research paper topics on basketball

142 Basketball Topics & Essay Examples

If you need to write a research paper about basketball, it’s useful to read through some essay examples while looking for content ideas. Our team has compiled this selection of the best basketball research topics.

👟Top 10 Basketball Topics to Write about

🏆 best topics about basketball, 🤾 good basketball research topics, 🏀 interesting basketball titles for essays, 🎓 simple & easy basketball essay topics, ❓ research questions for basketball essays.

• Physiology of basketball players.
• Difference in football and basketball mechanics.
• Michael Jordan: basketball legend.
• Professional basketball and health risks.
• Mathematics of the basketball court.
• Comparing NBA basketball teams.
• Is basketball a dangerous sport?
• Bullying in college basketball teams.
• Efficacy of basketball slogans.
• Most famous basketball games of all time.
• The Cost of Running a NBA Basketball Team The estimated value is derived from a breakdown of various aspects such as; Sport which contribute 52% of the total worth Stadium which contribute 16% of the total worth Market which contribute 24% of the […]
• LeBron James’s: Biography of a Famous Basketball Player However, while people hear his name for a number of reasons, LeBron James became famous for his expertise in the game of basketball.
• Michael Jordan: The Story of a Basketball Player Michael was born into a large family he is the fourth of the five children in the family, and his parents are James and Deloris Jordan.
• National Basketball Association SWOT Analysis NBA headquarters are located in the USA, where the largest fan base and players reside. In the USA, the association has a huge fan base.
• Perfect Diet for a Women’s College Basketball Player Due to their complexity, proteins take a while in the body and that means that a lot of energy will be kept in the body only to be released at intervals when the body needs […]
• Jim Carroll’s Drug Addiction in the Movie “The Basketball Diaries” by Leonardo Dicaprio After the bursting of Jim and apprehending of his friends, using drugs red handed by the couch, disintegration starts taking place in the group and most of the boys lose their essence for being thrown […]
• An Overview of the Game of Basketball The game is played by throwing a puffed-up ball over the heads of the players; the ball goes down through one of the two baskets dangling at each end of the court.
• NBA: Competing on Global Delivery With Akamai OS Streaming Thus, the use of Akamai helps the NBA compete within this market because the company’s services are used to guarantee the provision of the high-quality content around the globe of regardless the location of the […]
• World Basketball Legend: Stephen Curry In 2008, he was included in the second symbolic team of the best players in the US Student Championship, and in 2009 Curry played in the first team.
• Mark Cuban’s Leadership Style in a Basketball Team Leadership is the process of influencing people through acts of motivation and providing the employees with the course and the organizational goals.
• National Basketball Association: Porter’s Forces Analysis One way the use of Akamai has given NBA an edge is through the use of its 25,000 servers located across the globe.
• 12-Week Basketball Training Plan for Male Players However, on the other hand, the rhythm of the exercises should be less demanding for the athlete to have time to recover and regain energy after the season.
• Changes in NBA History Kirchberg makes a comparison of the growth of the league to the growth of athletes by noting that the league has grown “From the first superstar, center George Mikan of the Minneapolis Lakers, to its […]
• The NBA 2K Game as the Element of Popular Culture Despite the original aim of producing the series of popular video games NBA 2K is a popularization of basketball among the representatives of the modern situation, the release of the series also focuses on advertising […]
• The Basketball Game A basketball is a vital component in the game of basketball at the playing field, commonly referred to as a court and the basket. The lighter the basketball, the easier it is to roll the […]
• Rhetorical Analysis of Basketball In this aspect, it is worth considering basketball not only from an emotional and ethical point of view but also from a logical one, thus, the logos.
• The Aspects of Basketball in the American Society In the 1980s, the National Basketball Association was organized in order to represent the interests of the professional players and regulate the main principles of the sport.
• NBA Live 08 by EA Sports: History and Gameplay The last “generation” game to be released prior to the NBA Live series was NBA Showdown which was released in 1994 NBA Live 95 was the first of the series to be released and appeared […]
• San Antonio Spurs Analysis: The National Basketball Association San Antonio Spurs is one of the major teams in the National Basketball Association in the United States of America representing the city of San Antonio in the league.
• The US Basketball Teams’ Performance Analysis Data set was obtained from the NBA was categorical to the; NBA Team, year of specific games, points scored, and average level of the competence of the team.
• How White Privilege Works in Basketball White players are not obliged to understand or research the history of racism in sports and basketball. Non-white players are unable to be ignorant of race as they often encounter issues that have racism at […]
• Geometry Web Quest for Soccer, Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Golf, Volleyball and Pool Field for golf is the biggest and made of grass, sand and water and is the biggest and it has no fixed shape. Soccer field is made of grass or synthetic material and is the […]
• Plyometric Training Effects on Jumping Performance in Junior Basketball Players Before the training procedure, the maximum vertical jump height of the groups was recorded, as well as the results of isometric tests on the maximal voluntary force of hip and knee extensors and the rate […]
• The Business Side of NBA and Other Sports The use of sports and the development of mass media have facilitated the growth of professionalism in sports.”This has created some friction where by the money is seen as more important than the recreational aspect”.
• Sports Passion: Basketball in the Stadium Once the game is on and the ball is being dribbled on the court, spectators are glued to the ball and where it is.
• Kobe Bryant: “Beefsteak” in American Basketball History All through high school, he became star player on the courts and merited sufficient honors and triumphs to compensate for his lack of college basketball experience.
• Racial Diversity in the University Basketball Team In this tournament, I noted that the predominant races in most of the teams were African American and Caucasian. Although the lack of racial diversity in the University’s basketball team is apparent, few people seem […]
• National Basketball Association: Team Work From 1884 to 1889, the Spurs team had a rough time as they lost during all the four seasons, but with the help of Red McCombs, the originator, the team got encouraged and started improving.
• National Basketball Association’s Corporate Culture Therefore, it could be argued that emphasis on social issues, innovative approach to marketing, and size advantages are the main strengths of the league in the process of adaptation to the forces of globalization.
• Donald Sterling and National Basketball Association The scenario has attracted the attention of sports administrators and sociologists who have given their respective interpretations of the events that led to Sterling losing the ownership of the professional basketball franchise of the National […]
• NBA’s Corporate Culture Modernization Project The objective of this project is to explore the consequences for the NBA in terms of its social activity and to analyze the ways it will modernize its corporate culture to address the issues correctly.
• UC Riverside Men’s Basketball Team’s Social Media Marketing In order to increase credibility and maintain professionalism, the proposed website, twitter fan page, and Facebook channels will encompass processes and features that flawlessly facilitate a healthy lifetime relationship between social media and the UCR […]
• Sports and Entertainment Event in the USA: NBA Playoffs The NBA Playoffs is one of the favorite sporting events in the US. The viewer rating for the NBA Playoffs shows that this event is one of the biggest sports and entertainment events in the […]
• UCR Women’s Basketball Marketing Strategies Designing jerseys that contain a logo and the name of the basketball and selling them to fans, supporters, and sponsors effectively promote UCR Women’s Basketball.
• 2011 NBA Lockout: Public Relations Failure The NBA strike began on the 1st of July, 2011 and is still in effect until the time when the NBA owners and the National Basketball Players Association will make a deal.
• Comparison and Contrast of Jordan and Bird in the Game of Basketball
• Comparison Between Basketball and Soccer
• Comparison Between High School and College Basketball and Professional Basketball
• Analysis of the Basketball Community in New York City
• Analysis of the Basketball Game and Rules
• Analysis of the Fail to Succeed for Michael Jordan
• Analysis of the Impact of Money on Athletes in Relation to Basketball Players
• Basketball and Amateur Athletic Union
• Basketball Vs. Baseball
• Differences Between Amateur and Professional Basketball
• New York City Basketball Lost a Legendary Figure Last Week
• Middle Schools Should Return Middle School Basketball
• Effects of the Sport Education Model on University Students Game Performance and Content Knowledge in Basketball
• Employee Discipline and Basketball Referees: A Prediction Market Approach
• Greatest College Basketball Coach of All Time
• Basketball for Short People Basket to Be Lowered
• LeBron James Vs. Kevin Durant in NBA basketball
• Joseph Jefferson Jackson Missed Chance in the Basketball Hall of Fame
• Duration-Specific Peak Acceleration Demands During Professional Female Basketball Matches
• Identifying and Describing the Bad Boy in the Game of Basketball
• Market Evidence Against Widespread Point Shaving in College Basketball
• NBA During the 70s the Rise in Popularity of Basketball
• Suppose That the Price of Basketball Tickets at Your
• Clemon Tigers Men’s Basketball Team
• Broken Dreams and Predictable Future in Ex-Basketball Player by John Updike
• Relationship Between Outcome Uncertainties and Match Attendance: New Evidence in the National Basketball Association
• Joe Jackson Should Have a Place in the Basketball Hall of Fame
• Foreign Players and Competitive Balance in Greek Basketball and Handball Championships
• Practice and Feedback Methods to Improve Performance of Basketball Layups
• Factors determining production (FDP) in basketball
• Beckett Brenn High School All American Basketball Player
• Past, Present and Future of Lithuanian Basketball
• Basketball Comparison Clash Vince Carter
• Biography and Life Work of Basketball Player Michael Jordan
• Biography and Life Work of Larry Bird
• Life Work of Michael Jordan, an American Professional Basketball Player
• History of Basketball, a Popular Sport in America
• A Multicriteria Selection System Based on Player Performance
• Analysis of the Pyramid of Success from the Sports Successes of Basketball Coach John Wooden
• Proposal for a New Draft Process in the National Basketball Associations
• Basketball History: From Origins and Geographical Diffusion
• Basketball in Colleges University
• Basketball Shoes Product Positioning
• Basketball Is the Most Important Factor on Offense
• Benefits of Basketball Is the Most Productive Sport for Children
• Coaching High School Boys’ Basketball
• Corruption in College Basketball
• Consumption Benefits and Gambling: Evidence from the NCAA Basketball Betting Market
• Cultural Manifestation Via a Game of Street Basketball
• Developing a Basketball Training Program
• High School and Phenomenon Basketball Player
• Kobe Bryant: The Best Basketball Player of the Last Decade
• Leadership Qualities and Characteristics of Successful Basketball Coaches
• Marketing Plan for Basketball
• Methods and Techniques Used for Endurance Developing for the Basketball Beginner Teams
• Michael Jordan the Greatest of All Time National Basketball
• National Basketball Association and Cedar Park Center
• National Basketball Association and the Woman National Basketball Association
• Playing For Money / NBA Basketball Players and Personal Greed
• Professional Basketball Physical Performance and Genetic Predisposition
• Development and Evolution of Basketball
• Difference Between College and Professional Basketball
• Effect of Additional Police Force on Crime Rate: Evidence from Women’s Japan Basketball League
• History of Modern Basketball
• Media and Its Effects on the Sport of Basketball
• Women’s College Basketball History and Background
• Who Is Your Favorite Basketball Player?
• How Can Basketball Affect the Growth of a Child
• How a Basketball Player Vertical Jump Hang Time?
• Does Mental Imagery Improve the Performance of Free Throws in Basketball?
• Why Lebron Is the Best Basketball Player of His Time?
• What Muscles Does a Basketball Player Primarily Focus on?
• How Earl Lloyd Changed Basketball History?
• How Can Basketball Affect the Growth of a Child?
• What Does the Material Record Tell Us About Human Use of Space at the Basketball Courts?
• How Has Basketball Changed My Life?
• Does Basketball Star Endorsement Work in China?
• How to Increase Stamina in Basketball with Physical Exercises?
• Are Sunk Costs Irrelevant in the Basketball?
• How Did Basketball Influence the Philippines?
• How Does Gravity Limit my Potential as a Basketball Player?
• Do You Agree that Football Play is equal to Professional Athletes?
• What Does It Take to Be a Basketball Player?
• Does the Basketball Market Believe in the ‘Hot Hand’?
• How the Dream Team Changed Basketball Forever?
• How Basketball Statistics Affect Winning Percentage for NCAA Division?
• Are Former Professional Basketball Athletes and Native Better Coaches?
• What Does Basketball Look Like Without Michael Jordan?
• Does Early Career Achievement Lead in the Basketball to Earlier Death?
• Are Professional Basketball Players Reference-Dependent?
• Does Gender Affect Compensation Among NCAA Basketball Coaches?
• How Being a Basketball Player Teaches You to Handle Defeat?
• Are You Someone Waiting to Enter the World of Basketball?
• What a Basketball Player Should Eat?
• How Is Basketball Affected by Biomechanics?
• Should College Basketball Be Banned?
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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114 Basketball Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

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Title: 114 Basketball Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Introduction:

Basketball is a popular and dynamic sport that has captivated the hearts of millions worldwide. Whether you are an avid player, a die-hard fan, or simply interested in sports, writing an essay about basketball can offer a unique and engaging experience. To help you get started, we have compiled a list of 114 basketball essay topic ideas and examples. From historical milestones to the impact of basketball on society, these topics cover a wide range of aspects related to the sport. Let's explore some of the exciting possibilities!

