earthquake case study class 9

• Unit 1: Earthquake!

Vince Cronin, Baylor University ([email protected]) Phil Resor, Wesleyan University ([email protected])

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Science and Engineering Practices

Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information: Critically read scientific literature adapted for classroom use to determine the central ideas or conclusions and/or to obtain scientific and/or technical information to summarize complex evidence, concepts, processes, or information presented in a text by paraphrasing them in simpler but still accurate terms. HS-P8.1:

Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions: Make a quantitative and/or qualitative claim regarding the relationship between dependent and independent variables. HS-P6.1:

Analyzing and Interpreting Data: Compare and contrast various types of data sets (e.g., self-generated, archival) to examine consistency of measurements and observations. HS-P4.4:

Cross Cutting Concepts

Stability and Change: Stability might be disturbed either by sudden events or gradual changes that accumulate over time. MS-C7.3:

Cause and effect: Changes in systems may have various causes that may not have equal effects. HS-C2.4:

Disciplinary Core Ideas

Natural Hazards: Natural hazards and other geologic events have shaped the course of human history; [they] have significantly altered the sizes of human populations and have driven human migrations. HS-ESS3.B1:

Information Technologies and Instrumentation: Multiple technologies based on the understanding of waves and their interactions with matter are part of everyday experiences in the modern world (e.g., medical imaging, communications, scanners) and in scientific research. They are essential tools for producing, transmitting, and capturing signals and for storing and interpreting the information contained in them HS-PS4.C1:

Performance Expectations

Earth and Human Activity: Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the availability of natural resources, occurrence of natural hazards, and changes in climate have influenced human activity. HS-ESS3-1:

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Resources in this top level collection a) must have scored Exemplary or Very Good in all five review categories, and must also rate as "Exemplary" in at least three of the five categories. The five categories included in the peer review process are

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In this opening unit, students develop the societal context for understanding earthquake hazards using as a case study the 2011 Tohoku, Japan, earthquake. It starts with a short homework "scavenger hunt" in which students find a compelling video and information about the earthquake. In class, they share some of what they have found and then engage in a series of think-pair-share exercises to investigate both the societal and scientific data about the earthquake.

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Activity Classification and Connections to Related Resources Collapse

Grade level, readiness for online use, diversity, equity, inclusion and justice.

Learning Goals

Unit 1 learning outcomes × div[id^='image-'] {position:static}div[id^='image-'] div.hover{position:static} show caption hide aftermath of tohoku earthquake and tsunami, which is used as a case study in this introductory unit. buddhist painting and signposts of prayer and wishes at the top of mt. hiyoriyama, a 6.3m high man-made hill in natori, miyagi where the tsunamis attacked. by chiefhira (from wikipedia). provenance: by chiefhira (own work) gfdl http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html or cc by-sa 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 via wikimedia commons reuse: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file%3asignpost_of_prayer_and_wish.jpg.

• Students will be able to describe human impacts from the 2011 Tohoku, Japan, earthquake

Unit 1 Teaching Objectives

• Affective: Provide students with the opportunity to analyze the human impact from an earthquake.
• Cognitive: Facilitate students' ability to interpret a range of data images related to earthquakes.

Context for Use

This module was designed for structural geology courses but may also be successfully used in geophysics, tectonics, or geohazards courses, or possibly even a physics or engineering course seeking practical applications. However, Unit 1 could really be used in nearly any nonintroductory course in which students are learning about earthquakes. The module assumes that students have had a basic physical geology introduction to plate tectonics, faults, earthquakes, and earthquake magnitude/intensity scales. Although the rest of the module could be done without Unit 1, this short unit really does provide an important societal context for learning about earthquakes and gives students an opportunity to practice interpreting a variety of earthquake data images.

Description and Teaching Materials

Prior to the first day of the module, give students a small homework assignment. Before the start of class (something like 2–24 hours before—whatever works for your particular teaching situation), they are to send you an interesting video that includes human impacts from the 2011 Tohoku, Japan, Mag 9.1 Earthquake and two facts: one related to the human impact from the event and one related to something Japan has done to mitigate against earthquake risk. Tell them you will share some of the best examples with the class. This assignment has the effect of getting students to actually read more facts and look at more videos than they actually turn in to you. (Remind them to cite their sources.)

Prior to class, quickly review the videos and facts that students have turned in. Select one or two videos to show the whole class. Invite students to volunteer societal impacts, summarize them on the board, and contribute additional ones you think are important. Then cycle through the rest of the PowerPoint slides as a series of think-pair-share exercises. Potential questions to pose are listed in the Notes section of the presentation. The final slide includes two questions to help students reflect on their learning. The inclusion of reflection (or metacognition ) is an essential component of learning. If you have your students do Minute Papers or "muddiest point" cards at the end of class, the same basic purpose is served.

