of white lupin seeds (Lupinus albus L.). Food Chem 2005;89:341–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.02.040 . Search in Google Scholar

166. Kuz’mina, VV. Influence of age on digestive enzyme activity in some freshwater teleosts. Aquaculture 1996;148:25–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(96)01370-1 . Search in Google Scholar

167. Almeida, NG, de la Barca, AMC, Valencia, ME. Effect of different heat treatments on the antinutritional activity of Phaseolus vulgaris (variety Ojo de Cabra) lectin. J Agric Food Chem 1999;39:1627–30. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00009a018 . Search in Google Scholar

168. Grela, ER. Roślinne koncentraty białkowe w żywieniu zwierząt. Wiadomości Zootechniczne . R. LIV, 2016;1:99–106 (in Polish). Search in Google Scholar

169. Ueda, H, Ohshima, M. Nutritive value of alfalfa leaf protein concentrate prepared from low saponin variety in chicks and pigs. Jpn J Zootech Sci 1989;60:561–6. https://doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.60.561 . Search in Google Scholar

170. Dong, XF, Gao, WW, Tong, JM, Jia, HQ, Sa, RN, Zhang, Q. Effect of Polysavon (alfalfa extract) on abdominal fat deposition and immunity in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci 2007;86:1955–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.9.1955 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

171. Grela, ER, Ognik, K, Czech, A, Matras, J. Quality assessment of eggs from laying hens fed a mixture with lucerne protein concentrate. J Anim Feed Sci 2014;23:236–43. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/65686/2014 . Search in Google Scholar

172. Wojnowska, I, Poznanski, S, Bednarski, W. Processing of potato protein concentrates and their properties. J Food Sci 1981;47:167–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb11051.x . Search in Google Scholar

173. Koreleski, J, Ryś, R, Krasnodębska, I, Kubicz, M, Ombach, A. Wartość paszowa preparatu białka ziemniaczanego i jego zastosowanie jako zamiennika pasz wysoko-białkowych w żywieniu kurcząt brojlerów. Rocz Nauk Zootech 1983;10:217–28. Search in Google Scholar

174. Wilkie, D, Van Kessel, A, White, L, Laarveld, B, Drew, M. Dietary amino acids affect intestinal Clostridium perfringens population in broiler chickens. Can J Anim Sci 2005;85:185–93. https://doi.org/10.4141/a04-070 . Search in Google Scholar

175. Tuśnio, A, Pastuszewska, B, Taciak, M, Mieczkowska, A, Smulikowska, S. Response of growing chicken to potato protein concentrates providing different amounts of solanidine glycoalkaloids and trypsin inhibitor. Archiv Geflügelkunde 2013;77:51–8. Search in Google Scholar

176. Bennett, JW. Mycotechnology: the role of fungi in biotechnology. J Biotechnol 1998;66:101–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1656(98)00133-3 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

177. Ingraham, JL. March of the microbes; sighting the unseen . Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 2010. Search in Google Scholar

178. Mountzouris, KC, Tsirtsikos, P, Kalamara, E, Nitsh, S, Schatzmayr, G, Fegeros, K. Evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, and Pediococcus strains in promoting broiler performance and modulating cecal microflora composition and metabolic activities. Poultry Sci 2007;86:309–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.2.309 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

179. Silva, VK, Silva, JDTD, Gravena, RA, Marques, RH, Hada, FH, Moraes, VMBD. Yeast extract and prebiotic in pre-initial phase diet for broiler chicken raised under different temperatures. Rev Bras Zootec 2010;39:165–74. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010000100022 . Search in Google Scholar

180. Sen, S, Ingale, SL, Kim, YW, Kim, JS, Kim, KH, Lohakare, JD, et al.. Effect of supplementation of Bacillus subtilis LS 1-2 to broiler diets on growth performance, nutrient retention, caecal microbiology and small intestinal morphology. Res Vet Sci 2012;93:264–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.021 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

181. Park, JH, Kim, IH. Supplemental effect of probiotic Bacillus subtilis B2A on productivity, organ weight, intestinal Salmonella microflora, and breast meat quality of growing broiler chicks. Poultry Sci 2014;93:2054–9. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03818 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