• The Evolution of Basketball: From its inception to modern-day techniques and strategies.
• The Impact of Basketball on American Culture: How basketball has influenced music, fashion, and entertainment.
• The Role of Women in Basketball: Examining the growth and contributions of female athletes in the sport.
• The Psychological Benefits of Basketball: Exploring the positive effects of playing basketball on mental health.
• The Business of Basketball: Analyzing the economic aspects of the sport, including sponsorships and endorsements.
• The Importance of Teamwork in Basketball: Discussing how collaboration and cooperation contribute to success on the court.
• The Role of Coaches in Basketball: Investigating the influence of coaches on player development and team performance.
• The Impact of Basketball on Youth Development: Examining how basketball can shape character, discipline, and leadership skills.
• The Rivalry Between NBA Teams: Analyzing legendary rivalries and their impact on the sport.
• The Psychology of Winning and Losing in Basketball: Exploring the mindset of athletes during victories and defeats.
• The Influence of Basketball in Education: Assessing the benefits of integrating basketball into school curricula.
• The Globalization of Basketball: Investigating how the sport has spread and gained popularity worldwide.
• The Role of Basketball in Social Justice Movements: Examining the efforts of basketball players to advocate for equality and social change.
• The Impact of Basketball Analytics: Analyzing the use of data and statistics in basketball strategy and player evaluation.
• The Role of Basketball in Community Development: Discussing how basketball programs can foster a sense of belonging and unity in local communities.

To provide a glimpse into the potential depth and breadth of basketball essay topics, here are a few examples:

• The Legendary Rivalry: Comparing and contrasting the rivalry between Magic Johnson and Larry Bird.
• The Rise of Women's Basketball: Investigating the evolution of the WNBA and its impact on gender equality in sports.
• The Influence of Michael Jordan: Analyzing the cultural impact and legacy of one of the greatest basketball players of all time.
• From Slum to Stardom: Exploring the inspiring journey of basketball players who overcame adversity to achieve success.
• The Global Phenomenon: Examining the impact of Yao Ming on the popularity of basketball in China.
• The Power of Basketball Films: Analyzing how movies like "Hoosiers" and "Space Jam" have contributed to the sport's cultural significance.
• The NBA and Social Activism: Discussing the efforts of players like LeBron James and Colin Kaepernick in advocating for social justice.

Conclusion:

Basketball offers a vast array of essay topics that can captivate and inspire both sports enthusiasts and academic minds alike. Whether you choose to delve into historical moments, cultural impacts, or the psychology behind the sport, exploring the various aspects of basketball can lead to thought-provoking and engaging essays. The 114 topic ideas and examples provided here are just the tip of the iceberg, so feel free to dive deeper and discover your own unique basketball essay topics.

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60 Best Basketball Topics From Sports Experts

To some students, basketball is an apple of the eye to them. Since it is one of the sports offered at the high school, college, or university level, it is easy to develop interest at a young age. However, the problem might arise when your lecture assigns you a basketball research paper.

You might be the team’s pro but an amateur when it comes to crafting a succinct basketball research topic. If this is you, then this article is specifically meant for you. We have a list of professional basketball research paper topics to help you write a top-tier paper.

What To Consider When Writing Basketball Topics

The first thing you will need to understand is that basketball is a fun sport. Therefore, the topic should also be in line with the genre. It is not like a technical science field where the topics look like that serious math tutor.

Topics for a basketball paper should:

Be short and straight to the point Be fun and exciting from the very onset Display the specific aspect you wish to cover Give your reader a chance to feel the thrill of the game

Because basketball is a competition, objectivity should always remain supreme. Do not write a topic that will sideline one team over the other. Ensure that you are not carried by emotions, especially when writing on your team, which lost a particular match.

Let’s now draw our focus to some of the latest basketball topics that can guarantee you tip-top grades:

Basketball Research Paper Topics For College

• What is the minimum wage that basketball athletes in college should receive?
• The role of the NBA in mentoring basketball superstars at college and university levels
• What are some of the challenges facing upcoming basketball players in college?
• Reasons why basketball should be introduced as a compulsory course for college students
• The health benefits of playing basketball to college students
• How students can balance between basketball and their academics

Research Papers on Basketball History

• What are the roots of basketball as a sport in the USA?
• Discuss the developments made in the basketball arena since its inception
• When was basketball first played in the US and its implications in the sporting world
• Evaluate major milestones made in basketball coaching and administration
• analyze the perception of basketball as a sport in the 1990s
• Compare and contrast the differences in basketball referring to its inception to now

Topics For Research Paper on Basketball Tactics

• Discuss why junior players are not allowed to shoot at 10-foot rims
• Why is post defense always behind, 3/4 front, or full front?
• How to best play against zone defenses and full-court pressure
• The best team-building exercises for basketball players
• Discuss ‘defending ball screens’ in youth basketball defense
• How effective is a man to man defense vs. zone at the youth basketball level?

Basketball Presentation Ideas

• How to teach basketball to amateur and professional players
• The most effective way of organizing practices for basketball in winter
• Discuss the strategies of selecting offenses, defenses, and plays in basketball.
• What to do after losing a basketball game to strong opponents
• What are the best conditioning and nutrition tips for basketball players?
• Research on the mental aspects behind every basketball game

Basketball Project Topics

• Useful training aids for basketball players in summer
• How basketball as a sport impacts a player’s physical health
• Does basketball require players to live a particular lifestyle?
• How to start a basketball culture in developing countries
• Why nutritionists and coaches need to collaborate
• Reasons why doping remains a thorn in the flesh for basketball professionals

Basketball Topics To Write About In High School

• Should we regard basketball icons as role models?
• Is basketball too dangerous for players with underlying health conditions?
• Ways of playing basketball in the wake of COVID-19
• How to manage time as a professional basketball player
• Why basketball players need psychological support after a loss
• The role of fans in a basketball match

NBA Basketball Topics

• The effects of coronavirus on NBA basketball competitions
• The influence of the Black Lives Matter campaign on the basketball
• Resumption of NBA basketball games after the lockdown
• The political influence in basketball as a profession
• The role of the media in covering NBA sporting events
• Discuss the impact of racism on basketball player selection

Basketball Documentary Topics

• Global COVID-19 aid to players and teams
• How the sports world continues to aid communities
• Considerations for the National Basketball Association’s trade deadlines
• The impact of stylish looks among basketball players
• How basketball contributes to creativity in the mainstream media
• The effectiveness of basketball matches without fans

Common Basketball Injuries Research Topics

• Foot/ankle injuries to the lower extreme
• Causes of hip/thigh injuries
• Why knee injuries are common to basketball players
• Hand/wrist dislocations
• Face/head injuries
• Muscle strains

Greatest Basketball Topics

• Strengthening training squats in basketball
• Jumping drills for NBA players
• The importance of zigzag drill
• Difference between a strain and a sprain
• Tips for keeping ACL injuries at bay
• Strength and stability exercise

Finding world-class basketball topics has never been easier. You can also seek professional research paper writing help from our experts online.

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105 Basketball Research Paper Topics You Need to Know

Dec 23, 2022 | 0 comments

Dec 23, 2022 | Topics | 0 comments

Basketball is a popular sport with a rich history and a strong following worldwide. There are many interesting topics to write about that you could explore in a basketball research paper, whether you are a fan of the sport or want to learn more about it. Here are basketball research paper topics that you may want to consider:

Best Basketball Research Paper topics

• The development of female basketball and the challenges faced by female players
• The history of high school basketball and its impact on young athletes
• The evolution of college basketball and the role of NCAA rules and regulations
• People who have contributed to the growth and success of basketball, including coaches, players, and administrators
• The media’s influence on basketball and the way it is portrayed in popular culture
• The positive and negative impacts of basketball on players and communities
• The role of cross-gender coaching in the development of basketball players
• The benefits of playing basketball, including physical, mental, and social benefits
• The impact of sporting events like the Olympics and World Cup on the popularity of basketball
• The history of professional basketball and the evolution of leagues like the NBA
• The role of figures in the basketball world, including players, coaches, and administrators
• The importance of defense and strategies for defending ball screens
• The role of team dynamics in the success of a basketball team
• The psychology of professional basketball players and how it affects their performance
• The history of basketball and its evolution from a simple game to a global phenomenon
• The social and cultural significance of basketball in different parts of the world
• The impact of technology on basketball, including the use of video analysis and performance tracking
• The role of nutrition and training in the development of basketball players
• The influence of coaches on the success of a basketball team and the strategies they use
• The role of statistics in analyzing and evaluating basketball players and teams

Simple Basketball Research Paper topics

• The use of analytics in scouting and recruiting players for college and professional teams
• The impact of injuries on the performance and careers of basketball players
• The role of mental toughness and resilience in the success of basketball players
• The impact of social media on the careers and public image of basketball players
• The role of sponsorships and endorsements in the business of basketball
• The importance of leadership and teamwork in the success of a basketball team
• The impact of gender and cultural diversity on the success of a basketball team
• The influence of coaches and trainers on the development of young basketball players
• The role of psychology in helping basketball players overcome challenges and achieve success
• The impact of coaching style and philosophy on the success of a basketball team
• The role of psychology in helping basketball players cope with pressure and adversity
• The impact of parental involvement on the development and success of young basketball players
• The role of nutrition and training in the prevention of injuries in basketball
• The impact of mental toughness and resilience on the performance of basketball players
• The influence of social media on the public image and reputation of basketball players
• The role of sponsorships and endorsements in the marketing and promotion of basketball
• The importance of teamwork and communication in the success of a basketball team
• The impact of gender and cultural diversity on the dynamics of a basketball team
• The role of leadership in the success of a basketball team and the strategies used by coaches to develop leaders
• The influence of coaching style and philosophy on the performance and success of a basketball team
• The impact of parental involvement on the development and performance of young basketball players

Interesting Basketball Research Paper topics

• The development of female basketball and the challenges faced by female players.
• The role of high school basketball in the development of young players.
• The differences between college basketball and professional basketball.
• The people who have contributed to the growth and evolution of basketball, such as James Naismith, Wilt Chamberlain, and Michael Jordan.
• The media’s influence on basketball, including the impact of televised games and social media.
• The ways basketball can affect individuals and communities include physical health, mental health, and social connections.
• The benefits of playing basketball include physical exercise, teamwork, and personal growth.
• The history of basketball includes the game’s origin and evolution over time.
• The role of national basketball leagues, such as the NBA and WNBA, in promoting the sport globally.
• The art of defending ball screens and how it has evolved.
• The negative impacts of basketball include the potential for injury and the impact on physical health.
• The controversy is surrounding cross-gender coaching in basketball.
• The importance of team dynamics in a successful basketball team.
• The lives of professional basketball players, including their training regimes, personal lives, and the challenges they face.
• The evolution of basketball equipment, including the development of shoes and other gear.
• The role of statistics in basketball, including the use of advanced metrics and data analysis.
• The impact of social media on basketball players and teams.
• The influence of international players on the sport of basketball.
• The role of sponsorships and endorsements in the world of professional basketball.
• The importance of mental toughness in basketball and how it can be developed.

