bibliography for geography research

Geography Subject Guide

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How to Know What Style Guide to Use

For most of your research writing, you will need to document the sources you use.

Your professor will specify the style you should use; each academic area uses a specific style. For example, psychology and other social sciences use the American Psychological Association (APA) style ; humanities disciplines use the Modern Language Association (MLA) style . Ask your professor which one you should use. Online tools are available to help you format your endnotes and bibliographies; see the  Online Resources tab above. Or use the published hard-copy style manual for your discipline--many of them are available in the Libraries' collections; see the Paper Resources tab. Some databases  will also format your citations in various styles for you, or you can use software (e.g., EndNote ) that will manage your citations for you, downloading them directly from the databases you search; see the Formatting Tools tab.

General & Common Citation Generator Applications

• BibMe Download your bibliography in either the MLA, APA, Chicago or Turabian formats. Resource types include books, periodicals, media & online. BibMe includes basic citation guides & examples. Create an account in order to keep lists of resources organized by groups you create and export bibliographies to a word processor (.rtf files only).
• EasyBib Generate citations in MLA, APA & Chicago formats for your bibliography. Resource types include books, periodicals, media and online.
• KnightCite Manual entry only. Styles include MLA, APA & Chicago. Resources types include books, periodicals, media, and online.
• Zotero Includes the ability to store author, title, and publication fields and to export that information as formatted references, and the ability to organize, tag, and search in advanced ways.

Specific Subject-Oriented Guides and Manuals

The following tools will help you with most of the required styles for your assignments. Many of the  Research Guides  on specific topics will provide links and guidelines for citing your research sources in those disciplines.

Specific Styles

• Anthropology: Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed.
• ACS Style Guide (paper copy) American Chemical Society
• AMA Manual of Style American Medical Association Among recent enhancements is the ability to annotate and save sections you find most useful. A video tour of the site is also available.
• American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE refers users to the Chicago Manual of Style .
• APA Formatting and Style Guide Overview of APA style from OWL, Purdue University's Online Writing Lab.
• Chicago Manual of Style The Chicago Manual of Style Online is completely searchable and easy to use, providing quick answers to your style and editing questions. The Q&A content is fully searchable along with the content of The Chicago Manual of Style. The Chicago Manual of Style Online also provides convenient Tools, such as sample forms, letters, and style sheets.
• Chicago Manual of Style (OWL) Overview of Chicago style from OWL, Purdue University's Online Writing Lab.
• International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals
• MLA Formatting and Style Guide OWL, Purdue University's Online Writing Lab, has created an online overview to help writers cite sources using MLA style, including the list of works cited and in-text citations.
• Transactions Style Guide Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME)
• Turabian Citation Style Guide Paper copies of Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations can be located via InfoKat Discovery .

Government Publications

• Citing Government Documents from Columbia University Libraries
• U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual 2016 edition. PDF Guidelines for use IN government publications.
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Geography Resource Guide: APA-7 Citation Style

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Welcome to the APA-7 Citation Resource

Paper Setup     References List     In-Text Citations

APA Style Resources

The following resources contain examples and/or information to assist in preparing a research paper in APA Citation Style.

OWL Citation Help

• Excelsior OWL Valuable information and resources to help you create your citations.

Video Tutorials

• APA 7 Video Tutorials Check out these step-by-step videos to help you set up your paper, create your reference list, and in-text citations.
• APA Tutorials and Webinars Check out these videos and webinars from the APA website to help you create your APA 7 citations.

Paper Set-up

• APA Title Page Resource Guide This source will give you all the information you need to create the Title Page for your APA style paper.
• Paper Set-up Checklist Use this checklist to make sure you have everything you need to set up your APA paper.
• Paper Set-up Checklist Printout A printout version of the APA paper checklist.
• Citing Websites in APA 7 Use this handout to help you create citations for websites.
• APA Style Formatting and Citing from D2L Use this document to see a title page example, create the proper headings in your paper, and cite sources from your class D2L page.
• APA "And the Band Played On" Scene Log

The APA Citation Style

This resource guide will focus on the 7th edition of the APA publication style developed by the American Psychological Association, which is used by the Social Sciences and other curricular areas.

Take a look at the links on the left for examples of APA 7 in-text citations, reference pages, and some useful sites and tutorials. 

Resources from APA

• APA Inclusive Language Guide View and download the updated APA guidelines for inclusive language
• APA Citation Guide Use this resource to break down the parts of a reference page citation for three commonly cited formats: journal article, book, and chapter in an edited book.
• Sample Paper This example paper will give you a visual of what your finished paper will look like, from title page to references. It also includes notes to identify key parts of your paper.
• Student Paper Sample Download this word document to see what a finished APA style paper looks like.

Setting up an APA Paper

Before you begin writing your research paper, it is important to have it correctly formatted following APA guidelines. This includes setting up a title page, correcting line spacing, text font, and margins in a paper.

To set up your paper for APA formatting you will complete the following: 

• Make sure the margins in your paper are set to 1 inch
• Use one of the approved APA fonts: 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode, 12-point Times New Roman, or 11-point Georgia. 
• Set the spacing in your paper to Double. 
• Create a title page. 

To create a title page for your paper, or to see a visual of any of the above formatting guidelines, check out the library's APA 7 video tutorials.  

The   Document Formatting guides   prepared by HCC Learning Support Center staff are a great tool to help you step-by-step through the process of setting up your document.  We recommend you use these guidelines to set up your paper before you begin writing. 

Document Formatting

• Formatting in Google Docs
• Formatting in MS Word Browser
• Formatting in MS Word on MAC
• Formatting in MS Word on PC

Citations are tricky, and there are lots of questions you may have when creating your citations. This guide covers the basics of APA, but for more detailed questions about specific citations, make sure to check out the resources along the left. The Excelsior OWL citation guide is especially helpful for creating citations for different sources. 

Image: Vecteezy

The APA References list

Once you have completed your research and have gathered the information you would like to use to write your paper, your next step should be to create the list of the resources you will use in your paper. This list is called a Reference List  and includes any source (publication, video, lecture, etc.) that you are using information from in your paper. It is very important that you cite sources in your paper because you want to show where you are getting your information from and avoid Plagiarism! 

General formatting tips when creating your references page: 

• The references page will begin on a separate page at the end of your research paper. 
• Each citation will be in alphabetical order based on the authors' last names. If there are not authors, you will alphabetize by the source's title. 
• Double-space all entries. 
• Include a hanging-indent with each citation. To learn how to create a hanging indent, watch the second part of the library's APA Citation Video Tutorials. 
• Include the word References at the top of the page, centered on the page and in bold text. 

For help with creating citations, or how to set up your references page, watch the library's APA Citations Video Tutorials! 

Examples of Common Citations

Use the examples shown below to help you format correct citations for the most popular sources. 

