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Grade 12 - Topic 2 - Independent Africa

In 1884, at the Berlin Conference, the European powers carved up Africa amongst themselves. By 1914 all of Africa, except Liberia and Ethiopia, was under colonial rule. Today, African countries are politically independent of their former European masters.

Background and focus

Recommended reading:  Martin Meredith

This topic compares two forms of states that emerged from nationalist movements in the 1960s.

The Congo was used as a tool in the Cold War. This left a legacy that continues today.

Tanzania developed as a socialist state, implementing ideas of African socialism.

The focus is on the political, economic, social and cultural successes and challenges that countries

faced in Africa after independence, illustrated by the Congo and Tanzania.

The Scramble for Africa (or the Race for Africa)  was the proliferation of conflicting European claims to African territory during the New Imperialism period, between the 1880s and the start of World War 1.

Figure 1 : Africa before Independence                                Figure 2: Africa Today ( 28/01/2015)

http://www.saflirista.com/Colonial-Africa.png (colonised Africa ) http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africapolitmap.jpg ( Independent Africa )

At the Berlin Conference (1883/4 – 1885), the major European countries carved up  Africa amongst seven major European states. (See above). Africa had been transformed from being an extension of seven European powers towards  full political independence . The first country to gain independence was Liberia  ( 26 / 07 / 1847 ) from Britain. The last country to gain independence was Eritrea  ( 24/05/1993) from Ethiopia.

Online Source:

http://africanhistory.about.com/library/timelines/blIndependenceTime.htm   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

The following is to be covered in this topic:

What were the ideas that influenced the  independent states?

This section includes different forms of government  (political ideologies and economies), such as :

1.African socialism,

It is worth mentioning that most African liberation movements were influenced, in varying degrees, by Marxist doctrine. So the amalgamation of what it meant to be African and a newly liberated citizenry; was, again, influenced by Marxist/ Communist doctrine. Post-independent Africa followed this ‘doctrinal’ trajectory by

Friedland and Rosberg's (1992)  attempt to summarize the three (3) main characteristics of African socialism, as follows:

a)·no private ownership of land

b)·no social classes

c)·no shirking of responsibility to cooperate (work)

i)   http://www.drtomoconnor.com/3160/3160lect03.htm   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

ii)  http://www.drtomoconnor.com/3160/3160lect03.htm   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

iii) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXjL-HHn_a8      [Accessed 16 February 2015]

2.  capitalism, democracy and,

3.  one-party states

The galvanising of the opposition to colonisation meant that there was a large degree of unanimity within

liberation movements across Africa. ‘One-party states’ quickly emerged. These states were characterised by an

extremely strong political party, perhaps with smaller, peripheral parties; that largely controlled the domestic

conditions in the country. This emergence, in itself, would create problems for these newly-independent

countries, in the future.

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/African_Socialism.aspx   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

Comparative case studies (1960 to 1980) as examples to illustrate the political, economic, social and cultural successes and challenges in independent Africa (1960 to 1980).

The case studies are NOT meant to be seperately examined.

(the Congo (became a tool of the Cold War)

Source : http://s3.amazonaws.com/churchplantmedia- [Accessed 16 February 2015] cms/mavuno_grassroots_development_for_congo/democratic-republic-congo-map.jpg   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

For a brief history of the Congo region in general; and the DRC, in particular, please visit...

http://www.mavunocongo.org/history   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

It should be noted however that the CONGO REGION consists of :

1.The Republic of Congo and

2.The Democratic Republic of the Congo

The discussion that follows centres on the Democratic Republic of Congo.

King Leopold II...of Belgium

Patrice Lumumba...of the DRC

Source: http://www.standnow.org/system/files/leopold.jpg   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

Source: http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2013/10/25/1382706596437/Mobutu-Sese-Seko-pictured-010.jpg   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

Laurent Kabila

Source: https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQJAqFDU_kkYBG8-GVzbBP9SZARifFSKYPNCCBRfhzFwGFXX7-rqw   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

Joseph Kabila

Source:   https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRCTvSpvDBFnZJ6-L91RUREjEl_18DF6vx2ug6N-QXnxloKIOUb   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

King Leopold II formally acquires Congo territory as his own private property, naming it Congo Free State

Leopold and his army terrorize inhabitants in pursuit of resources. An estimated 10 million Congolese, half the population, die

Major nationalist riots in the capital threaten Belgium's control over Belgian Congo territory

Mouvemont National Congolais (MNC) party wins parliamentary elections. Patrice Lumumba becomes prime minister. Joseph Kasavubu is elected President.