Basketball Research Paper Topics for High School

• The role of coaches in the development of young players and the success of a team.
• The impact of injuries on the careers of basketball players.
• The role of team management and front office personnel in the success of a basketball team.
• The importance of physical conditioning in basketball and the various training methods players use.
• The impact of social media on the way basketball games are watched and followed by fans.
• The history of basketball in the Olympics and the impact of international competition on the sport.
• The role of analytics in the modern basketball game, including advanced statistics and data analysis.
• The influence of social media on the recruitment and scouting process in basketball.
• The internet and streaming services impact how fans watch and follow basketball games.
• The role of agents and player representation in the world of professional basketball.
• The impact of international leagues on the development of young players and the growth of the sport globally.
• The role of fan culture and fan behavior in the world of basketball.
• The history of basketball in the United States and its evolution over time.
• The role of the media in shaping public perception of basketball players and teams.
• The impact of social media on the way basketball players and teams are marketed and promoted.
• The role of scouting and player development in the success of a basketball team.
• The NCAA and its rules impact young players’ development and the sport’s future.
• The history of the NBA and its evolution over time.
• The role of sports science and technology in the development and training of basketball players.
• The impact of social media on the way fans follow and interact with their favorite players and teams.

Basketball Research Paper Topics for College Students

• The influence of coaching styles and strategies on the success of a basketball team.
• The impact of international tournaments, such as the FIBA World Cup, on basketball’s global popularity and growth.
• The role of fan engagement and social media in the marketing and promotion of basketball teams and players.
• The impact of sponsorship deals and endorsements on the financial success of basketball teams and players.
• The role of analytics and data analysis in the scouting and evaluation of players in basketball.
• The impact of social media on the way basketball games are analyzed and covered by the media.
• The influence of social media on the way the public perceives basketball players and teams.
• The role of mental toughness and mental training in the success of basketball players and teams.
• The impact of social media on the way basketball teams and players interact with their fans.
• The role of analytics and data analysis in developing strategies and game plans in basketball.
• The impact of social media on the way fans consume and follow basketball news and content.
• The influence of social media on the way basketball players and teams engage with their fans and promote their brand.
• The role of analytics and data analysis in evaluating basketball player performance and team success.
• The impact of social media on how basketball players and teams communicate with each other and fans.
• The role of analytics and data analysis in the scouting and recruitment of players in basketball.
• The impact of social media on the way basketball players and teams market themselves and their brands.
• The role of analytics and data analysis in developing advanced statistics and metrics in basketball.
• The influence of social media on the way basketball players and teams share content and interact with their followers.
• The role of analytics and data analysis in optimizing basketball player usage and game strategies.
• The impact of social media on the way basketball players and teams engage with their fans and promote their brand.
• The role of analytics and data analysis in analyzing and interpreting advanced statistics and metrics in basketball.
• The influence of social media on the way basketball players and teams share their experiences and personalities with their fans.
• The impact of social media on the way basketball players and teams connect with their fans and promote their brand.
• The role of analytics and data analysis in the analysis and interpretation of advanced statistics and metrics

Final Thoughts

As you can see, there are countless topics to explore in a basketball research paper. From the development of female basketball to the impact of social media on the sport, these topics cover a wide range of subjects and offer plenty of opportunities for research and analysis. Whether you are interested in the history of the game, the technical aspects of play, or the basketball business, there is a topic here that will suit your interests and curiosity. So if you want to write a great basketball research paper, these topics should give you plenty of inspiration and ideas to get started.

With a passion for education and student empowerment, I create blog content that speaks directly to the needs and interests of students. From study hacks and productivity tips to career exploration and personal development

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148 Excellent Basketball Essay & Speech Topics for Students

If you want to write a memorable essay on basketball, you have chosen the right article.

Are you a player, or do you prefer to watch the game? Doesn’t matter! We all are here to write a good essay about basketball. Read this article to find some ideas and inspiration. We have prepared a list of 150 basketball essay titles for you!

• 🏀 Top 20 Basketball Topics
• 🗑️ Topics for Any Taste
• ⛹️‍♀️ Basketball Research Topics
• ⛹️‍♂️ Basketball Speech Topics
• 📚 Basketball Inspiration

If you don’t know much about basketball, you can learn from this article!

Check each section to find the best topic! First are the hottest 20 basketball topics – these are the themes relevant all the time. The following selection suggests topics for literally any taste; then read topics for research about basketball. And, finally, basketball speech topics, in case you have to prepare a speech about basketball.

🏀 Top 20 Basketball Essay Topics

• The history of NBA creation and its influence in the modern world.
• Do elite basketball athletes deserve their high salaries?
• Basketball athletes train hard: describe their workout and eating routines.
• Salary discrimination in NBA .
• The benefits of basketball socialization among children and young adults.
• Basketball vs. football. What are the key differences between the games?
• How to become a successful professional basketball player?
• Playing basketball in high school and college helps to develop communicational skills.
• How was basketball created and popularized?
• Doping ussue in basketball.
• Basketball at the Olympic games. The critical historical moments.
• Gender inequality in basketball.
• Is professional basketball an appropriate type of sport for amateurs?
• The psychological benefits of team sports. The case of basketball.
• Playing basketball is an excellent activity for people with sedentary lifestyles.
• The dangers of playing basketball: from bullying to physical traumas.
• The culture of basketball among American citizens 20 years ago and today.
• Management and marketing of basketball.
• Does talent or persistence play a primary role in a basketball career?
• Why do basketball fans support particular teams or players?

🗑️ Basketball Essay Topics for Any Taste

In this section, you will find basketball essay ideas on various topics: game rules, rules violation, famous basketball players, college & high school basketball essay, and funny basketball essay topics. Make sure to read them all and choose the best one!

Basketball Essay Topics: Rules of the Game

• Who created the rules of the basketball game? Describe James Naismith, the teacher who started the game. What was his incentive? How did he develop the idea?
• What were the original 13 rules of dr. James Naismith? Basketball rules were not the same as we can see them today. Compare the modern practices with the original ones.
• Why are there only five players on a basketball court? At first, there was no rule like this. There could be seven or even eight players on the court.
• The main types of basketball shots and the scoring. Explain the types of shots from different lines. Write about shooting techniques.
• The requirements for basketball courts: the size and the markings. You can write about it from a historical perspective and describe the changes. Also, you can talk about men’s and women’s basketball courts.
• Using foul strategy in basketball.
• The differences between the rules in NBA, WNBA, and NCAA .
• The way basketball rules changed over time.
• The rules of the offense and defense teams : the key differences.
• The rule differences for men and women in basketball.

Basketball Essay Topics: Rules Violation

• The primary rule violations in basketball. You can write about traveling, the 5-second rule, etc. explain why they are breaking the rules and when they appeared.
• NBA rule number 10: violations and penalties. Describe the critical moments of rules violation, provide the corresponding sections of the rule, and explain the cases.
• Fights and quarrels between basketball teams during games. Provide some examples of the most famous fights and reasons for them. Include media coverage and overall reaction.
• The consequences of breaking the rules in basketball. Explain what the difference between the occurring fouls and violations is.
• Time, dribbling, and goaltending violations in basketball. Describe each type of violation and why they happen.
• Non-foul and foul rules violations in basketball.
• Describe penalties for different types of fouls .
• What are the most common types of basketball infringement?
• Performance-enhancing drugs in basketball.
• Steroids in basketball. Legalized and prohibited supplements .

Basketball Essay Topics about Famous Players

• Michael Jordan : training program, lifestyle, and habits. No doubt, he is one of the key players of all time. Write about Michael Jordan’s routine and explain why it helped him to achieve such results.
• Bill Russell : one of the greatest defenders of all time. Explain how he earned such a reputation playing for Boston Celtics. Describe his rebounding abilities.
• Lebron James’s sports career and social activity. There were several teams he played for, including the US national team. He is also a supporter of several non-profit organizations and has an active social life.
• Earvin “Magic” Johnson’s charity and struggles with AIDS. Describe his HIV activism and participation in the national commission on AIDS. Write about the charity events he organized .
• Oscar Robertson’s statistics and contribution to basketball. Write about his achievements during the 1963-1964 season. Mention his key career points.
• Who is the most famous basketball player of today?
• Larry Bird’s biography and his way to success.
• How Lebron James became one of the most significant players of all time?
• How Wilt Chamberlain changed basketball as a sport?
• How Tim Duncan earned his nickname “the Big Fundamental?”

College & High School Basketball Essay Topics

• A basketball scholarship is a way to start a successful career. Many professional players begin their career playing for a college team. Explain why scholarships give young players a chance to become pros.
• Why do children feel less motivated to play active games? The reason might be the role of mobile phones and other technologies, lack of time, or overprotective parents.
• The benefits of playing basketball for children. Like any active sport, basketball has a positive effect on physical development. Describe why sports, especially team games, are suitable for children.
• The role of team sports in high school and college. Players, fans, and competition. Describe how this system is organized, the (un)written rules, the distribution of roles, and other aspects.
• Why are team games such as basketball important in children’s development?
• Basketball, volleyball or football: which game is the safest for children?
• What life lessons can basketball teach children?
• How to motivate young players and keep them interested?
• Why do children dream of becoming basketball players?
• The significance of basketball championships at the college level.

Funny Basketball Essay Topics

• How many calories do professional basketball players consume?
• What is the scariest thing to a basketball player?
• The funniest nicknames given to basketball players.
• How being tall as a basketball player changes your life?
• Why was the ball color changed to orange?
• What are the hilarious rules that don’t make sense?
• Simulation and exaggerating in basketball: lousy acting.
• Why were Jordan sneakers banned from the NBA?
• The funniest basketball variations that are surprisingly popular.
• The shortest and the tallest players in NBA.

⛹️‍♀️ Excellent Topics for a Basketball Research Paper

Now, if it is more serious than an essay – here are some good topics to write a basketball research paper on. The history of basketball, psychology research, and some controversial topics for a good basketball research paper – will make a great paper.

Women’s Basketball Topics

• Gender inequality in team sports. Is women’s basketball a popular sport? Compare several team sports. Write about media coverage, pay gaps, and other statistics.
• The portrayal of female basketball players in the media. Describe the most popular women in the sport and their public appearances covered by the media.
• Levels of competition in women’s basketball in the United States. Describe college games, types of professional leagues, and international competitions.
• Women basketball players in cinematography and literature. The three films that you might need are O ff The Rez , She Got Game , and Training Rules . You can also compare them to men’s portrayal in cinema about basketball.
• The history of WNBA creation and its role in women’s sports.
• An overview of the professional leagues in women’s basketball.
• Why do female basketball players receive a lower income than men ?
• The best women’s basketball teams of all time.
• The best women basketball players of all time.
• The career competition among women basketball players in the United States.

Topics for a Paper about Basketball History

• Basketball uniform variations and changes through history. Basketball exists more than one hundred years. Indeed, materials and styles change. Discuss the significant modifications in uniform and footwear.
• The evolution of basketball: significant changes and perception . Describe how a school game became one of the most popular team sports.
• The first basketball game in Europe: Paris , 1983. Explain why it was an important sport event and what its impact was. What challenges did they face?
• Top highest-scoring game in NBA history . You can write about the statistics of each game. Mention the members of the teams who played the most prominent roles in the result.
• The Naismith memorial basketball hall of fame . Describe the location and the members. Explain who built it and why.
• Basketball in the 20th century and now. What is different?
• The early years of basketball. How did the sport become popular?
• How the culture of basketball evolved and changed?
• The greatest basketball coaches in history and their contribution to the sports.
• The role of YMCA in basketball popularization.