Scholarly article from a database:

Elements : Author's last name, Author's first and middle initials. (Date). Title of article.  Title of Journal, Volume number (issue number, if any), Page numbers. 

Mershon, D.H. (1998, November). Star trek on the brain: Alien minds, human minds.  American Scientist, 86 (6), 585. 

Elements : Author's last name, Author's first and middle initials. (Date published). Title of webpage.  Website Name . URL. 

Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist.  Medium . https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01 

Book by multiple authors (less than 20): 

Elements : Author's last name, Author's first and middle initials. (Year of Publication).  Title of boo k. Publisher. 

Rivano, N. S., Hoson, A., & Stallings, B. (2001).  Regional integration and economic development . Palgrave.

Social Media Post (Instagram): 

Elements : Author's last name, Author's first and middle initials. [@username]. (Year, Month, Day published). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [description of type of post]. Site name. URL. 

Sulic, L. [@lukasulicworld]. (2019, December 31). We wish you a happy new year! [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B6vTyaZHNU9/?igshid=141g9y12b4gfn 

For more examples of how to cite specific formats, or more specific help with citations, visit the Excelsior Online Writing Lab for detailed descriptions! 

In-Text Citations

In-text citations are the second way you will cite your sources in a research paper. Unlike the citations found in the References page, in-text citations are shorter and appear in the body of the text. Any time you use information from a source (whether you paraphrase it or use a direct quotation), you must include an in-text citation. So you will have multiple in-text citations for one source. 

APA in-text citations will appear in parentheses within the paper you are writing, and will appear at the end of the sentence where the source is being cited. You will include only the author's last name, followed by the date of publication. If a source has two authors, list both names separated by an ampersand (&). If there are more than two authors, list only the first author's last name followed by the phrase 'et al'. 

In-text citation examples: 

Source with three or more authors:.

The concept of social class is rapidly becoming obsolete (Calvert et al., 1987). 

Source with one author, using a signal phrase (a signal phrase uses part of the citation in the body of the text):

Calvert (1982) argued that it is impossible to measure social class. 

Source with two authors:

Two techniques that have been associated with reduced stress and increased relaxation in psychotherapy contexts are guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation (McGuigan & Lehrer, 2007). 

For more examples of creating in-text citations, check out the library's video tutorials or the Excelsior OWL citation page for help! Or explore the resources on this guide for more information! 

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Reference Sources: E-books, Encyclopedias, Handbooks, and Gazetteers

• Journals and Databases
• Geography 132: Food and Environment
• Geography 142: Population Geography
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• Geography of Los Angeles
• Digital Geographic Data
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• Maps, Atlases, Aerial Images
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• United States Census Statistics and Information
• Encyclopedias and Reference Resources

Use these reference sources to begin research; they have short articles on definitions, theories, methods and the history of geography.

• Encyclopedia of Earth Free electronic reference about the Earth, its natural environments, and their interaction with society.
• Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names

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Citation Guides

Different disciplines use different writing style guides to cite resources in their work.  The Annals of the Association of American Geographers uses the Chicago Manual of Style .  However, it is not the only style guide used in geography. If you instructor specifies a citation style, use that one. Below are some useful tools to help you format your citations.

Purdue Online Writing Lab - Citation Guides

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Geography: Citations

Online resources for citation styles.

• UW Libraries Citation & Writing Guide Includes formatting guidelines, printable resources and example citations for APA, MLA, Chicago and other styles.
• APA Formatting and Citation Guide Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue
• MLA Formatting and Citation Guide Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue
• Chicago Formatting and Citation Guide
• Harvard Formatting and Citation Guide Guide from Anglia Ruskin University

How Do I Cite Data & Maps?

• Citing Geospatial Data Resources - from the University of Waterloo Map & Design Library
• How to Reference Maps, Atlases, Air Photos, and Geospatial Data - Brock University Map Library
• Citing Images & Image Copyright - University of Washington Libraries guide

Keep current with research alerts

Writing & Research Help

Visit the Odegaard Writing and Research Center to get research help from a librarian  or writing help from a writing tutor. Drop in or make an appointment .

Odegaard Undergraduate Library

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Need help right now? Chat with a librarian using AskUs!

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GEG 242: Research Methods in Geography: Citation Styles

• Geography Journals
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• Types of Sources
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• Citation Styles

Why Do We Need to Cite Sources?

There are at least three reasons why writers cite their sources:

• To establish credibility with readers by calling on solid, reputable sources as "expert witnesses"
• To provide readers with the information they need to delve further into the topic
• To give credit where it's due and avoid plagiarism

When you are preparing a document,use this checklist to be sure your citations are complete.

• Did I provide a reference for every idea that came from a source? Cite all of your sources, even if you put the information in your own words. You do not have to cite sources for "common knowledge" - factual information that can be found in multiple sources such as dates or widely-known information.
• Do all of my in-text references have a complete citation in my list of sources and can the reader easily move from an in-text reference to the full citation in the list?
• Does my reader have all the information needed to find each source? 

Because scholars in different disciplines emphasize different things when they read citations, there are many different styles. The MLA style, used for literary studies, makes sure page numbers are provided in an in-text citaiton because the exactness of a quotation matters; the APA style used in psychology and other social sciences include the year of publication, because when research was conducted is considered particularly significant. The Chicago Style is used by disciplines such as history and religion, which value sources so much it's common to put all the information about a source in a footnote as well as in a bibliography at the end of a paper.

Whatever style you use, citations typically include author, title of the work, and publication informaiton (for books, publisher and year published; for articles, the journal, volume, date, and page numbers; for websites, a URL is needed).

Annals of the American Association of Geographers

Style sheets for AAAG style are available at:

• AAAG style sheet: https://www.aag.org/annals-of-the-aag-style-sheet/
• References: The AAAG style sheet (see previous link) refers authors to the Taylor & Francis US Chicago (B) author-date style for references: https://files.taylorandfrancis.com/tf_USChicagoB.pdf

Source: AAAG Style Sheet

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Geography: Write and Cite

• Starting Points
• Research Strategies
• Find Sources
• Data Sources
• GIS This link opens in a new window
• Write and Cite

There is no single citation style used in Geography --either follow your professor's instructions or pick a style from a Geography journal. Citations can be tricky! Feel free to ask for help!

• Zotero Style Repository Here you can download "styles" that can be added to Zotero so your bibliography can be automatically formatted. I recommend going to a journal's author guidelines to determine the journal's preferred style, then download it from the above link.
• AAG Style Guide The official style guide for the Annals of the American Association of Geographers
• Chicago Manual of Style Quick Guide The Quick Guide has handy examples of different types of citations. NOTE: Chicago style has a Notes & Bibliography version and an Author-Date version. Author-Date is common in Geography.