182. Zhen, W, Shao, Y, Gong, X, Wu, Y, Geng, Y, Wang, Z, et al.. Effect of dietary Bacillus coagulans supplementation on growth performance and immune responses of broiler chickens challenged by Salmonella enteritidis. Poultry Sci 2018;97:2654–66. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey119 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

183. Ogbuewu, IP, Okoro, VM, Mbajiorgu, EF, Mbajiorgu, CA. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and its effect on production indices of livestock and poultry-a review. Comp Clin Pathol 2018;28:669–77. 10.1007/s00580-018-2862-7 Search in Google Scholar

184. Li, HL, Zhao, PY, Lei, Y, Hossain, MM, Kim, IH. Phytoncide, phytogenic feed additive as an alternative to conventional antibiotics, improved growth performance and decreased excreta gas emission without adverse effect on meat quality in broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2015;181:1–6. 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.10.001 Search in Google Scholar

185. Youn, HJ, Noh, JW. Screening of the anticoccidial effects of herb extract against Eimeria tenella. Vet Parasitol 2001;96:257–63. 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00385-5 Search in Google Scholar PubMed

186. Hashemi, SR, Zulkifli, I, Davoodi, H, Zunita, Z, Ebrahimi, M. Growth performance, intestinal microflora, plasma fatty acid profile in broiler chickens fed herbal plant (Euphorbia hirta) and mix of acidifiers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012;178:167–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.09.006 . Search in Google Scholar

187. Skomorucha, I, Sosnówka-Czajka, E. Effect of water supplementation with herbal extracts on broiler chicken welfare. Ann Anim Sci 2013;13:849–587. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0057 . Search in Google Scholar

188. Gerrard, CL, Smith, J, Nelder, R, Bright, A, Colley, M, Clements, R, et al.. 100% organic poultry feed: can algae replace soybean expeller in organic broiler diets? Org Farm 2015;1:38–45. https://doi.org/10.12924/of2015.01010038 . Search in Google Scholar

189. Carrillo, S, López, E, Casas, MM, Avila, E, Castillo, RM, Carranco, ME, et al.. Potential use of seaweeds in the laying hen ration to improve the quality of n–3 fatty acid enriched eggs. J Appl Phycol 2008;20:721–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-008-9334-4 . Search in Google Scholar

190. Grela, ER, Czech, A. Pasze alternatywne w odniesieniu do soi genetycznie modyfikowanej w żywieniu zwierząt. Wiadomosci Zootech R 2019;LVII:66–77. Search in Google Scholar

191. Sieradzki, Z, Mazur, M, Król, B, Kwiatek, K. Stosowanie pasz genetycznie zmodyfikowanych w odniesieniu do trzech modeli produkcji – ekologicznej, tradycyjnej i wolnej od GMO. Pasze Przemysłowe 2018;27:10–4. Search in Google Scholar

192. Hammond, BG, Vicini, JL, Hartnell, GF, Naylor, MW, Knight, CD, Robinson, EH, et al.. The feeding value of soybeans fed to rats, chickens, catfish and dairy cattle is not altered by genetic incorporation of glyphosate tolerance. J Nutr 1996;126:717–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/126.3.717 . Search in Google Scholar PubMed

193. Świątkiewicz, S, Arczewska-Włosek, A, Twardowska, M, Markowski, J, Mazur, M, Sieradzki, Z, et al.. Poekstrakcyjna śruta sojowa i ziarno kukurydzy GMO w żywieniu drobiu. Wiadomości Zootechniczne R 2013;LI:49–64. Search in Google Scholar

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

• X / Twitter

Supplementary Materials

Please login or register with De Gruyter to order this product.

Journal and Issue

Articles in the same issue.

Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.

We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too.

Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective

Want to get in touch? Contact our London head office or media team here

Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing.

Home > Books > Poultry Science

Advances in Poultry Nutrition Research

Book metrics overview

10,584 Chapter Downloads

Impact of this book and its chapters

Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com

Overall attention for this book and its chapters

Book Citations

Total Chapter Citations

Academic Editor

West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences , India

Published 07 July 2021

Doi 10.5772/intechopen.91547

ISBN 978-1-83969-001-3

Print ISBN 978-1-83969-000-6

eBook (PDF) ISBN 978-1-83969-002-0

Copyright year 2021

Number of pages 214

Due to the wide acceptance of poultry meat and eggs, poultry farming is the fastest growing global livestock industry. Nutrition plays a vital role in economic production and the maintenance of proper poultry health. Therefore, there is a great need to update balanced nutrient requirements for new breeds, utilize alternative feed resources, evaluate newer feed additives to optimize production whil...

