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‘అర్థమయ్యేట్లు చెప్పాలంటే అసలు దేవుడు అనే వాడు లేడు. ఈ విశ్వాన్ని ఎవరూ సృష్టించలేదు. నేను ప్రగాఢంగా విశ్వసించేదేమంటే, స్వర్గ నరకాలు లేవు. మరణానంతర జీవితం కూడా లేదు. అద్భుతమైన ఈ విశ్వ రహస్యాల్ని తెలుసుకోవాలంటే మనకు ఉన్నది ఒక్క జీవితం మాత్రమే”! అని అంత బలంగా చెప్పిన డాక్టర్ స్టీఫెన్ హాకింగ్‌కు ఆ ఒక్క జీవితం కూడా ఎంతో దారుణంగా గడపాల్సి వచ్చిందని చాలా మందికి తెలి సి ఉండకపోవచ్చు. ఆయన తన గురించి ఇలా చెప్పుకున్నారు. “నా శరీరం నిస్సత్వువగా కుర్చీలో కూలబడి పోవచ్చు. కానీ, నా మెదడు విశ్వాంతరాళాల్ని శోధిస్తుంది” అని, ఎంతో ఆత్మవిశ్వాసంతో చెప్పుకున్న భౌతిక శాస్త్రవేత్త హాకింగ్. 1942 జనవరి 8న ఇంగ్లండులోని ఆక్స్‌ఫర్డ్‌లో జన్మించిన హాకింగ్ ముప్పయ్యేళ్లు కేంబ్రిడ్జి విశ్వవిద్యాలయంలో ప్రొఫెసర్‌గా పని చేసి, పదవీ విరమణ చేశారు. హాకింగ్ తల్లి ఇసబెల్ హాకింగ్ బ్రిటిష్ కమ్యూనిస్ట్ పార్టీ సభ్యురాలు. అందువల్ల స్టీఫెన్‌కు చిన్నప్పటి నుండి ప్రగతిశీల భావాలు అబ్బాయి. తండ్రి ఫ్రాంక్ మెడికల్ డాక్టర్, పరిశోధకుడు. నేషనల్ ఇనిస్టిట్యూట్ ఫర్ మెడికల్ రీసెర్చ్‌లో పారసైటాలజీ విభాగానికి అధిపతి.

ఆయన తరచూ ఆఫ్రికా వెళ్లి అక్కడ పరిశోధనల్లో నిమగ్నమవుతూ ఉండేవారు. అందుకే స్టీఫెన్ తల్లితోనే ఎక్కువ కాలంగడిపాడు. ఆమె ఉన్నత విద్యనభ్యసించిన మహిళ. ఆక్స్‌ఫర్డ్ యూనివర్శిటీలో రాజకీయ, ఆర్థిక, తాత్తిక శాస్త్రాలు అభ్యసించి, సామాజిక కార్యకలాపాల్లో చురుకుగా పాల్గొంటూ ఉండేది. స్టీఫెన్‌కు ఫిలిప్పా, మేరి అనే ఇద్దరు చెల్లాయిలతో పాటు, తన తలిదండ్రులు దత్తత తీసుకున్న సోదరుడు ఎడ్వర్డ్ ఉండేవాడు. తన పదమూడవ యేట హాకింగ్, బెర్ట్రాండ్ రస్సెల్‌ను ఆదర్శంగా తీసుకున్నాడు. విద్యార్థి దశలో పరిచయమైన జేన్ వైల్డ్ అనే అమ్మాయితో ప్రేమలోపడి పెళ్లి చేసుకున్నాడు. అప్పటికే అతనికి మోటార్ న్యూరోసిస్ వ్యాధి సోకింది. నేచురల్ సెన్సెస్‌లో బి.ఎ (ఆనర్స్) డిగ్రీ ప్రథమ శ్రేణిలో సాధించాడు. ఫైనల్ ఇయర్‌లో ఉండగా స్టీఫెన్ కళ్లు తిరిగి మెట్ల మీదపడిపోయాడు. మూతి వంకర పోసాగింది. క్రిస్ట్‌మస్ సెలవుల్లో ఇంటికి వెళ్లినపుడు కుటుంబ సభ్యులు ఆయన పరిస్థితి గమనించి వైద్యం చేయించడం ప్రారంభించారు.

