essay on population explosion upsc

Population Explosion Essay

500+ words population explosion essay.

Population explosion means a sudden increase in the number of individuals in a particular species. The term is used to refer to the world’s human population. In India, the Population explosion has become a severe matter of concern because the increase in population leads to poverty and illiteracy. In this situation, it is difficult to cope with the economy of the country with the rapid growth of the population. The Government of India is now looking into the matter seriously, and many states have framed laws to tackle the problem of population explosion.

Major Causes of Population Explosion

1. increase in birth rate.

One of the major causes for the growth of the population is the high birth rate. During the 1891-1990 period, the birth rate declined from 45.8 per thousand in India, but it is still considered high. So, unfortunately, in India, the birth rate has not seen a decrease in spite of the framing laws in terms of family planning, population education, campaigns, etc.

2. Decrease in Death Rate

In recent years, the decrease in the death rate has been another factor contributing to the rapid growth of the population. In 2001, the death rate in India was about 8.5 per thousand. The death rate has seen a decrease due to advancements in the medical field. For example, chronic diseases like typhoid, chickenpox, etc., are no longer dreaded. Even the infant mortality rate has decreased because of proper sanitation facilities, cleanliness, and better prenatal and postnatal care.

3. Early Marriage

Early marriage is also an essential factor in the rapid increase in population. In India, the marriage age of a girl is 18, which is very low compared to other countries, which is about 23 to 25 years. It leads to a longer span of reproductive activity.

4. Religious and Social Reasons

In India, marriage is considered a compulsory social institution, and every person should marry. Every individual in a joint family takes equal responsibility and has access to an equivalent level of consumption. So, people don’t hesitate to increase their family size to a joint family. In India, most people think that one male child is necessary, and in the expectation of getting a male child, they increase their family size.

Another major cause of the population explosion is poverty. In most families, children become the source of income. From a very young age, children start working for their families instead of going to school, and they become a precious asset to the family. So, every individual becomes an earning member and additional income for the family.

6. Standard of Living

It is seen that people with a low standard of living wish to have additional children as it will be an asset for them rather than a liability. As we know, most of India’s population is uneducated, so they don’t understand the importance of family planning. They are unaware that they can enjoy a better quality of life with a small family.

7. Illiteracy

In India, 60% of the population is either illiterate or has minimum education, which leads to minimal employment opportunities. So, due to the high illiteracy rate and belief in social customs, child marriage and preference for a male child still prevail. As a result, there is a rapid population growth rate in India.

Effects of Population Explosion

1. the problem of unemployment.

An increase in population leads to a vast army of the labour force. But, it is difficult to employ such extensive labour working force due to a shortage of capital resources. Disguised unemployment in rural areas and open unemployment in urban areas are fundamental features of an underdeveloped country like India.

2. More Pressure on Land

Overpopulation creates more pressure on land. It adversely affects the economic development of the country. On the one hand, per capita availability of land goes on diminishing and on the other, the problem of subdivision and fragmentation of holdings increases.

3. Environmental Degradation

Extensive use of natural resources and energy production of oil, natural gas, and coal negatively impacts the planet. An increase in population also leads to deforestation, which directly affects the environment, and it also degrades the soil’s nutritional value and causes landslides and global warming.

So, at last, we can wrap up the essay by stating that overpopulation is considered one of the biggest challenges humanity faces.

Students can also get different essays by visiting BYJU’S website. We have compiled a list of crucial CBSE Essays from an exam perspective.

Frequently Asked Questions on Population Explosion Essay

How can population explosion be controlled.

Awareness campaigns on childbirth control and the gap between consecutive children should reach the common public. It is necessary to take such initiatives to keep the population of a country in control.

Which country has the highest population?

China is a country with a maximum population of about 1.448 billion citizens.

How is the younger generation affected due to this population explosion?

The resources which are meant exclusively for the younger generation get split and are divided due to the population explosion of a country.

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Population Explosion – A Stark Reality in India

From Current Affairs Notes for UPSC » Editorials & In-depths » This topic

* First published: August, 2019; Last Updated: November 2022

Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in his Independence Day speech, addressed the problem of population explosion in India. He termed those who opt for smaller families as patriots. He argued that the development and prosperity of the nation begin only when all the individuals are healthy and resourceful. He appealed for the public effort to reduce the population at the ground level. This speech comes with the backdrop of the UN Population Projections report that estimated that India will be the most populous country in the world through the current century.

This topic of “Population Explosion – A Stark Reality in India” is important from the perspective of the UPSC IAS Examination , which falls under General Studies Portion.

What is the population explosion?

• Population explosion is the sudden increase in the size of the population.
• This term was coined by the American Sociologist, Kingsley Davis.
• If the trend of high population growth is left unchecked, there will be several repercussions like unemployment , poverty , poor standards of living, a larger gap between the rich and the poor, lesser resources, greater exploitation of natural resources, etc.

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What are the causes of population explosion?

In India, the causes of overpopulation are as follows:

• High Birth Rate :
• Meaning : Birth rate is the number of new-borns per thousand persons in a year.
• Causes : The causes of the high birth rate are as follows:
• Poverty : Many poor families consider their children as assets . This is because children can help support the family’s income by working at an early age.
• Illiteracy : Many people are not aware of the consequences of overpopulation.
• Social pressure : Many families feel that male children are essential. Therefore this increased the birth rate exponentially.
• Early marriage : Many individuals are pressured into marriage by society at a very early age. This also contributes to the overpopulation.
• Low Death Rate :
• Meaning : Death rate is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year.
• Causes : The causes of the low death rate:
• Improved management of epidemics : The high death rates are mainly caused due to epidemics. Enhanced medical facilities in both urban and rural areas have highly contributed to the low mortality rate. With the improvement of medical technologies and life-saving drugs, the task of reducing the mortality rate has become easier.
• Disaster Management : The advancement of early warning systems and evacuation procedures has contributed to the decline of death rates caused by natural and man-made disasters.

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Is India overpopulated?

• India is currently the second-most populous country in the world after China.
• According to the UN report, World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights, India is estimated to surpass China as the world’s most populous country in the world by 2027.
• This report was published by the Population Division of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
• According to this report, there will be an additional 273 million people between now and 2050 in India.
• India is said to remain the most populous country through the end of the current century
• This report also stated that the world’s population may increase by 2 billion people in the next thirty years i.e., from the current 7.7 billion to 9.7 billion in 2050.
• The previous UN reports too had predicted that India will surpass China as the world most populous county in the world.
• As of 2019, China has 1.43 billion people while India houses 1.37 billion individuals.
• In other words, China and India hold 19 and 18 percent of the world population respectively as of 2019.
• However, according to the National Family Health Survey, India’s population growth is not uniform.
• In India, the Total Fertility Rate differs across various wealth quintiles.
• The poorest wealth quintile has a total fertility rate of 3.2 children per woman.
• The second-lowest wealth quintile has a TFR of 2.5 children per woman.
• The richest quintile has TFR of 1.5 children per woman.
• This shows that population growth is high only in the economically weaker section of the Indian society.

Is population a boon or a bane to the Indian economy?

• A population can be an asset if the youth of the country has access to education, skill development, increased employment opportunities, etc.
• However, currently, India faces a very high unemployment rate.
• Many in the Indian population are illiterate and don’t have access to education.
• It is estimated that India is currently producing 25 million job seekers but provides jobs to only 7 million.
• If this is not addressed soon, the Indian population may become a liability.
• The current government is bearing the burden of providing the access to clean drinking water, houses, cooking fuel, electricity , and healthcare to the whole of the Indian population and is aiming to create a $5trillion economy.
• Also, India’s landmass is only 35-40% of China’s landmass.
• India cannot sustain the current rate of population growth due to the limited geographical area.
• If these crises are not addressed soon, India may face various negative repercussions like poverty, pollution, poor standard of living, etc.

Is harsh population control a solution?

• Both India and China had experimented with stringent population control measures.
• China’s One-Child Policy had increased the proportion of old population while it simultaneously decreased the younger population.
• India, during the Emergency, had undertaken similar measures to reduce India’s population.
• This policy faced scathing criticism from the world and has not been tried since by any of the governments since.

What are the solutions to counter overpopulation?

Certain measures can be taken to address the overpopulation. They are as follows:

• Encouraging late marriages : Many in Indian society opt for early marriages due to various reasons like social pressures, traditions, etc. If late marriages become the norm, it will considerably reduce the birth rate.
• Spreading awareness : It is essential to spread awareness among the public about the negative consequences of the overpopulation. This can be done through education, public forums, media, etc. It is essential to provide free education to women at least till the college level so that they need not be dependent on their male counterparts for survival and are willing to participate in the workforce.
• Reduction of infant mortality rate : It is essential to bring down the infant mortality rate. This is because, due to high infant mortality rates, many opt for increased birth rate to offset the loss.
• Women empowerment : Women must be empowered through education, skill development, financial inclusion so that they can become independent and free from the shackles of the social norms and constraint.
• Government schemes on par with efficient family planning : Many opt for having children for the purpose of security during the later stage of life. If the government provides enough security through increased welfare schemes for the older population, people will opt for far lesser children.
• Promotion of the girl child : India is a society where the male child has far more importance than their female counterparts. Therefore many families tend to continue having children until a male child is born. Government policies must focus on the increased promotion of female children to address this problem. Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao scheme is a step in the right direction.

Way Forward:

• India has 13% of unwanted fertility – the product of unwanted or unplanned pregnancy, mainly due to the lack of education, awareness, family planning services, etc.
• If this issue is addressed, India will have 30 million lesser people by 2030.
• The government must increase its investment in the health sector. Currently, India invests only 1.3% of its total GDP on the health sector of which only 4% is dedicated to family planning.
• The government must address the issue at the ground level as the population growth rate differs at various parts of the country due to the social, cultural and economic diversity of India.

Population Growth: According to the UN World Population Prospects (WPP), 2022, India will surpass China as the most populous country by 2023, with a population of 140 crore. India currently accounts for 17.5% of the global population.

• This is four times the population of India when it gained independence in 1947. (34 crore).
• India is expected to reach 150 crore by 2030 and 166 crore by 2050.

Decline in India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR): In 2021, India’s TFR fell below the replacement level fertility (2.1 children per woman) to two. India had a TFR of six in the 1950s, following independence. Except for Bihar, UP, Jharkhand, Manipur, and Meghalaya, several states have achieved a TFR of two. The main reasons for this are high illiteracy rates, widespread child marriage, high under-five mortality rates, low female labor-force participation, lower contraceptive use, and a lack of economic and political power among women.