Due to the wide acceptance of poultry meat and eggs, poultry farming is the fastest growing global livestock industry. Nutrition plays a vital role in economic production and the maintenance of proper poultry health. Therefore, there is a great need to update balanced nutrient requirements for new breeds, utilize alternative feed resources, evaluate newer feed additives to optimize production while excluding antimicrobial feed additives and maintain overall health. The first section of this book contains six chapters that discuss the utilization of unconventional feeds, nanominerals to reduce mineral proportions in diets, and water intake affected by environmental temperature. The second section contains six chapters that describe proper nutritional management to improve gut health and immunity, the prevention of common diseases, and the amelioration of heat stress in poultry.

By submitting the form you agree to IntechOpen using your personal information in order to fulfil your library recommendation. In line with our privacy policy we won’t share your details with any third parties and will discard any personal information provided immediately after the recommended institution details are received. For further information on how we protect and process your personal information, please refer to our privacy policy .

Cite this book

There are two ways to cite this book:

Edited Volume and chapters are indexed in

Table of contents.

By Herbert Kwabla Dei

By Mohamed I. Alshelmani, Emhimad A. Abdalla, Ubedullah Kaka and Muhammad Abdul Basit

By Jitendra Kumar

By Rafael Barbosa de Souza, Fernando Guilherme Perazzo Costa, José Humberto Vilar da Silva, Edilson Paes Saraiva, Valéria Pereira Rodrigues, Matheus Ramalho de Lima, Sarah Gomes Pinheiro and Isabelle Naemi Kaneko

By Partha Sarathi Swain, Sonali Prusty, Somu Bala Nageswara Rao, Duraisamy Rajendran and Amlan Kumar Patra

By Ochuko Orakpoghenor, Ngozi Ejum Ogbuagu and Lawal Sa’Idu

By Naga Raja Kumari Kallam and Veerasamy Sejian

By Luis-Miguel Gomez-Osorio, Zhengyu Jiang, Qian Zhang, Hui Yan, Ana-Maria Villegas and Todd Applegate

By Celina Eugenio Bahule and Tamiris Natalice Santos Silva

By Luis-Miguel Gómez-Osorio, Jenny-Jovana Chaparro-Gutiérrez and Sara López-Osorio

By Mayka Reghiany Pedrão, Rafaele Martins de Souza, Helder Louvandini, Patricia Louvandini, Roberta Barreiro de Souza, Natália de Morais Leite and Fábio Augusto Garcia Coró

By Mathew Gitau Gicheha

IMPACT OF THIS BOOK AND ITS CHAPTERS

10,584 Total Chapter Downloads

32 Crossref Citations

3 Web of Science Citations

65 Dimensions Citations

17 Altmetric Score

Order a print copy of this book

Available on

Delivered by

£119 (ex. VAT)*

Hardcover | Printed Full Colour

FREE SHIPPING WORLDWIDE

* Residents of European Union countries need to add a Book Value-Added Tax Rate based on their country of residence. Institutions and companies, registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state, will not pay VAT by providing IntechOpen with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.

As an IntechOpen contributor, you can buy this book for an Exclusive Author price with discounts from 30% to 50% on retail price.

Log in to your Author Panel to purchase a book at the discounted price.

For any assistance during ordering process, contact us at [email protected]

Related books

Animal feed science and nutrition.

Edited by Amlan Patra

Poultry Science

Edited by Milad Manafi

Application of Genetics and Genomics in Poultry Science

Edited by Xiaojun Liu

Edited by Asghar Ali Kamboh

Poultry Farming

Edited by Guillermo Téllez-Isaías

Broiler Industry

Infrared spectroscopy.

Edited by Theophile Theophanides

Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics

Edited by Bishnu Pal

Abiotic Stress in Plants

Edited by Arun Shanker

Anopheles mosquitoes

Edited by Sylvie Manguin

Call for authors

Submit your work to intechopen.