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Also consider showing the UNAVCO animation Youtube: What can GPS tell us about future earthquakes? MP4 file: What can GPS tell us about future earthquakes? (MP4 Video 11MB Sep17 15) This animation can serve the dual purpose of introducing students to: (1) the similarities between Japan and the US Pacific Northwest and (2) what GPS can show about strain build up.

Teaching Notes and Tips

• Adding links to selected videos sent by the students at the bottom of slide 4 can help animate the discussion of hazard and risk by making it all much more real.
• The nuclear disaster slide (slide 7) and the tsunami slide (slide 9) have relatively complicated graphics with some small text. You may want to print color copies of these slides for your students so that they can read and interpret these details.
• While students are learning about earthquakes, you may consider taking the opportunity to have the students do a basic earthquake drill of Drop-Cover-HoldOn. It is a prime time to make sure they know what to do to be safe if they are ever in an earthquake. Earthquake Country Alliance has great resources on basic earthquake safety. More resources are available from The Great ShakeOut international earthquake drill, Redwood Coast Tsunami Workgroup for coastal areas with tsunami threat, and of course FEMA and Red Cross .

Formative assessment:

This is the introductory unit to the module, so as such there is no summative assessment. Formative assessment is done by the instructor in the form of group and individual student discussions. For the grading of the small homework assignment it would be appropriate to give credit if the assignment is completed and appropriate and no credit if undone or off target. Some instructors may choose to offer the homework as extra credit or offer an extra credit incentive for a student whose video is selected.

References and Resources

• Wikipedia: Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
• JAPAN TSUNAMI 2011 - river and harbor footage posted by Joseph Friedman
• Most Unbelievable footage of Japanese Tsunami I have seen so far (taken from helicopter) posted by Yasir Ali
• Japan earthquake: Tsunami hits north-east - BBC report
• The Road to Recovery and Reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake - Japanese Government Internet TV
• Earthquake Country Alliance
• Redwood Coast Tsunami Workgroup

« Previous Page       Next Page »

• Module Overview
• Unit 2: Mashing it up: physical models of deformation and strain
• Unit 3: Getting started with GPS data
• Unit 4: GPS and infinitesimal strain analysis
• Unit 5: 2014 South Napa Earthquake and GPS strain
• Unit 6: Applying GPS strain and earthquake hazard analyses to different regions
• Student Materials
• Instructor Stories

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• Last Modified: February 29, 2024
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Revision Notes for Earthquakes Class 9 Geography ICSE

Icse revision notes for earthquakes class 9 geography.

Earthquakes

An earthquake is a tremor below the surface of the Earth which causes shaking of the Earth’s crust. 

Causes of Earthquake

Earthquakes are generally caused by sudden forces because of the following reasons: 

• Plate tectonics : Most of the earthquakes occur because of the movement of tectonic plates. They are caused when two plates either slip past each other or collide against each other. Under such circumstances, their edges produce faults along the lines of weakness. 
• Isostatic disturbances : Earthquakes may occur when disturbances are produced by the deposition of sediments by rivers and glaciers on the ocean floor. Because the asthenosphere (the upper layer of the Earth’s mantle) is in the semi-molten state, any disturbance in the equilibrium between oceans and continents may result in movements causing earthquakes. 
• Man-made causes : Construction of large dams near the fault zones may result in isostatic movements causing earthquakes. 

Anatomy of an Earthquake 

• An earthquake is caused by the movement of lithospheric plates inside the surface of the Earth. Because these plates move, the surface of the Earth vibrates. The vibrations can travel all round the Earth. 
• The place in the Earth’s crust where the movement first starts is called  focus . 
• The place on the surface above the focus is called  epicentre .
• It is from the epicentre that vibrations in the form of waves travel outwards. These are known as  seismic  waves .
• The greatest damage and destruction to human life and property occur at places which are closest to the epicentre. The strength of the earthquake decreases as it moves away from the epicentre. 
• ∙Earthquake waves are classified into three types. These are: 1. P waves : These are known as primary waves. They pass through solids, liquids and gases. These are the first earthquake waves which can be recorded on a seismogram. 2. S waves: These waves travel through the Earth’s interior but cannot be transmitted by liquids. They are recorded on a seismograph after the P waves. 3. L waves: They are long waves and are recorded after the P and S waves. L waves may be further classified into Love waves and Rayleigh waves.

A  seismograph  is an instrument which measures and records the details of an earthquake such as its duration, force and direction. The seismograph has a pen attached to it. When an earthquake occurs, the pen also vibrates along with the vibrations produced by the earthquake. The pen records the movements of vibrations on a moving strip of paper. Various waves which are formed by the moving pen give us an estimate of the direction and force of an earthquake. It also calculates the difference in the arrival of P and S waves. 

