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How to write a Doctoral Thesis

Prof. HR Ahmad, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected]

Note: * Ahmad HR. In: Medical Writing. Eds. SA Jawaid, MH Jafary & SJ Zuberi. PMJA, 1997 Ed II: 133-142.

PATIENT care and teaching are rather well established components of our medical career. However, with the passage of time a third component has started to influence our medical culture, namely research. 1 - 4 How to accept this challenge is a question. 5 Indeed, teaching and research form a dialectic unit, meaning that teaching without a research component is like a soup without salt. It is a well-established fact that the research activity of an institution is directly proportional to the number of qualified and committed PhD candidates. An inspiring infrastructure, laboratory facilities and libraries are pre-requisites for a research culture to grow. 6 - 8 This forms the basis of a generation cycle for an institution, so that research activity and its culture continues to grow from one generation to the next. The main objective of doctoral work in biomedical sciences is to develop a galaxy of scientist physicians and surgeons possessing high degree of humility, selflessness and ethical superiority. Such a programme will add a scholastic dimension to the clinical faculty.

Education in how to write a doctoral thesis or dissertation should be a part of the postgraduate curriculum, parallel to the laboratory work and Journal Club activities during the PhD studies and/or residency levels. 9 , 10 The overall structure of a doctoral thesis is internationally standardized. However, it varies in style and quality, depending upon how original the work is, and how much the author has understood the work. Therefore a thorough discussion with supervisor, colleagues and assistance from other authors through correspondence can be useful sources for consultation.

The choice of a topic for a doctoral thesis is a crucial step. It should be determined by scanning the literature whether the topic is original or similar work has already been done even a hundred years ago. It is the responsibility of both the supervisor and the PhD candidate to sort out this problem by continuous use of internet and a library. 11 The work leading to the PhD degree can originate from research in following spheres: 12

• b) Methodology
• c) Diagnostic
• d) Therapeutic and Management
• e) Epidemiology

The availability of internationally standardized methods, as well as research committed supervisors can enable physicians and surgeons to do PhD work in both basic and clinical health sciences. The importance of research in basic health sciences cannot be overemphasized. It is rather the base of the applied sciences. There are many instances where the elucidation of a mechanism involved in a process awaits the development of an adequate methodology. 13 In such a scenario; a new method is like a new eye. Research activity in the field of (a) and (b) illuminates the research directions for (c) (d) and (e). It is worth noting that sometimes important basic questions can come from (e) and stimulate research activity in the domain of basic health sciences. 14 , 15

Types of Doctoral Thesis

TYPE-I: Book Form: a classical style. The blueprint of this form is shown in Table-I .

Type-I: The Classical Book Form

TYPE-II: Cumulative Doctoral thesis: A modem but quite useful practice.

INTRODUCTION

A book containing the pearls of a PhD work has standardized divisions and formats, where the number of pages should be weighted in terms of content rather than container. The book includes summary, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, conclusions, references and acknowledgements.

Two exercises are mandatory before starting a PhD programme:

• Literature survey using a regular library hours and internet surfing
• Familiarization with the hands-on-experience of methodology involved in the work
• The importance of a continuous literature survey using library, internet and direct correspondence with authors across the globe in the same field cannot be over-emphasized. The main goal of this exercise is to pinpoint the unresolved problem in the literature. An attempt to solve this problem now becomes the topic of the PhD thesis. All the relevant references should be collected, and carefully preserved in the form of a card system arranged alphabetically according to themes and authors. The introduction of the thesis should be styled like a review article with a critical analysis of the work of authors in the literature. The aims of the present PhD work can then also be addressed in the form of questions. The objectives would then deal with how to achieve the aims of the proposed study.

MATERIALS / SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Now comes the most crucial and functional part of the doctoral work, the materials/subjects and methods section. This part can be considered as the motor of the PhD work. The reliability, sensitivity and specificity of the motor must be checked before embarking on a long journey. Controlling the controls is the best guide for a precise and authentic work. Usually materials and methods contain components such as a description of the species involved, their number, age, weight and anthropometric parameters, types of surgical procedures and anesthesia if applied, and a detailed description of methodology. Continuous or point measurements should be thoroughly described. However, a dynamic method should always be preferred to static one.

The experimental protocol should be designed after a small pilot study, which is especially advisable in research on human subjects. A detailed and well-thought experimental protocol forms the basis of conditions under which the results would be obtained. Any deviation from the experimental protocol will affect the outcome, and the interpretation of results. It may be noted that great discoveries are usually accidental and without a protocol, based merely on careful observation! However, for the sake of a publication, a protocol has to be designed after the discovery. After having described the different phases of the experimental protocol with the help of a schematic diagram e.g., showing variables, time period and interventions, the selection of a statistical method should be discussed. Negative results should not be disregarded because they represent the boundary conditions of positive results. Sometimes the negative results are the real results.

It is usual practice that most PhD candidates start writing the methodological components first. This is followed by writing the results. The pre-requisites for writing results are that all figures, tables, schematic diagrams of methods and a working model should be ready. They should be designed in such a way that the information content of each figure should, when projected as a frame be visually clear to audience viewing it from a distance of about fifty feet. It is often observed that the presenters themselves have difficulty in deciphering a frame of the Power-Point being projected in a conference.