అప్పడది ఎఎల్‌యస్ అని తేలింది. అంటే ఏమియోట్రోఫిక్ లేటరల్ స్లిరోసిస్ అనే వ్యాధి (AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS) దానిలో గెహరిగ్స్ వ్యాధి (LOU GEHRIC’S DISEASE) అని కూడా అంటారు. ఇది ఒక మోటార్ న్యూరాన్ వ్యాధి (MOTOR NEURON DISEASE). 1963లో బయటపడినప్పుడు ఆయన కేవలం రెండు సంవత్సరాలు మాత్రమే బతకగలడని డాక్టర్లు చెప్పారు. అంటే ఆయన తన 23వ యేట చనిపోవాల్సంది. కాని ఇప్పుడాయన వయసు 76. బ్లాక్ హోల్స్‌పై పరిశీలనలు చేస్తున్న సమయంలోనే 1965లో గాన్ విల్లి కైస్ కాలేజీ వారి ఫెలోషిప్ దొరికింది. దాంతో అప్లయిడ్ మాథమెటిక్స్ థియరటికల్ ఫిజిక్స్ కాస్మొలజీలో పిహెచ్‌డి తీసుకున్న స్టీఫెన్, మొదట్లో క్లచస్ ఉపయోగిస్తూ మెల్లగా నడిచేవారు. పని చేసే యూనివర్శిటీ డిపార్టుమెంట్‌కు దగ్గర్లో ఇల్లు దొరకడం చాలా కష్టంగా ఉండేది. మరోవైపు భార్య జేన్ వైల్డ్ కూడా పిహెచ్‌డి ప్రొగ్రాంలో చేరింది. మరోవైపు పిల్లల సంరక్షణ. కొడుకు రాబర్ట్ (1967), కూతురు లూసీ (1970), మరో బిడ్డ టిమోతి (1979) పుట్టారు.

హాకింగ్ తన శారీరక లోపాల గురించి ఎవరితోనూ ఎక్కువగా చర్చించేవారు కాదు. విధిరాత, దైవం వంటి వాటిని నమ్మేవారు కాదు కాబట్టి వాస్తవ స్థితి ఎదుర్కోవడానికే సిద్ధపడేవారు. తన అంగవైకల్యానికి సానుభూతి ప్రకటిస్తూ సహాయపడడానికి వచ్చే వారిని వారించేవారు. ఆయన తనను మొదట సైంటిస్ట్‌గా గుర్తించాలనుకునే వారు. తరువాత పాపులర్ సైన్స్ రచయితగా, ఆ తరువాత కొన్ని ఆలోచనలతో, భావాలతో, ఆశలతో, కోర్కెలతో ఉన్న ఒక మామూలు మనిషిగా గుర్తించాలని కోరుకునేవారు. ‘ ఆయనది గొప్ప ధ్యేయమని’ కొందరంటే ‘ పిచ్చి పట్టుదల’ అని మరి కొందరనే వారు. ఈ రెండు అభిప్రాయాలూ విన్న ఆయన భార్య జేన్ హాకింగ్, రెండింటినీ ఒప్పుకునేది. ‘ ఆ రెండూ కలిసికట్టుగా పని చేస్తున్నాయేమో” నని అనేది. లేదా ఒకటి తర్వాత ఒకటి పని చేస్తున్నాయేమో”నని అనేది.

వెర్నర్ ఇస్రయిల్ అనే భౌతిక శాస్త్రవేత్త ‘మోజట్ కంపోజింగ్ సింఫనీ’ (MOZAT composing Symponey) తెచ్చి స్టీఫెన్ తలకు అమర్చాడు. దాని వల్ల ఆయనకు తనను తాను వ్యక్తీకరించుకునే అవకాశం కలిగింది. దాన్ని అభ్యసించడానికి ఆయనకు కొంత సమయం పట్టినా, తర్వాత కాలంలో అది ఎంతో ఉపయోగపడుతూ వచ్చింది. 1970 నాటికి మాట పూర్తిగా పడిపోయింది. అతని హావభావాలు కుటుంబ సభ్యులకు, అతి సన్నిహితులకు మాత్రమే అర్థమయ్యేవి. 1985లో ఫ్రాన్స్, స్విట్జర్లాండ్‌ల సరిహద్దుల మీద సెర్న్ (cern)ను సందర్శించినపుడు ఆయనకు నిమోనియా పట్టుకుంది. తీవ్ర అస్వస్థత ఎదుర్కొవాల్సి వచ్చింది. ‘లైఫ్ సపోర్ట్’ తీసియ్యొచ్చా అని కూడా ఆయన భార్య జేన్ హాకింగ్‌ను అడిగారు. ఆమె అందుకు ఒప్పుకోలేదు. ఫలితంగా ట్రాఖియోటొమి (Tracheotomy) వచ్చింది. దానితో ఇరవై నాలుగు గంటలు వైద్య పర్యవేక్షణలో ఉండాల్సి వచ్చింది. నర్సింగ్ హోమ్ ఖర్చు తాము భరిస్తామని నేషనల్ హెల్త్ సర్వీస్ ముందు కొచ్చి ఆయనకు అండగా నిలిచింది. కాని ఆయన భార్య ఒప్పుకోలేదు. ఆయన ఇంటి దగ్గరే ఉండాలని కోరుకుంది. ఆ దశలో అమెరికన్ ఫౌండేషన్ ముందు కొచ్చి ఖర్చు భరించింది. మూడు షిఫ్ట్‌లలో నర్సుల్ని ఏర్పాటు చేసి పర్యవేక్షించారు.