June 30, 1960

Belgian Congo gains independence, becoming Republic of Congo

January 17, 1961

Patrice Lumumba is executed by forces from Katanga province backed by Belgium

Kanyarwanda War: Coalitions of different ethnic groups battle for land rights in North Kivu

Joseph-Desire Mobutu overthrows Kasavubu in a Western-backed coup and establishes a one-party system

Mobutu changes the country's official name to "Democratic Republic of Congo" to distinguish it from the former French colony "Republic of Congo"

Mobutu changes the name of the capital from Leopoldville to Kinshasa, and renames several other cities as well

Mobutu renames the country "Zaire" and changes his own name to Mobutu Sese Seko

Massive inflow of Hutu refugees fleeing massacres in Burundi after a failed Hutu rebellion against the Burundian government

All Banyarwanda (ethnic Rwandan and Burundian) residing in Congo from 1959-1963 are granted citizenship

Amid growing resentment of the increase in Banyarwandan Tutsi power, local Hutu and Congolese increase political mobilization and gain additional influence in the national assembly

Citizenship for Banyarwanda groups, mostly Tutsis, is restricted to those who could trace ancestry in Congo back to 1885. This reflected a desire to counter growing Tutsi economic power in the Kivu region

Mobutu declares the Third Republic, introducing a new constitution that includes democratic reforms and lifts the ban on multiparty politics

February 1990

Fall of the Soviet Union. Relations between Mobutu and the West deteriorate, as incentives to back Mobutu in the name of anti-Communism disappear

Governor Jean-Pierre Kalumbo Mbogho orders all Tutsis removed from the region and calls for their extermination. Violence breaks out, claiming 14,000 lives over the next two months

Mobutu dismisses Governor Kalumbo and increases Tutsi representation in the provincial government of the Kivus

Rwanda's Hutu extremist government orchestrates genocide of approx. 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. After Tutsi rebels take control of Rwanda, over a million refugees flood into Congo, including Rwandan army soldiers and Hutu extremist Interhamwe militiamen complicit in the genocide

First Congo War

Rwandan forces invade Congo to protect Tutsis and destroy Hutu militia camps. Mobutu's government opposes the incursion, prompting reform elements to unite against him.

Anti-Mobutu rebels, backed by Rwanda, seize Kinshasa and install Laurent Kabila as president. The country is renamed again to "Democratic Republic of Congo"

President Kabila calls for withdrawal of all Rwandan and Ugandan forces from the country

Second Congo War

August 1998

Rebels back by Rwanda and Uganda rise up against Kabila and take control of much of eastern DRC. Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Angola send troops to repel the rebels.

Rwanda, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Angola, and DRC sign peace accord in Lusaka, Zambia

August 1999: MLC and RDC rebels sign Lusaka accord

November 30, 1999

UN Security Council sets up 5,500-strong force to monitor the ceasefire, known as MONUC. Fighting continues between rebel and government forces, and between Rwanda- and Uganda-backed forces

January 2001

Laurent Kabila is assassinated by a bodyguard and is succeeded by his son, Joseph Kabila.

Tanzania . ..as an example of African socialism

Gained independence from Britain on 09/12/1961.

Source:   http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/images/map-tanzania.png   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

· www.sahistory.org.za ”º timelines ”º This day in History  [Accessed 16 February 2015]

Leaders of Tanzania Since Independence

A list of Tanzanian leaders since gaining independence on 9 December 1961

Zanzibar Zanzibar gained its independence as a Sultanate on 10 December 1963, and was proclaimed the People's Republic of Zanzibar on 12 January 1964 following a coup. On 26 April 1964 it merged with the Republic of Tanganyika to become the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.

Although Zanzibar and Tanzania are united, Zanzibar continues to have its own president.

Source: http://africanhistory.about.com/od/tanzania/l/bl-Tanzania-Leaders.htm l  [Accessed 16 February 2015]

This speech, by Julius Nyerere outlines the visions and central points of African Socialism.

http://www.juliusnyerere.info/images/uploads/ujamaa_1962.pdf   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

Other Resources:

1. http:// www.fsmitha.com/p/ch34-tan.htm   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

2. http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2005/05/exch-m19.html

[Accessed 16 February 2015]

3. http:// African Socialism - Encyclopedia.com  [Accessed 16 February 2015]

The successes and challenges faced by independent Africa?