The results of a doctoral thesis should be treated like a bride. The flow of writing results becomes easier if all figures and tables are well prepared. This promotes the train of thoughts required to analyze the data in a quantitative fashion. The golden rule of writing results of a thesis is to describe what the figure shows. No explanation is required. One should avoid writing anything which is not there in a figure. Before writing one should observe each diagram for some time and make a list of observations in the form of key words. The more one has understood the information content of a figure; the better will be the fluency of writing. The interruption of the flow in writing most often indicates that an author has not understood the results. Discussion with colleagues or reference to the literature is the only remedy, and it functions sometimes like a caesarean procedure.

Statistical methods are good devices to test the degree of authenticity and precision of results if appropriately applied. The application of statistical technique in human studies poses difficulties because of large standard deviations. Outliers must be discussed, if they are excluded for the sake of statistical significance. Large standard deviations can be minimized by increasing the number of observations. If a regression analysis is not weighted, it gives faulty information. The correlation coefficient value can change from 0.7 to 0.4 if the regression analysis is weighted using Fisher’s test. The dissection of effect from artifact should be analysed in such a way that the signal to noise ratio of a parameter should be considered. A competent statistician should always be consulted in order to avoid the danger of distortion of results.

The legend of a figure should be well written. It contains a title, a brief description of variables and interventions, the main effect and a concluding remark conveying the original message. The writing of PhD work is further eased by a well maintained collection of data in the form of log book, original recordings, analyzed references with summaries and compiling the virgin data of the study on master plan sheet to understand the original signals before submitting to the procedures of statistics. The original data belong to the laboratory of an institution where it came into being and should be preserved for 5-7 years in the archive for the sake of brevity.

This is the liveliest part of a thesis. Its main goal is to defend the work by staging a constructive debate with the literature. The golden rule of this written debate should be that a rigid explanation looks backward and a design looks forward. The object is to derive a model out of a jig-saw puzzle of information. It should be designed in such a way that the results of the present study and those of authors from the literature can be better discussed and interpreted. Agreement and disagreement can be better resolved if one considers under what experimental conditions the results were obtained by the various authors. It means that the boundary conditions for each result should be carefully analyzed and compared.

The discussion can be divided into the following parts:

• criticism of material/subjects and methods
• a list of important observations of the present study
• interpretation and comparison of results of other authors using a literature table
• design of a model
• claim of an original research work
• The criticism of the methodological procedure enables a candidate to demonstrate how precisely the research work has been carried out. The interpretation of results depends critically on the strict experimental protocol and methods. For example, an epidemiological work is a study of a population. However, if the population sampling is done regularly at a specific location; the question arises as to how a result derived from a localized place can be applied to the whole population.
• After having discussed at length the strong and weak points of material/subjects and methods, one should list in a telegraphic design the most important observations of the present study. This may form a good agenda to initiate interpretation, argument, reasoning and comparison with results of other authors. The outcome of this constructive debate should permit the design of a working model in the form of a block diagram. All statements should be very carefully referenced. The ratio of agreement and disagreement should indicate the ability of the author to reconcile conflicting data in an objective and quantitative way. Attempts should be made to design a solution out of the given quantum of information. It is also well known that most of the processes of human physiology can only be understood if their time course is known. The dynamic aspect of interpretation of results is therefore more powerful and superior to the static one. 16 Therefore a continuous record of variables should be preferred and sought to reveal the secrets hidden in the kinetics.
• Finally, the discussion should conclude how far the study was successful in answering the questions being posed at the end of the introduction part. Usually a doctoral thesis raises more questions than it answers. In this way research does not come to a standstill and does become a life time engagement for a committed scientist. Also it is important to note that all scientific theses should be quantifiable and falsifiable, otherwise they lose the spirit and fragrance of a scientific research.
• The author’s claim of original work is finally decided by the critical review of his research work by the literature and the number of times being cited. It can be easily read by a high rate of a citation index of a publication and invitation. When a methodological research clicks, one becomes a star overnight.

Type-II: CUMULATIVE DOCTORAL THESES

Another way of writing a doctoral work is a cumulative type of thesis. 11 It consists of a few original publications in refereed journals of repute. It is supplemented by a concise summary about the research work. This type of thesis is usually practiced in Sweden, Germany and other countries. It has the advantage of being doubly refereed by the journals and the faculty of health sciences. Additionally, papers are published during a doctoral work. A declaration has to be given to the faculty of science about the sharing of research work in publications, provided there are co-authors. The weightage should be in favour of the PhD candidate, so that the thesis can ethically be better defended before the team of august research faculty.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A critical review of this manuscript by Dr. Roger Sutton, Dr. Khalid Khan, Dr. Bukhtiar Shah and Dr. Satwat Hashmi is gratefully acknowledged.

Dedicated to the memory of Mr. Azim Kidwai for his exemplary academic commitment and devotion to the science journalism in Pakistan.

Harvard University Theses, Dissertations, and Prize Papers

The Harvard University Archives ’ collection of theses, dissertations, and prize papers document the wide range of academic research undertaken by Harvard students over the course of the University’s history.