అలా నియమించబడ్డ వారిలో ఎలెన్ మాసన్ అనే నర్సు కూడా ఉంది. ఈమె భర్త డేవిడ్ ఒక కంప్యూటర్ ఇంజినీర్. ఆయన ఒక చిన్న కంప్యూటర్‌ని స్టీఫెన్ హాకింగ్ వీల్ ఛైర్‌కు అమర్చాడు. అందులోని సింథసైజర్ విషయాన్ని మాటగా మార్చి ఎదుటి వారికి వినిపిస్తుంది. అందుకోసం తన గొంతునే వాడమన్నాడు స్టీఫెన్. మాట పడిపోక ముందున్న తన గొంతు ధ్వనిని అందులో ఉపయోగించమన్నాడు. దాని వల్ల స్టీఫెన్ హాకింగ్ సాంకేతిక సంభాషణ సహజ సంభాషణలా మారిపోయేది. స్పెల్లింగ్ కార్డ్ మీద అక్షరాల్ని ఎన్నిక చేసుకోవడానికి తొలుత ఆయన కనుబొమలు కదిలించేవారు. తరువాత 1986లో ‘ఈక్వలైజర్’ అనే కంప్యూటర్ ప్రోగ్రాం అందుబాటులో కొచ్చింది. వర్డ్ ప్లస్ (words plus) సిఇఒ అయిన వార్టర్ వోల్టోస్ తాను రూపొందించిన సాఫ్ట్‌వేర్ తెచ్చి అమర్చాడు. దానివల్ల 2500-3000 వరకు అక్షరాలు, పదాలు, వాడుక మాటలు అన్నీ ఒక చిన్న మీట నొక్కితే అందుబాటులోకి వచ్చే విధంగా ఉంటాయి.

నిమిషానికి పదిహేను పదాలు టైపు చేయగల సామర్థం ఆ సాఫ్ట్‌వేర్‌కి ఉండడం వల్ల ఆయన ఉపన్యాసాలు, వ్యాసాలు, రచనలు అన్ని తయారవుతూ ఉండేవి. ఉపన్యసించాల్సిన చోట ఆ విషయాల్ని ముందుగానే స్పీచ్ సింథిసైజర్ (speech synthesizer)కు పంపి సిద్ధంగా ఉంచుకోవడం వల్ల అక్కడ ఆయనే స్వయంగా మాట్లాడుతున్నట్టు ఉండేది. స్టీఫెన్ హాకింగ్ కేవలం మనిషి ఆత్మ విశ్వాసాన్ని నమ్మిన శాస్త్రవేత్త. మేధావి. ఆయనను కాపాడుకోవడానికి కుటుంబమే కాదు సమాజమే కదిలి వచ్చింది. మనిషి కోసం మనుషులు కదిలివచ్చినట్టయ్యింది. అంతటి దయనీయమైన స్థితిలో కూడా ఆయన దేవుణ్ణి తలవలేదు. ముడపులు కట్టలేదు. క్రీస్తు భజనలు చేయలేదు. పైగా “జరుగుతున్న వైజ్ఞానిక శాస్త్ర పరిశోధనల్లో దేవుడి ప్రమేయమే లేదని” అనారు. మనిషి చేస్తున్న ఆవిష్కరణలు, సాధిస్తున్న విజయాలు లేని దేవుడి ఖాతాలో వేస్తూ బతికే పలాయనవాదులున్నంత కాలం మార్పురాదు. ఈ విషయం చెప్పడానికే స్టీఫెన్ హాకింగ్ శారీరక బలహీనత గూర్చి, ఆయన అచంచల ఆత్మ విశ్వాసం గూర్చి ఇక్కడ వివరించడం జరుగుతోంది. 2005లో ఆయన తన పరికరం (device) వాడడానికి చెంప కండరాలు కదిలించేవాడు. నిమిషానికి అది ఒక పదం మాత్రమే తీసుకునేది.

అది ఇబ్బందిగా అనిపించడం వల్ల, ఇన్‌టెల్ పరిశోధకుల సహకారంతో మరో విధానం అందుబాటులో కొచ్చింది. అది అతని మెదడులోని విషయాల్ని (Brain pattern) ముఖ కవళికల్ని అనువదించే చెప్పేది. అది కూడా అంత ఉపయోగకరంగా లేకపోవడం వల్ల లండన్‌లోని షిఫ్ట్ కీ (Shift Key) కంపెనీ ముందు కొచ్చింది. అంతకు ముందు స్టీఫెన్ హాకింగ్ రాసిన పరిశోధనా పత్రాల్లోని పదాల్ని, వాక్యాల్ని, విషయాల్ని, తరచుగా వాడే వాడుక మాటల్ని అది గుర్తు పెట్టుకుని టైప్ చేసేది ఈ పద్ధతి మనం రోజూ వాడే స్మార్ట్ ఫోన్‌లలో కూడా చూస్తున్నాం. మనం టెక్ట్ టైప్ చేసేప్పుడు తరచుగా వాడే పదాల్ని అది గుర్తు చేస్తుంటుంది.