1) the kind of states that emerged - their aims and visions (political ideologies);

2) political including:

Types of leaders:

http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/patrice-lumumba   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

“We are not communist, Catholics or socialist. We are African Nationalist. We retain the right to be friends with whoever we like in accordance with the principal of political neutrality.”

Patrice Lumumba

http://www.biography.com/people/patrice-lumumba-38745   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

Mobuto Sese Seko

http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0782891/bio   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

“After me, a flood of chaos. Apres moi, le deluge.” – MSS

http://spartacus-educational.com/COLDmobutu.htm   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

Nyerere (What are the qualities of a good leader?)

http://www.nyererefoundation.org/biography   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

"Violence is unnecessary and costly. Peace is the only way." - JN

https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nyerere/biography.htm   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

- legacies of colonialism;

http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/students/curriculum/m7b/activity3.php   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

- types of government; and

- political stability and instability;

Economic including:

- types of economies (as third world countries)

social and cultural including:

- benefits of independence;

- education; and

 - Africanisation.

What was the impact of the internal and external factors on Africa during the time?

Africa in the Cold War: USSR, USA, Cuba, China and South Africa

Case study: Angola ( 11/11/1975...Portugal )

History of Angola ( briefly)...

Source: http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/africa/angola/map_of_angola.jpg   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

Angola and slaves: 15th-19th century

Colonial period: 1885-1975

Independence: from1975

http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad33   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/case-study-angola   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/angola-becomes-independent-portuguese-colonial-rule   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

The case study will include:

introduction: how Africawas drawn into the Cold War (broadly);

competing spheres of influence - trade, conflict and aid;

Angola: colonialism and independence (broad overview);

Source: http://africanhistory.about.com/od/angola/l/Bl-Angola-Timeline.htm   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

outbreak of civil war in 1974

- MPLA and UNITA

www.sahistory.org.za/.../angolan-civil-war-1975-2002-brief-history   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

reasons for and nature of involvement in Angola (USSR, USA, Cuba, China and South Africa);

http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1owf55/why_did_so_many_countries_get_involved_in_the/   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

www.jstor.org/stable/2637389   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

impact on regional stability;

significance of the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale 1987 and 1988;

http://www.sahistory.org.za politics and society ”º 20th Century South Africa  [Accessed 16 February 2015]

http://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za/pub/article/download/71/99   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

the changing nature of international relationships after 1989

Recommended reading:

1.   http://jim.com/African_capitalism.htm   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

2. http://science.jrank.org/pages/7540/Capitalism-Africa.html   [Accessed 16 February 2015]

3.isbn: 0857203894 – Google Search. 2015. _Google Search [ ONLINE] Available at: https://booksgoogle.co.za/books?isbn=0857203894 . [ Accessed 09 February 2015].

4. http://www.raceandhistory.com/cgi-bin/forum/webbbs_config.pl?md=read;id=534 [Accessed 16 February 2015]

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History Paper 2 Memorandum - Grade 12 June 2021 Exemplars

SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS QUESTION 1: HOW DID SOUTH AFRICANS REACT TO P.W. BOTHA’S REFORMS IN THE 1980s? 1.1 1.1.1 [Extraction of information from Source 1A – L1]

• It granted rights to African trade unions
• Allowed privileges for the urban African workforce
• Create a black middle class  (Any 2 x 1)  (2)

1.1.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1A – L2]

• The government hoped that there would be fewer uprisings in the townships
• The house owners would not tolerate the uprisings as it might damage their houses/property
• Any other relevant response (Any 1 x 2)  (2)

1.1.3 [Extraction of information from Source 1A – L1]

• Advertising campaigns
• New loans were made available (2 x 1)  (2)

1.2 1.2.1 [Interpretation of evidence of from Source 1B – L2]

• The apartheid government used harsher methods to oppress uprisings
• Many of the political leaders were in jail or in exile
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2)  (4)

1.2.2 [Extraction of information from Source 1B – L1]

• Reverend Allan Boesak
• Albertina Sisulu
• Patrick ‘Terror” Lekota  (Any 2 x 1)  (2)

1.2.3 [Extraction of information from Source 1B – L1]