Improvements in Mortality Indicators:

• Life expectancy at birth increased from 32 years in 1947 to 70 years in 2019.
• Infant mortality fell from 133 in 1951 (for the big states) to 27 in 2020.
• The under-five mortality rate fell from 250 in the 1940s to 41 in 2019, while the maternal mortality ratio fell from 2,000 in the 1940s to 103 in 2019.

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Population and Associated Issues

Last updated on April 13, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

On November 15, 2022, the total number of humans living on the planet crossed 8 billion as per the data of the United Nations Population Fund 2022. What is India’s share of the world population? How does this population rise impact society? How can be effectively managed? Read on to know more.

According to World Population Prospects 2022 , India will overtake China as the world’s most populated nation in 2023.

In 1804, the number of people on earth reached one billion.

In 1930, it took an additional 126 years to reach the second billion, and a further 30 years to reach the third.

The fifth billion was completed in  13 years, whereas the fourth billion only required 14 years.

Table of Contents

The rapid expansion of humans gives birth to numerous issues in the least developed regions.

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It is suggested that immediate action needs to be taken to prevent population growth because failure to do so could result in major issues like environmental harm and a lack of food resources.

In a developing nation like India, the size and growth of the populace are two critical aspects of the demographic phenomenon. India is the second most populated nation in the world after China, with 1,412,495,893 people living there based on the latest United Nations data. India’s populace is equivalent to 7% of the world’s.

India ranks number  2 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population.

India  has overtaken  China  as the world’s most populous country, according to UN  population estimates in April 2023.

Also read: China’s Population Decline

Findings related to India in UN World Population Prospects Report 2022

• India’s growth rate was 2.3% in 1972, while it is currently less than 1%.
• Over this time, the average number of children an Indian woman has in her lifetime has decreased from around 5.4 to under 2.1.
• The Replacement Fertility Rate, at which a population precisely replaces itself from one generation to the next, has reached India.
• With improved access to healthcare and medical developments, both fertility rates and mortality rates have been dropping.
• In the following decades, the population of 0-14 years, 15-24 years, and 65+ will continue to decrease while rising.
• Population expansion in India has been fueled by this decline in early mortality for succeeding generations, which is reflected in higher levels of life expectancy at birth.

What opportunities are brought about by a growing populace?

• First, a growing working-age population presents a chance for increased per-capita economic growth. The “ demographic dividend ,” a time-limited potential for rapid economic growth, is made possible by this change in the age distribution.
• Second, it contributes to the development of a consumption-driven economy that is less reliant on exports to survive. As observed in the example of India, such economies have the propensity to absorb global shocks in a substantially better manner.
• For international investors, the large domestic market is appealing. As a result, it contributes to drawing foreign investment into the domestic economy.
• Third, a growing population increases opportunities for immigration to other nations , which contributes to the creation of more foreign exchange reserves and strengthens a country’s soft power abroad.
• For instance, the Indian Diaspora in the U.S. sends a sizable share of remittances to their families who live in India.

Issues Related to Population Growth

Overpopulation is a severe threat to our existence. It results in issues with politics, society, and the economy, including unequal resource distribution, subpar living circumstances, a broken health system, and others.

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Overpopulation causes working institutions to become dysfunctional, undermines all efforts to upgrade the nation’s infrastructure, and makes social welfare programs ineffective.

Social Aspects

• Crime: Populace growth and poverty are directly related, and lack of resources and job prospects result in unemployment. The educated youth who are affected by unemployment are thus driven to commit social crimes like robbery, burglary, prostitution, murder, etc.
• The discontent among educated unemployed youth is reflected in the terrorist actions that we currently witness in several regions of the nation, for instance, Jammu and Kashmir.
• Minority-majority gap: Fears of supremacy over minorities and identity loss might arise in some cultures as a result of overpopulation.
• Thus, it has the potential to fuel communalism and cause rifts in the social fabric based on religion.

Economical Aspects

• Ageing population: Due to an increase in life expectancy, India’s population is ageing. This has increased the percentage of the elderly populace.
• for example, in 2011, Kerala’s share of the populace over 60 years old was 12.6% and Tamil Nadu’s was 10.4%. By 2031, these are anticipated to rise to 20.9% and 18.2%, respectively.
• An increase in the senior populace results in higher healthcare and social security costs. This will significantly increase the state exchequer’s financial burden and cut back on funding for investing in capital assets.
• Unemployment: Although there is a large army of labourers as a result of overpopulation, it is difficult to give each working person a job that pays a living wage due to a lack of capital resources.
• There is a clear distinction between disguised unemployment in rural areas and open unemployment in urban areas.
• Resource Depletion: Overpopulation is a direct cause of excessive resource exploitation, environmental degradation, and deterioration. While resources in India have either remained constant or have expanded arithmetically, generating resource constraints, population growth in India has been geometric.
• Uneven Income Distribution: The government’s need for investment and capital formation is impacted by overpopulation, which has an impact on the government’s overall development efforts.
• Unemployment, unequal food distribution, and rising poverty, which are the main causes of the increase in poverty, make the situation worse.
• Poverty: People become poor as a result of unemployment, unfair income distribution, and a lack of resources.

Political Aspects

• A nation’s politics is impacted by its economic and social conditions. Rising unemployment, poverty, and unequal wealth distribution all have an impact on the nation’s law and order condition.
• Caste politics: Political parties engage in caste-based politics to satisfy their vote bank, which is another factor contributing to the nation’s division.
• The interstate disparity in population distribution: There are significant differences between states in terms of growth and population. Increased migration into states with smaller populations and more established economies will be caused by rising populations in some states.
• Social conflict including the insider-versus-outsider debate may result from this. States already reserve jobs for their residents. Additionally, ageing States will depend on foreign immigrants to sustain economic growth.

Also read: Fertility Rate in India: Reasons for Decline

Environmental Aspects

• Environmental deterioration : Overpopulation is putting pressure on the land, and there is less land available per person.
• Environmental deterioration brought on by population growth includes pollution, biodiversity loss, and global warming, among other things. Cities like Delhi, which are suffering from air pollution, are already seeing the effects of overcrowding.

Health Aspects

• Spread of infectious diseases: One of the main elements affecting people’s health is population growth. Numerous infectious diseases have emerged as a result of concerns like urban overcrowding and environmental changes brought on by population growth.
• Governments are increasingly unable to expand their healthcare facilities and systems due to population increase.

Demographic Disaster

However, if the economic benefits are not inclusive, unable to create jobs, and unable to enhance the living conditions of the youth, the social cohesiveness may suffer significantly.

This optimistic view of the demographic dividend presented in the preceding discussion may be clouded by issues with education, employment prospects, and health care.

A youthful population that lacks skills is underutilized, and is frustrated might stymie economic development and cause a demographic disaster that could destabilize peace and incite conflict.

• The Pratham research states that just about 50% of fifth graders can read books from class two and struggle with basic addition and subtraction.
• Similarly to this, the health system is underdeveloped, and 48% of children are underweight now, contributing to the demographic dividend of the future.
• In eight industries over the last few years, India added the fewest new organized jobs than any other country. In 2017, the contribution from jobs in the unorganized sector increased to 93%, and 60% of those having jobs did not find work for the entire year, indicating persistent underemployment.

Therefore, the only way to prevent this demographic dividend from becoming a demographic disaster is to ensure that there is more employment in the manufacturing and service sectors, and we also need to work on revamping the educational system.

The negative consequences of low employment growth are already evident in the rise in violent protests, terrorism, and other law-and-order issues.

How Can the Population Rise be Effectively Managed?

• Raising the Marriage Age: Fertility is influenced by marriage age. Therefore, raising the marriage age to 21 is a good idea.
• Education dissemination: It influences people’s perspectives. It increases understanding of the significance of family planning and birth control options. Women who have received education are more health-conscious and steer clear of repeated pregnancies, which lowers the birth rate.
• Adoption: Adoption is another powerful tool for reducing the population. Despite costly medical care, some parents are unable to conceive. It is advised that they adopt children from orphanages.
• Economic Measures: Numerous economic actions must be implemented as preventative measures against population expansion. More employment opportunities must be created by the government through policies. It is essential to increase employment opportunities in both urban and rural locations.

India’s Population Policy

• India has had a formal population policy in place for more than 50 years.
• India may have been the first nation to formally declare such a policy in 1952.
• The National Family Planning Programme served as the implementation of the population policy. The fundamental goals of this programme have not changed much throughout the years; they are to attempt and change the rate and pattern of population growth in a socially desirable way.
• Early on, the main goals were to enhance public health standards, raise public knowledge of population and health issues, and cut down the rate of population growth by promoting various birth control methods.
• After the Emergency, the National Family Welfare Program was established instead of the National Family Planning Program, and coercive techniques were abandoned. A wide range of sociodemographic goals is now present for the programme.
• The National Population Policy of 2000 included the development of a fresh set of rules.

National Population Policy (NPP), 2000

The strategy sought to combine community initiative, women’s empowerment, education, and Panchayati Raj institutions into the field of population control. Family welfare is used in place of family planning.

Objectives:

• To provide integrated service delivery for essential reproductive and child health care , as well as to meet the unmet needs for contraceptives, health care infrastructure, and health professionals.
• By 2010, the total fertility rate should reach replacement levels as a medium-term goal.
• long-term goal: to stabilize the population by 2045.

Broad Targets:

• Reduce infant mortality to 30 per cent and improve child and reproductive health by addressing the infrastructure, service, and supply needs for basic reproductive and child health.
• Reduce the percentage of boys and girls who drop out of primary and secondary school to under 20% by making education up to the age of 14 free and mandatory.
• reduce maternal mortality to 100.
• Achieving universal immunization of children against all vaccine-preventable illnesses.
• Achieving 80% of deliveries should take place in medical facilities, 100% should be handled by skilled experts, and 100% of pregnancies, births, and deaths should be registered.
• It envisioned a stable population by 2045, which was later postponed to 2065.
• Enhancing the health and family welfare services and expanding access to contraceptives.

It has drawn criticism on several fronts since it offers monetary incentives for small family norms, even though financial incentives do not alter habits and behaviours based on social norms.

Additionally, NPP-2000 placed a strong emphasis on the function of Panchayati Raj Institutions, although it did not specify exactly what that function would be.

Disincentives are the most common kind of coercion. State-imposed disincentives frequently discriminate against the poor and women.