How to Cite Maps

To cite a map or aerial photograph, use the same basic style guidelines as you use to cite your books and articles (for example: MLA, APA, or Chicago Manual of Style). However, maps/aerial photographs have some unusual elements, such as scale, that should be included.

Note : You will likely need to modify the form of these examples to conform to a particular style.

A single sheet map:

Map Author.  Map title . Edition. Scale. Place of publication: Publisher, Date.

U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.  Madagascar . 1:3,465,000. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, 1973.

A map in a book:

Map Author.  Map title . Scale. Place of publication: Publisher, Date. In: Book Author.  Book title . Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Date, page.

Fig. 5: Major Seaports and Transportation Axes in Southern and South Central Africa (1978) . 1.6 cm. = 500 km. In: Wiese, Bernd.  Seaports and Port Cities of Southern Africa . Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag GmbH., 1981, p. 23.

Map in a journal article:

Map author.  Map title.  Scale. In: Article author. "Article title,"  Journal title , Volume (Date): page.

U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories.  Yellowstone National Park; From Surveys Made Under the Direction of F. V. Hayden, U.S. Geologist and Other Authorities, 1871 . Scale not given. In: Walsh, Jim. "Exploration and Mapping of Yellowstone National Park,"  Meridian , 3 (1990): 14.

Adapted from this excellent Dartmouth College Library guide  on citing cartographic resources.

Writing in Geography

Follow your professor's instruction for how to format your paper above all!

Making sense : a student's guide to research and writing : geography and environmental sciences / Margot Northey, David B. Knight, Dianne Draper

An introduction to scientific research methods in geography / Daniel R. Montello, Paul C. Sutton

Making sense : a student's guide to research and writing : social sciences / Margot Northey, Lorne Tepperman

Doing your social science dissertation  / Judith Burnett

Demystifying dissertation writing : a streamlined process from choice of topic to final text / Peg Boyle Single

How to write a lot : a practical guide to productive academic writing / Paul J. Silvia

• CU Boulder Writing Center Located in Norlin Library, the writing center offers writers from across disciplines and skill levels the opportunity to work one-on-one with professionally trained writing consultants.

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• Last Updated: Mar 20, 2024 9:13 AM
• URL: https://libguides.colorado.edu/geography

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Citation Style Guides

Manage your references, copyright help, academic & scholarly integrity.

• Managing Research Data
• How to Cite Citation style guides for APA, Chicago, Harvard, MLA, and many more...
• Indigenous Citation Guide Created by UBC's X̱wi7x̱wa Library.
• Image Citation Guide Created by UBC's Copyright Office, this guide provides a general overview of citing images.
• Data and Statistics: Citing data A UBC Library guide for citing & referencing data.
• Citation Management Citation management tools can help you collect, organize, store, share, and format citations. There are many different citation management tools and each has different features. A few of the most popular tools include Mendeley , Zotero , and Endnote .
• Research Commons Workshops The Research Commons offers many types of workshops including various Citation Management workshops.
• Copyright at UBC The website for all your copyright questions.
• Academic Integrity UBC's website for Academic Integrity.
• Responsible Conduct of Research UBC's website for helping to shape the culture of responsible research and scholarly integrity at UBC.
• Academic Integrity & Citations UBC Library's Chapman Learning Commons website for Academic Integrity & Citation resources.
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• Literature Reviews
• Annotated Bibliographies
• Articles & Journals
• Books & Ebooks
• GIS & Data Resources This link opens in a new window
• Citing & Writing Help

Online Help for Those Preparing an Annotated Bibliography

The following resources give useful tips on preparing an annotated bibliography (a list of publications or information sources, each of which is described and perhaps critiqued by the author). For additional help, please contact us.

• Annotated Bibliographies Discusses characteristics of a good annotated bibliography and different types of annotations (informative, indicative, critical/evaluative, and combination), with examples in MLA, APA, and Council of Biology Editors/Council of Science Editors style . Writing Center, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
• Annotated Bibliography See Content section for descriptions and examples that are indicative, informative, evalutive, or a combination. Writing Center, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison
• Annotated Bibliographies Explains the difference between annotations that summarize, assess, or reflect. Online Writing Lab, Purdue Univ.
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• Last Updated: Apr 24, 2024 9:41 AM
• URL: https://uhcl.libguides.com/GEOG

University of Denver

University libraries, research guides, a guide to geography research, start your search in a multidisciplinary database, environmental & earth sciences, human & cultural studies, economics, development, & urban studies, health & education, politics, law, and criminal justice.

• Books & media
• Maps, stats, theses, & more
• Newspapers & magazines
• Get full text of a specific article
• Request sources not at DU Libraries
• Search databases effectively
• Evaluate your sources
• Confirm an article is peer-reviewed
• Cite sources properly

What's an article database?

An article database allows you to search for articles on a particular topic.

Article databases differ by:

*Clip art licensed from the Clip Art Gallery on DiscoverySchool.com (with the exception of calendar image, which is from openclipart.org )

Geography is an incredibly multidisciplinary field, so start your search in a multidisciplinary database, then try a few more databases from the lists below that suit your topic.

Because migration is such a multi-faceted topic, journals that cover migration are found in many different databases. Here are your best bets for finding articles on migration. Depending on your topic, other databases listed above might also be relevant for your search.

Add a few keywords relevant to your research to this basic search string:

(migrants OR migration OR immigrat* OR emigrat*) AND ...

Where are the top journals about migration indexed?

Like many interdisciplinary topics, the top journals for migration are scattered across different databases, which is why we recommend you search multiple databases.

Two important migration journals didn't fit in the table, because they're each solely indexed by a unique database:

• Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education: studies of migration, integration, equity, and cultural survival is only indexed in ERIC (Education Resources Information Center)
• Immigration and Nationality Law Review is only indexed in Hein Online (a legal database)
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• Last Updated: Mar 8, 2024 2:04 PM
• URL: https://libguides.du.edu/geography

Boatwright Memorial Library

Geography research guide.

• Finding Articles and Journals
• Finding Books
• Mapping Tools & GIS Data
• Online Resources
• Maps @ Boatwright
• Citation Linking
• Eco-Footprint Calculators
• Citing Your Sources in APA Style

What is Citation Linking & Times Cited References?

Thousands of articles are published in research journals every year.   You may search for articles in your research area by subject searching – using databases or indexes to find articles on your topic through keyword or subject term searching.  

Or …   When you have identified an article that is especially relevant to your research, you may search for articles whose authors have cited that particular article.   These citations provide a very close subject link   I.e. An author only cites another article if the research is closely related.   For example, using the Web of Science Core Collection , the article

                “Polarization of the pyridine ring: highly functionalized piperidines from tungsten-pyridine complex” in Journal of the American Chemical Society , 2010 , 132 (48) pp 17282-17295

contains 34 references (the bibliography) to older articles (cited references) but had also been cited 22 times (times cited) by August 2018.   These 22 citations were published after 2010 -- pulling the subject-related citations forward in time.