• Freedom from the apartheid regime  (1 x 2) (2)

1.2.4 [Interpretation of evidence of from Source 1B – L2]

• They had the same goal and that was to end apartheid
• As the ANC was banned, it called on the UDF to increase internal pressure on the government
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

1.2.5 [Evaluating the usefulness of Source 1B – L3] The source is useful because:

• It coordinated the anti-apartheid groups so that effective protests could be launched
• The UDF brought together many different anti-apartheid organisations across the country
• As it was a loose alliance, the government could not easily destroy it
• The UDF made the country ungovernable through various campaigns
• Any other relevant response (Any 2 x 2) (4)

1.3 1.3.1 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1C – L2]

• To discourage Coloured and Indians from participating in the elections for the Tri-cameral parliament
• The reforms were seen as cosmetic and the political power would still remain in the hands of the white minority
• The fact that black South Africans were left out of the new parliamentary system

1.3.2 [Extraction of information from Source 1C – L1]

• ‘Don’t Vote’ campaign (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1C – L2]

• To make people aware of the need to organise and actively resist apartheid
• To mobilise South Africans to fight against discrimination and oppression
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

1.4 [Comparison of Source 1B and Source 1C – L3]

• Source 1B indicates that the UDF became a mass-based organisation and Source 1C shows the many people/organisations that were affiliated to the UDF
• Source 1B refers to resistance campaigns launched by the UDF and Source 1C show the ‘Don’t Vote’ campaign
• Source 1B indicates that the goal was to get freedom from the apartheid regime and Source 1C shows them fighting for freedom

1.5 1.5.1 [Explanation of historical concept from Source 1D – L1]

• The power of the ordinary people to bring change
• To insist on a government that represents their interests
• Any other relevant response (Any 1 x 2) (2)

1.5.2 [Extraction of information from Source 1D – L1]

• Rent boycotts
• Consumer boycotts (2 x 1) (2)

1.5.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1D – L2]

• The rent money was not used to improve the conditions/facilities in their communities
• The black councillors who collected the rent became corrupt and were seen as ‘sell-outs’

1.6 [Interpretation, evaluation and synthesis of evidence from relevant sources- L3] Candidates could include the following aspects in their response:

• Black South Africans saw Botha’s reforms as cosmetic (own knowledge)
• Tri-cameral parliament was rejected by black South Africans (own knowledge)
• UDF formed to oppose apartheid (Source 1B)
• UDF coordinated the actions against apartheid (Source 1B)
• Protests, rent and consumer boycotts held (Source 1B and Source 1D)
• Different organisations affiliated to the UDF (Source 1B)
• UDF held anti-elections campaigns (Source 1C)
• People demanded freedom (Source 1C)
• Civic organisations fought for better conditions in townships (Source 1D)
• Workers, student organisations and churches joined the protest actions against apartheid (own knowledge)
• Any other relevant response

Use the following rubric to allocate marks:

(8)      [50]

QUESTION 2: HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC) IN DEALING WITH THE DEATH OF ACTIVIST LENNY NAIDU? 2.1 2.1.1 [Extraction of information from Source 2A – L1]

• Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) (1 x 2) (2)

2.1.2 [Extraction of information from Source 2A – L1]

• Advancing the ideas of non-racialism and unity
• Fighting for freedom
• Striving to improve the quality of life of all people (3 x 1) (3)

2.1.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2A – L2]

• If caught he would be jailed or killed by the apartheid system
• He openly rebelled against apartheid and was thus perceived as a threat
• Could not operate freely to dismantle apartheid
• Determined to fight against the unjust apartheid system
• Any other relevant response (Any 2 x 2)  (4)

2.1.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2A – L2]

• He was waiting to execute the instructions or orders from the ANC in South Africa
• Which government institutions he had to attack/destroy
• Any other relevant response (Any 1 x 2) (2)

2.2 2.2.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2B – L1]

• He would have been charged for being a member of the ANC
• Charged without a passport (Any 2 x 1) (2)

2.2.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source2B – L1]

• Eugene De Kock
• Mr Nafumela (2 x 1) (2)

2.2.3 [Interpretation of evidence of from Source 2B – L2] NO.