Government Schemes

To stabilize the population, the government has mostly relied on family planning initiatives. Family welfare programs are a crucial part of the family planning process, and several different ones have been introduced over time:

• The Janani Suraksha Yojana encourages institutional delivery while lowering maternal and newborn fatalities through financial aid.
• The Integrated Child Development Scheme emphasizes the overall health, nutrition, and vaccination of children under the age of six as well as the correct dietary and physical education of expectant and nursing mothers.
• program for universal immunization .
• Pradhan Swasthya Mantri The Suraksha Yojana aims to balance out the disparities between the cost and accessibility of tertiary-level healthcare.
• Program for ASHAs to provide contraceptives to beneficiaries’ homes and doorsteps.
• Plan for ASHAs to ensure birth spacing. An essential component of the ASHA kit now includes the pregnancy testing kit.

Population growth is a serious global concern that has negative socioeconomic, environmental, and health effects. The birth rate, mortality rate, and migration rates are all factors that affect the population growth rate of the country, which is rapidly rising. The demand for greater resources in overpopulated areas leads to deforestation for food production, urban overcrowding, and the spread of terrible diseases.

Since Independence, the government has launched several initiatives to reduce population increase, some of which have been somewhat successful in doing so. There is a need for a more targeted strategy in certain areas that continue to experience rapid population expansion.

Article Written By: Aryadevi E S

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India’s increasing population and associated issues

Published: 5th Jul, 2021

In the recent past, States like Uttar Pradesh and Assam, and Union Territories like Lakshadweep, have proposed to implement a two-child norm as a pre-condition for getting government jobs or to get nominated or elected to Panchayat elections. This brings our focus to population and associated issues.

• In recent years, a section of the political class has been stridently demanding a “population control” law.
• The argument offered in its defence by its votaries is simple: India is experiencing a population explosion.
• This imposes growing strains on economic resources and contributes to fraying the social contract that holds our society together.

Facts on Indian Population

• India is second most populous country with over 1.35 billion people.
• Approximately 17.85% of the world's population are Indians, which means 1 in every 6 people on Earth live in India.
• India’s population is expected to grow by 25%, with reference to 2011, to 1.52 billion by 2036.
• India’s population growth rate is expected to decline to its lowest since the Independence in the 2011-2021 decade, with a decadal growth rate of 12.5%.
• According to these projections, India will overtake China as the world’s most populous country around 2031.

Cause of Overpopulation

The Decline in the Death Rate

• At the root of overpopulation is the difference between the overall birth rate and death rate in populations.
• If the number of children born each year equals the number of adults that die, then the population will stabilize.

Agricultural Advancements

• Agricultural advancements in the 20th century have allowed humans to increase food production using fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides and yields further.
• This allowed humans with more access to food that leads to subsequent population explosions.

Better Medical Facilities

• Illnesses that had claimed thousands of lives until now were cured because of the invention of vaccines. Combining the increase in food supply with fewer means of mortality tipped the balance and became the starting point of overpopulation.

More Hands to Overcome Poverty

• Poverty is considered as the leading cause of overpopulation. In the absence of educational resources, coupled with high death rates, which resulted in higher birth rates, that is why impoverished areas are seeing large booms in population.
• Families that have been through poverty, natural disasters, or are simply in need of more hands to work are a major factor for overpopulation.

Child Labour

• The children being seen as a source of income by impoverished families begin work too young and also lose the educational opportunities reflected, particularly when it comes to birth control.

Technological Advancement in Fertility Treatment

• Today there are effective medicines that can increase the chance of conception and lead to a rise in the birth rate. Moreover, due to modern techniques, pregnancies today are far safer.

Immigration

• Many people prefer to move to developed countries like the US, UK, Canada, and Australia, where the best facilities are available in terms of medical, education, security, and employment. The result is that those people settle over there, eventually making those places overcrowded.

Lack of Family Planning

• Most developing nations have a large number of people who are illiterate, live below the poverty line, and have little or no knowledge about family planning. Besides, getting their children married at an early age increases the chances of producing more kids.

Poor Contraceptives Use

• A study by the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that women aged between 16 and 49used at least one form of contraceptive are 43% in underdeveloped countries, which leads to higher birth rates.

Effects of Overpopulation

• Most of the environmental damage seen in the last fifty-odd years is because of the growing number of people on the planet. They include cutting down forests, hunting wildlife in a reckless manner, causing pollution, and creating a host of other problems.
• With the overuse of coal, oil, and natural gas, it has started producing some serious effects on our environment. Besides, the exponential rise in the number of vehicles and industries has badly affected the quality of air.
• The rise in the amount of CO2 emissions leads to global warming. Melting of polar ice caps, changing climate patterns, rise in sea levels are a few of the consequences that we might have to face due to environmental pollution.
• Overpopulation in developing countries puts a major strain on the resources it should be utilizing for development. Conflicts over water are becoming a source of tension between countries, which could result in wars. It causes more diseases to spread and makes them harder to control.
• When a country becomes overpopulated, it gives rise to unemployment as there are fewer jobs to support a large number of people. The rise in unemployment gives rise to crime, such as theft, as people want to feed their families and provide them basic amenities of life.
• As the difference between demand and supply continues to expand due to overpopulation, it raises the prices of various essential commodities, including food, shelter, and healthcare.
• Poverty is linked to many environmental and social reasons, including overcrowded and unhygienic living conditions, malnutrition and inaccessible, inadequate, or non-existent health care, for which the poor are more likely to be exposed to infectious diseases. Further, high densities of population increase the chance of the emergence of new pandemics and epidemics.
• When the availability of resources is scarce, starvation, malnutrition, along with ill health and diseases caused by diet-deficiency such as rickets become more likely.
• Roughly 1% of the world’s water is fresh and accessible. Overpopulation is a major issue that creates immense pressure on the world’s freshwater supplies.
• The impact of overpopulation on the world’s wildlife is severe. As demand for land grows, the destruction of natural habitats, such as forests, becomes common.

The long-term objective of achieving a stable population by 2045, at a level consistent with the requirements of sustainable economic growth, social development, and environment protection will require considerable effort and efficient implementation of the National Population Policy.

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Essay on Population Explosion: Problems And Solutions for Class 10, 12 and Mains Exam

Essay on population explosion: problems and solutions for class 10, 12, mains exam (upsc, psc, ssc).

Introduction: ‘Population explosion’ or overpopulation refers to the rapid increase in the number of people living in an area. The rapid growth of population results from the high birth rate and the low death rate. India is the most populous country after China. It is the second most populated country in the world.  According to the 2021 census the current population of India is 1,400,000,000. Almost 500 people occupy an area of a square meter (2011 census). Over population is affecting the function of the Indian economy. As a result, the well being of people is being affected. In a state of population explosion, the economy of the country fails to provide the basic amenities to the people. Population explosion paves away to various social evils in the society. The masses remain in a state of poverty and unemployment due to which they engage in theft and robbery.

Problems of Population explosion: The increasing growth of population leaves a serious impact on the country’s economy and the society. India’s economic and social development have become crippled due to the rising population growth. The per capita income of the country has not risen remarkably and has remain irrevocable owing to population explosion.The major problems of population are discussed as follows:

• Problem of making investment: The increase in per capita income can be achieved only if there is more income to invest. This has detrimental effects on the economy’s growth rate. More of national income has to be invested in order to increase the per – capita income.
• Capital formation problem : Population explosion affects the growth of capital formation.High birth rate implies a greater number of dependents in the entire So, they remain inefficacious consumers. Hence the rate of capital formation falls.
• Low per-capita income: Due to the increase in population, the rate of per capita income of the country has fallen. This hampers the functioning of the economy.
• Food shortage: Increase in number of people means more mouths to feed. Due to low income or unemployment, the poor cannot afford food which affects their productivity and healthconditions. Low productivity implies low per capita income and hence they remain poverty stricken.
• Unemployment: The government fails to satiate the jobs needs of a large number of people.Disguised unemployment and open unemployment are found in the rural and urban areas respectively.
• Low standard of living: Since the income earned is insufficient, therefore people cannot afford the basic amenities of life. Hence, they cannot maintain their standard of living.
• Poverty: Increasing population creates poverty. Many remain unemployed for which they cannot afford food, living and shelter. So, they remain in a state of poverty.
• Pressure on Land: More population create pressure on land. The per capita availability of land decreases and the fragmentation of land holding increases.
• Social problems: Over population leads to social problem such as growth of slums where people live in unhygienic conditions. Unemployment and poverty lead to theft, beggary, robbery, child trafficking, child labour and prostitution.
• Environmental pollution: Overpopulation leads to environmental pollution such as air, water, land, soil and noise pollution.

Solutions of population explosion: The various remedies of population explosion are discussed below:

• Minimum age of marriage and late marriage: The minimum age of marriage in India has been legalized -for male be 21 and female is 18.  So,people should be made aware of this law. Late marriage reduces the reduces the reproduction period among females which decrease the birth rate.
• Improving the status of women: Women should be educated so that they can earn for themselves instead of staying within the confineshaving the notion of rearing and bearing children.
• Educating the masses: Education change the outlook of the people. Educated men and women prefer to do late marriage and adopt small family norms.
• Contraceptive pills and abortion: Use of contraceptives, abortion other birth control method help in lowering the birth rate.
• Creating employment opportunities: Generating more employment opportunities helps in eradicating unemployment which in turn control migration of people from one area to another.
• Increase of income for the employees: Increase in income of the employees will lessen the possibility of having more children who in turn is expected to help the family financially.
• Incentives: The government can provide incentives, promotion and leave facility to the working people to adopt small family norms.

Conclusion: It is high time to check the growth rate of human population. Population explosion is hindering the economic and the social progress of the country. Government of India has already taken important measures to slow down the population growth. However, some are not aware of the serious consequences of population growth. It is immensely essential to awaken awareness among the people and control population explosion.

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• Population Explosion Essay

Essay on Population Explosion

After the Republic of China, India is the most populous country in the world. Presently, India is the second-largest populated country in the world that occupies 2.4% of the world’s land area and represents 17.5% of the world’s population. This means that one out of six people on this planet is an Indian.

It is estimated by the United Nations that India with 1.3 billion inhabitants would surpass China’s population of 1.4 billion by 2024 to become the world’s most populous country. Population Explosion is considered as a threat and burden on the Earth.

What is Population Explosion?

Population Explosion refers to the rapid increase in the number of people in an area. It is a situation where the economy of the country cannot cope up with the rapid growth of the population. Furthermore, in simpler words, it is a situation where the economy cannot provide proper facilities to its people.

Evidently, the largest contributing countries to population explosion are the poorer nations and are termed as developing countries. In India, the state of Uttar Pradesh is the most populated state and Lakshadweep is the least populated. Hence we can say that population explosion is inversely related to the development of that area.

Population Explosion has become the mother of evils in our country because too much population is trapping people in a web of poverty and illiteracy that further escalates the problem. Any time of the day, whether it is a metro station, airport, railway platforms, road, highway bus stop, shopping mall, market, or even a social or religious gathering, there is always a swelling crowd of people in India.