The intensity of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale and the Mercalli scale. The Richter scale is commonly used for measuring an earthquake. While the Richter scale measures the intensity of the earthquake on a scale from 1 to 9, the Mercalli scale measures it on a 12 point scale. Earthquakes measured above the Richter scale of 6 onwards cause damage to life and property.

Effects of an Earthquake 

Earthquakes have constructive and destructive effects. 

Constructive Effects 

• Earthquakes help the Earth in releasing its energy. 
• As a result of earthquakes, many landforms are built. It also results in changing the coastline. Earthquakes in the Himalayan region have resulted in the formation of various lakes. Further, the formation of bays, estuaries and gulfs because of earthquakes has resulted in better navigation. 

Destructive Effects 

• Earthquakes measuring 6 and above on the Richter scale may result in the loss of human lives. About 15,000 people are killed every year because of earthquakes. 
• Earthquakes inflict serious damage to buildings, structures, roads, bridges and railways. Submergence: Many coastal areas get submerged in water because of earthquakes. For example, Dwarka in Gujarat now lies submerged in water.
• Powerful earthquakes may change the course of rivers which may render an area infertile. 
• After earthquakes, fire may also break out. This may happen when inflammable material is thrown onto broken gas lines. In the earthquake of 1906 in San Francisco, a great fire broke out which proved to be more destructive than the earthquake itself.
• Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes occurring in the sea. These can cause huge destruction in the coastal regions. 

Tsunamis 

Tsunamis are long, high waves mainly caused by earthquakes. They can also be caused by volcanic eruption or meteorite impact. An earthquake in the Indian Ocean in 2004 triggered a series of tsunamis on 26 December 2004 in which thousands of people were killed in India, Indonesia Thailand, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Maldives.

Distribution of Earthquakes 

Earthquakes mostly originate from the plate boundaries. There are two main belts where the possibility of the occurrence of an earthquake is the largest.

• The Circum Pacific Mountain Belt: The regions lying in this belt are Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia and California in USA. About 70% of earthquakes originate in this zone. 
• The Midway Mountain Belt: This belt extends from Eastern Europe to Asia. It covers the Alpine and Himalayan regions. About 20% of earthquakes originate in this zone. 
• The remaining 10% of earthquakes are associated with submarine ridges, ocean floors, rift valleys and other fault zones.

India is located in the Mid-Mountain Belt. The regions in India which are highly prone to earthquakes are Kashmir, the foothills of the Himalayas, the Northeastern region and the Rann of Kachchh. Earthquakes frequently take place in the foothills of the Himalayas and the Ganga Brahmaputra valley as these are the regions where the tectonic plates meet. Maharashtra is also prone to earthquakes.

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Geography Project On Earthquake For Class 9th

Table of Contents

Acknowledgment

Embarking on this seismic journey into the world of earthquakes has been a collaborative effort, and I extend my heartfelt gratitude to those whose contributions have made this project possible.

First and foremost, I express my appreciation to the educators who have imparted knowledge and provided guidance throughout the exploration of earthquake causes, effects, and mitigation strategies. Your expertise has been an invaluable compass, steering this project towards a deeper understanding of these natural phenomena.

I extend my thanks to the scientific community whose research forms the bedrock of this endeavor. The tireless pursuit of knowledge and dedication to unraveling the complexities of earthquakes have laid the groundwork for a more informed exploration.

To my peers and fellow students, thank you for engaging in discussions, sharing insights, and contributing to the collective learning experience. Your enthusiasm and collaboration have enriched the project, making it a collaborative endeavor that transcends individual efforts.

Furthermore, I am grateful for the support from friends and family who provided encouragement and understanding during the project’s development. Your unwavering support has been a source of inspiration.

Lastly, to the broader community, thank you for fostering an environment that encourages curiosity and exploration. This project is a testament to the collective pursuit of knowledge and the shared commitment to understanding the forces that shape our world.

Together, these acknowledgments reflect the collaborative spirit that fuels the pursuit of knowledge, and I am sincerely grateful for the diverse contributions that have shaped this exploration into the realm of earthquakes.

With gratitude,

Introduction

In the ever-evolving tapestry of our world, natural phenomena hold a mysterious allure, captivating both the curious minds of students and the seasoned wisdom of educators. This project serves as a gateway into the intriguing realm of earthquakes – a force that has fascinated scientists and posed profound challenges to societies across the ages. As we embark on this journey, we will delve into the seismic tapestry of our planet, unraveling the causes, effects, and mitigation strategies associated with earthquakes. This exploration seeks not only to deepen our understanding of these geological events but also to cultivate a sense of preparedness and resilience among 9th-grade students. Join us as we navigate the intricate pathways of tectonic plates, measure the intensity of ground-shaking, and explore the real-world implications of seismic activity. Through this project, we aim to foster a holistic appreciation for the dynamic forces that shape our world and equip students with the knowledge to navigate the complexities of potential seismic events in the future. Welcome to a journey where science meets the profound mysteries beneath our feet – welcome to the seismic exploration of earthquakes.