2009 నాటికి ఆయన తన వీల్ ఛైర్‌ని నడుపుకోలేని స్థితి వచ్చింది. తర్వాత మెడ, గదుమ భాగాలు కదిలిస్తే దాన్ని అనుసరించి కుర్చీ కదిలే విధంగా ఏర్పాటు చేశారు. అయితే అది ఆయనకు పని చేయలేదు. అలా చేయడం వల్ల ఊపిరి తీసుకోవడంలో ఇబ్బందులొచ్చాయి. మళ్లీ హాస్పిటల్లో కూడా చేరాల్పి వచ్చింది. అలాంటి స్థితిలో కూడా ఆయన మానవ జాతి గురించే ఆలోచించారు. “రాజకీయంగా, సామాజికంగా, పర్యావరణ పరంగా ధ్వంసమవుతున్న ఈ సమాజంలో మానవ జాతి మరో వందేళ్లు కొనసాగెదెట్లా? అని బెంగ పెట్టుకున్నారు. యవ్వన దశలోనే వైద్యపరమైన శారీరక సమస్యలకు గురైన స్టీఫెన్ హాకింగ్, జీవితంలో నిశ్శబ్దంగా అనేక పోరాటాలు చేస్తూ వచ్చారు. నిస్పత్తువగా మారిన తన శరీరంతో తాను పోరాడుతూ, జ్ఞాన కాంక్ష కోసం పోరాడుతూ, ప్రపంచ మానవాళి మూఢత్వంతో పోరాడుతూ… డెబ్బయ్యారేళ్ల వయసులో కూడా అచంచల ఆత్మవిశ్వాసంతో ఒక జ్ఞాన శిఖరంగా నిలబడడం ఆయన ప్రత్యేకత! దెబ్బ తాకితేనో, జ్వరం వస్తేనో దేవుడికి ముడుపులు కట్టి మొక్కుకునే మూఢ జనం హాకింగ్ జీవితం గూర్చి ఏమైనా నేర్చుకోగలరా? మంచి కుటుంబ నేపథ్యం, మంచి ఆర్థిక స్తోమత, మంచి ఆర్యోగంతో మంచి జీవితం అనుభవిస్తూ కూడా పక్కవాడికి కాదు గదా తమకు తామే పనికిరాని వాళ్లు ప్రపంచంలో కోకొల్లలుగా ఉన్నారు. వారితో పోలిస్తే హాకింగ్ జీవితం ఎంతో ఉన్నతమైంది.

అర్థవంతమైంది కూడా! చేతులు లేక కాలితో సంతకం చేసే వారిని చూస్తేనో, కాళ్లు లేక చేతుల మీద నడిచే వారిని చేస్తేనో జనం జాలిగా చూస్తారు. వారి గుండె ధైర్యాన్ని మెచ్చుకుంటారు. మరి స్టీఫెన్ హాకింగ్ పరిస్థితి ఏమిటి? మెదడు ఒక్కటి తప్ప మిగతా శరీరమంతా కుప్పగూలి ఉన్నారు కదా? అయినా ఆయన ధ్యేయాన్ని క్షణ కాలమైనా మరువ లేదు కదా? విశ్వ విజ్ఞానానికి తన వంతుగా కొత్త విషయాలందిస్తూ వచ్చారు కదా? మృత్యువు అంచు మీద శ్వాసిస్తూ కూడా, మనిషి విజయ పరంపర గూర్చి మాత్రమే ఆలోచించారు డా. స్టీఫెన్ హాకింగ్. ఒక రకంగా చెప్పాలంటే ఆరోగ్యంగా కనిపిస్తున్న దుర్భలులైన మిలియన్‌ల జనం కంటే కూడా హాకింగ్ దృఢ సంకల్పుడు. మానసిక బలశాలి. ఆయన ఆకాశమే హద్దు అనుకోలేదు. ఆ ఆకాశాన్ని ఇంకొంచెం పైకి ఎదగమని .. విసరకనే సవాల్ విసిరారు.

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• Kaalam Katha - కాలం కథ (A Brief History of Time) Telugu Book By Stephen Hawking (Translated by A.Gandhi)

Kaalam Katha - కాలం కథ (A Brief History of Time) By Stephen Hawking (Translated by A.Gandhi)

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Title : Kalam Katha - కాలం కథ Author : Stephen Hawking - స్టీఫెన్ హాకింగ్ Publisher : Peacock Classic Books - పీకాక్ క్లాసిక్స్ బుక్స్ Tags : Time, Hours, Kalam chritra, Katha, ఎ.గాంధి

• Biographies, Diaries & True Accounts
• Biographies & Autobiographies

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స్టీఫెన్ హాకింగ్ - Stephen Hawking Biography in Telugu Paperback – 1 January 2019

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Physical Review Journals

Published by the american physical society.