Beyond their value as pieces of original research, these collections document the history of American higher education, chronicling both the growth of Harvard as a major research institution as well as the development of numerous academic fields. They are also an important source of biographical information, offering insight into the academic careers of the authors.

Spanning from the ‘theses and quaestiones’ of the 17th and 18th centuries to the current yearly output of student research, they include both the first Harvard Ph.D. dissertation (by William Byerly, Ph.D . 1873) and the dissertation of the first woman to earn a doctorate from Harvard ( Lorna Myrtle Hodgkinson , Ed.D. 1922).

Other highlights include:

• The collection of Mathematical theses, 1782-1839
• The 1895 Ph.D. dissertation of W.E.B. Du Bois, The suppression of the African slave trade in the United States, 1638-1871
• Ph.D. dissertations of astronomer Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (Ph.D. 1925) and physicist John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (Ph.D. 1922)
• Undergraduate honors theses of novelist John Updike (A.B. 1954), filmmaker Terrence Malick (A.B. 1966),  and U.S. poet laureate Tracy Smith (A.B. 1994)
• Undergraduate prize papers and dissertations of philosophers Ralph Waldo Emerson (A.B. 1821), George Santayana (Ph.D. 1889), and W.V. Quine (Ph.D. 1932)
• Undergraduate honors theses of U.S. President John F. Kennedy (A.B. 1940) and Chief Justice John Roberts (A.B. 1976)

What does a prize-winning thesis look like?

If you're a Harvard undergraduate writing your own thesis, it can be helpful to review recent prize-winning theses. The Harvard University Archives has made available for digital lending all of the Thomas Hoopes Prize winners from the 2019-2021 academic years.

Accessing These Materials

How to access materials at the Harvard University Archives

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Harvard faculty personal and professional archives, harvard student life collections: arts, sports, politics and social life, access materials at the harvard university archives.

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Phd student daniel lobo wins acls/mellon dissertation innovation fellowship.

Date/Time Mon, 04/22/2024 - 14:45 PhD student Daniel Lobo was awarded a $50,000  Dissertation Innovation Fellowship  from the American Council of Learned Societies for his interdisciplinary dissertation project titled, "Towards a theory on the causes, contours, and consequences of "culture add" hiring at elite firms."   Congratulations Daniel! Great work!

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Doctoral student Anderson Al Wazni awarded prestigious dissertation fellowship to study state fragility in the face of climate disasters 

Posted on April 22, 2024

by Chris Hilburn-Trenkle  

It wouldn’t necessarily be inaccurate to say that Anderson Al Wazni’s award-winning dissertation fellowship was nearly 20 years in the making. 

In 2006, Al Wazni received funding through the United States Department of State to spend time in Southeast Asia for work focusing on comparative religion. She traveled around the continent, taking a pilgrimage through India with members of the Jain religion, spending a few weeks at a Buddhist monastery in Taiwan and learning Bengali, the official language of Bangladesh, while studying at a university in Dhaka, Bangladesh. 

While Al Wazni, a doctoral student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Social Work, officially began her research on state fragility in the context of climate change years later by examining other nations, her travels in Southeast Asia unofficially opened the door for her later work. 

Al Wazni, who plans to graduate from the School of Social Work in 2025, received a dissertation fellowship from the American Association of University Women (AAUW) for her project examining how climate disasters impact vulnerable populations in the United States through the concept of state fragility. 

“I was stunned,” said Al Wazni in response to receiving the fellowship. “I was of course hoping, but if you see the people who’ve gotten it before and the types of work that gets rewarded, I would not have been upset if I didn’t (get it) because I recognize it would have gone to a very deserving woman-identified scholar in the field, so good for her … It felt great.” 

Al Wazni’s project is developed into three separate papers. The first paper will focus on three prominent measurements associated with state fragility — public services, infrastructure and state legitimacy — to examine different regions of the United States that show fragility, especially relating to forcible displacement due to natural disasters. 

Although Al Wazni notes that state fragility is usually reserved for underdeveloped countries, she’s redefining the measurements to apply to the United States more readily. While the United States does not have widespread violent conflict as defined by the state fragility index, Al Wazni is sorting through data to examine bullet wounds and other markers in particular regions. 

Her second paper involves qualitative interviews with key experts in the field who focus on natural disaster response and professionals in policy or direct service work related to climate change. With the help of those in the field, she will refine an online survey that will serve as the basis of her third paper. Since forced migration is a big factor in calculating state fragility, according to Al Wazni, she is asking for 200 to 300 respondents who were forcibly displaced due to a natural disaster over the last decade.  

“I’m saying that climate change is pouring gas on a fire,” Al Wazni said. “We have this fire of inequity that is already there, and as long as you don’t address climate change it’s going to get worse and worse. I think that disasters are a really good window into seeing where that state service delivery and that trust is not doing a fantastic job currently.”  

It was nearly 20 years ago when Al Wazni was traveling in Southeast Asia as a religious studies major from North Carolina State University seeing the real-world effects of climate change. Today, the AAUW is recognizing the potential of her project that could help alleviate the suffering of those affected by natural disasters around the world, from Bangladesh to the United States. 