Controversial Basketball Topics for Research

• Cardiovascular diseases and joint problems among professional players. Each professional sport is a risk of trauma. Describe typical injuries and illnesses among basketball players .
• “No tolerance rule” and technical fouls injustice. NBA created a new rule at the start of the 2006-2007 season. Officials can sign technical fouls to players who complain about calls.
• The connection between basketball and politics in the modern world. Describe the political positions of NBA players. Write about protests and activism.
• The bond between basketball and hip-hop culture . Explain the influence of hip-hop subculture on the sport. Then, describe famous players’ music careers.
• Bullying and accusations of racism in basketball. Write about the issues and famous examples. Then, describe the positions of associations and the way they fight the problems.
• When is the right time for professional basketball players to retire?
• Injuries in basketball. Is it possible to avoid or prevent them ?
• A career in sports: pros and cons of choice.
• Do great basketball players inevitably become great coaches?
• Should tournaments be held during the lockdown?

Basketball Psychology Research Paper Topics

• Basketball is a way to cure mental illnesses. How do sports help mental health? What are the benefits of team sports in particular?
• Sports psychologist: the primary responsibilities of the profession. Research the spheres of their work. It might be motivation, anxiety , or rehabilitation.
• Why do basketball athletes need to train their minds? Sports are challenging not only on the physical level. Discuss why mental stamina is vital for athletes.
• Mental pressure in professional basketball: the ways to deal with it. Pro players deal with a lot of attention. Media, fans, and haters – how to fight all the negative coming from the outside?
• The bond between mindfulness and exemplary performance in basketball. Write about typical practices of athletes and how it affects performance. Physical and psychological relief with the help of basketball. Myth or reality?
• The benefits of playing basketball for curing depression.
• How can your attitude to life change performance in basketball?
• Why do professional athletes struggle with depression and stress after retirement?
• How can basketball affect the mental health of the players?

⛹️‍♂️ Good Topics for a Speech about Basketball

Do you need to prepare a speech about basketball? Consider these themes: iconic basketball moments, international basketball, motivational and informative topics about basketball.

Speech about Basketball Iconic Moments

• Karem Abdul-Jabaar won his sixth MVP award in 1980. It is NBA’s most valuable player award. Explain why he deserved the honor and what its significance was.
• Shaquille O’Neal became one of the “50 greatest players in history” at the age of 24. In October 1996, he became a part of the NBA’s top 50. It was a great honor to join the list at such a young age.
• Magic Johnson at 1980 finals, game 6. It was one of the greatest moments in his career. Magic Johnson scored 42 points, and the Lakers won the game.
• Michael Jordan’s final shot at the finals of 1998. NBA finals of 1998 have the highest TV rating in history. It was his last game for Chicago Bulls before retirement.
• Bill Russell: top 10 iconic moments in his career.
• Michael Jordan’s most significant moments in NBA history.
• Game 5 between Boston Celtics and Phoenix Suns in 1976.
• What was the most excellent game in basketball history?
• The 1965 eastern division finals . Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain’s rivalry.
• Larry Bird’s steal at the eastern conference finals in 1987.

Topics for a Speech about International Basketball

• FIBA: the eight founding nations and amateur sport. FIBA was founded in 1932 in Geneva as an amateur organization. At first, there were only seven national associations.
• The popularity of basketball outside the United States. Of course, Americans were the first nation to popularize the sport worldwide. These days basketball is one of the most famous team sports in any country.
• The United States “Dream Team” and the 1992 summer Olympics . It was the first national team in which were only pro players from the NBA. Discuss their legacy and performance.
• Basketball in South Africa: BSA and teams . BSA is a part of FIBA and consists of six national teams. Discuss the impact of NBA and FIBA on basketball in Africa.
• Basketball in East Asian countries : the influence of the cultural aspects . Discuss the pro and amateur leagues. Talk about basketball’s popularity among children and adults.
• The differences between basketball leagues in Europe and the USA. International basketball association organization and franchises.
• FIBA Europe. How is it organized?
• Famous European basketball teams and athletes.
• Professional basketball leagues outside the United States.

Topics for a Basketball Motivational Speech

• Famous basketball players as role models for the young generation . Many young boys and girls want to become rich and famous athletes. Write about why they like basketball players and use them as role models.
• Michael Jordan: from a pro player to a successful brand owner. It was hard for him to retire fully, so he even came back several times. Now he is an owner of the Jordan brand and a billionaire.
• Why mental stamina is as important as physical abilities. Talk about stress and pressure pro players face in their careers.
• The advice of famous basketball players on building a career in sports. Talk about renowned player’s interview moments when they answer this question. You can also include their speeches in front of young players.
• What motivates successful basketball players to achieve more?
• How much does it take to become a professional basketball player?
• Why basketball community is the best way to motivate junior athletes?
• How successful basketball players manage their time?
• How do coaches motivate their team before essential games?
• Why is discipline more essential than talent in basketball?

Informative Speech About Basketball

• The greatest basketball exhibition games in history. There are usually eight NBA preseason games per year. You can also discuss college exhibition games.
• Basketball tournaments and workouts during coronavirus pandemic . Discuss how the pandemic changed the lives of athletes and fans . Describe the training routine and safety measures.
• The significance of basketball Guinness records . The highest jump, the longest shot, the fastest run, etc. Discuss the impact of the records.
• The responsibilities of basketball officials during tournaments. There are two or three referees with a court area to watch for each one. Discuss their positions and roles in the game.
• How do basketball players train in winter and summer?
• How are basketball training programs developed and implemented?
• Basketball terminology and slang. How to sound like a pro?
• Basketball coaching and teaching styles vital differences.
• Professional basketball player’s training and nutrition facts.
• The importance of keeping the positions in professional basketball teams.

💡 Where to Get Ideas for a Basketball Essay or Speech?

There are so many movies, books, and blogs about basketball. They can be motivational, informing, and even touching. Each of them can inspire you to start playing basketball or to write a perfect essay.

We offer to pay attention to the following cultural product

Wondering what books are informative and engaging at the same time? Just choose one from this list! Here are our top picks.

• ‘The Breaks of the Game’ (1981) by David Halberstam
• ‘A Season on the Brink’ (1986) by John Feinstein
• ‘The Jordan Rules’ (1991) by Sam Smith
• ‘Pistol: The Life of Pete Maravich’ (2007) by Mark Kriegel
• ‘Eleven Rings: The Soul of Success’ (2013) by Phil Jackson and Hugh Delehanty
• ‘Dream Team’ (2013) by Jack McCallum

Do you enjoy watching movies? Well, it is a great idea to prepare your assignment while doing what you love. Check our compilation

• ‘He Got Game’ (1998), dir. Spike Lee
• ‘White Men Can’t Jump’ (1992), dir. Ron Shelton
• ‘The Basketball Diaries’ (1996), dir. Scott Kalvert
• ‘Coach Carter’ (2005), dir. Thomas Carter
• ‘Love and Basketball’ (2000), dir. Gina Prince-Bythewood
• ‘High Flying Bird’ (2019), dir. Steven Soderbergh

For more ideas, see this list: The 20 Best Basketball Movies Ever Made

Media + Blogs

It is a great way to read some real-life stories and to know a lot of new information. You can read blogs about sports lifestyles, basketball championships, and training routines.

• International Basketball Federation (FIBA) – FIBA.basketball
• HoopsHype | NBA Rumors, News, Salaries
• RealGM – Basketball News, Rumors, Scores, Stats, Analysis, Depth Charts, Forums
• The official site of the NBA for the latest NBA Scores, Stats & News. | NBA.com
• NBA – National Basketball Association Teams, Scores, Stats, News, Standings, Rumors – ESPN
• Latest Basketball News & Headlines, Top Stories Today – The Straits Times
• SLAM: NBA News & Rumors, Kicks, College & High School, Hoops 24/7
• The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Hope this article will help you feel the game and write a great essay!

Try our free essay topic generator if you need more ideas.

Good luck, and feel free to contact us with any question👋

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Striking Basketball Research Paper Topics

Basketball is today one of the most popular and widely viewed sports all over the world. Rising to fame in the middle of the 20th century, the game has evolved to becoming the marker of commercially successful sports business. The tremendous popularity of the game has made it highly favored in the academic niche, leading students to build up basketball research paper topics at both colleges and universities. Given the vast scope of the research designed for this game has, choosing the subject of basketball for an academic paper is an obvious option for young scholars.

Still, it sometimes gets hard to come up with the best topic associated with this sport, no matter how avid a fan of for basketball the writer is. The niche is encompassed by a huge miscellany of topics and paper a few ideas, and this might be what puzzles writers the absolute most. Hence, generating a mind-bending number of basketball research topics must be something that’s worth its weight in gold. We our research has generated the ultimate set of topics for basketball academic papers merely to take the responsibility off the hundreds of students stuck making use of their scholarly routine.

A Golden Choice of Basketball Research Topics

• The history of basketball.
• The impact of basketball on the player’s physical health.
• Unique approaches in creating training programs for basketball players.
• Why do boffins and basketball coaches have to work together?
• Sociological approach to the forming of basketball leaders.
• Particular qualities of nutritional support for young players.
• Risk factors for cardiovascular disease of varied kinds of in basketball.
• Why basketball culture should be promoted in developing nations.
• The utilization of neuro-linguistic programming in increasing results in basketball.
• Psychological and physiological aspects of doping in basketball.

Basketball Essay Topics

• Exactly why is bullying in basketball teams not stopped?
• Just how to cope with an accident in a basketball game.
• Should we cultivate the love for basketball in kids?
• Who's the best NBA basketball player of all time?
• Healthy career, unhealthy retirement.
• Basketball is too dangerous for players.
• Why do university basketball players struggle with time management?
• Elite sports players deserve their enormous income.
• Performance enhancement through biotechnology doesn't have place in sports.
• The problems that happen in coaching and the techniques of coaching.

Basketball Speech A few ideas: Persuasive Speech

• Should basketball players be viewed as role models for young ones?
• Should basketball fans be somehow censored?
• Not totally all great basketball players can be good coaches.
• All forms of betting on basketball games must certanly be prohibited.
• University basketball players can be smart – don’t fall prey to stereotypes.
• Students should receives a commission for playing basketball.
• Even good basketball coaches can lose their self-control.
• In the place of being prohibited, the use of steroids should be legalized and monetized.
• Press conferences must be made mandatory for basketball players.
• Sports is the best stress reliever and reducer of obesity.

Basketball Speech Some ideas: Informative Speech

• Just why is it better to start playing basketball at an early age?
• How can modern technologies impact basketball?
• The impact of sports on the emotional well-being of a player.
• Basketball and physiological reactions.
• Basketball trainers and training strategies.
• Basketball psychologists: why are they needed?
• Basketball as a business.
• Prejudices against basketball players.
• Basketball as a political instrument.
• Is professional basketball harmful to health?

Generating a topic for the basketball research paper or essay is challenging. You will find more Sports Research Paper Topics on our site if you need more general topic.

Even as we stressed before, considering the levels of information on the niche that can have scientific application, a writer will likely save money time on deciding on the subject than creating the paper itself. This all-around compilation of research topics on basketball will suit every student willing to demonstrate their sports savvy in their paper.

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Home — Essay Samples — Life — Sports — Basketball

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Basketball Research Paper Topics

Basketball is a game played between two opposing teams in which goals are scored by shooting a ball through the opponent’s hoop. Although many students enjoy playing basketball, most of them don’t care to examine some facts about basketball and discover how it impacts their lives. Schools sometimes give students the opportunity to discover facts about basketball by asking them to write basketball research papers. Despite how familiar basketball is, a lot of students find it challenging to get what to write about it. We’ve noticed that the primary reason why students face this challenge is not their lack of knowledge about basketball, but their inability to come up with interesting topics. We’ve decided to help students overcome the challenge they are facing by listing the best basketball research paper topics here. You will see these topics as you read on. All the basketball research paper topics ideas that we listed below are simple to research. Each of the topics will make students discover many facts that are useful for both their research papers and personal life. By using the topics below for a research paper, students will make the most out of their research papers.