      Cited references (older than 2010) = 34       Times cited (more recent than 2010) = 22  

Why are Citing References / Times Cited Important?

They are useful for finding current articles on a topic.   The references at the end of a research article have been used by the author to support his research – they are necessarily older than the article.  Articles citing that research bring the research forward in time - they are younger than the original article.

They help identify the top researchers in a field. They may reveal not only the authors but which institutions and labs have been the most cited for research.

They may be used to gauge the influence of scholarly authors, articles, and journals. Citing references may reveal how useful research has been to the academic community, affecting tenure decisions and funding decisions.

Citation Indexes

A citation index is an index of citations between publications, allowing the user to easily establish which later documents cite which earlier documents. 

In 1960, Eugene Garfield's Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) introduced the first citation index for papers published in academic journals, starting with the Science Citation Index (SCI), and later expanding to produce the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI). The three citation indexes are now available electronically as Web of Science. The importance of citation indexing is now recognized by the humanities and social sciences as well as the life and physical sciences and more and more databases have begun citation linking.

Electronic sources for citation searching in the sciences available at UR include:

• Google Scholar Gives "cited by" information

Tips for Using Citation Linking

Some tips for using citation linking:

Journal Coverage – If a journal that cited your article is not indexed by the database, that citation will not appear.  Check to see which databases index journals that cover your topic.  You may need to try multiple databases for cross-disciplinary fields.

Publication Date – Your journal article may have been published too recently for other authors to cite the work.  Although many scientific articles are published quickly, there is still a significant peer-review and publishing lag time.

Author Name Permutations – Search as many variables as possible.

Primary & Secondary Authors – Some databases index only the first author.  If you are searching for articles citing a particular author, you may need to identify the first author(s) for some articles.

Database Inaccuracies – Citation databases are often minimally edited.  Be aware of inconsistencies in spelling, years, and volume numbers.

Citation Analysis or Bibliometrics

While citation indexes were originally designed for information retrieval purposes, they are increasingly used for bibliometrics and other studies involving research evaluation. Citation data is also the basis of the popular journal impact factor.

To learn more about impact factors, check out the library's research guide on Impact Factors .

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*GEOGRAPHY RESEARCH*

• Peer reviewed articles
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• Library DIY

Turabian-Can't find what you're looking for?

Turabian style manual, harvard style citations.

• Ask a Librarian

BIBLIOGRAPHY (ONE AUTHOR)

  (Section 17.2., p. 187, 9th edition)

     NOTES (ONE AUTHOR)

        Format:

       1. First Name [ Middle Initial.]  Last Name, "Article Title," Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): page number, URL/DOI .        2. Last Name, "Article Title," page number.

       Example:

      1. Gerda Lerner, "The Grimke Sisters and the Struggle against Race Prejudice,"    The Journal of Negro History  48, no. 4 (October 1993): 278,  https://doi.org/10.2307.2716330.       2.  Lerner , “ The Grimke Sisters ,” 290 .

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAP HY (TWO AUTH ORS)

Last name, First name [ Middle Initial.], and First name Last name. "Article Title." Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication               date): page range. URL/DOI.

Kovan, Seth, and Sonya Michel. "Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and Origins of Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States." American Historical Review 95, no. 4 (October 1990): 1076-1108. https://doi.org/10.2307/2163479  .

     NOTES (TWO AUTHORS)

         1 . First name [ Middle Initial.] Last name and First name Last name, "Article Title," Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): number, URL/DOI.          2. Last name and Last name, "Article title," page number.

     Example:

      1.  Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, "Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and Origins of Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States," American Historical Review 95, no. 4 (October 1990): 1079, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163479.       2.  Koven and Michel, "Womanly Duties," 1077  . _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY (THREE AUTHORS)

Last name, First name [ Middle Initial.], First name [Middle Initial.]  Last name, and First name [Middle Initial.]  Last name . "Article           Title." Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): page range. URL/DOI.

Reddick, Christopher G., Akemi Takeokaand Chatfield, and Patricia A. Jaramillo. " Public Opinion on National Security Agency Surveillance Programs: A Multi-method Approach." Government Information Quarterly 32, no. 2 (April 2015): 129-141.  https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.giq.2015.01.003  .

     NOTES (THREE AUTHORS)

    Format:

      1. First name [ Middle Initial.] Last name,  First name [ Middle Initial.] Last name, and First name [Middle initial.] Last name, "Article Title," Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): number, URL/DOI.      2. Last name, Last name, and Last name, "Article title," page number.

    Example:

      1.  Christopher G. Reddick, Akemi Takeokaand Chatfield, and Patricia A. Jaramillo, " Public Opinion on National Security Agency Surveillance Programs: A Multi-method Approach," Government Information Quarterly 32, no. 2 (April 2015), 130, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.giq.2015.01.003.       2.  Reddick, Chatfield, Jaramillo, " Public Opinion on National Security Agency Surveillance Programs," 141  .

_________________________________________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY (FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS)

*Up to ten authors/editors should be included in the bibliography. For sources with more than ten authors/editors, include the first seven authors in the bibliography, followed by et al

Last name, First name [ Middle Initial.], First name [Middle Initial.]  Last name, First name [Middle Initial.]  Last name, and First name           [Middle Initial.]  Last name . "Article Title." Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): page range. URL/DOI.

Bovenschen, Silvia, Jeannine Blackwell , Johanna Moore , and Beth  Weckmueller . “The Contemporary Witch, the Historical Witch and the Witch Myth: The Witch, Subject of the Appropriation of Nature and Object of the Domination of Nature.” New German Critique no. 15, 1978: 83-119. https://doi.org/10.2307/487908  .

     NOTES (FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS)

      *For sources with more than three authors, include the lead author in the note, followed by et al

       1. First name [ Middle Initial.] Last name et al. , "Article Title," Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): number, URL/DOI.       2. Last name et al., "Article title," page number.

      1.  Silvia Bovenschen et al., "The Contemporary Witch, the Historical Witch and the Witch Myth: The Witch, Subject of the Appropriation of Nature and Object of the Domination of Nature," New German Critique no. 15 (1978): 110, https://doi.org/ 10.2307/487908.       2.  Bovenschen et al., "The Contemporary Witch, the Historical Witch and the Witch Myth," 85  .

  NOTES

      1.  Jon Lawrence , "Forging a Peaceable Kingdom: War, Violence, and Fear of  Brutalization  in Post-World War Britain,"  The Journal of Modern History  75, no. 3 (September 2003): 558 .       2.  Lawrence , “ Forging a Peaceable Kingdom ,” 290 .