• The commissioner told them to wait for full disclosure at the amnesty hearing
• They will find a lead of what happened at the hearing

2.2.4 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2B – L1]

• Murder (1 x 2) (2)

2.2.5 [Evaluating the reliability of Source 2B – L3] The source is reliable because:

• The parents and brother were convinced that Lenny was murdered
• Both de Kock and Nafumela are guilty because they applied for amnesty
• They were able to speak their hearts out and get some kind of closure

OR The source is not reliable because:

• It did not give full disclosure because the commissioner told them they still have to wait for the amnesty hearing
• Both of them still believed that they were innocent by applying for amnesty
• Any relevant response (Any 2 x 2) (4)

2.3 2.3.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2C – L1]

• ‘How two sets of Umkhonto we Sizwe cadres were ambushed at Piet Retief’ (1 x 2)  (2)

2.3.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2C – L2]

• Swaziland supported the ANC’s fight against the apartheid regime
• Swaziland did not favour white minority rule in South Africa
• Swaziland wanted a free, democratic and liberated South Africa
• Swaziland was one of the closest independent African countries and therefore ANC cadres were able to gain access for onward travel to MK training camps, for example in Lusaka (Zambia)

2.3.3 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2C – L2]

• Charity Nyembezi
• Makhosi Nyoka
• Nonsikelelo Cothoza (3 x 1) (3)

2.4 2.4.1 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2D – L2]

• The cartoon shows Eugene de Kock submitting his application for amnesty to the TRC
• It depicts Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the chairperson of the TRC receiving De Kock’s application
• The cartoon shows a very long list of crimes that were committed by De Kock

2.4.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2D – L2]

• Tutu wanted De Kock to list all the crimes that he had committed before he could apply for amnesty
• De Kock had committed a number of human rights crimes against anti-apartheid activists
• De Kock was famous as a killer of anti-apartheid activist

2.5 [Comparison of Source 2C and Source 2D – L3]

• Source 2C explains De Kock’s application for amnesty and Source 2D shows De Kock submitting his application for amnesty
• Source 2C reveals many crimes that De Kock had committed and Source 2D shows De Kock with a long list of crimes that he has committed

2.6 [Interpretation, evaluation and synthesis of evidence from relevant sources – L3] Candidates could include the following aspects in their response:

• Lenny Naidu was a member of the ANC’s armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (Source 2A)
• Both parents and brother of Lenny Naidu attended the TRC hearing to seek the truth about the murder (Source 2B)
• The commissioner thanked them for coming forward and making a disclosure (Source 2B)
• The TRC revealed the truth about human rights abuses committed from 1960 to 1994 (Source 2C)
• Leslie Naidu appeared before the TRC to give evidence regarding the murder of Lenny Naidu (Source 2B)
• Eugene De Kock and other former security policemen testified about their role regarding the killings of political activists at Piet Retief (Source 2C)
• The truth of how Lenny Naidu was murdered was revealed to the TRC (Source 2C)
• Eugene De Kock submitted the list of crimes he committed to the TRC (Source 2D)
• De Kock applied for amnesty for the murder of Lenny Naidu (Source 2C)
• The TRC was able to solve some murders and disappearances of political activists such as that of Lenny Naidu (own knowledge)

(8)    [50]

SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS QUESTION 3: CIVIL RESISTANCE, 1970s TO 1980s: SOUTH AFRICA [Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical and interpretative skills.] SYNOPSIS Candidates should critically discuss the role and impact of the Black Consciousness Movement under Steve Biko on black South Africans in the 1970s. MAIN ASPECTS Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:

• Introduction: Candidates need to take a stance and discuss the role and impact of the Black Consciousness Movement under Steve Biko on black South Africans in the 1970s.

ELABORATION

• Reason for the formation of the Black Consciousness Movement (Background)

Biko’s philosophy of Black Consciousness (BC)

• Conscientised black people of the evils of apartheid
• Instilled a sense of self-worth and confidence in black South Africans
• Restored black pride
• Changed the way black South Africans saw themselves
• Empowered them to confront apartheid
• Biko urged black South Africans to assert themselves and to do things for themselves
• Eliminated the feeling of inferiority

Role of Steve Biko

• Formation of SASO
• SASO spread BC ideas across the campuses of the ethnically separated universities
• SASO promoted black unity and solidarity
• Made students more politically aware
• Encouraging students to liberate themselves from apartheid
• Biko promoted self-liberation
• He believed that association with whites made the liberation struggle ineffective and that blacks must liberate themselves
• Established self-help groups for black communities with other BC leaders
• BC ideas were published in SASO newsletters