• The development of female basketball
• How the media influences basketball
• Why drug use in basketball is dangerous
• Cardiovascular diseases in professional basketball players
• How the Issue of racism affects campus basketball
• What people need to know about safety in basketball
• How college basketball impacts upon performance
• The use of advanced metrics in basketball
• The essentials of aftercare for injured basketball players
• Does college basketball influence academic performance?
• National Basketball Championship
• How taxpayers money contributes to the development of basketball
• How to minimize injuries in basketball
• Life after retirement from basketball
• Health risks associated with the use of drugs in basketball
• People who contributed significantly to the evolution of basketball
• How to defend ball screens
• The role of talent in basketball
• How effective is cross-gender coaching in basketball?
• How to promote cooperation among team members in basketball
• How the use of steroids affects the performance of a basketball player
• Safety rules to keep in mind while playing basketball
• How basketball influences the mental health of professional basketball players
• Personalities whose contributions the development of basketball are neglected
• The history of basketball
• How the game of basketball changed in the last two decades
• How does basketball affect the brain development of kids that play basketball?
• The problems associated with cross-gender coaching
• Why basketball training is essential
• Why basketball players are liable to get cardiovascular diseases
• The most prominent figures in the basketball world
• The personalities that are considered to be the most talented basketball players
• The standard fitness that basketball requires
• Why basketball workout is important
• What is the average energy that a basketball player uses to play basketball for thirty minutes?
• How is basketball a game of communication?
• How basketball influences the physical health of those who play it regularly
• Why basketball is a productive sport for children
• The benefits of playing basketball
• How does basketball affect the agility of basketball players?
• The negative impacts of basketball on basketball players
• The parts of the body that develop significantly in people who play basketball regularly
• The parts of the body that are actively involved in the game of basketball
• Metabolic activities that take place within the body of a basketball player in the course of playing basketball
• How basketball affects the nervous system
• How does basketball affect women who play it regularly?
• Competition within a basketball team
• How does basketball affect the rate of respiration?
• Why basketball players need to develop the ability to focus
• The responsibilities of the National Basketball Association
• How the rules of basketball ensure the safety of basketball players
• Effects of practicing in basketball
• High school basketball stars
• How does coaching help a basketball player develop non-transferable skills?
• How does basketball promote physical fitness?
• How biomechanics affects basketball
• What is the physics of basketball
• How basketball players apply the laws of motion in the course of playing basketball
• What are the angular aspects of basketball?
• Why good jump shot is very important in basketball
• How basketball influences the lifestyle of people who play it regularly

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Research Article

Training load and match-play demands in basketball based on competition level: A systematic review

Roles Writing – original draft

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliation Philadelphia 76ers Athlete Care Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

Affiliation Laboratory for Sport Performance Analysis, University of Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain

Roles Conceptualization

Affiliations UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain, Faculty of Sport Sciences, UCAM, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

• Adam J. Petway, 
• Tomás T. Freitas, 
• Julio Calleja-González, 
• Daniel Medina Leal, 
• Pedro E. Alcaraz

• Published: March 5, 2020
• https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229212
• Peer Review
• Reader Comments

Basketball is a court-based team-sport that requires a broad array of demands (physiological, mechanical, technical, tactical) in training and competition which makes it important for practitioners to understand the stress imposed on the basketball player during practice and match-play. Therefore, the main aim of the present systematic review is to investigate the training and match-play demands of basketball in elite, sub-elite, and youth competition. A search of five electronic databases (PubMed, SportDiscus, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Cochrane) was conducted until December 20 th , 2019. Articles were included if the study: (i) was published in English; (ii) contained internal or external load variables from basketball training and/or competition; and (iii) reported physiological or metabolic demands of competition or practice. Additionally, studies were classified according to the type of study participants into elite (20), sub-elite (9), and youth (6). A total of 35 articles were included in the systematic review. Results indicate that higher-level players seem to be more efficient while moving on-court. When compared to sub-elite and youth, elite players cover less distance at lower average velocities and with lower maximal and average heart rate during competition. However, elite-level players have a greater bandwidth to express higher velocity movements. From the present systematic review, it seems that additional investigation on this topic is warranted before a “clear picture” can be drawn concerning the acceleration and deceleration demands of training and competition. It is necessary to accurately and systematically assess competition demands to provide appropriate training strategies that resemble match-play.

Citation: Petway AJ, Freitas TT, Calleja-González J, Medina Leal D, Alcaraz PE (2020) Training load and match-play demands in basketball based on competition level: A systematic review. PLoS ONE 15(3): e0229212. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229212

Editor: Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, SPAIN

Received: November 3, 2019; Accepted: February 1, 2020; Published: March 5, 2020

Copyright: © 2020 Petway et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and Supporting Information files.

Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

1. Introduction

Basketball is a court-based team sport that requires proficiency in a vast array of physical parameters and motor abilities (i.e., speed, strength, and endurance) to achieve success from both a technical and tactical standpoint [ 1 ]. The ability to accelerate, decelerate, change direction, jump, and shuffle are paramount for on-court success, due to the intermittent high-intensity nature of most actions and basketball-specific movements [ 2 , 3 ] as well as the demands of the sporting activity [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Importantly, in competition settings, the aforementioned abilities must be expressed in an efficient and economical manner over the course of four quarters with contributions from both aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways [ 1 ]. In this context, the density of game-related activity (determined by specific work-to-rest ratios) is dictated by action intensity and by the moment of the game [ 7 ]. This includes medium- to high-intensity actions that last 15 seconds (s) and high- to maximal-intensity actions that last up to 2–5 s [ 8 , 9 ]. It is for this reason that practitioners must have a precise overview of match-play demands as well as the load elicited during training [ 4 , 5 , 2 , 6 , 10 , 3 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. In fact, over the past years, there have been several studies documenting match-play demands in basketball [ 4 , 5 , 2 , 6 , 10 , 3 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 7 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 9 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Particularly, a recent review by Stojanovic et al. [ 29 ] analyzed the activity demands and physiological responses obtained during basketball competition and found that playing period, playing position, level, geographical location and sex greatly influenced the stress experienced by basketball players. In their article Stojanovic et al. [ 29 ] examined heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration, total distance, and movement patterns of male and female basketball competitions based on time-motion analysis. However, while the study clearly described the competition characteristics, the authors did not present data on the acceleration/deceleration requirements of the game nor did they examine the demands of training versus match-play. It is for these reasons that the current systematic review is justified.

It is important to note that amongst the several methods used to quantify the demands of play, and regarding internal load quantifications, HR [ 6 , 3 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 20 ] and blood lactate concentration [ 4 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 9 , 30 ] were the most frequently used. In fact, internal variables such as average and maximal HR can be extracted to quantify loading parameters during match-play [ 11 , 12 , 21 , 30 , 26 ]. Concerning external load, methods such as accelerometry and the use of positional tracking cameras [ 4 , 2 , 13 , 16 , 7 , 17 , 31 ] are amongst the most common. Within this framework, total or high-intensity accelerations and decelerations, total distance traveled, and top speed reached were the widely used variables to assign a value to the mechanical load imposed. In addition, time-motion analysis [ 4 , 14 , 18 , 22 , 9 , 26 , 32 ] measuring time and frequency of movements such as “standing”; “jogging”; “running”; “sprinting”; and “jumping” during competition can be found in the literature. Despite match-play demands based on time-motion analysis having been found to present a high level of variability according to playing position, skill level and training age [ 29 ], no robust evidence exists regarding the use of accelerometry. Therefore, a systematic analysis of both approaches to match demands quantification is warranted. Collectively, a better understanding of this ‘real-time’ feedback can give relevant and useful information concerning normative group standards, as well as relative to the individual athlete. Additionally, having a clear “picture” of both internal and external loading parameters can provide a better insight into global stress that the players deal with during training and competition [ 2 , 10 , 26 ].

In a related topic, tracking training load in this team-sport may be of extreme importance to ensure that the players are physically prepared for competition demands from a fitness standpoint, in order to avoid acute spikes in load from a fatigue and injury prevention perspective [ 3 , 11 , 7 , 17 ] and to provide individualized recovery strategies [ 33 , 34 ]. With this in mind, a copious amount of research has also been focused on investigating and describing basketball training load parameters over recent years [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 21 , 42 , 24 , 43 , 44 ]. As previously mentioned for competition, accelerometry is becoming an increasingly popular means of quantifying load during training [ 36 , 38 , 40 , 21 ]; however, no conclusive data has been reported throughout the different studies. For this reason, a more in-depth and systematic analysis of the literature is warranted. Regarding internal load, HR and session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) (i.e., the subjective feedback from the player on a 1–10 scale multiplied by duration of training) have been shown to be a cost-effective way of providing valuable information widely used by coaches and sport scientists [ 35 , 37 , 41 ]. Remarkably, an important variability has been reported within basketball training loads based on quantification means of training load, position, perceived exertion, skill level, and training age [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 43 , 44 ], once again identifying the need for a systematic review of the published data.

The current state of the literature is not conclusive regarding the typical training load experienced by basketball players of different competition levels given that only match-play demands and physiological responses during competition have been previously described [ 29 ]. To our knowledge, no previous investigation has focused on systematically reviewing the literature to identify precise loads during training versus match-play whilst clearly defining different levels of competition. As such, there is an important gap in the available research that does not allow concluding whether basketball training is closely mimicking game demands, hence, adequately preparing players for the stress imposed by competition. Moreover, new technologies that allow quantifying the acceleration/deceleration demands in basketball training and competition have emerged, but no current literature review has addressed this topic. Therefore, the aim of the present systematic review is to analyze the evidence related to the training load and match-play demands of basketball across different levels of competition.

2. Materials and methods

2.1 study design.

The present study is a systematic review focused on training load and match-play demands at different levels of competition in basketball. The review was not registered prior to initiation, was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) statement [ 45 ] and did not require Institutional Review Board approval.

2.2 Search strategy

A structured search was carried out in PubMed, PubMed Central, Web of Science, SportDiscus and Cochrane databases, all high quality databases which guarantees strong bibliographic support. The electronic database search for the related articles considered all publications prior to December 20 th, 2019. The following key words were used to conduct the search “basketball”, “training load”, “accelerometry”, “load monitoring”, “internal load”, “total distance”, “average distance”, “top speed”, “average speed”, “metabolic”, “heart rate”, “competition demands”, “training demands”, “training”, and “rate of perceived exertion”. In addition, the key word “basketball” was present in each search to ensure that the relevant information was catered to articles involving only this sport. The reference sections of all identified articles were also examined (by applying the “snowball methods” strategy [ 40 ]). Once the electronic search was conducted, relevant studies were identified and organized in a systematic fashion.

All titles and abstracts from the search were cross-referenced to identify duplicates and any potential missing studies, and then screened for a subsequent full-text review. The search for published studies was independently performed by two authors (AP and TTF) and disagreements were resolved through discussion.

2.3 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

This review included cross-sectional and longitudinal studies considering healthy, professional or junior, male basketball players. Study participants were categorized into three groups: elite, sub-elite, and youth. The elite basketball group was defined as teams participating in the NBA, NBA G-League, NCAA Division I, Euro League, FIBA International Competition, ACB, Top Divisions in Europe, South America, Australia, and Asia. Sub-elite was defined as professional or semi-professional that did not meet the elite criteria but were over 19 years old. Youth was considered for studies in which the participants were all 19 years of age or younger. Studies were included in the present review if they met the following criteria: (i) the study was published in English; (ii) the study included internal or external load variables from basketball training and/or competition; and (iii) the study reported physiological or metabolic demands of competition or practice.