• Entire book
• Edited book
• Chapter in book
• Multivolume Works
• Classical work
• Dissertation/Thesis

BIBLIOGRAPHY (ONE AUTHOR)    

(For more examples look on pages 171-187 in the 9th edition)

      1. Norman F. Cantor, Medieval History: The Life and Death of a Civilization , 2nd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1969), 152-54 .       2.  Cantor, Medieval History , 157.  

BIBLIOGRAPHY (FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS)

Faigley, Lester, Diana George, Anna Palchik, and Cynthia Selfe. Picturing Texts . New York: W.W. Norton, 2004  . 

      1.  Lester Faigley et al., Picturing Texts , (New York: W.W. Norton, 2004), 45.       2.  Faigley et al., Picturing Texts , 48 .

BIBLIOGRAPHY (TWO EDITORS)

(For more examples look on page 172 in the 9th edition)

      1.  Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Morstein-Marx, eds,  A Companion to the Roman Republic , (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 70-72.       2.  Rosenstein and Morstein-Marx, eds,  A Companion to the Roman Republic , 77 .

BIBLIOGRAPHY (ONE AUTHOR, MULTIPLE EDITORS)

Pearsall, Sarah M. S. “Recentering Indian Women in the American Revolution.” In Why You Can't Teach United States History without American Indians , edited by Susan Sleeper-Smith, Juliana Barr, Jean M. O'Brien, Nancy Shoemaker, and Scott Manning Stevens, 57-70. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. 

      1. Sarah M. S. Pearsall, “Recentering Indian Women in the American Revolution,” in Why You Can't Teach United States History without American Indians , eds. Susan Sleeper-Smith, Juliana Barr, Jean M. O'Brien, Nancy Shoemaker, and Scott Manning Stevens (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 58.       2. Pearsall, 60 .

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY (MORE THAN FOUR EDITORS)

Sleeper-Smith, Susan, Juliana Barr, Jean M. O'Brien, Nancy Shoemaker, and Scott Manning Stevens, eds. Why You Can't Teach United                 States History Without American Indians . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. 

NOTES 

       1.  Sleeper-Smith et al.,  xi-xii .

(For more examples look on pages 183 in the 9th edition)

      1. Phyllis Culham, “Women in the Roman Republic,” in The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic , ed. Harriet I. Flower (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 127-48.       2. Culham, “Women in the Roman Republic,” 130 .

(For more examples look on pages 178 in the 9th edition)

       1. Joyce E. Salisbury, ed., vol. 2, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life: A Tour through History from Ancient Times to the Present , (Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), 380.       2. Salisbury, The Medieval World, vol. 2, 381 .

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Separate editor of each volume, Separate title of each volume)

Salisbury, Joyce E., ed. The Medieval World . Vol. 2, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life: A Tour through History from Ancient Times to the Present . Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 2004.

   * Please Note: Each volume of the multivolume set The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life has a separate editor and volume title. 1. The ancient world / Gregory S. Aldrete, volume editor -- 2. The medieval world / Joyce E. Salisbury, volume editor -- 3. 15th and 16th centuries / Lawrence Morris, volume editor -- 4. 17th and 18th centuries / Peter Seelig, volume editor -- 5. 19th century / Andrew E. Kersten, volume editor -- 6. The modern world / Andrew E. Kersten, volume editor.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Same editor of each volume)

Bedini, Silvio A., ed.  The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Vol. 2.  New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (TWO AUTHORS)    

(For more examples look on page 186 in the 9th edition)

      1.  Isaiah Berlin and Henry Hardy, The Soviet Mind: Russian Culture under Communism (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2004), 56-58, https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=shib&db=nlebk&AN=112216&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=074-800 .       2. Berlin and Hardy, The Soviet Mind , 59.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (App/Device Example)

Issacon, Walter.  Leonardo da Vinci . New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017 . Kindle

    NOTES ( Chapter When Fixed Page Numbers Not Given)

     1. Walter Issacson, Leonardo da Vinci , (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), chap. 33. sec. 1. Kindle.       2.  Issacson,  Leonardo da Vinci , chap. 33, sec. 3.

Well Known Reference Book (For more examples look on page 204 in the 9th edition)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

        1. Oxford Classical Dictionary , 3rd ed., s.v. “Daedalus. ”        2. Oxford Classical Dictionary , “Daedalus. ”

Less Well Known Reference Book

David Sacks, Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World , Rev. ed., New York: Facts on File, 1995.

NOTES  

        1. David Sacks, Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World , Rev. ed., (New York: Facts on File, 1995), 15.          2. David Sacks, Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World, 16.  

Entry in a Well Known Multi-Volume Reference Work

       1. J. A. Leo Lemay, “ Benjamin Franklin,”  in American National Biography , vol. 8.,  eds. John A. Garraty and Marc C. Carnes, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 199.        2. “ Benjamin Franklin,”   in  American National Biography , vol. 8. , 200 .

NOTES (For more examples look on page 202 in the 9th edition)

        1. Polybius, Histories 1.6.4.       2. Polyb, 1.6.5

BIBLIOGRAPHY (ONE AUTHOR)

(17.7.1, p. 198, 9th edition)

 NOTES

      1. Mark Arvid Warburton, “’For the Purposes of Example and Justice’: Native American Incarceration in the Upper Mississippi Valley, 1803-1849,” (PhD. diss, University of Iowa, 2011), 67 .       2.  Warburton, 78.

Get more Turabian examples :

• Harvard Style (from Taylor & Francis) The Harvard referencing style is a popular style, particularly in the social sciences, using the author-date system.
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Editor in Chief | Area Editors | Articles and Contributors

Geography is the study of the earth’s surface, including its physical, biological, and social systems. It is concerned with how people shape and in turn are shaped by the natural and ecological systems around them, how societies create landscapes and places, and the spatial distributions of many kinds of phenomena. The discipline seeks to describe and explain why different phenomena are located where they are and how their spatial patterns change over time. Geographers also study how people perceive and represent their worlds, including maps of all sorts as well as textual and visual depictions. Many geographers rely on sophisticated technological systems in this respect, including remote sensing and geographical information systems. As a field that is consciously interdisciplinary in nature, geography has welcomed contributions from sociology, history, atmospheric sciences, geology, economics, anthropology, zoology, and botany, among others.

The role that geography continues to play in helping understand a more holistic view of life on earth is crucial, but its multidisciplinary nature and its embrace of multiple methodologies and epistemologies makes it challenging for students and scholars to stay current about every part of the discipline. A great deal of this work has moved online, with the most recent scholarship, research, and statistics appearing in online databases. Researchers and practitioners at all levels need tools that help them filter through the proliferation of information sources to find material that is reliable and directly relevant to their inquiries. Oxford Bibliographies in Geography offers a means to navigate through the vast amounts of books, publications, and other materials that have appeared over the last several decades.

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Information Sources

General guides, indexing & abstracting tools, review journals, collection of bibliographies, factual sources (highly selected list).