The Roots of Earthquakes

At the heart of earthquake genesis lies the intricate ballet of tectonic plates. These mammoth sections of the Earth’s crust engage in a complex dance at various boundaries, including subduction zones, transform boundaries, and divergent boundaries, giving rise to seismic activities. Furthermore, human activities such as mining, reservoir-induced seismicity linked to dams, and the controversial hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as fracking, can induce earthquakes, albeit on a more modest scale.

Quantifying and Observing Earthquakes

In the quest to measure earthquake intensity, scientists employ scales like the Richter Scale and the Moment Magnitude Scale. Seismographs, those silent sentinels, play a pivotal role in recording and dissecting ground movements. The advent of Earthquake Early Warning Systems has further fortified our ability to provide advance notice, offering communities a crucial buffer against the impending impact.

Navigating the Aftermath: Effects of Earthquakes

The repercussions of earthquakes are multifaceted, encompassing ground shaking, surface rupture, and secondary calamities such as tsunamis and landslides. A profound comprehension of these effects becomes imperative in devising and executing effective mitigation strategies and emergency response plans.

Echoes Through Time: Notable Earthquakes in History

History bears witness to seismic events that have left an indelible mark. From the annihilation of Pompeii in 62 AD to the cataclysmic San Francisco earthquake of 1906, the seismic upheaval of the Great Kanto quake in 1923, the formidable Alaska earthquake of 1964, and the catastrophic Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in 2004, these events have profoundly shaped our understanding of the relentless force wielded by these natural disasters.

Mitigation and Preparedness

Shielding communities from the formidable impact of earthquakes involves a proactive approach, embracing advancements in building design and construction that prioritize seismic resilience. The very foundation of this endeavor rests on emergency preparedness plans, meticulously crafted at both individual and community levels, serving as a crucial line of defense against potential casualties and structural damages. Public education and awareness campaigns stand as pillars in fostering a resilient society, especially in regions prone to seismic activities.

Case Study: Earthquake in [Your Chosen Location]

Now, let’s delve into a practical illustration – a case study focusing on a specific earthquake in a carefully chosen location. This real-world example will serve as a lens through which students can apply the acquired knowledge, gaining insight into the tangible implications of seismic activity and the pivotal role played by effective mitigation measures.

As we draw the curtains on this seismic exploration, we reflect on the profound journey into the world of earthquakes that has unfolded. This project has been more than a mere academic pursuit; it has been a venture into the very essence of our planet’s dynamic nature. Through the exploration of causes, effects, and mitigation strategies associated with earthquakes, we have sought to illuminate the intricate mechanisms that shape our geologic landscape.

Our journey has taken us from the colossal movements of tectonic plates to the delicate dance of seismic waves recorded by vigilant seismographs. We’ve examined the devastating effects of earthquakes, from ground-shaking to the far-reaching consequences of tsunamis and landslides. The strategies to mitigate these impacts have unfolded before us, revealing the importance of resilient structures, meticulous emergency preparedness, and public awareness campaigns.

In crafting this project, our aim was not only to disseminate knowledge but to instill a sense of preparedness and resilience among 9th-grade students. Earthquakes, though formidable, need not be feared. Instead, armed with understanding and awareness, we can navigate their complexities and work towards building communities that stand strong in the face of seismic challenges.

The case study provided a tangible example of the real-world implications of seismic activity, illustrating the crucial role of effective mitigation measures. Through this, we hope students have gained insight into the transformative potential of the knowledge acquired throughout this exploration.

As we close this chapter, let the understanding cultivated here serve as a foundation for future inquiry and a source of empowerment. May the knowledge gained on this seismic journey resonate as a call to action, inspiring a generation equipped to grapple with the forces that shape our dynamic world.

In the spirit of exploration and understanding,

Bibliography

• United States Geological Survey (USGS). “Earthquake Hazards Program.”
• Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS). “Teaching Seismology.”
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). “Earthquake Safety at Home.”
• Richter, Charles F. “Elementary Seismology.”
• National Geographic. “Earthquakes.”
• The Seismic Monitor. “Real-time Earthquake Map.”

Certificate of Completion

This is to certify that I, [Student’s Name], a [Class/Grade Level] student, have successfully completed the “Geography Project On Earthquake For Class 9th.” The project explores the fundamental principles and key aspects of the chosen topic, providing a comprehensive understanding of its significance and implications.