Studies were excluded if (i) the study participants were wheelchair basketball players; (ii) the study participants were female; (iii) the data being collected did not describe training load or competition demands; and (iv) the study consisted on a review or a conference proceeding.

2.4 Study selection

The initial search was conducted by one researcher (AP). After the removal of duplicates, an intensive review of all of the titles and abstracts obtained were conducted. Following the first screening process, the full-version of the remaining articles was read. Then, on a blind, independent fashion, two reviewers excluded studies not related to the review’s topics and determined the studies for inclusion (AP and TTF), according to the criteria previously established. If no agreement was obtained, a third party intervened and settled the dispute. Moreover, PEDro scale ( Fig 1 ) was used to evaluate whether the selected randomized controlled trials were scientifically sound (9–10 = excellent, 6–8 = good, 4–5 = fair, and <4 = poor) [ 46 ]. Papers with poor PEDro score were excluded. Final outcomes of the interventions were extracted independently by two authors (AP and TTF) using a customized spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel 2016, USA). Disagreements were resolved through discussion until a consensus was achieved.

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3. Search results

As several databases were scrutinized, the initial database search yielded 18,805 citations. After duplicate removal, 3,282 abstracts and titles were left for review. Upon screening, 165 articles met the inclusion criteria for full-text review. Of the 165 articles reviewed, 35 met the criteria for the systematic review. Of the 35 articles that met the criteria, 12 had participants for elite competition demands [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 7 , 9 , 30 , 32 ], 16 articles had participants for elite training load [ 2 , 10 , 3 , 12 , 15 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 41 , 20 , 42 , 25 , 27 , 43 , 47 ], 6 for sub-elite competition demands [ 4 , 11 , 13 , 21 , 26 , 32 ], 3 for sub-elite training load [ 23 , 44 , 48 ], 5 for youth competition demands [ 11 , 18 , 22 , 9 , 28 ] and 1 for youth training load [ 24 ]. A full view of the search and selection process can be found in the PRISMA flow diagram [ 45 ] in Fig 2 .

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229212.g002

4. Competition demands

4.1 internal competition load.

Internal load outcomes pertaining to competition demands can be found in Table 1 . The variables displayed in the different studies consisted of HR and blood lactate concentration.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229212.t001

4.1.1 Heart rate.

Heart Rate (HR) during competition ( Table 1 ) was organized into two categories according to the classification used in the included studies: maximal (HR max ) and average HR (HR ave ). The values of HR max during elite level competition ranged from 187 to 198 beats per minute (BPM) with a mean of 190 BPM [ 11 , 12 , 30 ]. With regards to sub-elite competition, values ranged from 192 to 195 BPM with a mean of 194 BPM [ 11 , 21 , 26 ]. In addition, in youth competition, the HR max held a mean of 199 BPM [ 11 , 18 ]. The data extracted indicated that elite competitors presented lower HR max values during competition, which can be interpreted as an indicator of elite players having a higher overall level of fitness and a more efficient work rate compared to sub-elite and youth players [ 11 ]. Interestingly, according to the results retrieved from the literature, the same pattern occurred with the HR ave. During elite level competition the value ranged from 150 to 175 BPM [ 11 , 12 , 30 ], in sub-elite competition ranged from 168 to 169 BMP [ 11 , 21 ] and in youth competition the HR ave ranged from 167 to 172 BPM [ 11 , 18 ].

4.1.2 Blood lactate concentration.

Blood lactate concentration was collected as an internal measurement during select studies of elite level competition. The samples for mean blood lactate post-competition held an average of 5.1 ± 1.3 mmol/L [ 18 , 21 , 9 ] with a range of 4.2 to 5.7 ± 1.2. Abdelkrim et al. [ 9 ] observed a peak of 6.2 ± 1.3 in the fourth quarter for the Tunisian National Team. The fourth quarter peak is likely due to the build-up of blood metabolites and catabolic hormones based on the depletion of muscle glycogen later in competition. The ability to buffer these mechanisms internally may have had a direct impact on mechanical outputs during competition [ 30 ] as internal load parameters leading to fatigue have been reported to negatively affect whole-body work rate, physical and technical performance, and even decision making in team-sports [ 49 ]. It is for such a reason that there is a need for future investigation of blood metabolite accumulation during competition and the effects it has on high-speed movement.

4.2 External competition load

Table 2 displays the external load variables retrieved from the different studies. Total distance, acceleration (ACC) and deceleration (DEC) efforts during basketball competition, average and top speed reached, and time motion analysis movement frequency and duration were the outcomes extracted.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229212.t002

4.2.1 Total distance.

In elite competition, distance traveled ranged from 1,991 to 6,310 m [ 13 , 16 , 9 ]. The total distance covered during sub-elite competition ranged from 3,722 to 6,208 m [ 48 , 13 ]. Finally, considering youth competition, only one study tracked the distance traveled during competition and reported a value of 7,558 m [ 9 ]. Remarkably, there was a discrepancy in distance covered between elite, sub-elite, and youth athletes. Upon review, the elite level basketball athletes covered, on average, less distance (4,369 m) [ 4 , 13 , 16 , 7 ], compared to sub-elite (5,377 m) [ 4 , 13 , 48 ] and youth players (7,558 m) [ 9 ]. This seemingly paradoxical finding suggests that the total distance covered may be a poor indicator of in-game performance. In fact, one could infer that the observed phenomenon is a product of technical mastery relative to the demands of competition, as well as elite level players having a higher level of economy in relation to the tactical aspects of basketball [ 1 , 5 , 6 ]. Based on the present results and as it occurs in other team-sports [ 50 ], the key aspect here appears to be not “ how much ” distance a player covers (i.e., quantity) but “ how ” and at “ what intensity ” that distance is covered (i.e., quality). In fact, in support of the previous, Sampaio et al., [ 5 ] suggested that better players tend to make fewer mistakes when deciding when and where to run which may result in shorter paths to reach their destination. This is more than likely due to a high degree of technical and tactical discipline based on training age and experience, more hours of professional supervised practices, and higher level of coaching.

4.2.2 Accelerations and decelerations.

Accelerometry in basketball is tracked via inertial units containing accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer sensors [ 15 , 7 , 27 ]. These sensors allowed inertial movement analysis by recording accelerations, decelerations, jumps, and changes of direction (COD). As it can be seen in Table 2 , when considering the accelerometry data collected during elite level competition, most research breaks it down into two important categories: accelerations (ACC) and decelerations (DEC) [ 15 , 7 , 27 , 28 ]. Additionally, two sub-sections of these categories can be found: total (T), and high-intensity (HI) [ 15 , 27 ]. For the purpose of this review, total accelerations (ACC T ) were classified as total forward acceleration, whereas high-intensity accelerations (ACC HI ) were classified as the total forward acceleration within the high band (>3.5 m·s -2 ) [ 15 ], and (>3 m·s -2 ) [ 27 ]. Total decelerations (DEC T ) consisted of the total number of decelerations and high-intensity decelerations (DEC HI ) were classified as total deceleration within the high band (>-3.5 m·s -2 ), and (>-3 m·s -2 ) [ 27 ].

During elite level match-play, the ACC T ranged from 43 to 145, and the total number of ACC HI ranged from 1 to 15 per match. Remarkably, a substantial variability can be found within the included studies, considering the ACC values. This occurrence makes it difficult to draw precise conclusions regarding the ACC demands of elite basketball competition. In fact, a similar pattern can be observed for DEC T as values ranging from 24 to 95 per match were found. Regarding the total number of DEC HI per match, data extracted ranged from 4 to 40. It seems evident that additional investigations on this topic are warranted before a “clear picture” can be drawn concerning the ACC and DEC demands. Moreover, researchers and sports scientists are encouraged to follow a standardized approach to ACC and DEC quantifications (e.g., determining the same HI bands) so that comparisons between studies and data sets can be conducted. None of the sub-elite or youth teams in the included studies collected accelerometry data during competition.

4.2.3 Average and top speed.

Studies evaluating NBA competition [ 5 , 7 ] recorded average speed in miles per hour (mph), but values were converted by the authors to the global unit measurement of meters per second (m·s -1 ). The speed recorded by using spatial tracking cameras (Sport VU ® ; Chicago, USA) can be seen in Table 2 . Sport VU ® cameras were installed in all 30 NBA arenas from the 2012–2013 season until the 2016–2017 season and McLean et al. [ 51 ] collected data from the entire 82 games plus the playoffs. This technology uses computer vision systems designed with algorithms to measure player positions at a sampling rate of 25 frames per second [ 5 ]. Top speed was also measured by Puente [ 26 ] via SPI PRO X (GPSports ® , Australia) and Abdelkrim et al. [ 16 ], as well as Vázquez-Guerrero et al.[ 28 ] via WIMU PRO Local Positioning System (Realtrack System, Almeria, Spain).

Similar to accelerometry data, positional tracking cameras have only been used to track match demands in elite level basketball, most likely due to the financial limitations on the sub-elite and youth levels. Importantly, when examining normative data points related to movements associated with basketball, it seems that the best performers on an elite level expressed certain performance characteristics. For example, Sampaio et al. [ 5 ], when examining All-Star Players versus Non-All-Star players in the NBA, found that there was a significant difference in average speed on both the offensive and defensive ends of the court. All-Star players had an average speed of 4.38 ± 0.36 mph (2.0 ± 0.2 m·s -1 ) offensively and 3.65 ± 0.16 mph (1.6 ± 0.1 m·s -1 ) defensively, whereas Non-All-Star players had an average speed of 4.50 ± 0.28 mph (2.0 ± 0.1 m·s -1 ) offensively and 3.86 ± 0.20 mph (1.7±0.1 m·s -1 ) defensively. Within the most prestigious level of basketball, the evidence suggests that the most efficient players tend to exert the least amount of energy to achieve the most productive results [ 5 , 7 ]. With regards to top speed, there was also variability among levels. Puente et al. [ 26 ] showed that the average top speed in sub-elite Spanish basketball competition was 6.2 m·s -1 , which is lower than the 8.09 m·s -1 average top speed by NBA players identified in the work of Caparrós et al. [ 7 ]. However, the former study [ 26 ] only analyzed one single sub-elite game and, therefore, caution is warranted when directly comparing the results. For this reason, future research is needed in this area. Taken together, the distance and speed data extracted from the literature hint that higher level basketball players seem to cover less distance but achieve greater top speeds during competition, which is in line with what has been reported in other team sports [ 52 , 50 ].

4.2.4 Time motion analysis.

Time motion analysis has been widely used to track frequency and duration of movements during competition [ 4 , 18 , 26 , 22 , 14 , 9 , 32 ]. Movements such as stand/walk, jog, run, sprint, and jump are commonly recorded among different levels of competition as well as different positions. Within this research, and based on the published literature, stand/walk was defined as movements performed at a velocity of 0–1 m·s -1 [ 1 , 14 , 18 , 22 , 32 ] and jogging was defined as intensities greater than walking but without urgency performed at 1.1–3.0 m·s -1 [ 4 , 18 , 26 , 9 ]. Running was defined as sagittal plane movement at a greater intensity than jogging and with a moderate degree of urgency at 3.1–7.0 m·s -1 [ 18 , 22 , 33 ]. Finally, sprinting was defined as forward movements characterized as effort close to maximum >7.0 m·s -1 [ 4 , 14 , 18 , 9 , 26 , 32 ].