Causes of Population Explosion

The major cause of this population explosion is the difference between the birth rate. The birth rate is the number of individuals born in a population in a given amount of time. The human birth rate is the number of individuals born per year per 1000 in the population. For example, if 35 births occur per year per 1000 individuals, the birth rate is 35 ) .

The death rate is the ratio between deaths and individuals in a particular population during a particular period. In simple words, the incidence of deaths in a given population during a defined time (such as one year) is expressed per 1000 individuals ).

Apart from these, some other factors are partially responsible for population explosion, such as:

A decrease in infant mortality rate (Mortality rate refers to the number of deaths of infants below the age of 6 months.), 

The increase in life expectancy (An estimate of the average number of additional years that a person of a given age can expect to live). 

Earlier the life expectancy of people was around 55-60 years. Now the average age of a person has increased to 70-75 years.) but due to better and improved medical facilities, we can now increase the life expectancy of people. 

Earlier, there was a balance between the birth and death rate due to limited medical facilities, people dying in wars, and other calamities. According to the 2011 census, the birth rate has actually come down but then the death rate has also declined due to the medical advancements. 

Illiteracy is another cause of an increase in population. Low literacy rate leads to traditional, superstitious, and ignorant people. For example, Kerala has a very high literacy rate and it constitutes only 2.76% of India’s population as compared to Uttar Pradesh having maximum illiteracy rate and forms 16.49% of the population. Educated people are well aware of birth control methods. 

Family planning, welfare programs, and policies have not fetched the desired result. The increase in population is putting tremendous pressure on the limited infrastructure and negating India’s progress.

The superstitious people mainly from rural places think that having a male child would give them prosperity and so there is a considerable pressure on the parents to produce children till a male child is born. This leads to a population explosion. 

Poverty is another main reason for this. Poor people believe that the more people in the family, the more will be the number of persons to earn bread. Hence it contributes to the increase in population. 

Continuous illegal migration of people from neighbouring countries like Nepal, Bangladesh is leading to a rise in the population density in India.

Religion sentiment is another cause of the population explosion. Some orthodox communities believe that any mandate or statutory method of prohibition is sacrilegious. It is difficult for India to exercise a check on the religious grounds for its secularism.

Impact Due to Population Explosion

The growth of the population has a major impact on the living standards of people. That is why, despite our incredible progress in the agricultural and industrial spheres, our capita income has not risen appreciably.

Hence given below are some of the major problems which are just because of the population explosion:

Natural Resources of that particular region: Natural resources are materials from the Earth used to support life and meet people’s needs. Hence if there are many people, then there is a high requirement for Natural Resources.

Unemployment: When a country becomes overpopulated, it gives rise to unemployment as fewer jobs support many people. The rise in unemployment gives rise to crime, such as theft, as people want to feed their families and provide them with basic amenities of life.

High Cost of Living: As the difference between demand and supply continues to expand due to population explosion, it raises the prices of various essential commodities, including food, shelter, and healthcare. It means that people have to pay more to survive and feed their families.

Poverty: Another major issue of population explosion is the increase in poverty as people are unemployed due to a lack of job opportunities and an abundant workforce. 

Illiteracy: Because of unemployment, they cannot provide better education to the coming generation, giving us back population explosion.

Starvation: When resources are scarce, starvation, ill health, and diseases caused by diet deficiency such as rickets become eminent.

Some Major Effects of the High Population are as Follows

The rapidly growing population in India has led to the problem of food scarcity and heavy pressure on land. Even though 60% of its population is engaged in agriculture, yet people do not get even the barely necessary amount of food. 

Generating employment opportunities for such a huge population in India is very difficult. Therefore, illiteracy is growing rapidly every year. 

Development of infrastructural facilities is not able to cope up with the pace of growing population. So facilities like transportation, communication, housing, education, and healthcare are becoming inadequate to provide provision to the people.

The increasing population leads to unequal distribution of income and inequalities among the people widened.

Unmanageable population size may lead to the failure of the government to provide the basic facilities to the people. 

Economic development is slow in a country where the population is growing at a very fast rate. This also leads to low capital formation. 

Ignorance, illiteracy, unhygienic living conditions, and lack of recreation have always been the cause of population problems in India. 

Rapid growth in population is also an indication of the wastage of natural resources.

Preventive Measures

To tackle this problem, the government needs to take corrective measures. The entire development of the country depends on how effectively the population explosion is stemmed. 

The government and various NGOs should raise awareness about family planning and welfare. Hoardings with slogans like “Hum do, humare do” and “Chota Parivar, Sukhi Parivar” should be put up in hospitals and other public places. These slogans mean that a small family is a happy family and two children for two parents. The awareness about the use of contraceptive pills and family planning methods should be generated. 

The health care centres should help the poor people with the free distribution of contraceptives and encourage the control of the number of children. 

The government should come forward to empower women and improve the status of women and girls. People in rural places should be educated and modern amenities should be provided for recreation.

So we can summarise the topic by stating that population explosion is a term used to state the rapid growth of people in a particular area. It is because of lack of education, illiteracy, lack of proper knowledge of sex education, rituals, and superstition in the country’s most populated area. 

Overpopulation results in a lack of development and exploitation of resources, whereas India’s strength in the global world in various fields cannot be ignored. By raising public awareness and enlisting strict population control norms, India will be able to tackle this issue.

It doesn’t mean that will happen very quickly and without any effort. It will take time because India constitutes one of the huge countries of about 138 Crore (2020) people. Proper, effective, and steady steps will lead India to a greater good.

 It helps the country control the population explosion and also helps to provide good results in several other things like the good environment, abundant natural resources, proper employment, proper literacy rate with high growth in development, etc.

All this could be possible if we take some measures and be good citizens of this country. So that is how we can overcome this issue of population explosion.

FAQs on Population Explosion Essay

1) What is Population Explosion?

Population Explosion refers to a rapid increase in people in a particular area. Occurring due to reasons like increased birth in the area, decreased mortality rate, and inflow of residents, population explosion may lead to shortage of resources, negatively affecting the development of the area.

2) How is the birth rate related to population explosion?

Birth rate is directly proportional to population explosion because of people’s lack of knowledge and literacy. Most common in poor families, where more children means more means of income, increased birth rate gradually results in a population explosion.

3) What are the measures to avoid population explosion?

Better education (specially for girl child), creating awareness of family planning, providing proper knowledge of Sex Education, etc. can be some solutions to tackle the issue.

4) What is the difference between death rate and infant mortality rate?

The ratio between deaths and individuals in a particular population during a particular period is the death rate, whereas the infant mortality rate refers to the number of infants below 6 months who died within the same period.

5) What are the major reasons for the population explosion?

The major factors responsible for population explosion are illiteracy, reduced mortality, increased birth rate, and life expectancy.

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• World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)
• International Solar Alliance (ISA)
• Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA)
• Wassenaar Arrangement
• Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
• Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
• Hague Code of Conduct (HCoC)
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

INDIAN ECONOMY

• India’s Banking Sector and Monetary Policy
• INDIAN ECONOMY NOTES
• Indian Economy: Evolution, Colonial Era to Present Day & Future Prospects
• Basics of Money: Exploring the Fundamentals of Indian Economy
• Banks in India: Types, Functions & Characteristics
• Financial Market: Types, Functions, Role & Economic Impact
• Indian Insurance Sector: Evolution, Growth, Rules & Penetration in India
• Financial Inclusion: Definition, Significance, and Social Impact
• Balance of Payment: Formula, Types, Key Features & Global Economics
• Exchange Rate Systems: Global Currency, Inflation Rate & Method of Calculation
• Agriculture in India: Definition, Farming System & Green Revolution
• Manufacturing and Industries
• Economic Planning in India: Evolution, Challenges, and Transformative Initiatives
• Economic Indicators: Definition, Methodology, and Key Insights into GDP (Gross Domestic Product), Unemployment, & Inflation
• INFRASTRUCTURE
• Inclusive Growth: Definition, Strategies, Policy & Challenges
• Agriculture

Science & Technology

• SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• Biotechnology: Types, Applications and other facts
• Defence Technology: India’s Strategic Initiatives, Missile System, & Modernization Efforts
• Biomolecules- Carbohydrates, Proteins, Vitamins and Fats
• DISEASES: Communicable & Non-Communicable Health Threats, Tuberculosis to COVID-19
• Information Technology: Digital Landscape, 5G to Cybersecurity, IoT to Quantum Computing
• Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Definition, Applications, Implications
• SPACE & SPACE TECHNOLOGY: History, Evolution & Significance

Enivornment & Ecology

• Energy Flow In Ecosystem: Trophic Levels And Mode Of Nutrition
• Carbon Cycle: Exploration of Processes, Forms, and Environmental Impacts
• Biogeochemical Cycles: Types, Functions, And Significance
• Importance Of Forest: Guardians Of Biodiversity And Life’s Essentials
• Temperate Forests: Types, Ecological Significance, Cultural Value
• Tropical Rainforest: Nature’s Green Treasure & Economic Significance
• Coniferous Forests: Characteristics, Types, Economic Significance
• Grassland Ecosystems: Biodiversity, Conservation, And Economic Significance
• The Desert Ecosystem: Types, Adaptation, Biodiversity & Resilience
• Forest Ecosystem: Biodiversity, Types, & Crucial Roles in Environmental Balance
• Tundra Ecosystem: Extreme Conditions, Adaptations, Characteristics, Types
• Terrestrial Ecosystem: Types, Tundra, Forest, Grassland & Desert Ecosystems
• Ecosystem: Components, Functions, Biotic Interactions, Biogeochemical Cycles
• Ecosystem: Components, Functions, Energy Flow & Cycle
• Human Environment Interaction: Components, Types, and Human Impact on Earth
• Ecosystem Dynamics: Characteristic, Types Of Food Webs & Species Interactions
• Energy Flow in Ecosystem: Food Chain, Hierarchy, Significance & Characteristics
• Ecological Pyramids: Trophic Levels, Types & Energy Dynamics in Ecosystems
• Environment: Component, Human-Environment Relationship & Sustainable Development
• ENVIRONMENT
• ECOLOGY, ECOSYSTEM AND FUNCTIONS OF ECOSYSTEM
• Terrestrial Ecosystems: Types, Environmental Factors & Ecological Significance
• Aquatic Ecosystems: Classification, Issues, Conservation & Corals
• BIODIVERSITY
• Biodiversity Conservation in India: Protected Areas, Biosphere Reserve, National Park
• Pollution: Types and Impact on Health, E-Waste and Bioremediation
• Environmental Laws in India: Definition, Legal Frameworks & Protection to Biodiversity
• Environmental Organizations In India: Biodiversity, Conservation, Welfare
• Wildlife Conservation in India: Initiatives, Achievements & Future
• Conservation Measures: Modes, Protected Areas, Action Plans, and Initiatives
• Environmental Conventions and Protocols: Features, Importance, and Implementation
• Climate Change & Mitigation Strategies: Global Warming, Greenhouse Gases
• Climate Change Organizations: Exploring Global Initiatives for Environmental Sustainability
• Climate Change In India: Actions, Policies, and Initiatives
• INTERNAL SECURITY
• Internal Security Of India: Challenges, Solutions & Hybrid Warfare
• Communal Violence: Causes, Legal Provisions, and Preventive Measures
• Terrorism And Extremism: Types, Spread. Steps Taken
• Organised Crime And Terrorism: Aspects, Fctors, Challenges
• The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) 1958: Origin, Current Status
• Left Wing Extremism or Naxalism: Origin, Background, Major Issues
• Extremism And Development: Linkages, Causes, Solutions, and Countermeasures
• Militancy In Jammu And Kashmir: Background, Human Right Issue, AFSPA
• North-East Insurgency: Historical Roots, Challenges, and Peace Initiatives
• Cyber Security: Cyber Terrorism, Threats, & Safeguarding Critical Information Infrastructure
• Social Media: Impact On Society, National Security, and Democracy
• Money Laundering: Impact on Economy, Global Strategies, and Preventive Measures
• Security Challenges and Border Management In India: Initiative, Challenge & Way Forward 
• Security Forces & Agencies: Type, Mandate, Roles, Contributions, and Challenges
• Police Reforms In India
• Black Money: Dimensions, Socio-Economic Impact & Remedies to Curb