• Collections

The Work of Stephen Hawking in Physical Review

To mark the passing of Stephen Hawking, we gathered together his 55 papers in Physical Review D and Physical Review Letters . They probe the edges of space and time, from "Black holes and thermodynamics” to "Wave function of the Universe."

90 citations

Occurrence of singularities in open universes, s. w. hawking, phys. rev. lett. 15 , 689 (1965) – published 25 october 1965, 97 citations, singularities in the universe, phys. rev. lett. 17 , 444 (1966) – published 22 august 1966, 738 citations, gravitational radiation from colliding black holes, phys. rev. lett. 26 , 1344 (1971) – published 24 may 1971, 50 citations, theory of the detection of short bursts of gravitational radiation, g. w. gibbons and s. w. hawking, phys. rev. d 4 , 2191 (1971) – published 15 october 1971, 958 citations, black holes and thermodynamics, phys. rev. d 13 , 191 (1976) – published 15 january 1976, 757 citations, path-integral derivation of black-hole radiance, j. b. hartle and s. w. hawking, phys. rev. d 13 , 2188 (1976) – published 15 april 1976, 1,507 citations, breakdown of predictability in gravitational collapse, phys. rev. d 14 , 2460 (1976) – published 15 november 1976, 2,179 citations, cosmological event horizons, thermodynamics, and particle creation, phys. rev. d 15 , 2738 (1977) – published 15 may 1977, 2,185 citations, action integrals and partition functions in quantum gravity, phys. rev. d 15 , 2752 (1977) – published 15 may 1977, 110 citations, quantum gravity and path integrals, phys. rev. d 18 , 1747 (1978) – published 15 september 1978, 394 citations, bubble collisions in the very early universe, s. w. hawking, i. g. moss, and j. m. stewart, phys. rev. d 26 , 2681 (1982) – published 15 november 1982, milestone 1,974 citations, wave function of the universe, phys. rev. d 28 , 2960 (1983) – published 15 december 1983, 468 citations, origin of structure in the universe, j. j. halliwell and s. w. hawking, phys. rev. d 31 , 1777 (1985) – published 15 april 1985, 134 citations, arrow of time in cosmology, phys. rev. d 32 , 2489 (1985) – published 15 november 1985, 300 citations, wormholes in spacetime, phys. rev. d 37 , 904 (1988) – published 15 february 1988, 113 citations, spectrum of wormholes, s. w. hawking and don n. page, phys. rev. d 42 , 2655 (1990) – published 15 october 1990, 16 citations, wormholes in string theory, alex lyons and s. w. hawking, phys. rev. d 44 , 3802 (1991) – published 15 december 1991, 506 citations, chronology protection conjecture, phys. rev. d 46 , 603 (1992) – published 15 july 1992, 89 citations, evaporation of two-dimensional black holes, phys. rev. lett. 69 , 406 (1992) – published 20 july 1992, 36 citations, kinks and topology change, phys. rev. lett. 69 , 1719 (1992) – published 21 september 1992, 51 citations, origin of time asymmetry, s. w. hawking, r. laflamme, and g. w. lyons, phys. rev. d 47 , 5342 (1993) – published 15 june 1993, 7 citations, quantum coherence in two dimensions, s. w. hawking and j. d. hayward, phys. rev. d 49 , 5252 (1994) – published 15 may 1994, 5 citations, superscattering matrix for two-dimensional black holes, phys. rev. d 50 , 3982 (1994) – published 15 september 1994, 305 citations, entropy, area, and black hole pairs, s. w. hawking, gary t. horowitz, and simon f. ross, phys. rev. d 51 , 4302 (1995) – published 15 april 1995, 71 citations, pair production of black holes on cosmic strings, s. w. hawking and simon f. ross, phys. rev. lett. 75 , 3382 (1995) – published 6 november 1995, 69 citations, probability for primordial black holes, r. bousso and s. w. hawking, phys. rev. d 52 , 5659 (1995) – published 15 november 1995, 39 citations, quantum coherence and closed timelike curves, phys. rev. d 52 , 5681 (1995) – published 15 november 1995, 157 citations, duality between electric and magnetic black holes, phys. rev. d 52 , 5865 (1995) – published 15 november 1995, 74 citations, virtual black holes, phys. rev. d 53 , 3099 (1996) – published 15 march 1996, 176 citations, pair creation of black holes during inflation, raphael bousso and stephen w. hawking, phys. rev. d 54 , 6312 (1996) – published 15 november 1996, 17 citations, evolution of near-extremal black holes, s. w. hawking and m. m. taylor-robinson, phys. rev. d 55 , 7680 (1997) – published 15 june 1997, 26 citations, loss of quantum coherence through scattering off virtual black holes, phys. rev. d 56 , 6403 (1997) – published 15 november 1997, 59 citations, trace anomaly of dilaton-coupled scalars in two dimensions, raphael bousso and stephen hawking, phys. rev. d 56 , 7788 (1997) – published 15 december 1997, 25 citations, models for chronology selection, m. j. cassidy and s. w. hawking, phys. rev. d 57 , 2372 (1998) – published 15 february 1998, 136 citations, (anti-)evaporation of schwarzschild–de sitter black holes, phys. rev. d 57 , 2436 (1998) – published 15 february 1998, 18 citations, bulk charges in eleven dimensions, phys. rev. d 58 , 025006 (1998) – published 12 june 1998, 15 citations, inflation, singular instantons, and eleven dimensional cosmology, s. w. hawking and harvey s. reall, phys. rev. d 59 , 023502 (1998) – published 7 december 1998, 114 citations, gravitational entropy and global structure, s. w. hawking and c. j. hunter, phys. rev. d 59 , 044025 (1999) – published 26 january 1999, 164 citations, nut charge, anti–de sitter space, and entropy, s. w. hawking, c. j. hunter, and don n. page, phys. rev. d 59 , 044033 (1999) – published 28 january 1999, 416 citations, rotation and the ads-cft correspondence, s. w. hawking, c. j. hunter, and m. m. taylor-robinson, phys. rev. d 59 , 064005 (1999) – published 1 february 1999, 23 citations, lorentzian condition in quantum gravity, phys. rev. d 59 , 103501 (1999) – published 29 march 1999, 166 citations, charged and rotating ads black holes and their cft duals, s. w. hawking and h. s. reall, phys. rev. d 61 , 024014 (1999) – published 20 december 1999, 355 citations, brane-world black holes, a. chamblin, s. w. hawking, and h. s. reall, phys. rev. d 61 , 065007 (2000) – published 25 february 2000, 197 citations, brane new world, s. w. hawking, t. hertog, and h. s. reall, phys. rev. d 62 , 043501 (2000) – published 29 june 2000, 52 citations, gravitational waves in open de sitter space, s. w. hawking, thomas hertog, and neil turok, phys. rev. d 62 , 063502 (2000) – published 31 july 2000, 129 citations, trace anomaly driven inflation, phys. rev. d 63 , 083504 (2001) – published 5 march 2001, 200 citations, living with ghosts, s. w. hawking and thomas hertog, phys. rev. d 65 , 103515 (2002) – published 9 may 2002, 28 citations, why does inflation start at the top of the hill, phys. rev. d 66 , 123509 (2002) – published 20 december 2002, 271 citations, information loss in black holes, phys. rev. d 72 , 084013 (2005) – published 18 october 2005, 45 citations, populating the landscape: a top-down approach, phys. rev. d 73 , 123527 (2006) – published 23 june 2006, no-boundary measure of the universe, james b. hartle, s. w. hawking, and thomas hertog, phys. rev. lett. 100 , 201301 (2008) – published 23 may 2008, 118 citations, classical universes of the no-boundary quantum state, phys. rev. d 77 , 123537 (2008) – published 25 june 2008, 33 citations, no-boundary measure in the regime of eternal inflation, james hartle, s. w. hawking, and thomas hertog, phys. rev. d 82 , 063510 (2010) – published 8 september 2010, 35 citations, local observation in eternal inflation, phys. rev. lett. 106 , 141302 (2011) – published 8 april 2011, featured in physics editors' suggestion 488 citations, soft hair on black holes, stephen w. hawking, malcolm j. perry, and andrew strominger, phys. rev. lett. 116 , 231301 (2016) – published 6 june 2016.