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PhD student Alban Hasson successfully defends thesis on Urban Agriculture and Democratisation

23 April 2024

Congratulations to Alban Hasson who has successfully defended his thesis on the contributions of urban agriculture (UA) practitioners in London in expanding the political space towards a democratic food regime.

Image Credit: Alban Hasson

Alban Hasson's thesis built on Webster and Engberg-Pedersen’s political space framework (2002), argues that democratisation is emerging from a set of contestations by UA practitioners within existing and emerging institutional channels, but also through the historical struggle of contesting hegemonic political discourses. This arguments considers these contestations as being co-constituted through developments in specific social and political practices. 

His research compares the allotment and community garden trajectories in their diversity and assesses the democratic processes produced in seeking another way of engaging with food. Through historical and ethnographic in-depth case studies, the thesis sheds light on the practices of commoning and the struggles faced by UA practitioners to create a more just and sustainable food regime.  

He considers five democratic processes of UA necessary to expand the political space of food towards a more democratic food regime: fostering food security, expanding health benefits, reclaiming the commons, building places of interaction and representation, and decoupling from the regimes; and exploring how community UA practitioners engage with, negotiate, or resist current governance networks to expand the political space towards these democratic processes.

In so doing, his thesis highlights some of the discriminations at play and enables the proposition of solutions to continue to build intersectional environmental and food justice in London’s UA trajectories. 

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Graduate students recognized with ‘three minute thesis’ awards for influential research.

KINGSTON, R.I., – April 22, 2024 – Three Ph.D. students at the University of Rhode Island have been recognized for their ability to communicate their research effectively to the public as part of URI’s inaugural Three Minute Thesis (3MT) competition. Each student who entered the competition was challenged to present the content and contributions of their research in a 3-minute “ elevator pitch ” that attempted to  capture the attention of a non-specialist audience in a vivid, cogent, jargon-free style – without reverting to academic language – while relying on only a  single static slide as a visual aid.  

“An 80,000 word Ph.D. thesis would take 9 hours to present.  Your time limit… 3 minutes” according to the University of Queensland , which founded the 3MT competition in 2008.  3MT is now replicated at over 900 universities around the world.  “3MT cultivates students’ academic, presentation, and research communication skills, . . . and supports their capacity to effectively explain their research in 3 minutes, in a language appropriate to a non-specialist audience,” according to University of Queensland.

The finals of URI’s 3MT competition took place last month, in Lippitt Hall before an audience of nearly 100 spectators. Winners are: Sarah Davis, who is studying biological and environmental sciences; Md Abdullah Al Rumon, a student in electrical engineering; and Helani Singhapurage, who is studying physics.

“Graduate programs are the secret sauce that makes URI such a great place to study and work, and the Three Minute Thesis competition was an incredible opportunity to showcase the innovative work that our graduate students do every day,” said Professor of Chemistry and Graduate School Dean Brenton DeBoef.

Davis’ first-place presentation, “A Crab’s Eye View of the Plastic Pollution Crisis,” about the New England native Jonah crab, highlighted the urgent threat that pollution poses to ocean life. 

According to Davis, the greatest threat to this species is the level of plastic pollution in the ocean. When the plastic refuse breaks down, becoming microplastics, ingesting these synthetic materials becomes unavoidable for ocean-floor scavengers like crustaceans. 

Second-place winner Al Rumon, wrote his thesis on a device that would more efficiently monitor the vital signs of infants in neonatal intensive care units. His “smart belt” device is a “softer” non-invasive way to gather essential medical information from infants and newborns in delicate conditions. 

Current standard equipment for taking vital signs in infant intensive care units is composed of equipment, including leads for monitors and tubes that are fastened directly to the baby’s skin, which has many drawbacks, says Rumon. Not only can the wires damage or irritate the skin of a newborn, causing bleeding and contact dermatitis, they can prevent the baby from moving freely, making it more difficult for mothers and nurses to hold them. Al Rumon’s belt design is simpler than what exists now for taking vital signs. An article on the $2.6 million grant awarded by the National Institutes of Health to al Rumon and the team developing this device was featured in Rhody Today on Oct. 19, 2023.

Singhapurage, was voted winner of the people’s choice award by the audience, for her research in the field of physics. Singhapurage’s thesis explores light refraction on the microscopic level, and compares the refractions of different kinds of light on different materials by measuring the vibrations emitted. 

Studies of this sort have been conducted before, but Singhapurage’s methods of light and vibration measurement allowed her to discern minute variations in the emitted frequencies that speak to the chemical differences of the material, and perceived differences in its color.

“Analyzing scattered light from Raman active vibrations of materials provides vital information,” Singhapurage said. “Ultimately, findings of my research will help to develop more efficient semiconductors and high-powered lasers.”

DeBoef, who judged the event, along with Jen Riley, dean of the College of Arts and Sciences; Vinka Oyanedel-Craver, professor and associate dean of research in the College of Engineering; and Christopher Lavan, associate vice provost for the advancement of teaching and learning, called the event a resounding success.

You can view the presentations of all the winners and see the list of the 10 finalists HERE

This story was written by Samantha Melia, a senior journalism and political science major at the University of Rhode Island and an intern in the Department of Marketing and Communications.