In this project, I delved into in-depth research and analysis, investigating various facets and relevant theories related to the chosen topic. I demonstrated dedication, diligence, and a high level of sincerity throughout the project’s completion.

Key Achievements:

Thoroughly researched and analyzed Geography Project On Earthquake For Class 9th Examined the historical background and evolution of the subject matter. Explored the contributions of notable figures in the field. Investigated the key theories and principles associated with the topic. Discussed practical applications and real-world implications. Considered critical viewpoints and alternative theories, fostering a well-rounded understanding. This project has significantly enhanced my knowledge and critical thinking skills in the chosen field of study. It reflects my commitment to academic excellence and the pursuit of knowledge.

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• Earth Science

Protection Against Earthquake

Earthquakes are highly destructive natural disasters, leading to significant loss of life and extensive damage to property on a global scale each year. In response, the disaster management committee has implemented various safety measures to minimize the devastating effects of these catastrophic events. Developing effective strategies and promoting disaster management awareness is paramount in mitigating the impact of earthquakes and ensuring our safety. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of earthquakes, including their causes and effects, along with detailed instructions on how to respond during and after an earthquake.

What is an Earthquake?

An earthquake refers to the shaking of the earth’s surface caused by a sudden release of energy within the earth’s crust. This release of energy generates seismic waves, commonly known as S waves. The intensity and characteristics of an earthquake are determined by the seismic activities occurring in a specific region.

During an earthquake, the stored energy accumulated within the earth’s crust is suddenly released, leading to the rapid movement and displacement of rock masses along fault lines. This movement produces vibrations that propagate through the earth in the form of seismic waves. The two primary types of seismic waves are S (secondary) and P (primary) waves .

S waves, also called shear waves, travel through the earth by causing particles to move perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. These waves are responsible for the side-to-side shaking motion experienced during an earthquake. On the other hand, P waves, or compression waves, cause particles to move in the same direction as the wave propagation. P waves are the first detected during an earthquake and are responsible for the initial abrupt jolts.

Understanding the nature of earthquakes and the behaviour of seismic waves is crucial for assessing the potential risks associated with these natural disasters. It enables scientists and experts to study seismic patterns, develop early warning systems, establish building codes for earthquake-resistant structures and educate communities on preparedness and response measures.

What Causes an Earthquake?

Earthquakes occur due to sudden tectonic movements within the Earth’s crust. The Earth’s crust is divided into large sections called tectonic plates , which float on the semi-fluid layer known as the asthenosphere. These plates are constantly in motion, albeit very slowly.

When two tectonic plates interact, various types of boundaries can form, such as convergent and divergent and transform boundaries. The most powerful and destructive earthquakes typically occur at convergent boundaries, where two plates collide or slide past each other.

At a convergent boundary, one tectonic plate may be forced beneath another in a process called subduction. As the plates collide or slide past each other, immense pressure and friction build-up. Eventually, the stress becomes too great, causing the rocks along the plate boundaries to break and slip. This sudden release of stored energy generates seismic waves, resulting in an earthquake.

In addition to tectonic movements, other geological activities can also trigger earthquakes. Volcanic activity, for instance, can cause earthquakes when magma rises through the Earth’s crust, creating pressure and fracturing the rocks around the volcano. The disturbances caused by these movements and ruptures within the Earth’s crust generate vibrations that propagate in all directions, shaking the ground. These vibrations are the seismic waves that travel through the Earth and are detected by seismographs.

It’s important to note that the build-up of stress and the subsequent release of energy in the form of shock waves are the fundamental mechanisms behind earthquakes. The magnitude or strength of an earthquake is determined by the amount of energy released during this process.

Delve Deeper into the Causes of Earthquakes

We present to you an insightful video that explores the fascinating mechanisms behind seismic activity. By watching this video, you’ll gain a deeper understanding of how earthquakes are caused and the factors that contribute to their occurrence.

What to do During an Earthquake?

When it comes to earthquakes, being prepared can make all the difference. Here are some essential steps to take before the disaster strikes:

Before the Earthquake

• Make Connections Flexible

Ensure that gas lines and appliances are properly installed with flexible connections. This helps prevent gas leaks and reduces the risk of fire hazards during an earthquake.

• Create an Earthquake Readiness Plan

Develop a well-thought-out plan that includes identifying a shelter area in your home. Stock up on essential supplies such as canned food, a well-stocked first aid kit, ample water, dust masks, goggles, firefighting equipment, a flashlight and a working battery-operated radio. These provisions will prove invaluable in the event of an earthquake.