A black hole may carry “soft hair,” low-energy quantum excitations that release information when the black hole evaporates.

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• Scientific Methods
• Famous Physicists
• Stephen Hawking

Stephen William Hawking

Stephen Hawking is one of the most precious gems in the world of physics, who was ahead of his time. His disability of having unsteady feet and being diagnosed with degenerative disease couldn’t stop Stephen Hawking from becoming the world’s most famous and acclaimed scientist. Even his survival would have been a marvel to this world, but he lived amazingly till 76.

Table of Contents

• Who was Stephen Hawking?
• Stephen Hawking’s Education Awards & Achievements
• The Black Hole Theory

The Big Bang

Hawking radiation, the multiverse, who was stephen william hawking.

Stephen William Hawking was a British physicist, born on 8th January 1942. He is considered the most brilliant theoretical physicist of all time. He revolutionized the field of physics through his work on the origin of the universe and the black hole explosion theory. From the big bang to black holes, all his best-selling books appealed to physics lovers across the globe.

The English theoretical physicist whose theory of the explosion of black holes illustrated upon the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He also worked in the field of space-time singularities.

Stephen Hawking’s Education Awards & Achievements

Stephen William Hawking studied physics in 1962 at the University College, Cambridge and in 1966 in the Trinity Hall, Cambridge,. His contributions in physics are unparalleled, which often left other scientists scratching their heads.

Professor Stephen William Hawking holds 13 honorary degrees. He was bestowed CBE (1982), Fellow of Honor (1989) and the Presidential Medal of Freedom (2009).