Black Consciousness became a national movement

• In 1972 the Black People’s Convention was formed
• Aimed to liberate black people from both psychological and physical oppression
• Self-help projects were set up e.g. Zanempilo Clinic, Ginsburg, and Zimele Trust Fund
• Led to the formation of the Black Allied Workers Union in 1973
• BC influenced scholars that led to the formation of SASM

Challenges posed by the ideas of BC to the state

• At first the South African government was not concerned about the BCM and assumed it to be in line with its own policy of separate development
• BCM became stronger and posed a challenge to the state
• It became a mass movement that sought to undermine apartheid
• Biko’s speeches encouraged black South Africans to reject apartheid
• BC ideas incited the workers to embark on strike action
• BCM supported disinvestment companies

Government’s reaction to Biko’s philosophy

• Banning and house arrest of Biko and other leaders
• BC leaders were banned from speaking in public
• BPC activists were detained without trail
• SASO was banned on university campuses
• Biko was arrested and interrogated
• Biko was brutally murdered by the security police in 1977

Conclusion: Candidates need to tie up their argument with a relevant conclusion. [50]

QUESTION 4: THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY TO SOUTH AFRICA AND COMING TO TERMS WITH THE PAST [Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical and interpretative skills] SYNOPSIS Candidates need to agree or disagree with the statement by discussing the commitment and leadership displayed by both Mandela and De Klerk that ensured South Africa’s democracy. Relevant examples to South Africa’s road to democracy must be discussed. MAIN ASPECTS Candidates should include the following aspects in their essays:

• Introduction: Candidates need to discuss the commitment and leadership role played by Mandela and De Klerk in creating conditions for South Africa’s road to democracy from 1990 to 1994.

ELABORATION Focus on different role players in the following key historical events and turning points:

• Release of Mandela and unbanning of ANC, PAC and SACP
• The process of negotiations (i.e. Groote Schuur Minute, Pretoria Minute)
• Suspension of the armed struggle
• Record of Understanding
• Increased violence – Rolling mass action (i.e. Boipatong, Bhisho, etc.)
• Goldstone Commission
• Multi party negotiations
• Death of Hani
• Storming of the World Trade Centre, etc.
• 1994 election – cast ballot in KZN
• ANC won elections and Mandela became the first black South African President

QUESTION 5: THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND A NEW WORLD ORDER: THE EVENTS OF 1989 [Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical and interpretative skills] SYNOPSIS They need to indicate to what extent the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1989 served as a catalyst for South Africa to begin its political transformation in the 1990s. Candidates must support their given line of argument with relevant historical evidence. MAIN ASPECTS Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:

• Introduction: Candidates need to indicate the extent of the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1989 served as a catalyst for the political transformation that occurred in South Africa in the 1990s.

ELABORATION In agreeing, candidates could include the following points in their answer:

• The impact of the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1989 on South Africa
• Gorbachev’s reform policies of Glasnost and Perestroika
• The communist regimes in Eastern Europe collapsed
• The Berlin Wall had fallen
• Changes in the world contributed to the end of apartheid
• The collapse of the USSR deprived the ANC of its main source of support (financial; military and moral and its consequences)
• The National Party claim that it was protecting South Africa from a communist onslaught became unrealistic
• Western world powers supported the move that South Africa resolve its problems peacefully and democratically
• It became evident the National Party government could not maintain white supremacy indefinitely
• Influential National Party members started to realise that apartheid was not the answer to the needs of white capitalist development
• The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale and its consequences
• The security forces and state of emergency had not stopped township revolts
• By the late 1980s South Africa was in a state of economic depression
• The role of business leaders in South Africa’s political transformation
• PW Botha suffered a stroke and was succeeded by FW de Klerk
• FW De Klerk started to accept that the black South African struggle against apartheid was not a conspiracy directed from Moscow
• This enabled De Klerk to engage in discussions with the liberation organisations
• On 2 February 1990, De Klerk announced ‘a new and just constitutional dispensation’
• This signalled the end of apartheid

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Grades 11 and 12: Canadian and World Studies, 201 5

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Growing Success: Assessment, Evaluation, and Reporting in Ontario Schools A PDF containing information to help teachers complete report cards. It also contains information for parents, which will help them understand the reporting process. Covers grades 1 to 12. 

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