Research conducted in the Department of Poultry Science has three primary functions: 1) Add to the base of scientific knowledge, 2) Provide opportunities for appropriate graduate degree training programs and 3) Provide information that will be useful to the poultry industry in Georgia.

These research programs include the following areas:  

Poultry Health

Poultry health research programs emphasize problems in the diagnosis and control of economically important diseases of poultry. Applied and basic research is focused on solving problems of importance to the industry.

Poultry nutrition is an applied science, and nutritionists' research helps to determine requirements, prepare premixes, formulate feed, determine profit maximizing nutrient levels and more.

Research in physiology focuses on growth and reproduction. Specific research includes regulation of myogenesis in avian embryos and the role of surface carbohydrates in sperm-egg interactions in birds.

Genetics and Molecular Biology

Focuses of research in genetics and molecular biology include the genetic relationships of growth and reproduction in diverse poultry populations.

Environment

Environmental research in poultry science studies the impact of processes that occur in our land, air and water and the effects they have on overall poultry health.

Georgia is the largest poultry producer in the world, and management research at UGA leads to the development of new processes and technologies that help make production safer, healthier and more efficient.

Microbiology

Microbiology in the poultry industry can cover a broad range of subjects, such as the effects of temperature on broiler carcasses.

Processing Technology

This subject area focuses on the development of new processes and technologies for the processing of poultry products.

Coccidiosis

Coccidiosis is a major issue in the industry, and this area of study looks at the control of coccidiosis by interference with site-finding receptors on parasite cell membranes of invasive stages.

New Focus Area

In addition to the research efforts outlined above, the department has identified two major focus areas for collaborative efforts among faculty. These areas have been identified as important areas that are relevant to current industry concerns and needs.

• Processing/slaughter technology impact on yield and further processing
• Nutrition/genetic/management relationships with regard to new genetic stocks

Learn More About Our Cutting-Edge Research

Research topics include avian management, nutrition and physiology, environmental management, and modification of egg composition.

Faculty Working in this Area

• Poultry Nutrition and Physiology
• Poultry Management

Related Resources and News

Department of Animal Science's Dr. Gregory Martin and John Boney will be part of the research team working to create a sustainable broiler production system by improving bird and human health.

Dr. Robert G. Elkin, Professor of Avian Nutritional Biochemistry, has been named a PSA Fellow, the highest recognition bestowed by PSA.

Research in the Francisco Diaz laboratory focuses on understanding the molecular and functional interactions between oocytes and granulosa cells that promote production of a fertile oocyte.

Alyssa Lyons received a "Certificate of Excellence" for her research findings presented at the International Poultry Scientific Forum (IPSF)

Research in the Paul Bartell laboratory focuses on the regulation of biological clocks in birds at the systems level.

The Extension Poultry Team provides educational information, support and programs for the poultry industry.

The $6 million Poultry Education and Research Center consists of six separate buildings occupying about 50,000 square feet.

R. Michael Hulet, Ph.D., is being recognized for his leadership in agriculture, specifically within the poultry industry.

Molecular Endocrinology

The Regina Vasilatos-Younken laboratory is interested in the biological actions of growth hormone (GH), with emphasis on components of the signal transduction pathway that are essential for GH action.

Animal Science's Kevin Harvatine, associate professor of nutritional physiology, and Robert Elkin, professor of avian nutritional biochemistry, collaborated on study.

• Degrees & Programs
• College Directory

Information for

• Faculty & Staff
• Visitors & Public

• Frontiers in Animal Science
• Animal Nutrition
• Research Topics

Ingredients for Poultry

Total Downloads

Total Views and Downloads

About this Research Topic

Accurate diet formulation is critical for efficient and sustainable poultry production. Improved knowledge of ingredient and feed composition has been necessary to provide limits of inclusion and precision in diet formulations, improving the efficiency of the poultry industry. This research topic focuses on ...

Keywords : Broiler, Metabolize Energy, Digestibility, Alternative Ingredient, Precision Nutrition, Sustainability, Byproduct, Feed Additives

Important Note : All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.

Topic Editors

Topic coordinators, recent articles, submission deadlines.

Submission closed.

Participating Journals

Total views.

• Demographics

No records found

total views article views downloads topic views

Top countries

Top referring sites, about frontiers research topics.

With their unique mixes of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author.