He has received the Fundamental Physics Award (2013), the Copley Medal (2006) and the Wolf Foundation Award (1988). Along with a bunch of other honours awards and medals, he won the Adams Prize in 1966 for his essay Singularities and the Space-time Geometry.

He was also a member of the Royal Society, the National Academy of Sciences of the United States and the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.

The physics of black hole.

Stephen William Hawking’s name has always been associated with the black hole. He put forward his stroke of genius combining Einstein’s Theory of Relativity , which has already aroused curiosity and has been under debate for decades, and the theory of quantum mechanics. In the early 1970s, Hawkins turned his attention to both of these theories, and later on, Stephen William Hawking’s most famous thesis on black holes was proven right.

Hawking’s doctoral thesis was written at a critical time when there was an argument between two cosmological theories: the Big Bang theory and the Steady State theory. Both these theories were considered to be opposing each other at that time. However, both theories accepted that the universe is expanding, but the first one explains that the universe is expanding from an ultra-compact, super-dense state at a finite time in the past, and the second one assumes that the universe has been intensifying forever.

Hawking showed in his thesis that the Steady State theory is mathematically self-contradictory. He reasoned instead that the universe began as a dense point called a singularity which was infinitely small. His description has been accepted worldwide today.

The photons or the particles of light can’t escape from the black holes because of their intense and strong gravity. But Stephen Hawking argued on it, explaining the truth, which was more complex than the assumed fact. He applied quantum theory, especially the idea of “virtual photons”; he realized that some of these photons could appear to be radiated from the black hole . At a laboratory experiment in the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, it has recently been confirmed that this theory is correct and is named Hawking Radiation.

Instead of a real black hole, the researchers used a “sonic black hole” from which sound waves cannot outflow.

Stephen Hawking was also involved in the most exciting topics toward the conclusion of his life was the multiverse theory. He proposed the idea that our universe, with its start in the Big Bang, is just one of an infinite number of contemporaneous bubble universes. In his very last paper in 2018, he proposed a novel mathematical framework and tried to seek out the universe in his own words. But as with any assumption concerning parallel universes, we do not have any idea if his ideas are right now. Maybe the scientists will be able to test his belief in the coming times.

Not only an amazing physicist but Stephen Hawking was an amazing and inspiring personality too, he left behind his great research theories and thoughts as his legacy to us, which is truly a gift in physics.

Stay tuned to BYJU’S for more such interesting articles. Also, register to “BYJU’S – The Learning App” for loads of interactive, engaging Physics-related videos and unlimited academic assistance.

Frequently Asked Questions

What stephen hawking is famous for.

Apart from one of the most brilliant British physicists Stephen Hawking is famous for his theories on the Big Bang and the black hole concept.

What is Stephen Hawking’s IQ

Stephen Hawking has tried to keep his IQ a secret but it was estimated that his IQ is around 160.

When did Stephen Hawking write his first book?

In 1973 Stephen Hawking wrote his first book which is named as “The Large Scale Structure of Space-TIme”

How many types of Black holes are there?

There are four types of black holes:

• Intermediate
• Supermassive

What is Big Bang Theory?

The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model explaining the existence of the observable universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution.

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• Stephen Hawking Essay

All You Need to Know for Preparation

Stephen Hawking was one of the greatest scientists of the century. He was a very unique person. He proposed and proved many theories. He explained the theory of the black hole. He wrote a book called ‘The Brief History of Time’ in which he explained about the black hole. He also described the concepts of relativity and big-bang theory in this book. 

Stephen Hawking is an inspiration to all of us. He suffered from a fatal motor neuron disease that affected his spinal cord. He was diagnosed with this disease in his early 20’s and doctors predicted that he was not likely to live more than 5years. His body was paralyzed and he moved about in a wheelchair for the rest of his life. Though he could not sit up straight, yet he kept working on his theories of Physics and amazed the medical experts by surviving for 55 more years. 

Stephen Hawking was born in Oxford on January 8, 1942. He was born in very adverse circumstances. His parents were not well off and he was born during the Second World War. It was believed that Germany would attack Britain at any time. At that time, Oxford was considered a safe place, so Stephen Hawking’s parents moved to Oxford. His father's name was Frank and his mother's name was Isobel Hawkins. Isobel worked as a secretary in the Medical Research Institute, and Frank was a Medical Researcher. In 1950, when Hawkins's father became the Head of the Division of Parasitology at the National Institute of Medical Research, the family moved to St. Albans.

In the early days of the academy, Stephen Hawking was a good student. He loved board games. According to his friends, Hawkins, along with the rest of his friends, had created a game that only they used to play among themselves. Together with his friends, he had made a computer putting together the recycled parts so that he could use it to solve complex mathematical equations. When Stephen Hawking joined Oxford University, he was 17 years old. He wanted to study Math there but there was no specialized degree in Math, so he turned to Physics, and later he turned towards Cosmology. After graduating in natural science in 1962, he went to Cambridge University to pursue a PhD in cosmology. In 1968, he was made a member of Cambridge's Institute of Astronomy which gave a new direction to his research. That is when he started research on the black hole. He was then inducted into the Royal Society in 1974, a World Wide Fellowship of Scientists. In 1979, he became an Education Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University, which is regarded as the most famous academic chair in the world.