Disaster Management

• DISASTERS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
• Hazards and Disasters: Catastrophes & Impacts for Effective Governance
• Classification and Types of Disasters and Natural Hazards
• Disaster Management in India
• Role of Technology in Disaster Management: NDMS, Early Warning Systems, Satellites
• National Policy On Disaster Management 2009: Approach, Objectives, and Issues
• Disaster Risk Index and Reduction: Sendai Framework, SDGs & Strategies

Ancient Indian History

• THE PALLAVAS ( 275CE-897CE ): HISTORY, ART, CULTURE, CONFLICTS, AND DECLINE
• 16 Mahajanapadas: Rulers, Achievements, and Timelines
• Forests in India: Biodiversity, Types, and Conservation
• ANCIENT HISTORY
• UPSC Notes for Ancient History of India | UPSC Exams
• Indus Valley Civilization: Important Dates, Sites & Decline of IVC
• Vedic Period: History Notes for UPSC & Govt. Exams
• Sangam Age – Political History of South India | UPSC Ancient History Notes
• MAURYAN EMPIRE (322-185 BCE): Reign, Ruler & Historical Significance
• Jainism and Buddhism: Difference and Similarities| UPSC Notes
• Post Mauryan Period (200 BC – 300 AD) – Clashes, Cultures, and Kingdoms in Ancient India
• Gupta Empire – Facts about Gupta Period & Gupta Dynasty | UPSC Notes
• Harshavardhana: Empire of Harsha, History, Reign | UPSC Notes

Medieval Indian History

• MEDIEVAL HISTORY
• EARLY MEDIEVAL INDIA (c.600-1200 CE) [HISTORY NOTES FOR UPSC & OTHER GOVT. EXAMS]
• THE DELHI SULTANATE (1206-1526 AD) – MEDIEVAL INDIA HISTORY NOTES
• REGIONAL KINGDOMS OF MEDIEVAL INDIA: AHOMS, MEWAR, KASHMIR, DYNASTIES
• VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE: RISE, RULE, AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE (1336-1646 AD)
• BAHMANI KINGDOM (C.1347- 1525 CE): RISE, CONFLICT, AND POLITICAL HISTORY
• BHAKTI MOVEMENT: IMPORTANCE, NAYANARS, ALVARS & FEATURE
• MUGHAL PERIOD (1526-40 and 1555-1857)
• MARATHA EMPIRE [1674-1818]: MARATHA-MUGHAL CONFLICTS