• Consult Architects and Structural Engineers

Building sturdy structures is vital for minimizing earthquake damage and ensuring the safety of occupants. If you reside in an earthquake-prone area, it’s crucial to consult with architects and structural engineers before constructing buildings. They can guide you in implementing the necessary measures and adhering to regulations set by the disaster management committee.

• Spread Awareness

Share the knowledge and importance of earthquake preparedness with your friends and family. By educating those around you, you contribute to creating a safer community.

During the Earthquake

When an earthquake strikes, quick thinking and appropriate actions can save lives. Here are some important guidelines to follow:

• Stay Indoors

Remain indoors until the shaking stops and it is officially announced that it is safe to exit. Taking cover beneath a sturdy table or bed can provide vital protection against falling objects.

• Avoid Hazardous Areas

Steer clear of bookcases, heavy furniture and appliances that may topple over during the earthquake. Your safety should always be the top priority.

• Find a Safe Spot

Seek shelter under a sturdy piece of furniture, such as a table or bed. Hold on to a post or any other fixture to maintain stability and minimize the risk of injury.

• If Outdoors, Move to an Open Area

If you are outside when the earthquake occurs, find a clear spot away from buildings, trees and power lines. These objects pose a significant danger during seismic activity.

After the Earthquake

Once the earthquake subsides, it’s important to proceed with caution and take the following measures:

• Administer First Aid

Attend to individuals with minor injuries using first aid kits. For those with more severe injuries, it’s essential to wait for professional medical help and avoid moving them until it is safe.

• CPR and Rescue Breathing

If someone is not breathing, administer rescue breathing. If the person has no pulse, perform CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) until medical assistance arrives.

• Be Mindful of Hazards

Attend any tumbling shelves or falling items and be cautious around damaged walls made of bricks or other unstable materials. Your safety should be a priority.

• Check Gas and Power Connections

Inspect gas valves for leaks and turn off the main power switch if damage is possible. Unplug broken appliances until they can be properly repaired.

• Stay Clear of Power Lines

Keep a safe distance from downed power lines and any objects or appliances in contact with them. Electricity poses a significant risk, so exercise caution.

By following these guidelines, you can ensure your safety and the well-being of those around you during and after an earthquake. Remember, preparedness and knowledge are key to effectively managing these natural disasters. Stay informed and stay safe!

Enhancing Preparedness with Disaster Management

In times of uncertainty, being equipped with the knowledge and strategies to navigate through natural disasters is crucial. In this section, we present an insightful video that sheds light on the broader concept of disaster management and its significance during both predicted and unpredictable calamities.

What are the Effects of an Earthquake?

Earthquakes can have a wide range of effects, varying in severity depending on factors such as the quake’s magnitude, the depth of its epicentre and the local geology. Here are some of the primary effects caused by earthquakes:

• Ground Shaking: When an earthquake occurs, the release of energy creates seismic waves that cause the ground to shake. The intensity of the shaking can vary depending on factors such as the magnitude of the earthquake, the distance from the epicentre and the local geology. Areas closer to the epicentre usually experience more intense shaking, which can significantly damage structures and infrastructure.
• Damage to Man-Made Structures: One of the most noticeable effects of an earthquake is the damage it can cause to buildings, bridges, roads and other man-made structures. The shaking can lead to structural failure, collapse and extensive damage, especially if the buildings are not designed or constructed to withstand seismic activity. The severity of the damage depends on factors such as the quality of construction, adherence to building codes and proximity to the epicentre.
• Fires and Hazardous Chemical Spills: Earthquakes can trigger secondary hazards, such as fires and hazardous material spills. The violent shaking can rupture gas pipelines, damage electrical systems and disrupt infrastructure, leading to the ignition of fires. Additionally, earthquakes can cause the release of hazardous chemicals stored in industrial facilities, posing risks to human health and the environment. These secondary effects can further exacerbate the impact of an earthquake and complicate rescue and recovery efforts.
• Landslides and Avalanches: In areas with steep slopes or unstable terrain, earthquakes can trigger landslides and avalanches. The shaking can destabilize slopes, causing rocks, soil and debris to slide downhill. Landslides can damage structures, block roads and even bury entire communities, leading to additional casualties and hindering rescue and relief operations access.
• Tsunamis: Underwater earthquakes can generate tsunamis, particularly those occurring along tectonic plate boundaries. These massive ocean waves can travel long distances, reaching coastal areas and causing devastating flooding. Tsunamis pose a significant threat to coastal communities and can result in widespread destruction and loss of life.

Understanding the potential effects of earthquakes is crucial for implementing appropriate mitigation measures and developing effective disaster response plans. It is important to note that these are just some of the effects that earthquakes can have. The severity and extent of these effects depend on various factors, including the earthquake’s characteristics, the impacted area’s location and the affected communities’ preparedness and resilience.