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Graduate School Announces 2024 Award Winners

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The Graduate School has announced the 2024 winners of its professional and student awards . The awards recognize excellence in graduate academics, teaching and professional services.

The winners represent a dynamic community of students, scholars, teachers and administrators at the university. 

“The winners are a testament to the quality of teaching, research and support in graduate education that transpires on the Forty Acres,” said Sarah Ades, senior vice provost for Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies and dean of the Graduate School. “Each winner has done something extraordinary—the winners have conducted groundbreaking research and inspired others to discover their potential and enabled them to succeed.”

Candidates for the awards are nominated by individuals across campus, and winners are determined by selection committees composed of faculty and staff members and students.

These awards are generously underwritten by the  University Co-op , and are presented at the annual Graduate School/University Co-op Awards Banquet each spring.

STUDENT AWARDS

Outstanding dissertation awards.

The Outstanding Dissertation Awards were established in 1979 to recognize exceptional work and to encourage the highest levels of scholarship, research and writing. Each year, three awards are given. Of these, one is selected for the Michael H. Granof Award, the university’s top dissertation. The Outstanding Dissertation Award-winners receive $6,000, the Granof Award-winner $10,000.

Faith Deckard Michael H. Granof Award winner for top dissertation Bonded: Bail Agents, Families, and the Management of Risk Sociology, College of Liberal Arts Supervisor: Javier Auyero

Jiaqi Gu Light-AI Interaction: Bridging Photonics and Artificial Intelligence via Cross-Layer Hardware/Software Co-Design Electrical & Computer Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering Supervisors: David Z. Pan, Ray T. Chen

Melissa Santillana Destrúyelo todo: The Women behind the Mexican Feminist Spring Radio-Television-Film Moody College of Communication Supervisors: Mary Beltrán, Joseph D. Straubhaar

Outstanding Graduate Student Academic Employee Award

The William S. Livingston Outstanding Graduate Student Academic Employee Awards honor outstanding performance by graduate student academic employees. The winners receive $5,000.

Eman Alasadi , Teaching Assistant Chemistry College of Natural Sciences Nominated by Carlos Baiz

Laurel Rogers , Assistant Instructor Radio-Television-Film Moody College of Communication Nominated by Teresa Warner

PROFESSIONAL AWARDS

Outstanding graduate coordinator.

Graduate coordinators are instrumental to the success of graduate students enrolled at the university. The Outstanding Graduate Coordinator Award recognizes the exemplary service of one coordinator each year. The winner receives $2,000.

Tracy Demchuk Director for Graduate Program Advising & Admissions Student/Clinical Affairs School of Nursing Nominated by Alexandra Garcia

Outstanding Graduate Teacher         

The Outstanding Graduate Teaching Award recognizes one faculty member for distinguished graduate teaching—including demonstrated excellence in the classroom or laboratory, mentorship of students and service to students’ thesis and dissertation committees. The winner receives $2,000.

Luisa Nardini Professor Butler School of Music College of Fine Arts Nominated by Raquel Monroe

Outstanding Graduate Adviser

Graduate advisers provide invaluable services to the university and its community of students, faculty and staff members. The Outstanding Graduate Adviser Award recognizes the exemplary service of one adviser each year. The winner receives $2,000.

César A. Salgado Associate Professor Spanish and Portugese College of Liberal Arts Nominated by Hannah Wojciehowski

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The Drum Rudiment Encyclopedia , Dictionary, Glossary and A to Z

This Drum Rudiment Encyclopedia contains over 500 Rudiments including Standard Rudiments, Hybrid Rudiments and Others.

It is a constant work in progress. I am gradually working through all the rudiments I know and hope this will eventually become a free online guide to every known rudimental pattern ever!

In order to help you in learning and perfecting these rudiments, I have included easy to read examples, performance tips, free PDF sheet music and video tutorials.