Modern Indian History

• Administration Before 1857: Impact of British Administration
• Charter Act of 1793
• Portuguese Governors in India: Shaping Empires and Enduring Legacy of Colonial Rule
• Mahadev Govind Ranade: Architect of Change in Colonial India
• Indian National Army: Bose Vision, Role, and Impact in the Freedom Struggle
• Sikh & Hindu Revival Movements: Akali Movement, Arya Samaj
• India’s Press Evolution Post First World War: Shaping Nationalism
• The Second World War: Press Evolution & Independence Struggle in India
• Rise of Hyderabad Kingdom: History, Nizam Rule & Integration with India
• Causes Of British Success In India
• Evolution of Press in India: Different Publications, Journals & Leaders
• British Rule in India: Press Laws & Resistance
• Freedom of the Press Pioneers
• Dutch East India Company: Spice Trade & Rivalries
• Danes in India: Colonial Legacy. Cultural Exchange & Missionary Endeavors
• India’s Vernacular Press Act: Impact, Opposition, and Repeal
• Colonial India’s Committees On Press: Control & Influence
• Evolution of Press in India Post-Independence Journey
• Salt Satyagraha Movement: Dandi March, Civil Disobedience & Struggle for Freedom
• First Round Table Conference 1930: Indian Reforms, British-India Talks & Quest for Self-Rule
• Gandhi Irwin Pact: Date, Key Accord, Significance & Struggle for Independence
• Karachi Session 1931: Feature, Resolutions, and Impact on India’s Freedom Movement
• Second Round Table Conference: Feature, Participants, Outcomes, and Significance
• Civil Disobedience Movement: Outcome, Repression & Gandhi’s Leadership towards Independence
• Third Round Table Conference: Outcome, Challenges & Communal Award Impact
• Communal Award 1932: Controversy, Division, & Impact on Indian Politics
• Poona Pact 1932: Unity, Representation, & Sociopolitical Dynamics in India
• Government of India Act 1935: Constitutional Evolution, Federalism, and the Path to Dominion Status
• World War II’s Impact on Indian Nationalism: Struggles, Splits, and Independence
• Resignation of Congress Ministries 1939: Reason, India’s Stand & World War II
• Poona Resolution 1941: Conditional Support to Britain for Indian Independence during World War II
• The August Offer 1940: Features, Reactions, & Impact on India’s Independence Struggle
• Individual Satyagraha: Members, Goals, Challenges, and Impact on Independence
• The Two Nation Theory: Roots, Events, and Impact on India’s Partition
• Indian National Army: Freedom Struggle, INA Rebellion, and the Pivotal Role in India’s Fight for Independence
• Demand for Pakistan: Lahore Resolution, & Two-Nation Theory
• Cripps Mission 1942: Feature, Proposals, Setbacks, and Impact on India’s Political Trajectory
• Quit India Movement 1942: Mass Participation, Gandhi’s Leadership & Call for Do or Die
• Parallel Governments & Quit India Movement: Struggle, Empowerment, & Success
• INA Trials: Defense Committee, Legal Battle, and Heroes’ Release
• Direct Action Day: Jinnah’s Resolution, Communal Mobilization, & India’s Partition Path
• Socio-Religious Movements: 19th Century, Colonial Impact, Social Awakening, and Transformation
• Muslim Reform Movements: Organisation, Leaders, and Societal Impact in 19th Century India
• Mercantilism in British India (1757-1813): Economic Exploitation, Resource Control & Drain of Wealth
• First World War: Aftermath, India’s Struggles & Awakening
• Indian National Congress History
• Indian Councils Act 1861
• English Rule in India
• Satyagraha: Evolution, Struggle, and Influence of Gandhi
• Government of India Act 1919
• British Economic Policy in India
• British Policy in India
• The Revolutionary Phase
• Revolutionary Activities In Punjab and Madras
• Revolutionary Activities In Maharashtra’s Freedom Struggle
• Anglo French War in India
• Wavell Plan
• Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
• Cabinet Mission 1946
• The Desai-Liaqat Pact for Peace
• Rajagopalachari Formula
• Revolutionary Activities In Bengal’s Struggle
• Mountbatten Plan
• Indian Independence Act 1947
• First Anglo Maratha War (1775-1782)
• Hindu Reform Movements
• Sikh Reform Movement
• Parsi Reform Movement Modernizing Zoroastrianism, Empowering Women, and Advancing Education
• Parsi Reform Movement
• Socio-Religious Reform Movement
• Bengal’s Dual System
• Charter Act
• Early Judicial System in India
• British Police System in India
• British Indian Army
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy
• Swami Vivekananda: Spiritual Pioneer & Global Visionary, Legacy and Continuing Impact
• Swami Dayananda Saraswati: Biography, Arya Samaj & Revival of Vedic Understanding
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar: Pioneer of Education, Language, and Social Reform in 19th-Century India
• Keshab Chandra Sen: Brahmo Samaj, Visionary Reformer, and Advocate for Women’s Rights
• Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa: Inspiring Unity, Spiritual Wisdom, and Transformative Love
• Annie Besant: Biography, Spiritual Leader, Leader of Theosophical Society
• Syed Ahmad Khan: Educationist, Reformer, Aligarh Movement, and Social Change
• Baba Dayal Das’ Sikh: Nirankari Movement, Sikh Reforms & Legacy
• Sarojini Naidu: Nightingale of India, Pioneer of Women’s Empowerment
• Pandita Ramabai: Women’s Rights & Education, Social Reform, and Philanthropy
• Jyotiba Phule (Jyotiba Phule: Championing Equality and Social Justice)
• Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar: Contribution, Advocate for Equality, and Architect of India’s Inclusive Constitution
• Robert Clive: Political, Economic Reform, and Architect of British Dominance in Colonial India 
• Warren Hastings: First Governor General, and Pioneer of British India & Architect of Change
• Lord Cornwallis (1786–1793)
• Sir John Shore: Architect of Stability in British India (1793-1798)
• Lord Wellesley: Expansion, Wars, and Subsidiary Alliances & Financial Challenges
• Ryotwari System: Impact on Farmers and Revenue
• Mahalwari System: Land Revenue Impact on Peasants
• Permanent Settlement System: Impact on Indian Agriculture, Advantages, Disadvantages, and Abolition
• Governor General of Bengal’s Colonial Leaders: Evolution of Governance (1773-1833)
• Drain of Wealth: Exploitation of India’s Economy, British Policies, and Impact on Prosperity
• Moderate Phase (1885-1905): Reforming India, Colonial Challenges & Achievements
• India’s Extremist Phase (1905-1920): Rise, Tactics, and Limitations
• Surya Sen: Chittagong Raid, Struggle & Indian Republican Army
• Indian Independence Committee: Anti-British Mission, Objectives, Challenges, and Conclusion
• Moderates and Extremists: Difference, Objectives, Methods & Impact on India’s Freedom Struggle
• Partition Of Bengal Divide: Impact on Nationalism & Independence Movement
• Muslim League: Founder, Leadership, and Evolution in India’s Political Landscape
• Revolutionary Movement: Origin, Impact, Evolution & Roots of Militant Nationalism
• Surat Split: Causes, Consequences, & Its Lasting Impact on the Indian Independence Movement
• Morley Minto Reforms: Features, Communal Divide & Political Challenges in 1909 India
• Revolutionary Activities Abroad
• Ghadar Party: Revolution, Struggles & Legacy in India’s Fight for Independence
• Komagata Maru Incident (1914)
• Lucknow Session- The Lucknow Pact (December 1916), Its Significance And Impacts
• Home Rule Movement: List of Freedom Fighter, Objectives & Impact (1915-1916)
• August Declaration 1917: Self-Government, Outcomes & Critiques by Indian Nationalists
• Champaran Satyagraha: Gandhi’s Pivotal Role in Farmer Justice and Freedom Movement
• Ahmedabad Mill Strike 1918: Gandhi’s First Hunger Strike & Economic Justice
• Kheda Satyagraha: Gandhi’s Rural Uprising Against Unjust Taxes and Oppression
• Rowlatt Acts of 1919: Gandhi’s Satyagraha & Birth of India’s Anti-Colonial Uprising
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919: Date, Causes, and Historical Impact
• Khilafat Committee 1921: Resolution, Demands, Gandhi’s Support, and Government Repression
• Non Cooperation Movement 1920: Timeline, Phases, and Withdrawal
• Muddiman Committee: Report Feature, Proposed Changes 1919 Act
• Simon Commission 1927: Reforms, Political Reactions, & Road to the Government of India Act 1935
• Bardoli Satyagraha: Patel’s Tax Protest for Peasant Rights
• Nehru Report 1928: Constitutional Reform, Unity, and Sectarian Challenges in India
• Jinnah’s 14 Points: Muslim Demands for Fair Representation
• Lahore Session 1929: Purna Swaraj Declaration & Independence Struggle
• Allahabad Address and the Two-Nation Theory
• Charter Act of 1813 – Impact on Indian Education
• Orientalist Anglicist Controversy in India
• Wood’s Despatch 1854: Transformed Indian Education
• Hunter Commission (1882-83): Objective, Recommendations, and Significance
• Reforming Education: Impact of Indian Universities Act 1904
• Government Resolution on Education Policy 1913
• Saddler University Commission (1917-19): Objectives, Recommendations, And Its Impact
• Dyarchy in British India: Impact of the Government of India Act 1919 on Education
• Hartog Committee Report(1929): Objectives, Findings, And Recommendations
• Wardha Scheme: Focus on Basic Education & Transforming Education for Independence
• Transforming Indian Education: Sergeant Plan Of Education Vision & Challenges
• The Kothari Education Commission (1964-66): Shaping India’s Education Future
• Development Of Vernacular Education’s Evolution in Colonial India
• Evolution of Technical Education in India: British Legacy and Beyond
• Evaluation Of British Policy On Education
• Pitt’s India Act 1784: British Control, Challenges, and Governance Shift
• Religious Policies of the Portuguese in India: Forced Conversions, Expansion & Cultural Impact
• Charter Act 1813: Ending Monopoly, Promoting Progress in Colonial India
• Charter Act 1833: Transformation of British Rule in India
• Revolutionizing British Rule: Charter Act 1853 Reforms
• Transforming India: Government of India Act 1858 & British Rule Shift
• Indian Councils Act 1892 – Modern History Notes for UPSC
• Indian Independence Act of 1947: Formation, Challenges, and Consequences
• First Governor of Bengal (1754–1767): Robert Clive, British Rule & Dual System
• Governor Generals Of India (1832-1858): The Evolution of Indian Leadership
• Governor Generals & Viceroys of India: Name List, Evolution & Power (1600-1947)
• The Indian National Movement: History, Phase, Struggle & Triumph for Independence
• History of the French in India: Colonial Past, Rivalries & Cultural Legacy
• Alfonso de Albuquerque: Architect of Portuguese Power & Foundations in Colonial India
• Development Of Indian Press During British Rule – UPSC Notes
• First European In India – Portuguese, 450 Years of Exploration, Influence & Legacy
• Advent of Europeans in India: Trade, Colonization, and Societal Shifts
• Aurangzeb’s Legacy: The Decline and Aftermath of the Mughal Empire
• Portuguese in India: Rise, Failures, and European Competition
• List of Mughal Emperor: Order, Ruler, Reign & British Arrival
• Later Mughals & Decline of Mughals Empire: Rise of Regional Powers
• Social Reformers of India: Champions of Change During 19th Century
• Ramakrishna Mission: Swami Vivekananda’s Spiritual Legacy & Humanitarian Vision
• Anglo Mysore Wars: Resilience and Conflict
• Brahmo Samaj: Leaders & Influential Movements in the 19th-20th Centuries
• Young Bengal Movement: Progressive Renaissance, Ideas & Reform
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Indian Renaissance, Life & Contributions in Modern reforms
• Social And Religious Reforms Movements: Deoband, Barelvi, & Faraizi Movement
• Annie Besant: Advocate of Indian Home Rule League and Social Reforms
• Social Reform Movements: Challenges and Transformative Impact on Nation-Building
• Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836-1886):  Facts for UPSC
• Status of Women in India: Transformative Reforms, Legal Measures & Societal Empowerment
• SNDP Movement: Helping Ezhava Community Progress
• Swami Vivekananda: Biography, Life History, Teachings & Facts
• Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati: Ideology and Contributions
• Changing Movements: Arya Samaj & Dev Samaj’s Role in Modern India
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar: Contribution in Education, Social Reform, and Linguistics
• Keshub Chandra Sen: Life, Ideology and Contributions
• Vokkaligara Sangha: Equality, Empowerment & Social Transformation in Karnataka
• Socio Religious Reform Movement in India: Ahmadiyya and Wahabi/Walliullah Impact
• POST INDEPENDENCE HISTORY OF INDIA
• Independent India
• Indian Democracy: From Emergence of Electoral Politics to Democratic Institutions
• India’s Foreign Policy
• Economic Development
• India After Independence
• Regionalism in India
• Popular Movements in India

Indian Society

• INDIAN SOCIETY
• Salient Features Of Indian Society: Unity In Diversity, Tribes, Family
• Globalisation: Impact on Indian Society, Benefits, and Challenges
• Social Empowerment: Strategies for Tribes, Women, Scheduled Castes, Minorities
• Poverty and Development Issues
• Urbanization
• Population: India’s Demographic Landscape, Distribution, and Growth Trends
• Women: Navigating the Landscape of Gender Empowerment in India, Challenges, and Recent Developments
• Communalism
• Regionalism: Unity, Diversity, and Inclusive Development

Physical Geography

• Minerals: Composition, Significance, and Challenges in Mining
• Hotspot & Mantle Plumes: Theories, Landforms, Formation and Significance
• Protectors of the Sky: How Earth’s Atmosphere Deals with Solar Radiation
• Landforms and Their Evolution (Part 2)
• Landforms in Progress (Part 1): The Ongoing Work of Geomorphic Agents
• Evolution of the Indian Plate: From an Island to the Himalayas
• Continental Drift: Earth’s Geological Evolution
• Heat Budget : How Earth Manages Its Energy
• Solar Radiation: Exploring Earth’s Energy Secrets
• Distribution of Volcanoes: Exploring Earth’s Volcanic Hotspots and Hazards
• Exploring Volcanic Landforms: Earth’s Unique Features
• sunami: Characteristics, Causes, Impacts, and Early Warning Systems Worldwide
• Lunar Eclipses (Chandra Grahan): Science, Culture, and History
• Earthquake Zones: India’s Vulnerability, Preparedness, World Distribution
• Natural Geysers and Hot Springs: Earth’s Dynamic Eruptions and Healing Waters
• Understanding Rocks System and Geological Survey of India: Role, Categorization and Significance
• Exploring Volcanoes: The Basics of Volcanicity
• Indian Rock Systems: A Comprehensive Journey from Vindhyan to Anthropocene
• Earthquake’s Seismic Waves: Exploring the Dynamics, Impact, and Shadow Zones of Earthquake
• Interior Of The Earth: From Crust to Core
• Solar Eclipses: Observation, Science, and Myths
• Revolution of Earth: Role in Seasons and Solstices
• Rotation of Earth: Impact on Day and Night, Time Zones, and Climate
• Longitude: Vertical Lines Across the Globe
• The Formation of Earth: Geological History and Mass Extinctions
• Earth’s Latitude: Tropic of Capricorn and Beyond
• The Structure of Earth – Evolution of Earth, and Emergence of Life
• The Milky Way Galaxy: A Cosmos Journey through Galaxies, Dark Matter, and Gravitational Lensing
• Origin Of Universe: The Big Bang Theory, Cosmic Evolution, and Potential Fates
• Explore the Minor Planets (Part-2): Comets, Meteoroids, Meteorites, and Meteors
• Understanding The Minor Planets (Part-1): Asteroids, Asteroid Belts, and Kuiper Belt
• Planets in Solar System (Part-2): Jovian Planets, Dwarf Planets, and More
• Planets in Solar System Part-1 – From Terrestrial Worlds to Gas Giants
• Solar Insights: Understanding Our Sun and Its Effects
• Our Solar System: A Comprehensive Exploration of Our Celestial World
• Formation of Stars: Part-II – From Formation to Cosmic Remnants
• Formation of Stars Part-I: From Cosmic Clouds to Shining Stars
• PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
• Basics of Geography
• Geomorphology: Earth’s Structure, Tectonics, and Landforms
• Geomorphic Processes: Types of mountains, Movements, & Erosion
• Geographical Phenomenon: Volcanism, Earthquake, Tsunami
• OCEANOGRPAHY
• Climatology: Structure of Atmosphere, Weather Patterns, & Temperature
• Types of Climate: Characteristics of Equatorial, Tropical Monsoon Regions