Ferioli et al. [ 32 ] and Scanlan et al. [ 4 ] examined time motion analysis among elite and sub-elite populations. Upon review, Ferioli et al. [ 32 ] found that there was a stark difference between time spent and frequency in high-speed running and sprinting versus jogging in the first division compared to the second division. The 1 st Italian Division had frequency of exposures to high-intensity actions (HIA) of 107 ± 26, compared to an average of 78 ± 35 HIA in the second division. Scanlan et al. [ 4 ] found that elite backcourt (EBC) and elite frontcourt (EFC) had a much higher frequency of running compared to sub-elite backcourt (SEBC) and sub-elite front court (SEFC) during match-play. EBC had a mean frequency of 504 ± 38 and EFC had a mean frequency of 513 ± 26 of exposures to running during competition. These figures for running during competition are much higher than the SEBC (321 ± 75) and SEFC (352 ± 25), respectively. Again, these results would suggest that top-level basketball players spend more time at high-intensity activities compared to their sub-elite counterparts. In addition, elite players tend to display greater control over the most appropriate time and situations to express high-intensity actions relative to the total distance covered whilst on the court.

Abdelkrim et al. [ 18 ] and Puente et al. [ 26 ] examined the positional differences using time motion variables during competition. Both studies showed that guards spend more time running compared to forwards and centers. Abdelkrim et al. [ 18 ] found that guards had a greater frequency of running during competition (103 ± 11), compared to forwards (88 ± 5) and centers (101 ± 19). Puente et al. [ 26 ] found that guards run a longer distance of 3.1 ± 1.1 (m.min -1 ) compared to forwards (2.2 ± 1.9) and centers (1.6 ± 1.6). This information, seen in Table 3 , is useful and may have important implications when prescribing high-intensity running relative to each position in basketball. Based on these results, individual conditioning programs should be adapted to the specific physical requirements of guards, forwards, and centers, keeping in mind that the latter have been found to have a lower proportion of high-intensity running, acceleration, decelerations, and COD.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229212.t003

5. Training demands

5.1 internal training demands.

Internal Training Load, displayed in Table 4 , considered the following variables: s-RPE, Weekly Training Load, HR max , HR ave , % HR max , and Training Impulse (TRIMP).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229212.t004

5.1.1 Heart rate.

Heart rate in training was used to quantify the cardiovascular demands imposed on the athletes [ 3 , 12 , 35 , 20 , 23 , 24 ]. Torres-Ronda et al. [ 12 ] examined HR max , HR ave , and %HR max in 5vs5, 4vs4, 3vs3, 2vs2, and 1vs1 games and found the 1vs1 situations had elicited the largest physiological response. Gocentas et al. [ 23 ] compared the HR max between guards and forwards in different training sessions and found that on average guards had a higher HR response (194 ± 14) than forwards (190 ± 12.7). More investigation is needed in the future as it relates to the HR demands of varying training programs.

5.1.2 Session RPE and total weekly training load.

A fairly common strategy to monitor players’ load is to track the total weekly load via the sRPE (RPE multiplied by session duration), collected throughout the training week. In basketball, this method has been widely used to assess Training Load [ 35 , 37 , 41 ] and has been shown to provide good insight on the energy cost of different movement patterns, particularly when coupled with external load data [ 2 , 10 , 39 ]. Briefly, it involves players reporting their RPE score using the Borg 10-point scale thirty minutes after the completion of each training session, multiplying the value by the number of minutes of the session [ 41 ] and then calculating the sum of the values of each training session during the week.

As noted in Table 4 , the Total Weekly Training Loads in the studies analyzed ranged from 2255 to 5058 AU in elite level teams [ 35 , 37 , 41 ]. The large range observed is likely due to the high variability on the number of training sessions or practice duration based on the loads provided by the technical staff. Since sRPE is obtained by multiplying RPE by session duration, the accumulative amount of weekly training load is dependent on the duration of each training session, which can vary based on style of play, level of competition, or moment of the season [ 36 , 42 , 44 ]. In addition, Svilar et al. [ 2 ] found that sRPE showed a very strong correlation with DEC T and COD T . According to the authors, the rapid eccentric actions involved in decelerations, cuts, and COD may explain the abovementioned relationship [ 1 , 2 ]. Nevertheless, the mechanical stress imposed on the athletes during these movements, as well as the effects of eccentric training in basketball athletes, are areas that need additional investigation in upcoming studies. A key aspect to consider when utilizing this method to monitor training loads and demands is that in the examination of coach and player perception of recovery and exertion, research has shown that coaches tend to overestimate recovery when compared to the athletes’ perception [ 17 ]. Therefore, when designing appropriate training sessions, a combination of internal and external load variables is recommended [ 2 , 10 , 39 ].

5.2 External training load

Regarding External Training Load ( Table 5 ), the variables retrieved from the studies were the number of ACC, DEC, and COD, tracked with inertial units through accelerometry.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229212.t005

5.2.1 Accelerations and decelerations.

In elite level basketball, ACC T in training varied from 16.9 to 59.5 [ 2 , 10 , 15 , 26 , 47 ]. The ACC HI in elite training, classified as the total forward acceleration within the high band (>3.5 m·s -2 ), ranged from 1.9 to 7.2 with a mean of 5.56 per training session. The DEC T in elite basketball training ranged from 16.4 to 93.2 with a mean of 64.6 per training session whereas the DEC HI (n), which were classified as the total number of decelerations within the high band (>-3.5 m·s -2 ), ranged from 1.6 to 12. When interpreting this data, it is important to acknowledge that ACC T and DEC T are qualified measures to quantify training volume, whereas ACC HI and DEC HI are quality measures of training intensity [ 2 , 10 , 15 , 43 ].

Remarkably, the number of ACC T, ACC HI, DEC T, and DEC HI reported during training were considerably lower than the data found in competition settings [ 15 , 7 , 27 ]. The total volume of ACC in competition was 81 per match on average, as opposed to a mean of 38 accelerations per training session [ 36 , 40 , 43 , 47 ]. The total number of ACC HI was moderately less in training (5.6) opposed to (7.3) during match-play. This was also the case with DEC. DEC T in competition was 73.1 and the DEC HI 16.4, which is slightly greater than the 64.6 (DEC T ) and 7.4 (DEC HI ) in elite level training. The present data supports the notion that training, and match demands seem to be considerably different, at least considering the number of ACC and DEC [ 15 ]. Matching the volume and intensity of competition via training is important during certain times of the preparatory and competitive season to adequately prepare the athletes for competition. As a consequence, the data reported herein may be extremely pertinent for practitioners in regard to training reflecting the demands of match-playing, as well as modulating training load based on outputs of these variables during competition. In this context, to try and achieve similar or even greater ACC demands in training with respect to match-play, manipulating constraints such as the number of players, the duration of drills or court dimension may be a potential strategy [ 12 , 15 , 47 ]. Within this framework, Schelling and Torres [ 47 ] found that ACC load in 3vs3 and 5vs5 full court scrimmage drills was greater than 2vs2 and 4vs4 full court scrimmage drills, indeed suggesting that manipulating training variables may greatly affect the total load imposed to the players.

A study by Svilar et al. [ 10 ] reported interpositional differences in training load accelerometry data among guards, forwards, and centers. Interestingly, the authors examined load parameters according to positional on-court roles and found that centers had a higher volume of ACC T (59.5 ± 27.1) and ACC HI (7.2 ± 4.8) opposed to forwards (42 ± 21.5, 5.8 ± 4.3, respectively) and guards (43.5 ± 17.5, 6.4 ± 4.4, respectively). Also, noteworthy, forwards were shown to have a high volume of DEC T (93.2 ± 35.0) and DEC HI (12.7 ± 8.3) compared to guards (84.7 ± 30.1, 11.9 ± 5.7) and centers (88.5 ± 30.3, 6.8 ± 4). It appears that the profiles of activity are quite different amongst positions and further research is necessary to better understand each individual profile. Still, the amount of exposures to cuts, COD, or screening actions, as well as the typical movement area of each positional role may conceivably explain such findings [ 6 , 10 , 12 , 16 , 27 , 53 ].

Despite the aforementioned, one must consider the limitations of accelerometry when measuring external load. Even though such technology is extremely useful, accelerometers fail to measure the metabolic demands of isometric muscle contractions during player-on-player contact due to the low velocity outputs. While these actions have very low acceleration, they potentially have very high energy demands [ 1 , 19 , 54 ]. Therefore, the physical cost of player-on-player contact loading is a component of basketball that must be examined more thoroughly in future research to more accurately quantify training and competition load.

6. Limitations

Some limitations should be addressed when considering the present research on training load and competition demands among different levels of basketball. Firstly, several elite leagues (e.g., NBA or ACB) do not allow for wearable technology to be used during competition which creates a gap in the literature as far as linking demands placed on the players during elite competition and how that compares to training. Secondly, when trying to investigate these variables, most sub-elite and youth teams do not have the financial means to invest in equipment to accurately quantify load during training. Finally, the limited number and sample size of youth and sub-elite studies made it difficult to conclude the precise demands of training and competition at these levels. As such, more resources need to be invested in these areas.

7. Conclusion

Basketball is a highly competitive team-sport that requires a cascade and flow of various movement patterns relative to the technical and tactical aspects of the sport. Examining the internal and external loads imposed on the players from both training and competition provides context for the practitioner to create an optimal training environment. Having the knowledge of the stress demands on the player during competition will help to dictate the volume and dosage of load for desirable adaptations in the player’s training regimen. From the results of the present systematic review, it appears that higher-level players seem to be more efficient while moving on-court. Elite level players cover less distance, at lower average velocities, and with lower HR max and HR ave during competition. However, they seem to have greater capacities to move at higher speed. This is likely due to a heightened sense of awareness based on the schematics of the game. Such information may provide insight into personalized testing protocols as well as training recovery strategies based on each player’s response and considering mechanical and physiological loading parameters relative to competition level. Examining this holistic approach creates an ideal training environment that facilitates both technical and tactical development as it relates to the game of basketball. Future research must be dedicated to this area to provide more precise insight into the physical and interpositional demands of the sport. It is necessary to accurately and systematically assess competition demands to help determine valid training strategies that resemble match-play, considering training age, physical characteristics, and in-game role of guards, forwards, and centers. Reviewing these principals will allow priming and preparing basketball players for the rigorous of match-play demands.

Supporting information

S1 checklist. prisma 2009 checklist..

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229212.s001

Acknowledgments

All contributing authors would like to acknowledge Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia and The Philadelphia 76ers Athlete Care Department.

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LeBron James: a Detailed Look at the Birth of a Basketball Icon

This essay about LeBron James focuses on his birth in Akron, Ohio, on December 30, 1984, and the significant impact his upbringing had on his career and contributions both on and off the basketball court. It traces his rise from a talented high school athlete to a global sports icon and philanthropist. LeBron’s early challenges, marked by his mother’s resilience and the support of his community, played a critical role in shaping his character and future achievements. The essay details his professional milestones, including multiple NBA championships and MVP awards, and his philanthropic efforts, particularly the establishment of the I PROMISE School. Through his story, LeBron exemplifies how determination and passion can lead to inspiring change and community betterment.

How it works

LeBron James was born in Akron, Ohio, on December 30, 1984. His name is widely associated with basketball brilliance and good sportsmanship. Not only was a future basketball superstar born on this day, but it also signaled the start of a journey that would inspire and affect millions of sports fans worldwide.

LeBron’s formative years in Akron had a significant influence on his destiny. LeBron was raised by his mother Gloria James, who was only 16 years old when he was born. Nevertheless, there were many difficulties during his early years.

Gloria made sure that LeBron was raised in a setting that valued tenacity and diligence in spite of these obstacles. Even while it isn’t well renowned for creating famous athletes, Akron—especially the people who backed LeBron—was vital to his early development.

LeBron showed remarkable basketball talent from an early age. While attending St. Vincent-St. Mary High School, he not only led his team to three state titles but also captured the interest of scouts throughout the country with his extraordinary skills. His incredible point, assist, and rebound statistics during his high school career demonstrated that he was destined for success beyond the amateur ranks.