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

• Alternated Cheese Pataflafla
• Alternated Cheese-Ka
• Alternated Pataflafla
• Alternated Pataflaka
• Alternated Pattyacue
• Alternated Swiss Tap Drag
• Alternating Flyz
• Alternating Four Note Swiss Army Triplet
• Alternating Hertas
• Alternating Hertas (with Same Hand Accents)
• Alternating Hertas (with Upbeat Accents)
• Alternating One Handed Tap Drag
• Alternating Pattys
• Alternating Single Stroke Five
• Alternating Single Stroke Five (with Upbeat Accents)
• Alternating Single Stroke Four
• Alternating Single Stroke Nine
• Alternating Single Stroke Seven
• Alternating Single Stroke Six
• Alternating Single Stroke Three
• Alternating Swiss Army Triplet
• Alternating Swiss Flam Drag
• Backward-Eggbeaters
• Beater Paradiddle
• Berger Lesson 25
• Book Report
• Book Report (variations)
• Book Report (with Extra Credit)
• Brille Stroke
• Buguda Chickens
• Buzzadiddle
• Chatachichi
• Cheese 3-2-1
• Cheese Accent
• Cheese Back Flip
• Cheese Berger
• Cheese Chain
• Cheese Chatachichi
• Cheese Chutichuhs
• Cheese Chutra-Cheese
• Cheese Doctoral Thesis
• Cheese Double Paradiddle
• Cheese Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Cheese Double Parafladdle-diddle
• Cheese Dragateenth
• Cheese Drags
• Cheese Five Chatachichi
• Cheese Five Stroke Paradiddle
• Cheese Flama Chuck
• Cheese Flama Chucka Diddle
• Cheese Flama-Diddly
• Cheese Flamacue Swiss
• Cheese Flamalet
• Cheese Flammed Zigiddy Bops
• Cheese Fubars
• Cheese Inverted Threes
• Cheese Para-pa-diddle
• Cheese Paradiddle
• Cheese Paradiddle-diddle
• Cheese Paradiddle-diddle-a
• Cheese Paradiddle-diddle-diddle
• Cheese Paradiddle-Flafla
• Cheese Parafladdle-diddle-diddle
• Cheese Pataflafla
• Cheese Quickity Klotz
• Cheese Quickity Klotz (kicked up a notch)
• Cheese Ripits
• Cheese Roll
• Cheese Shirley Murphy
• Cheese Swiss Double Paradiddle
• Cheese Swiss Triple Paradiddle
• Cheese Triple Paradiddle
• Cheese Triplet Pataflafla
• Cheese Zigiddy Bops
• Cheese-Single
• Cheesea Flamacue-Diddle
• Cheeseacue Drag
• Cheeseacue Five
• Cheeseafladdle
• Cheeseasingle
• Cheesed Deviled Eggs
• Cheesy Pancakes
• Chewbacca-Diddle
• Chinese Fives
• Chuck Cheese
• Chumbly Bumkinsteen
• Churruckitahs
• Chut-Cheese
• Chutra-Cheese
• Crazy Harry
• Delayed Double Paradiddle
• Delayed Dragadiddle
• Delayed Paradiddle
• Delayed Paradiddle-diddle
• Delayed Triple Paradiddle
• Deviled Eggs
• Diddle Egg Five
• Diddle Herta
• Diddle-Flafla
• Displaced Flamacue
• Displaced Flamacue (with Diddle on Three)
• Displaced Flamacue (with Diddles on One and Three)
• Doctor Rion
• Doctoral Thesis
• Double Accented Single Flam Drag
• Double Drag Tap
• Double Dragadiddle
• Double Flam Drag
• Double Flam Drag Diddle
• Double Flam Drag Diddle-diddle
• Double Flam Drag Triple Paradiddle
• Double Flam-Flam Paradiddle
• Double Flamacue
• Double Flammed Mill
• Double Flammed Swiss Army Triplet
• Double Para Flamadiddle
• Double Para Swiss Flam Drags
• Double Paradiddle
• Double Paradiddle Flamacue
• Double Paradiddle Flamacue (with Flam on Five)
• Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Double Paradiddle-diddle Nine Stroke Roll
• Double Parafladdle-diddle
• Double Ratamacue
• Double Ratamaflam
• Double Stroke Roll
• Drag Double Paradiddle
• Drag Paradiddle 1
• Drag Paradiddle 2
• Drag Paradiddle-diddle
• Drag Triple Paradiddle
• Dragateenth
• Eight Stroke Roll
• Eleven Stroke Roll
• Elmer Fudd-diddle
• Fifteen Stroke Roll
• Five Stroke Diddle Herta
• Five Stroke Dragadiddle
• Five Stroke Flamtas
• Five Stroke Herta
• Five Stroke Paradiddle
• Five Stroke Paradiddle Herta
• Five Stroke Paradiddle Rudy-Mental
• Five Stroke Roll
• Five Stroke Ruff
• Flaflam Drag
• Flam Accent
• Flam Accent 2
• Flam Accent Drag
• Flam Accent Roll
• Flam Beaters
• Flam Change Ups
• Flam Cheese Paradiddle
• Flam Devils
• Flam Double Paradiddle
• Flam Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Double Paradiddle-diddle Nine Stroke Roll
• Flam Double Parafladdle-diddle
• Flam Drag Chatachichi
• Flam Drag Chutichuhs
• Flam Drag Double Paradiddle
• Flam Drag Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Drag Double Parafladdle-diddle
• Flam Drag Five Stroke Paradiddle
• Flam Drag Flafla
• Flam Drag Flamadiddle
• Flam Drag Flamafladdle
• Flam Drag Paradiddle