Human & Economic Geography

• HUMAN & ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
• Population in India: Demographic Trends, Growth Rates, and Socioeconomic Impacts
• India and Migration: Dynamics, Challenges, and Government Initiatives
• Human Development: Insights, Inequalities, and Global Perspectives on Well-being Enhancement
• Human Settlement: Types, Patterns, and Challenges in Rural and Urban Areas
• Land Resources: Management, Mapping & Nurturing India’s Vital Assets
• Agricultural Development: Enhancing Productivity with Land, Finance, Seeds, Water
• Livestock And Fisheries: Challenges, Initiatives, and Opportunities
• Water Resources: Challenges, Management, & Traditional Conservation in India
• Minerals and Energy Resources of India: Distribution, Government Measures & Challenge
• Manufacturing Industries In India: Classifications, Location & Economic Significance

Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude

• Ethics and Human Interface: Components, Values, and Morals
• Attitude: Definition, Feature, Structure and Function in Human Behaviour
• Aptitude And Foundational Values For Civil Services: History, Evolution & Challenge
• Emotional Intelligence: Definition, Importance, and Practical Applications
• Moral Thinkers & Philosophers From India & World: Gandhi, Marx, Plato, Socrates
• Civil Service Values, and Ethics in Public Administration: Accountability, Governance
• Probity In Governance
• आपदा एवं इसका प्रबंधन
• स्वतंत्रता के बाद भारत
• राष्ट्र निर्माण प्रक्रिया और इसकी चुनौतियां
• उपनिवेशवाद से स्वतंत्रता की ओर
• भारत की विदेश नीति
• आर्थिक विकास
• स्वतंत्रता के बाद के इतिहास में महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दे
• क्षेत्रीय असंतोष
• भारत में लोकप्रिय आंदोलन / कार्यक्रम
• भारत का भूगोल
• अध्ययन सामग्री
• भारत के भूआकृति विज्ञान की बुनियाद
• उत्तरी मैदान
• प्रायद्वीपीय भारत
• भारत का अपवाह तंत्र
• भारतीय मौसम- ऋतु
• भारतीय जलवायु
• भारत की मिट्टी
• भारत की राजव्यवस्था
• संविधान का निर्माण (उड़ान)
• संविधान की प्रमुख विशेषताएं (उड़ान)
• संघ एवं इसका क्षेत्र (उड़ान)
• नागरिकता (उड़ान)
• मूल अधिकार (उड़ान)
• राज्य के नीति-निदेशक तत्व (उड़ान)
• मूल कर्तव्य (उड़ान)
• संविधान की मूल संरचना सिद्धांत (उड़ान)
• संविधान संशोधन (उड़ान)
• संसदीय प्रणाली (उड़ान)
• केंद्र राज्य संबंध (उड़ान)
• अंतर्राज्यीय संबंध (उड़ान)
• आपातकालीन प्रावधान (उड़ान)
• राष्ट्रपति और राज्यपाल (उड़ान)
• उपराष्ट्रपति ( VICE-PRESIDENT) (उड़ान)

Population Explosion Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay population explosion essay.

Population explosion refers to the number of people that live in an area. It is a major issue for developing countries. Also, the government is not taking proper measures to control this problem. Besides, it generates many issues in the country that cause many problems for people.

Meaning of Population Explosion

It refers to the rapid increase in the population of an area among human beings. Furthermore, it is a situation where the economy is not capable of coping with the increasing demand of its population.

Causes of Population Explosion

The cause of the population explosion includes many factors and reasons. These includes:

Increase in the birth rate- Due to lack of control on delivery and unawareness of people the birth rate is increasing rapidly. In addition, the gap between death and birth has gone way wider than what we can think of. Furthermore, the birth rate has increased many folds in comparison to the death rate.

A decrease in infant mortality rate- Mortality rate refers to the number of death of infants below the age of 6 months. Due to science and technology , we are able to minimize this rate and now only a few cases of death are known per thousand death.

The life expectancy growth- Earlier the life expectancy of people was around 55-60 years. But due to better and improved medical facilities, we are now able to increase the life expectancy of people. Now the average age of a person increased to 70-75 years.

Besides, these better living conditions, good quality food, better nutrition , and better sanitation facilities also helped in increasing life expectancy.

High level of illiteracy- The literacy level of women is one of the biggest problems of family planning. In India, people pay very little importance to women’s education and marry them at an early age. That’s why they do not have knowledge about birth control methods and the use of contraceptives.

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Effects of Population Explosion

The population explosion affects natural resources and many sectors of the economy in many ways:

Unemployment- Due to the increase in the population the demand for jobs and employment also increases. But, due to a lack of resources and employment opportunities , there are millions of jobless people in India.

In addition, the condition of unemployment is growing day by day. To face this problem most the people are either migrating to other countries for better job opportunities.

Poverty-  Due to the large population there a large number of people who belong to below the poverty line and they do not have adequate knowledge of the overpopulation of the country. Also, they are the major contributor to a high birth rate.

Prevention of population explosion

There are various methods by which we can prevent a population explosion. The government can take measures to aware of the population about the various methods that can help in controlling the population. Also, it should implement some strong campaign for family planning and birth control.

To sum it up, the population explosion has caused huge pressure on the surface of the earth. Also, we can control many issues of the earth by controlling population growth. Besides, many problems like food insecurity, illiteracy, poverty, and unemployment can be minimized by controlling the population.

FAQs about Population Explosion Essay

Q.1 What are the major reason for the population explosion? A.1 The major factors that are responsible for population explosion are illiteracy, reduced mortality, increased birth rate, and an increase in life expectancy.

Q.2 What are the major reason for the population explosion in India? A.2 The major reason for the population explosion in India are unemployment, large population, poverty and illiteracy, small health condition and several other problems.

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Population Explosion - How can we tackle this problem?

The rapid growth of the world's population over the past one hundred years results from a difference between the rate of birth and the rate of death. It took the entire history of humankind for the population to reach 1 billion around 1810. Today the world has a population of 6 billion and the population of India stands at about 1 billion. This only means that more people are now being added each day than at any other time in human history which poses as a major problem.

As far as India is concerned, according to statistics, as of March 2011, the total population of India was a little over 1 billion - 1,210,193,422 to be exact. The population clock in the Union Health Ministry in New Delhi now ticks at the rate of 31 persons per minute! The clock shows that about 44,640 babies are born in India every day. This gigantic growth rate is due to the industrial and technical revolutions that has taken place. The new technologies available have brought down the death rate because of the vastly improved Medicare resulting in increased life expectancies. Various cultures and norms, migration all have contributed in this regard. India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2030.

This increase or overpopulation now has given rise to various problems like illiteracy, unemployment, pollution and poverty. We have created an interrelated web of global environmental problems. We are destroying our natural resources and biological diversities. India is facing an intense crisis of resources. There is fierce competition for the nation's limited natural resources leading to quarrels between states, between communities and even families. The fast rate of growth of population has affected the quality of life of the people.

To check ill-effects of population growth on the socio-economic front, the Indian Government had launched the Family Planning Programme in 1951. This was later rechristened as the Family Welfare Programme. This programme promotes on a voluntary basis, responsible Planned Parenthood, through independent choice of family planning methods best suited to the people. This if properly implemented by making them rightly follow the slogan 'one couple, two children' could do wonders. But, at the same time a proper family planning would only work if women, especially in the rural ideas could be made to come out of the false notion that having many children is a boon. And for this, the requirement is to improve the literacy rate, female education and the socio-economic status of the families as population growth is directly allied to these factors. Special benefits and provisions need to be highlighted and be provided to the

people who have one child and maintain a small family. Benefits like free education, better facilities and financial support should be put forward so as to encourage nuclear families.

Therefore, I believe the need of the hour to tackle this problem of overpopulation lies in education. This can be done if one person takes into their stride of educating the other. 'Each one, teach one' should be followed and advocated. Persuasive measures need to be taken. We have seen in the past that there have been coercive measures attempted in India. In 1975- 77, former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi created sterilization camps and forced vasectomies causing population-control policies to be met with strong resistance and fear, which stagnating progress significantly. More recently, the government has considered using injection birth- control methods, which have been alleged to have significant negative side effects and recall the coercive measures of the 70s.

What thus needs to ensue is support-financial and political, that must be given to promote, encourage and facilitate birth control and methods which involve people as an agent of change rather than being a source of dilemma. Around 30 million Indians want to use contraceptives, but do not have access to them; money ought to be given to provide it. Others are unaware and unwilling to discuss birth control methods, efforts must be made to promote discussion and spread knowledge of it to those who are receptive. Also, campaigns currently expound on the good of the country. Instead, media should emphasize that a small family is beneficial to an individual's own well-being rather than focusing on population control for the national good. These types of measures have been enacted in some states including Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, and they have since been country's growth stability leaders. They now show high literacy rates and thus a well planned society. This has to be cultured all over India. The philosophy must be to have the people be an active participant in the country's problem. If the people understand that and want to help, then the problem disappears because there is no one left to cause it.

Gandhi advocated that it is easier to practice self control than control by contraceptives. Multiplicity of wants would multiply problems in multiple folds. Thus, to tackle the problem, rather than following stringent rules and regulations, a change of mindset would help more through the involvement of education, advertisement and campaigns ensuring for a developed and a healthy India. Therefore, all we need is to shift the mindsets from "Population Control" to "Population Development". Development of people through right education and healthcare can solve much issues-even population, assuming it is a problem!

- Shreyosi Pal

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Population Explosion - Essay, UPSC MAINS | Course for UPPSC Preparation - UPPSC (UP) PDF Download

Population Explosion

(1) Opening    —    Quote

(2) Body    —    Statistics—Population 838 millions. Growth 2.2%. Average Family size 5.4. Infant Mortality 37. By 2015 overtake China. BIMARU states.

    —    History—1921 profile of population—rural, urban. Great Divide. Fall in death rate but not in birth rate. Infant mortality reduced and so did female mortality. Average age increased.

   —    Reasons–Economic growth, health, religious reasons, poverty, ignorance and illiteracy, female’s position, poor family planning management, lack of political will, no deterrent.

 —    Family Planning—history—priority from Ist Plan. But not much fund, organisation and management. Present status—centre of development plan, vigorous mass campaign, new and better contraceptives, female child acceptance, anganwadi workers and teacher’s involvement, linkage with female and child health care, nutrition, pre-post-natal care, schooling, female rights, population education.

 —    Effects—negates growth, more pressure on resources resulting in illiteracy, poverty and unemployment, pressure on health system, land.

(3) Closing    —    Need for a mass movement, political will.

“In final analysis, we are the victims of our own perceptions, staring at shadows on Plato’s cave, perhaps it is easier for us to reach some far off planet in the outer space than to have fertility regulation on earth.”

To some of us, the above statement may appear very pessimistic. However, looking at the almost unabated population growth of our country does tell us about the magnitude of this problem. To any discerning observer, population explosion, as this high population growth is more popularly known, is the single biggest problem facing our nation that is eating away the fruits of our economic growth and development. We are the seventh largest nation area wise but we are second in population and if something is not done soon about it, we will become the most populous country in three to four decades. This is not a very rosy picture, indeed.