Understanding Seismograph and the Richter scale

A seismograph and the Richter scale are essential tools used in seismology to understand and characterise earthquakes. While they are related to each other, they serve different purposes. Here’s an elaboration on the difference between a seismograph and the richter scale.

Seismograph

• A seismograph is a device used to measure and record the vibrations or ground motions caused by earthquakes. 
• It consists of a ground motion sensor, typically a mass attached to a fixed base and a recording system that captures the movements detected by the sensor. 
• Seismographs are essential in monitoring seismic activity, as they provide valuable data about the intensity, duration and frequency of ground shaking. 
• By analyzing the recorded seismograms, scientists can determine various characteristics of an earthquake, such as its magnitude, location and focal depth.
• Seismographs also detect other seismic events, such as volcanic eruptions and underground explosions.

Richter scale

• The Richter scale, developed by Charles F. Richter in the 1930s, is a numerical scale used to quantify the magnitude or strength of an earthquake.
•  It measures the energy released during an earthquake by analyzing the amplitude of seismic waves recorded on seismographs. 
• The Richter scale is logarithmic, meaning that each whole number increase on the scale corresponds to a tenfold increase in the amplitude of the seismic waves and approximately 31.6 times more energy released. For example, a magnitude six earthquake releases about 31.6 times more energy than a magnitude five earthquake. 
• The Richter scale provides a standardized measurement for consistent comparison of worldwide earthquake magnitudes.

Difference Between Seismograph and Richter scale

In summary, a seismograph is a device used to measure and record the ground motions caused by earthquakes. The Seismograph provides the data necessary to calculate the magnitude of an earthquake, which is then represented on the Richter scale. At the same time, the Richter scale is a numerical scale used to quantify the energy released during an earthquake. Together, these tools help seismologists and scientists better understand and characterise seismic events, enabling them to assess the impact and potential hazards associated with earthquakes.

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

What is an earthquake.

An earthquake is shaking the Earth’s surface caused by a sudden release of energy within the Earth’s crust. It generates seismic waves, commonly known as S waves, and its intensity and characteristics are determined by the seismic activities occurring in a specific region.

What causes an earthquake?

Earthquakes occur due to sudden tectonic movements within the Earth’s crust. These movements result from interactions between tectonic plates, large sections of the Earth’s crust that float on the semi-fluid layer known as the asthenosphere. When stress along plate boundaries becomes too great, rocks along the boundaries break and slip, releasing stored energy and generating seismic waves.

What should I do during an earthquake?

It is important to take appropriate actions during an earthquake to ensure safety. Some key steps to follow include staying indoors, taking cover under a sturdy piece of furniture, avoiding hazardous areas, and, if outdoors, moving to an open area away from buildings, trees and power lines.

What should I do before an earthquake?

What are the effects of an earthquake.

Earthquakes can have various effects, including ground shaking, damage to man-made structures, fires and hazardous chemical spills, landslides and avalanches and the generation of tsunamis in coastal areas. The severity of these effects depends on factors such as the earthquake’s magnitude, depth and local geology.

What is the difference between a seismograph and the Richter scale?

A seismograph is a device used to measure and record the vibrations or ground motions caused by earthquakes. It provides the data necessary to calculate the magnitude of an earthquake. On the other hand, the Richter scale is a numerical scale used to quantify the energy released during an earthquake. It provides a standardized measurement for comparing earthquake magnitudes worldwide.

Related Topics and Educational Videos

In addition to understanding earthquakes and their impact, exploring related topics that contribute to a comprehensive understanding of natural disasters and their effects is valuable. The following collection of educational videos offers insights into various topics, including volcanic eruptions, drought and famine, types of disasters, landslides and cyclones. By watching these videos, you can broaden your knowledge and understand the interconnectedness of Earth’s natural processes.

Types of Disasters Video

Natural and Man-made Disasters

How do Volcanoes Erupt?

What causes Drought and Famine?

What causes Landslides?

What causes cyclones?

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Earthquakes

Class 9 - veena bhargava geography solutions, answer the following questions.

Describe the distribution of Earthquakes in the world.

The distributional pattern of earthquakes shows that there are three major belts in the world in which the earthquakes frequently occur. These earthquake belts are:

• The Circum-Pacific Belt (Convergent Plate Boundaries) — It extends in west from Alaska to Kurile, Japan, Mariana and the Philippine trenches. Its one branch goes towards the Indonesian trench and the other goes towards the Kermadec-Tonga trench to the north-west of New Zealand. On the eastern side of the Pacific the earthquake zone follows the west coast of North America and continues southward along Pem and Chile trench on the west coast of South America.
• The Mid-Atlantic Belt (Divergent Plate Boundaries) — This belt of earthquakes extends along the mid-oceanic ridges and several islands near the ridges of Atlantic Ocean. Earthquakes of moderate to mild intensity with shallow focus are recorded in this belt. The Rift Valley of East Africa and the Red Sea are considered as an extension of this belt.
• The Mid-Continental Belt — This belt extends along the Alpine mountain system of Europe, Rocky mountains in North America, through Asia Minor, Caucasia, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan to the Himalayan mountain system including Tibet, the Pamir, Tien-Shan, Altai and the mountains of China, Myanmar and eastern Siberia. This zone is characterised by larger earthquakes of shallow origin and some of intermediate origin.