In 2003, LeBron’s professional career took off when he was selected as the first overall pick in the NBA Draft by the Cleveland Cavaliers. This transition was significant not just for LeBron but also for the city of Cleveland. His arrival promised a revival of interest in the city’s basketball scene and brought hope to fans craving success. LeBron’s rookie season was nothing short of spectacular, earning him the NBA Rookie of the Year Award—an indicator of the stellar performances that were yet to come.

Over the years, LeBron’s influence on and off the court has grown exponentially. His basketball prowess has led him to win multiple NBA championships and MVP awards, making him one of the most decorated athletes in the history of sports. However, LeBron’s impact extends beyond the hardwood floors of basketball courts. He has utilized his platform for philanthropy and activism, particularly in education and social justice issues. His establishment of the I PROMISE School in his hometown of Akron is a testament to his commitment to giving back to the community that raised him. This initiative focuses on providing educational resources and support to underprivileged children, demonstrating his dedication to fostering positive change.

LeBron’s journey from a young talent in Akron to a global sports icon is a compelling narrative of resilience, hard work, and the relentless pursuit of greatness. His birth in 1984 marks not just the beginning of a life but the inception of a legacy that would extend far beyond basketball. LeBron James remains a figure of inspiration, not only for aspiring athletes but for anyone who believes in the power of determination and the importance of community impact.

It becomes evident that LeBron James’s narrative is about more than simply athletics when one considers his birth and subsequent ascent to popularity. It serves as a powerful reminder of how passion and perseverance can drive communal uplift and global transformation beyond the confines of personal achievement. Even as LeBron carries on leaving a lasting impact, his life story continues to be a potent example of how one person’s abilities can inspire and affect a large number of others.

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Sat / act prep online guides and tips, 113 great research paper topics.

General Education

One of the hardest parts of writing a research paper can be just finding a good topic to write about. Fortunately we've done the hard work for you and have compiled a list of 113 interesting research paper topics. They've been organized into ten categories and cover a wide range of subjects so you can easily find the best topic for you.

In addition to the list of good research topics, we've included advice on what makes a good research paper topic and how you can use your topic to start writing a great paper.

What Makes a Good Research Paper Topic?

Not all research paper topics are created equal, and you want to make sure you choose a great topic before you start writing. Below are the three most important factors to consider to make sure you choose the best research paper topics.

#1: It's Something You're Interested In

A paper is always easier to write if you're interested in the topic, and you'll be more motivated to do in-depth research and write a paper that really covers the entire subject. Even if a certain research paper topic is getting a lot of buzz right now or other people seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic unless you genuinely have some sort of interest in it as well.

#2: There's Enough Information to Write a Paper

Even if you come up with the absolute best research paper topic and you're so excited to write about it, you won't be able to produce a good paper if there isn't enough research about the topic. This can happen for very specific or specialized topics, as well as topics that are too new to have enough research done on them at the moment. Easy research paper topics will always be topics with enough information to write a full-length paper.

Trying to write a research paper on a topic that doesn't have much research on it is incredibly hard, so before you decide on a topic, do a bit of preliminary searching and make sure you'll have all the information you need to write your paper.

#3: It Fits Your Teacher's Guidelines

Don't get so carried away looking at lists of research paper topics that you forget any requirements or restrictions your teacher may have put on research topic ideas. If you're writing a research paper on a health-related topic, deciding to write about the impact of rap on the music scene probably won't be allowed, but there may be some sort of leeway. For example, if you're really interested in current events but your teacher wants you to write a research paper on a history topic, you may be able to choose a topic that fits both categories, like exploring the relationship between the US and North Korea. No matter what, always get your research paper topic approved by your teacher first before you begin writing.

113 Good Research Paper Topics

Below are 113 good research topics to help you get you started on your paper. We've organized them into ten categories to make it easier to find the type of research paper topics you're looking for.

Arts/Culture

• Discuss the main differences in art from the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance .
• Analyze the impact a famous artist had on the world.
• How is sexism portrayed in different types of media (music, film, video games, etc.)? Has the amount/type of sexism changed over the years?
• How has the music of slaves brought over from Africa shaped modern American music?
• How has rap music evolved in the past decade?
• How has the portrayal of minorities in the media changed?

Current Events

• What have been the impacts of China's one child policy?
• How have the goals of feminists changed over the decades?
• How has the Trump presidency changed international relations?
• Analyze the history of the relationship between the United States and North Korea.
• What factors contributed to the current decline in the rate of unemployment?
• What have been the impacts of states which have increased their minimum wage?
• How do US immigration laws compare to immigration laws of other countries?
• How have the US's immigration laws changed in the past few years/decades?
• How has the Black Lives Matter movement affected discussions and view about racism in the US?
• What impact has the Affordable Care Act had on healthcare in the US?
• What factors contributed to the UK deciding to leave the EU (Brexit)?
• What factors contributed to China becoming an economic power?
• Discuss the history of Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies  (some of which tokenize the S&P 500 Index on the blockchain) .
• Do students in schools that eliminate grades do better in college and their careers?
• Do students from wealthier backgrounds score higher on standardized tests?
• Do students who receive free meals at school get higher grades compared to when they weren't receiving a free meal?
• Do students who attend charter schools score higher on standardized tests than students in public schools?
• Do students learn better in same-sex classrooms?
• How does giving each student access to an iPad or laptop affect their studies?
• What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Montessori Method ?
• Do children who attend preschool do better in school later on?
• What was the impact of the No Child Left Behind act?
• How does the US education system compare to education systems in other countries?
• What impact does mandatory physical education classes have on students' health?
• Which methods are most effective at reducing bullying in schools?
• Do homeschoolers who attend college do as well as students who attended traditional schools?
• Does offering tenure increase or decrease quality of teaching?
• How does college debt affect future life choices of students?
• Should graduate students be able to form unions?

• What are different ways to lower gun-related deaths in the US?
• How and why have divorce rates changed over time?
• Is affirmative action still necessary in education and/or the workplace?
• Should physician-assisted suicide be legal?
• How has stem cell research impacted the medical field?
• How can human trafficking be reduced in the United States/world?
• Should people be able to donate organs in exchange for money?
• Which types of juvenile punishment have proven most effective at preventing future crimes?
• Has the increase in US airport security made passengers safer?
• Analyze the immigration policies of certain countries and how they are similar and different from one another.
• Several states have legalized recreational marijuana. What positive and negative impacts have they experienced as a result?
• Do tariffs increase the number of domestic jobs?
• Which prison reforms have proven most effective?
• Should governments be able to censor certain information on the internet?
• Which methods/programs have been most effective at reducing teen pregnancy?
• What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Keto diet?
• How effective are different exercise regimes for losing weight and maintaining weight loss?
• How do the healthcare plans of various countries differ from each other?
• What are the most effective ways to treat depression ?
• What are the pros and cons of genetically modified foods?
• Which methods are most effective for improving memory?
• What can be done to lower healthcare costs in the US?
• What factors contributed to the current opioid crisis?
• Analyze the history and impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic .
• Are low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets more effective for weight loss?
• How much exercise should the average adult be getting each week?
• Which methods are most effective to get parents to vaccinate their children?
• What are the pros and cons of clean needle programs?
• How does stress affect the body?
• Discuss the history of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.
• What were the causes and effects of the Salem Witch Trials?
• Who was responsible for the Iran-Contra situation?
• How has New Orleans and the government's response to natural disasters changed since Hurricane Katrina?
• What events led to the fall of the Roman Empire?
• What were the impacts of British rule in India ?
• Was the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki necessary?
• What were the successes and failures of the women's suffrage movement in the United States?
• What were the causes of the Civil War?
• How did Abraham Lincoln's assassination impact the country and reconstruction after the Civil War?
• Which factors contributed to the colonies winning the American Revolution?
• What caused Hitler's rise to power?
• Discuss how a specific invention impacted history.
• What led to Cleopatra's fall as ruler of Egypt?
• How has Japan changed and evolved over the centuries?
• What were the causes of the Rwandan genocide ?

• Why did Martin Luther decide to split with the Catholic Church?
• Analyze the history and impact of a well-known cult (Jonestown, Manson family, etc.)
• How did the sexual abuse scandal impact how people view the Catholic Church?
• How has the Catholic church's power changed over the past decades/centuries?
• What are the causes behind the rise in atheism/ agnosticism in the United States?
• What were the influences in Siddhartha's life resulted in him becoming the Buddha?
• How has media portrayal of Islam/Muslims changed since September 11th?

Science/Environment

• How has the earth's climate changed in the past few decades?
• How has the use and elimination of DDT affected bird populations in the US?
• Analyze how the number and severity of natural disasters have increased in the past few decades.
• Analyze deforestation rates in a certain area or globally over a period of time.
• How have past oil spills changed regulations and cleanup methods?
• How has the Flint water crisis changed water regulation safety?
• What are the pros and cons of fracking?
• What impact has the Paris Climate Agreement had so far?
• What have NASA's biggest successes and failures been?
• How can we improve access to clean water around the world?
• Does ecotourism actually have a positive impact on the environment?
• Should the US rely on nuclear energy more?
• What can be done to save amphibian species currently at risk of extinction?
• What impact has climate change had on coral reefs?
• How are black holes created?
• Are teens who spend more time on social media more likely to suffer anxiety and/or depression?
• How will the loss of net neutrality affect internet users?
• Analyze the history and progress of self-driving vehicles.
• How has the use of drones changed surveillance and warfare methods?
• Has social media made people more or less connected?
• What progress has currently been made with artificial intelligence ?
• Do smartphones increase or decrease workplace productivity?
• What are the most effective ways to use technology in the classroom?
• How is Google search affecting our intelligence?
• When is the best age for a child to begin owning a smartphone?
• Has frequent texting reduced teen literacy rates?

How to Write a Great Research Paper

Even great research paper topics won't give you a great research paper if you don't hone your topic before and during the writing process. Follow these three tips to turn good research paper topics into great papers.

#1: Figure Out Your Thesis Early

Before you start writing a single word of your paper, you first need to know what your thesis will be. Your thesis is a statement that explains what you intend to prove/show in your paper. Every sentence in your research paper will relate back to your thesis, so you don't want to start writing without it!

As some examples, if you're writing a research paper on if students learn better in same-sex classrooms, your thesis might be "Research has shown that elementary-age students in same-sex classrooms score higher on standardized tests and report feeling more comfortable in the classroom."

If you're writing a paper on the causes of the Civil War, your thesis might be "While the dispute between the North and South over slavery is the most well-known cause of the Civil War, other key causes include differences in the economies of the North and South, states' rights, and territorial expansion."

#2: Back Every Statement Up With Research

Remember, this is a research paper you're writing, so you'll need to use lots of research to make your points. Every statement you give must be backed up with research, properly cited the way your teacher requested. You're allowed to include opinions of your own, but they must also be supported by the research you give.

#3: Do Your Research Before You Begin Writing

You don't want to start writing your research paper and then learn that there isn't enough research to back up the points you're making, or, even worse, that the research contradicts the points you're trying to make!

Get most of your research on your good research topics done before you begin writing. Then use the research you've collected to create a rough outline of what your paper will cover and the key points you're going to make. This will help keep your paper clear and organized, and it'll ensure you have enough research to produce a strong paper.

What's Next?

Are you also learning about dynamic equilibrium in your science class? We break this sometimes tricky concept down so it's easy to understand in our complete guide to dynamic equilibrium .

Thinking about becoming a nurse practitioner? Nurse practitioners have one of the fastest growing careers in the country, and we have all the information you need to know about what to expect from nurse practitioner school .

Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa).

These recommendations are based solely on our knowledge and experience. If you purchase an item through one of our links, PrepScholar may receive a commission.

Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries.

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More than 10,000 research papers were retracted in 2023 - a new record

• PMID: 38087103
• DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03974-8

Keywords: Publishing; Scientific community.

Publication types

• History, 21st Century
• Retraction of Publication as Topic*
• Scientific Misconduct / history
• Scientific Misconduct / statistics & numerical data