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Quick Links

• Web of Science This link opens in a new window Multidisciplinary content covers over 10,000 of the highest impact journals. & more less... Authoritative, multidisciplinary content covers over 10,000 of the highest impact journals worldwide, including Open Access journals and over 110,000 conference proceedings. You'll find current and retrospective coverage in the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities, with coverage available to 1900. Includes the Science Citation Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index. Web of Science is especially useful for its citation linking.
• Scopus This link opens in a new window Major index to serial literature with excellent coverage of geography. & more less... Scopus is an interdisciplinary, bibliographic database that indexes the contents of more than 29,000 journals in the physical sciences, engineering, earth and environmental sciences, life and health sciences, social sciences, psychology, business, and management. Scopus also features cited references and can be searched for articles that cite a specific article.
• FRANCIS: International Humanities and Social Sciences This link opens in a new window & more less... Contains information on a wide range of multilingual, multicultural sources, including books and over 4,000 journals. The range of subjects covered include the humanities, social sciences, and economics. It is strong in religion, the history of art and literature, with particular emphasis on current trends in European and world literature.
• JSTOR This link opens in a new window Full texts of many major geography (and other) journals. & more less... A database of back issues of core journals in the humanities, social sciences, and sciences. All issues of each journal are included in full-text except for the most recent 2-to-5 years.
• Oxford Bibliographies Online: Geography This link opens in a new window Good place to start research. & more less... Regularly updated annotated bibliography addressing themes and topics in Geography
• How do I find maps? by Ask a Librarian Updated Aug 16, 2023 557 views this year

Many important information sources in geography are available in paper only. They are listed below with their University of Chicago call numbers and locations.

• Research by Subject: Geography Includes a useful list of core journals and reference works (encyclopedias, handbooks, dictionaries), some of which are only in print form.
• Bibliography of Geography: part I, Introduction to General Aids by Chauncy D. Harris Chicago : University of Chicago, Department of Geography, 1976. (University of Chicago Department of Geography research paper; no. 179) [Z6001.H303 Regenstein Second/Third-Floor Reading Room] . Classic bibliography.
• International list of geographical serials / compiled by Chauncy D. Harris and Jerome D. Fellmann 3rd ed. Chicago : University of Chicago, Department of Geography, 1980 (University of Chicago Department of Geography research paper ; no. 193) [Z6003.H302 1980 Regenstein Second/Third-Floor Reading Room] . Classic bibliography.
• Scopus This link opens in a new window Major indexing and abstracting tool with excellent coverage of geography. Indexes periodical literature in geography and related fields back to ca. 1980. For earlier material, you must consult the complicated Geographical abstracts [Z6003.G3 ... Regenstein Second/Third-Floor Reading Room] ( see note ). & more less... Scopus is an interdisciplinary, bibliographic database that indexes the contents of more than 29,000 journals in the physical sciences, engineering, earth and environmental sciences, life and health sciences, social sciences, psychology, business, and management. Scopus also features cited references and can be searched for articles that cite a specific article.
• FRANCIS: International Humanities and Social Sciences This link opens in a new window Major French indexing and abstracting service for the humanities and social sciences; indexes material back to 1984. Covers European literature much more thoroughly than GEOBASE. For material from before 1984, consult Bibliographie géographique internationale = International Geographical Bibliography. [Z6001.B53 Regenstein Second/Third-Floor Reading Room], which goes back to 1891 with various title, publisher, and format changes. & more less... Contains information on a wide range of multilingual, multicultural sources, including books and over 4,000 journals. The range of subjects covered include the humanities, social sciences, and economics. It is strong in religion, the history of art and literature, with particular emphasis on current trends in European and world literature.

For earlier material you must consult the paper Current Geographical Publications : Additions to the Research Catalogue of the American Geographical Society [Z6009.A5 Regenstein Second/Third-Floor Reading Room]. For still earlier material, back to the 19th century, see Research Catalogue of the American Geographical Society [Z6009.A505 Regenstein Second/Third-Floor Reading Room, plus various supplements at Z6009.A506]. All the American Geographical Society materials use a somewhat quirky indexing system, which is documented in the paper sources.

• Progress in Human Geography The major review journal in human geography. Paper issues, back to 1977, can be found at GF1.P9 Regenstein Second/Third-Floor Reading Room. Earlier issues still, Progress in Geography, go back to 1962; call no.: G73.P7.
• Progress in Physical Geography The major review journal in physical geography. Paper issues, back to 1977, can be found at G1.P91. See also the still earlier Progress in Geography, 1962-1976; call no.: G73.P7.
• Oxford Bibliographies Online: Geography This link opens in a new window New York : Oxford University Press, 2012- Continuously updated bibliographies. & more less... Regularly updated annotated bibliography addressing themes and topics in Geography
• Dictionary of Human Geography / edited by R.J. Johnston ... [et al.]. Oxford : Blackwell, 2000 [GF4.D52 2000 Regenstein Second/Third-Floor Reading Room]. One of several excellent geography dictionaries.
• Geographers : Biobibliographical Studies. London : Mansell, 1977- [G67.G34 Regenstein stacks]. The major biographical dictionary in geography.

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• Kinds of Sources
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What is Citation?

Citations provide credit to the original authors of the information sources you use in a paper or assignment. Whenever you refer to someone else's work or ideas, whether it's a text-based source, image, presentation, or other material, you must provide a citation. 

Citing sources involves two parts:

Parenthetical citations -  The citation information is written in parentheses directly after the quoted or paraphrased materials.

Footnotes or endnotes  - A number in superscript appears after the quoted or paraphrased material and directs readers to the citation information located at the end of the page (footnotes) or at the end of the document (endnotes). 

• Reference list or Bibliography  - This comes at the end of your paper and provides a complete list of all of the different sources you consulted throughout your assignment. 

How Do I Cite in APA, MLA, or Chicago Style?

• Chicago Format

APA is often used in the social sciences disciplines and requires the use of parenthetical citations. 

Use the following style guides to learn how to format citations in APA:

IU Libraries' APA Quick Style Guide  - This provides a brief overview of how to cite some of the most common types of sources.

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) APA Style Guide  - This guide provides more in-depth information on APA citations, as well as how to properly format other parts of your paper (the title page, appendices, etc.).

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  - This is the official APA manual, which provides the most comprehensive overview of APA style. If you can't find the information you need in one of the above sources, look here. 

Location: Wells Library, Undergraduate Core Collection - Call Number  BF76.7 .P83 2010

MLA   format is often used in humanities disciplines. It involves the use of parenthetical citations. 

Use the following style guides to learn how to format citations in MLA:

IU Libraries MLA Quick Style Guide   - This provides a short overview of how to cite some of the most common research sources.

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) MLA Style Guide  -  This guide includes more in-depth help on how to cite sources in MLA style, as well as how to properly format other parts of your paper (the title page, appendices, etc.).