• Flam Drag Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Drag Parafladdle
• Flam Drag Pataflafla-diddle
• Flam Drag Quickity Klotz
• Flam Drag Single
• Flam Drag Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Drag-a-poo
• Flam Dragadiddle-diddle
• Flam Eight Stroke Roll
• Flam Eleven Stroke Roll
• Flam Eleven Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Fifteen Stroke Roll
• Flam Five Double Drag Diddle
• Flam Five Double Paradiddle
• Flam Five Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Five Double Parafladdle-diddle
• Flam Five Drag Diddle
• Flam Five Drag Diddle-diddle
• Flam Five Drag Paradiddle
• Flam Five Flafla
• Flam Five Paradiddle
• Flam Five Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Five Patty
• Flam Five Quickity Klotz
• Flam Five Single
• Flam Five Superdiddle
• Flam Five Tapafladdle
• Flam Five Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Flamalet
• Flam Four Stroke Roll
• Flam Fourteen Stroke Roll
• Flam Hertas
• Flam Invention 1
• Flam Jiggers
• Flam Mill Drag
• Flam Muppets
• Flam Nine Double Paradiddle
• Flam Nine Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Nine Stroke Roll
• Flam Nine Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Paradiddle
• Flam Paradiddle (variations)
• Flam Paradiddle Five
• Flam Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Paradiddle-diddle-a
• Flam Paradiddle-diddle-diddle
• Flam Parafladdle-diddle
• Flam Parafladdle-diddle-diddle
• Flam Puguda
• Flam Seven Double Paradiddle
• Flam Seven Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Seven Stroke Roll
• Flam Seven Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Seven-Ups
• Flam Seventeen Stroke Roll
• Flam Six Stroke Roll
• Flam Sixteen Stroke Roll
• Flam Stutters
• Flam Tap Double Paradiddle
• Flam Tap Paradiddle
• Flam Tap Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Tap Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Ten Stroke Roll
• Flam Thirteen Stroke Roll
• Flam Thirteen Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Triple Stroke Roll
• Flam Twelve Stroke Roll
• Flam Upbeat Diddles
• Flam Upbeat Five
• Flam-a-Flam
• Flam-Flam Flamadiddle
• Flam-Flam Tap
• Flam-Four Flams
• Flam-Single
• Flam-Single (with Cheese on One)
• Flam-Single (with Cheese on Three)
• Flama Chuck
• Flama Chucka Diddle
• Flama Diddle Diddle
• Flama Flamacue-Diddle
• Flama Flive-a-Tap
• Flama Swiss Army Triplet
• Flama-Diddly
• Flama-Flama-Flam Flam
• Flama-Flama-Flam Tap
• Flama-Singles
• Flama-Tap-Flafla
• Flamacue a cue
• Flamacue a Diddle
• Flamacue a Flafla
• Flamacue Drag
• Flamacue Five
• Flamacue Swiss
• Flamacue-Diddle
• Flamadiddle Flam-Flam
• Flamasingle
• Flamill Drags
• Flammed 3-2-1
• Flammed Alternated Swiss Tap Drag
• Flammed Alternating Single Stroke Four
• Flammed Alternating Single Stroke Nine
• Flammed Alternating Single Stroke Seven
• Flammed Alternating Single Stroke Six
• Flammed Alternating Single Stroke Three
• Flammed Backward-Eggbeaters
• Flammed Chinese Fives
• Flammed Double Mill
• Flammed Doubles
• Flammed Eggbeaters
• Flammed Five Stroke Paradiddle
• Flammed Lesson 25
• Flammed Para-pa-diddle
• Flammed Ravioli
• Flammed Ripits
• Flammed Shirley Murphy
• Flammed Single Ratamacue
• Flammed Single Stroke Four
• Flammed Single Stroke Nine
• Flammed Single Stroke Seven
• Flammed Single Stroke Six
• Flammed Single Stroke Three
• Flammed Swiss Tap Drag
• Flammed Triplets
• Flammed Zigiddy Bops
• Flamtaplets
• Flim-Swiss Triplet
• Flive-a-Flam
• Flive-Flafla-Tap
• Four Flam-Flam-Flamadiddle
• Four Note Swiss Army Triplet
• Four Stroke Cheese Fubars
• Four Stroke Flamaruff
• Four Stroke Fubars
• Four Stroke Roll
• Four Stroke Ruff
• Four Stroke Ruff Double Paradiddle
• Four Stroke Ruff Double Ratamacue
• Four Stroke Ruff Inverted Paradiddle
• Four Stroke Ruff Paradiddle
• Four Stroke Ruff Reverse Paradiddle
• Four Stroke Ruff Single Ratamacue
• Four Stroke Ruff Triple Paradiddle
• Four Stroke Ruff Triple Ratamacue
• Four Stroke Ruffadiddle-diddle
• Four Stroke Ruffadiddle-Tap
• Fourteen Stroke Roll
• French Flams
• Fubars Fives
• Funky Cheese
• Funky Cheese Inverts
• Ghost Flams
• Grilled Cheese
• Hertas (with Same Hand Accents)
• Hertas (with Upbeat Accents)
• Hulka Helicopter
• Invert Cheese Patty
• Invert Flam Fours
• Invert Patty
• Inverted Book Report
• Inverted Cheese