Fight with His Disease

Stephen Hawking, at the age of 21, was diagnosed with a motor neuron disease (MND) (also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)) disease. It is a dangerous neurological disease, due to which the nerve cells that control the movement of the muscles of the body gradually stop working, due to which the body gets paralyzed. When he was in Oxford, he felt many times that he was not well, sometimes he used to fall suddenly while walking, or used to stop completely while speaking. He became very clumsy. However, he continued to ignore all these things before 1963 and did not tell anyone about it. 

When his father saw his condition in 1963, he took him to the doctor and he was diagnosed with motor neuron disease (MND) (also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)). Doctors said that Stephen Hawking would only be able to stay alive for the next few years. His illness became a big reason for him to carry out his studies and he became a great scientist. Hawking himself said that until he was not diagnosed with the disease, his life was very boring. However, after diagnosis, when he came to know that he would be able to live for only a few years, he had put all his attention in his work and research so that he could fully utilize his remaining life. His illness captured him slowly, and as result, he was no longer able to walk due to which he had to move about in a wheelchair. He lost his voice completely in the year 1985. At this time, his condition was so bad that he was kept in 24 hours medical surveillance, and California’s computer programmers came to help him. They developed software that works based on eye movement.

Contribution Towards Science

In his research, he found that if this universe started with the Big Bang, then it would end with the Big Bang. He also explained Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. Using the General Theory of Relativity and Quantum Theory together, he gave us the concept of Hawking Radiation in which we came to know that Black Holes do not always exist, they leave the Hawking Radiation continuously. Hawking also explained the concept of Penrose– Hawking theorems, Blackhole information paradox, Micro black hole, Primordial black hole, Chronology protection conjecture, Soft hair (No hair theorem), Bekenstein–Hawking formula, Hawking energy, Hawking-Page phase transition.

Conclusion:

Stephen Hawking died on 14 March 2018 at his home. A man whose body didn’t support him achieved all so much that he became an inspiration for the next generations. Stephen Hawking used to give lectures even when he was not well. Motivate people to do a PhD. Stephen Hawking always used to say the same thing, no matter how difficult life may be, you can always do something, you can be successful if you work hard. An inspirational message for everyone.

FAQs on Stephen Hawking Essay

1. Where can I find an essay on the topic - Stephan Hawking?

Writing essays is one of the important learnings to a student of any class.

Writing them not only helps students in the subject they are learning, but they also help them in making them more competent and clear in their language skills. When students do well in their studies, it is very likely that they do well in all their skills and subjects.

Writing essays is not a hard task. Students have to come up with ideas, make a topic they are interested in writing about, and put all this in order. That is pretty much it. But the thing is, students have different styles in writing and they all need to be known in order for the students to be able to make their essay look like the style they want it to have. You can find it on the Vedantu app or website.

2. Is the topic Stephan Hawking a topic for students?

Yes, Stephan Hawking is one of the great personalities and noblemen every student should know in their schooling. His ideologies inspire students to overcome their fears and face challenges with confidence. At some point in time, students might develop self-doubt and feel under-confident, therefore a topic like this would improve their thought process and gain confidence.

3. Is it important to write essays?

Essay writing is one of the important skills every student should learn because it helps us in improving our sentence framing, use of appropriate words, learning about diverse topics around us and many more. Therefore the habit of writing essays should be developed once the basics of writing are taught. 

4. Can I copy essays?

There is nothing wrong with copying essays.I know that you want to be extra careful. You want to be able to make sure that you are not using anyone’s original work. There is a chance that you might be copied and it will be a big deal. This is why you may have to make it difficult for them to copy the essays. You are just giving them the information that they need to make their own samples. I think that it is important for them to see the example essays, so that they understand how the essay should be written. They may see a style that you don’t approve of, so they will want to try and mimic what you are doing. It will give them some confidence.

5. Does writing essays improve English?

When you write a long piece of text, usually in English, there is a lot to be done. You need to write a good introduction, you have to choose a good title, you have to explain what the main idea is, you have to describe the structure of the text in a few sentences, and so on. As you can see, writing an essay requires many different skills, and you need to do them all right.  You can check your language level after writing a test and see how your language has improved, but this is not enough. The best way to know what happens is to ask yourself a few questions.

6. Stephen Hawking Suffering from Which Disease? How Did it Affect His Body?

Stephen Hawking suffered from motor neuron disease (MND) (also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)). It’s a dangerous disease which paralyzed his entire body. Due to this, he could neither walk nor speak. Hawkins himself said that until he had not been diagnosed with that disease, his life was very boring. After he got to know that he can only live for 2 years in a proper way he concentrated on his researchers and lived his life to the fullest. His illness became a big reason for him to become a great scientist.