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers   - The official publication manual for MLA style. If you can't find the answer to your citation question in one of the above style guides, check here.

Location: Wells Library, Undergraduate Core Collection - Call Number  LB2369 .G53 2009

Chicago   format is most often used in history and a few other humanities disciplines. Chicago style can use either parenthetical citations or footnotes or endnotes. 

Use the following style guides to learn how to format citations in Chicago style:

IU Libraries Chicago Style Quick Guide -  This provides a short overview of how to cite some of the most common research sources.

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) Chicago Style Guide -  This includes more in-depth help on how to cite sources in Chicago style, as well as how to properly format other parts of your paper (the title page, appendices, etc.).

Chicago Manual of Style Online   -  The official publication manual for Chicago style. If you can't find the answer to your citation question in one of the above style guides, check here.

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Geography: Reference Books

Reference books.

• Databases & Journals
• Map Resources on the Web
• GIS Software on the Web
• Organizations/Associations
• Citation/Reference Style

Encyclopedias & Dictionaries

Dictionary of Earth Sciences (Oxford Reference Online)  - Oxford Online has dictionaries covering a wide range of topics including this handy dictionary of earth sciences.

Dictionary of Ecology (Oxford Reference Online)  - Oxford Online has dictionaries covering a wide range of topics including this handy dictionary of ecology.

Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (Oxford Reference Online)  - Oxford Online has dictionaries covering a wide range of topics including this handy dictionary of environmental and conservation issues.

Dictionary of Geography (Oxford Reference Online)  - Oxford Online contains entries on all aspects of both human and physical geography.

Encyclopedia of Geography (Sage Reference Online)  - The six volume set cover geography's long, rich, and fascinating history, including human geography, physical geography, and GIS. Provides succinct summarizes of trends such as globalization, environmental destruction, new geospatial technologies, and cyberspace.

Oxford Companion to Global Change (Oxford Reference Online)  - this is an up-to-date, comprehensive, interdisciplinary guide to the range of issues surrounding natural and human-induced changes in the Earth's environment.

Oxford Companion to the Earth (Oxford Reference Online)  - this Oxford reference book contains many entries relating to earth's geography and geology.

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Geography Research Guide: Chicago Style Citations

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The two main citation styles in Chicago/Turabian are the Notes/Bibliography system (NB) , which is used in literature, history, and the arts, and the Author/Date system , which is used in the natural and physical sciences, as well as in some social sciences. In both styles, the bibliography must include all works cited within the text, and may include other sources consulted but not actually cited within the text.

Author/Date Style Example Citations

Author/Date Style

In the author-date style, a parenthetical citation consisting of the author, date, and page number(s) is placed next to the reference in the text of the paper. There is no comma between the author’s last name(s) and the year of publication. The Reference list at the end of the paper provides a complete bibliographical citation for all sources cited with parenthetical citations. The Reference list can also include sources consulted for research, but not actually cited within the text. As in the Notes/Bibliography style, for reference list entries, begin the citation at the left margin and indent the second and all subsequent lines.

Book Examples:

Parenthetical citation: ( Author’s last name Year of publication, Page number )

Parenthetical example: According to one scholar, “The railroads had made Chicago the most important meeting place between East and West” ( Cronon 1991, 92-93 ).

Reference list format: ( Author’s last name , Author’s first name. Year of Publication. T itle of Book: Subtitle of Book.   Place of Publication: Publisher.

Example: Cronon, William. 1991 . Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West . New York: W.W. Norton.

If the reference list contains more than one work by the same author, arrange the titles chronologically by date of publication. The second and subsequent works by the same author, use a long dash (6 hyphens) instead of the author’s last name, as in the following example:

McCullough, David G. 1992. Truman. New York: Simon & Schuster.

______. John Adams. 2001. New York: Simon & Schuster.

______. Mornings on Horseback. 2003. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Multiple authors:

Parenthetical citation: ( Grazer and Fishman 2015, 190 ).

Reference entry: Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. 2015. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life. New York:   Simon & Schuster.

For a source with four or more authors, use et al. after the first author’s name in the parenthetical citation, but include all author names in the Reference list entry.

Example: ( Hacek et al. 2015, 384) .

Journal Article (Online):

Parenthetical citation: ( Author’s Last Name Year of Publication , Page number(s)

Example: ( Fernandez 2016 , 872 ).

Reference Entry: Fernandez, Patricio A. 2016. “Practical Reasoning: Where the Action Is.” Ethics 126 , no. 4 ( July):   869-900. https://doi:org/10:1086/685998 .

• Chicago Style Home Page Formatting and citation rules, examples, and sample papers.
• Chicago Author-Date Handout
• Chicago Notes/Bibliography Handout
• MLA, APA, and Chicago Citing Guides Information on citing in APA, MLA, and Chicago styles
• PURDUE OWL Chicago Style Guide Chicago style guidelines.

Notes/Bibliography (NB) Style Example Citations

Notes/Bibliography (NB) Style

In-text references are indicated with a superscript number at the end of the sentence. The number used corresponds to the footnote at the bottom of the page or to the corresponding numbered end note on the “Notes” page at the end of the paper. The first line of the footnote is indented and second and subsequent lines are flush left. 

The first footnote for a source should be a complete citation; subsequent footnotes to the same source can be abbreviated – author(s) last name only, brief form of title, and page number.

A short rule or line separates the text of the page from the footnotes at the bottom of the page (see example below).

Book examples:

Notes format:    Author’s first and last name , Title of Book: Subtitle of Book ( Place of Publication: Publisher’s  Name , Date of Publication) , Page numbers . Use commas to separate elements of footnotes and capitalize all important words.

Example: According to one scholar, “The railroads had made Chicago the most important meeting place between East and West.” 1

_______________________________

1. William Cronon , Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West ( New York : W.W. Norton , 1991 ), 92-93.

Subsequent footnotes can refer to source by last name of author, abbreviated title, and page number(s) only:

2 . Cronon , Nature’s Metropolis , 383 .

Bibliography format:      Author’s last name, Author’s first name. T itle of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of publication , publisher, date . Use periods to separate elements in a bibliography. The first line of the bibliographic entry is flush left and second and subsequent lines are indented (hanging indention). Capitalize all important words.

Example: Cronon, William. Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W.W. Norton, 1991.

If the bibliography contains more than one work by the same author, arrange the entries alphabetically by title. For the second and subsequent works by the same author, use a long dash (6 hyphens) instead of the author’s last name, as in the following example:

McCullough, David G. John Adams. New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 .

______. Mornings on Horseback. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003.

______. Truman. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992. 

Note:    1 . Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman , A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life ( New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015 ), 190.

Bibliography: Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life. New York :  Simon & Schuster, 2015.