• Inverted Cheese Flam Tap
• Inverted Cheese Flama Chuck
• Inverted Cheese Flama-Diddly
• Inverted Cheese Paradiddle-diddle
• Inverted Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Inverted Dragadiddle
• Inverted Flam Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Inverted Flam Drag
• Inverted Flam Drag-a-poo
• Inverted Flam Parafladdle-diddle
• Inverted Flam Tap
• Inverted Flam Tap Paradiddle-diddle
• Inverted Flama Chuck
• Inverted Flama-Diddly
• Inverted Flama-Singles
• Inverted Flamacue Drag
• Inverted Inverts
• Inverted Paradiddle
• Inverted Paradiddle Patty
• Inverted Parafladdle-diddle
• Inverted Swiss Grinders
• Inverted Tap Flam Seven
• Inverted Threes
• Inverted Triple Stroke Roll
• No drum rudiments begin with J so far...
• Malf Accent
• Malf Paradiddle
• Nice n Easy
• Nine Stroke Roll
• Nine Stroke Ruff
• Octadiddle-tron
• Odd 3 Even 3
• One Handed Five
• One Handed Flam Drag
• One Handed Flam Five
• One Handed Tap Drag
• Para Flam-Flam
• Para Flamadiddle
• Para-pa-diddle
• Paradiddle (with Cheese on Four)
• Paradiddle Diddle Herta
• Paradiddle Five
• Paradiddle Flamtas
• Paradiddle Herta
• Paradiddle-diddle
• Paradiddle-diddle-a
• Paradiddle-diddle-diddle
• Paradiddle-Flafla
• Parafladdle
• Parafladdle-diddle
• Parafladdle-diddle-diddle
• Patty Flam Tap
• Patty Flamacue Five
• Patty Invert
• Patty Seven
• Pattya Diddle
• Pattya Flam Tap
• Pattya Invert
• Poly Flam Drag
• Quickity Klotz
• Quickity Klotz (kicked up a notch)
• Ratama Swiss Cheese
• Ratamaswiss
• Reverse Book Report
• Reverse Cheese Paradiddle
• Reverse Double Paradiddle
• Reverse Dragadiddle
• Reverse Five
• Reverse Flam Paradiddle
• Reverse Paradiddle
• Reverse Paradiddle-diddle
• Reverse Paradiddle-Flafla
• Reverse Shirley Murphy
• Rudy-Mental
• Same Hand Chatachichi
• Same Hand Cheese Paradiddle
• Same Hand Five Stroke Herta
• Same Hand Flam Accent
• Same Hand Flam Paradiddle
• Same Hand Flam-Flam
• Same Hand Paradiddle
• Same Hand Reverse Paradiddle
• Same Hand Single Flammed Mill
• Seven Stroke Roll
• Seven Stroke Ruff
• Seventeen Stroke Roll
• Shirley Murphy
• Side Cheeseadiddle
• Side Flamadiddle
• Single Backs
• Single Drag Tap
• Single Dragadiddle
• Single Flam Drag
• Single Flammed Mill
• Single Paradiddle
• Single Ratamacue
• Single Stroke Five
• Single Stroke Five (with Upbeat Accents)
• Single Stroke Five-a-Flam
• Single Stroke Flam Five
• Single Stroke Four
• Single Stroke Nine
• Single Stroke Roll
• Single Stroke Seven
• Single Stroke Six
• Single Stroke Three
• Six Stroke Roll
• Six Stroke Ruff
• Sixteen Stroke Roll
• Slurred Drag
• Slurred Eleven Stroke Roll
• Slurred Fifteen Stroke Roll
• Slurred Five Stroke Roll
• Slurred Four Stroke Roll
• Slurred Fourteen Stroke Roll
• Slurred Nine Stroke Roll
• Slurred Seven Stroke Roll
• Slurred Seventeen Stroke Roll
• Slurred Six Stroke Roll
• Slurred Sixteen Stroke Roll
• Slurred Ten Stroke Roll
• Slurred Thirteen Stroke Roll
• Slurred Twelve Stroke Roll
• Swiss Army Triplet
• Swiss Cheese
• Swiss Double Paradiddle
• Swiss Flam Drag Flam Tap
• Swiss Grinders
• Swiss Tap Drag
• Swiss Triple Paradiddle
• Swiss Tu-Chada
• Swissadiddle
• Tap Flam Seven
• Ten Stroke Roll
• Thirteen Stroke Roll
• Three Stroke Ruff
• Three Stroke Ruff Double Paradiddle
• Three Stroke Ruff Inverted Paradiddle
• Three Stroke Ruff Paradiddle
• Three Stroke Ruff Reverse Paradiddle
• Three Stroke Ruff Triple Paradiddle
• Three Stroke Ruffadiddle-diddle
• Three Stroke Ruffadiddle-Tap
• Threesome Flam Combo
• Tri-Octaddiddle
• Triple Dragadiddle
• Triple Flam Drag Diddle
• Triple Flam-Flam Paradiddle
• Triple Flammed Swiss Army Triplets
• Triple Herta
• Triple Para Swiss Flam Drags
• Triple Paradiddle
• Triple Ratamacue
• Triple Ratamaflam
• Triple Stroke Roll
• Triple Stroke Tap Drag
• Triple-acue
• Triplet Pataflafla
• Tu-Cha-Chada
• Twelve Stroke Roll
• Upbeat Diddles
• Upbeat Five Stroke Roll
• Walt-Diddles
• No drum rudiments begin with X so far...
• No drum rudiments begin with Y so far...
• Zigiddy Bops

Total Drum Rudiments: 570

Calling all Drummers, Teachers and Educators!

If you know of any Rudiments that are not listed in this encyclopedia or notice any errors or duplicates in my pages, please contact me and help me to keep this educational resource complete and up to date.

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