There is no better way to appreciate the magnitude of this problem than by studying our census data. According to the 2011 census, our population load at 121 crore million which is 16% of the total world population. That means, every sixth person in this world is an Indian. Our decennial growth rate of population was 17.64% which means 1.76% every year. In 

simple terms, 40 people are being added to the population every minute. This rate is even higher in the rural areas which have the growth rate of 3.94% per year. Hence, the number of people per square kilometers (density) is staggering 382.

Historically, our population started growing rapidly only after 1921 the year of great divide. Before that famines, epidemics, high infant mortality, and high female mortality etc. all kept the population in check. But gradually as death rate declined due to better health care facilities, there was a spurt in the population growth rate because the birth rate did not decline proportionally. Today life span has increased to a respectable 72 years, infant mortality is down to 34 per 1000 birth and better facilities have helped to reduce women’s death at child birth. But our birth rate continues to be alarmingly high.

There are a number of reasons for it. First is the economic reason. People think that more hands mean more income, so they produce more children. They are unable to realise that this might have been true decades back, but today is the age of skilled workers. Skilled and well trained person can earn what two or three unskilled workers cannot. Moreover, with a large family, lack of resources, it becomes difficult to impart proper training. This causes more number of unskilled, less productive & lesser earning workers. This breeds more poverty and not more income generation.

Unfortunately, most of us are illiterate and ignorant about the harms of a large family. Ignorance also breeds the false notion that children are God’ ifts. So, people, out of their religious outlook, do not use artificial means of spacing children and reducing their number. And this traps them in a vicious cycle of poverty, ignorance and illiteracy.

Yet another reason for high birth rate is the backwardness of women. They are married off early and this means that their reproductive period is longer. Also, desire for a male child makes people produce an army of children for whom they can provide for little. Also, females are the most sufferers of a large family both physically and psychologically. But being suppressed and kept away from decision making, they can do little. Also, their ignorance about and inaccessibility of the means of birth control hamper their involvement in the programme of birth control. So, we find that poor status of women causes a large family which further reduces their status. They become weak physically, exhausted mentally and lose their identity as an individual. This shows, both the problems feed and breed upon each other.

In addition to the above mentioned reason poor planning and management of Family Planning Programme has contributed a lot to this problem. Lack of funds, proper training, motivated personnel and means of communication are some ills plaguing this programme. However, oflate government has tried to remove these ills. Population control is accepted as being at the centre of any development plan. Intensive campaign are being carried out. Birth control is being linked to pre and post natal care, safe birth, health and well being of mother, nutrition, education and female rights. Population education is being taken up in schools. Some legal means are being employed e.g. to prevent candidates with large number of children from contesting election etc.

Yet another reason for the failure of our family planning programme is the lack of political will. While leaders declare from the stage that something should be done to control population explosion, very little of it is converted into concrete action. Our family planning programme is painfully neglected. No leader appears to have guts to fight the religion and traditional mind set of people lest he lose his votes.

It is very important that the problem is curbed very soon and very fast. Excess population [that we already have] is eating into our limited resources. The economic growth is being negated by population growth. Excess population is creating tremendous pressure on our educational & training system, our health system. It has been breeding the twin menace of poverty & unemployment. These socio-economic problems have been creating tremendous strain on even our polity.

Yet this problem cannot be tackled by government alone. Experience of other countries have shown that it is the people who can make or mar the programme. Government can act as a catalyst, a motivator and a coordinator. So, we need a mass movement involving educated people, youth, women’s organisations, teachers, doctors and community leaders. This movement should encompass the social, religious and economic dimension of the problem. Only then can we contain population explosion.

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Guest Essay

China’s Dead-End Economy Is Bad News for Everyone

By Anne Stevenson-Yang

Ms. Stevenson-Yang is a co-founder of J Capital Research and the author of “Wild Ride: A Short History of the Opening and Closing of the Chinese Economy.”

On separate visits to Beijing last month, Secretary of State Antony Blinken and Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen bore a common message : Chinese manufacturing overcapacity is flooding global markets with cheap Chinese exports, distorting world trade and leaving American businesses and workers struggling to compete.

Not surprisingly, China’s leaders did not like what they heard, and they didn’t budge. They can’t. Years of erratic and irresponsible policies, excessive Communist Party control and undelivered promises of reform have created a dead-end Chinese economy of weak domestic consumer demand and slowing growth. The only way that China’s leaders can see to pull themselves out of this hole is to fall back on pumping out exports.

That means a number of things are likely to happen, none of them good. The tide of Chinese exports will continue, tensions with the United States and other trading partners will grow, China’s people will become increasingly unhappy with their gloomy economic prospects and anxious Communist Party leaders will respond with more repression.

The root of the problem is the Communist Party’s excessive control of the economy, but that’s not going to change. It is baked into China’s political system and has only worsened during President Xi Jinping’s decade in power. New strategies for fixing the economy always rely on counterproductive mandates set by the government: Create new companies, build more industrial capacity. The strategy that most economists actually recommend to drive growth — freeing up the private sector and empowering Chinese consumers to spend more — would mean overhauling the way the government works, and that is unacceptable.

The party had a golden opportunity to change in 1989, when the Tiananmen Square protests revealed that the economic reforms that had begun a decade earlier had given rise to a growing private sector and a desire for new freedoms. But to liberalize government institutions in response would have undermined the party’s power. Instead, China’s leaders chose to shoot the protesters, further tighten party control and get hooked on government investment to fuel the economy.

For a long time, no one minded. When economic or social threats reared their heads, like global financial crises in 1997 and 2007, Chinese authorities poured money into industry and the real estate sector to pacify the people. The investment-driven growth felt good, but it was much more than the country could digest and left China’s landscape scarred with empty cities and industrial parks, unfinished bridges to nowhere, abandoned highways and amusement parks, and airports with few flights.

The investment in industrial capacity also generated an explosion in exports as China captured industries previously dominated by foreign manufacturers — mobile phones, television sets, solar panels, lithium-ion batteries and electric vehicles. Much of the Chinese economic “miracle” was powered by American, European and Japanese companies that willingly transferred their technical know-how to their Chinese partners in exchange for what they thought would be access to a permanently growing China market. This decimated manufacturing in the West, even as China protected its own markets. But the West let it slide: The cheap products emanating from China kept U.S. inflation at bay for a generation, and the West clung to the hope that China’s economic expansion would eventually lead to a political liberalization that never came.

To raise money for the government investment binge, Beijing allowed local authorities to collateralize land — all of which is ultimately owned or controlled by the state — and borrow money against it. This was like a drug: Local governments borrowed like crazy, but with no real plan for paying the money back. Now many are so deep in debt that they have been forced to cut basic services like heating, health care for senior citizens and bus routes . Teachers aren’t being paid on time, and salaries for civil servants have been lowered in recent years. Millions of people all over China are paying mortgages on apartments that may never be finished . Start-ups are folding , and few people, it seems, can find jobs.

To boost employment, the party over the past couple of years has been telling local governments to push the establishment of new private businesses, with predictable consequences: In one county in northern China, a village secretary eager to comply with Beijing’s wishes reportedly asked relatives and friends to open fake companies. One villager opened three tofu shops in a week; another person applied for 20 new business licenses.

When mandates like that fail to create jobs, the party monkeys with the employment numbers. When monthly government data revealed last year that 21 percent of Chinese youth in urban areas were unemployed, authorities stopped publishing the figures. It resumed early this year, but with a new methodology for defining unemployment . Presto! The number dropped to 15 percent.

But Mr. Xi’s policy options are dwindling.

With the real estate market imploding, the government can no longer risk goosing the property sector. It has begun touting a revival in domestic consumption , but many Chinese are merely hunkering down and hoarding assets such as gold against an uncertain future. So the government is again falling back on manufacturing, pouring money into industrial capacity in hopes of pushing out more products to keep the economy going. With domestic demand anemic, many of those products have to be exported.

But the era when China was able to take over whole industries without foreign pushback is over. Many countries are now taking steps to protect their markets from Chinese-made goods. Under U.S. pressure, Mexico’s government last month reportedly decided it would not award subsidies to Chinese electric vehicle makers seeking to manufacture in Mexico for export to the U.S. market; the European Union is considering action to prevent Chinese electric vehicles from swamping its market; and the Biden administration has moved to encourage semiconductor manufacturing in the United States and limit Chinese access to chip technologies, and has promised more actions to thwart China.

China won’t be able to innovate its way out of this. Its economic model still largely focuses on cheaply replicating existing technologies, not on the long-term research that results in industry-leading commercial breakthroughs. All that leaves is manufacturing in volume.

China’s leaders will face rising economic pressure to lower the value of the renminbi, which will make Chinese-made goods even cheaper in U.S. dollar terms, further boosting export volume and upsetting trading partners even more. But a devaluation will also make imports of foreign products and raw materials more expensive, squeezing Chinese consumers and businesses while encouraging wealthier people to get their money out of China. The government can’t turn to economic stimulus measures to revive growth — pouring more renminbi into the economy would risk crushing the currency’s value.

All of this means that the “reform and opening” era, which has transformed China and captivated the world since it began in the late 1970s, has ended with a whimper.

Mao Zedong once said that in an uncertain world, the Chinese must “Dig tunnels deep, store grain everywhere and never seek hegemony.” That sort of siege mentality is coming back.

Anne Stevenson-Yang ( @doumenzi ) is a co-founder and the research director of J Capital Research, a stock analysis firm. She spent 25 years in China as an entrepreneur, analyst and trade advocate.

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What matters is your success – for you and us . Merely joining the OGP will not make you clear the UPSC IAS exam. We will provide all the resources and support possible. But it is up to you- how resourceful you are & how well you choose to utilize our services and guidance. We want you to join our InsightsIAS family ONLY if you are 100% committed to your goals. We want dedicated individuals who are willing to work hard. InsightsIAS will be your faithful companion till your last step in this marathon journey.

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Take the first step; make a decision that will change the trajectory of your life! Join us and work smartly to fulfill your dream. We eagerly look forward to welcoming you onboard as our student soon.  Come visit us, your dream is worth pursuing.

OPTIONAL CLASSES are also available, please check HERE . ( Fees for Optional classes are not included under OGP fees ).

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Hyderabad Address: 

1-10-209/1 Kamala towers , 1st floor above Punjab National Bank , Ashoknagar X roads, Ashoknagar Hyderabad 500020.

For any queries contact,

mail: [email protected]

Phone: 08069405205 (toll free)

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