For works with four or more authors, use et al. after the first author’s last name, but include all author names in the bibliography.

Note example: 1. Gmuca et al., “Harp Seal Fur,” 160.

Notes format:    Author’s First and Last Name, “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article,” Title of Journal  Volume Number, Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page number(s), DOI or URL.

Note:   1. Patricio A. Fernandez, “Practical Reasoning: Where the Action Is,” Ethics 126, no. 4 (July 2016):   872,   https://doi:org/10:1086/685998 .

Bibliography format: Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name . “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article.” Title of Journal Volume Number , Issue Number ( Date of Publication ): Page number(s). DOI or URL.

Bibliography: Fernandez, Patricio A. “Practical Reasoning: Where the Action Is.” Ethics 126 , no. 4 ( July 2016 ):  869-900. https://doi:org/10:1086/685998 .

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Geography Grade 12 Research Tasks (Topics) and Memos (SBA)

Geography Grade 12 Research Tasks (Topics) and Memos for: term 1, Term 2, Term 3 and Term 4

Assessment is a continuous planned process of identifying, gathering and interpreting information about the performance of learners, using various forms of assessment. It involves four steps: generating and collecting evidence of achievement; evaluating this evidence; recording the findings and using this information to understand and assist with the learners’ development to improve the process of learning and teaching. Assessment should be both informal (assessment for learning) and formal (assessment of learning). In both cases regular feedback should be provided to learners to enhance the learning experience.

School-based assessment (SBA) is a purposive collection of learners’ work that tells the story of learners’ efforts, progress or achievement in given areas. The quality of SBA tasks is integral to learners’ preparation for the final examinations.

This booklet serves as a resource of four exemplar SBA tasks to schools and subject teachers of Geography. SBA marks are formally recorded by the teacher for progression and certification purposes. The SBA component is compulsory for all learners. Learners who cannot comply with the requirements specified according to the policy may not be eligible to enter for the subject in the final examination.

The formal assessment tasks provide the teacher with a systematic way of evaluating how well learners are progressing. This publication includes tests, a project and a case study. Formal assessment tasks form part of a year-long formal programme of assessment. These tasks should not be taken lightly and learners should be encouraged to submit their best possible efforts for final assessment.

The teachers are expected to ensure that assessment tasks are relevant to and suitable for the learners being taught. Teachers should adapt the tasks to suit learners’ level of understanding and should be context-bound; however, they should also take cognisance of the requirements as set out in the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) document.

Table of Contents

Geography Grade 12 Research Tasks

Term 2 2024 research tasks.

• Geography Grade 12 Term 2 2024 Research Tasks

Term 2 2023 Research Tasks

• Geography Grade 12 Research Task Term 2 Project 2023 Answer Guide: Limpopo

Video Guide

What Skills are Assessed for Research Tasks in Grade 12

The following skills are assessed. Some/All of these skills may be tested in any external examination:

• Gathering data
• Interpreting data
• Analysing data
• Comparing different sets of data
• Representing data in written, graphic or mapped format
• Problem-solving
• Drawing conclusions
• Hypothesis statements

Research framework for assessment (Guideline on administration of research task)

Step 1: Formulating a hypothesis/problem statement.

Guideline: geography grade 12 research tasks.

Step 1: Formulating a hypothesis/problem statement. As Geographers we seek to understand and explain the interactions amongst humans, and between humans and the environment in space and time. This is achieved by asking questions or making informed geographical decisions. This entails the development of a hypothesis or a problem statement to be tested.

• You have to choose a specific area of study where a geographical problem exists.
• During this stage, a geographical question showing a problem is asked.
• Identify the problem from a local area.
• Formulate a hypothesis or a problem statement. (Hypothesis research is used to prove that certain variables are dependent on or independent of each other. Problem statement research is only to highlight that a specific problem exists in a specific community.)
• You should then follow the steps of research to ensure that the geographical question is answered.

Geography Research Project Topics for Grade 12 South Africa

• The value of property along north-facing slopes is higher than the value of property along south-facing slopes in Meyersdal, Gauteng (choose local area).
• The cause of rural-urban migration in Ndwedwe, KwaZulu-Natal (choose local area), is the lack of service delivery in the health sector.
• Climate change will impact negatively on grape farming and related industries in the Western Cape.
• The closing down of many primary schools in Lusikisiki (Eastern Cape) (choose a local area) is due to a decline of the population in the age group 7 to 15 years.
• The poor condition of roads (specify the names of the roads) leading to/in Harrismith, Free State (choose local area), is due to the lack of proper planning by the local municipality.
• The impact of building a dam along the Jukskei River in Gauteng (choose local area) upstream of Alexandra will reduce flooding and the subsequent loss of life in Alexandra.
• The e-toll system will impact negatively on the economic position of people using private transport in Gauteng.
• The e-toll system will impact positively on traffic flow to the major urban centres in Gauteng.
• Informal settlements in the Vhembe district of Limpopo have low levels of development due to the lack of provision of basic needs (choose ONE informal settlement in your local area.)
• Overcrowding of informal settlements is due to the lack of proper planning by the local government (choose local area).

Step 2: Background information about an area of study

• You must explain where in South Africa the study area is located. (This can be indicated on the map.)
• Describe the study area in terms of its exact position (degrees, minutes and seconds).
• Provide relevant information about the area, for example population of the area or climate of the area.

Step 3: Mapping

• You must provide a map of the area in question.
• During this stage you must create a buffer zone around the area where the geographical problem exists.
• The map should have a clear legend/key and must be drawn to scale. The scale must be indicated on the map.
• If the map used covers a wider area, buffer zones around the area of study should be created.
• The map used should be the most recent map of the study area

Step 4: Methods of data collection

(a) PRIMARY DATA SOURCES

• The use of questionnaires
• Observations
• Field trips

(b) SECONDARY DATA SOURCES

• Newspaper articles
• Government department statistics

Step 5: Analysis and synthesis of data

• Learners must use collected data now to formulate a discussion around the existing geographical problem. • At this stage learners should represent some of the information graphically where necessary, for example graphs and sketches. • Learners must analyse graphic information during this stage.

Step 6: Recommendations and possible solutions

• Learners should now make recommendations to solve the geographical problem in question. • Learners should present their original and realistic opinions as far as they possibly can.

Step 7: Conclusion – accept or reject the hypothesis

• Learners should now take a decision to either ACCEPT or REJECT the hypothesis.
• Learners must give reasons for either ACCEPTING or REJECTING the hypothesis

Step 8: Bibliography

• Learners must include a comprehensive bibliography.
• Learners must list websites in full.
• Learners must include annexures of questionnaires and interviews conducted

View all # Geography-Grade 12 Study Resources

We have compiled great resources for Geography Grade 12 students in one place. Find all Question Papers, Notes, Previous Tests, Annual Teaching Plans, and CAPS Documents.

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