Name the instrument used to measure an earthquake.

The instrument used to measure an earthquake is Seismograph or Seismometer.

Give some examples of earthquakes of the world.

Some examples of earthquakes of the world are:

• May 31, 1970 in Northern Peru
• January 26, 2001 in Gujarat, India
• July 28, 1976 in Tangshan (China)
• December 26, 2004 in South Asia, off the West Coast of Sumatra, Indonesia

What is meant by Richter Scale?

Richter scale is an open-ended, logarithmic scale that estimates earthquake magnitude, designed by Charles Richter in 1935.

This scale can be related to the energy released at the earthquake centre and thus can be used as an estimate of the severity of a particular earthquake.

What is an Earthquake?

An earthquake can be defined as a shock or series of shocks due to a sudden movement of crustal rocks generated at a point known as seismic focus within the crust or the mantle. It is a violent tremor or shaking of part of earth crust.

What is meant by epicentre?

The point of earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake is called epicentre. The intensity of earthquake is maximum at epicentre and it goes on decreasing as the distance from epicentre increases.

What is Seismograph used for?

A seismograph is a device that measures seismic waves of the energy transmitted throughout the earth's interior.

State any two causes of earthquakes.

The two main causes of earthquakes are:

• Volcanic eruptions — Volcanic earthquakes are caused by gas explosions. They occur either simultaneously with eruption or more commonly in the period preceding an eruption. For example - Krakatoa volcano caused a severe earthquake that its impact was experienced at Cape Horn (12,800 km away).
• Plate Tectonics — Tectonic plates move and slide over each other and their edges produce faults along the line of weakness. This movement of plates causes earthquakes. For example - In 2001, a severe earthquake occurred in Bhuj, Gujarat in India because of the lowering of the Indian plate below the Asiatic plate.

Mention any two destructive effects of earthquakes.

Two destructive effects of earthquakes are:

• Building Collapse — The earthquakes of high intensity lead to collapse of buildings. People can be trapped under the rubble. There is loss of lives and properties.
• Landslides — Earthquake causes landslides in hilly areas or liquefaction of soils resulting in damage of properties and loss of lives and disturb the transport system. This occurs due to liquefaction of soils.

Question 10

Mention two constructive effects of earthquakes.

Two constructive effects of earthquakes are:

• Earthquakes may result in fissure opening causing a Geyser or hot spring which are useful from medicinal point of view as it contain sulphur.
• Sometimes earthquakes result in formation of coastal submergence and changing the coastal forms, forming bays and may prove to be helpful in navigation.

Question 11

What is a Tsunami?

The seismic waves travelling through the ocean resulting in long wavelength shallow water wave caused by rapid displacement of water is called Tsunami. Its velocity can reach 800 km per hour. It causes massive destruction and flood in coastal areas.

Explain the following terms

A fracture in a rock along which there has been an observable amount of displacement is known as fault. Earthquakes occur when the movement of the Earth takes place along a line of fracture or faults. The San Andreas Fault of California is a typical example which led to earthquakes in 1906.

Seismic Focus

Seismic Focus refers to the exact point inside the Earth's crust from where the shock or sudden movement of earthquake is generated.

Flash Floods

Due to impact of severe earthquake, the dams and embankments develop fissures which become the cause of sudden floods known as flash floods. They cause severe loss of life and property.

A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Earthquake causes landslides in hilly areas resulting in damage of properties and loss of lives.

Give a reason for the following statements

Most earthquakes are caused by tectonic movements.

Most earthquakes are caused by tectonic movements because the tectonic plates are in continuous slow motion. There is friction on their edges due to which they are stuck. Whenever there is change in the pressure exerted by them, a sudden movement or overlapping of plates occur resulting in earthquakes. Faults & folds are formed when the plates collide with each other or diverge or slide apart, the energy inside the earth crust is released in the form of vibration or earthquake along the fault line.

Earthquake is associated with volcanism.

Vibration or earthquake may happen due to large scale gaseous explosion during the volcanic eruption. Therefore, earthquakes are associated with volcanism.

Earthquake can be proved to be helpful for Navigation.

Sometimes earthquakes result in the formation of coastal submergence and changing the coastal forms, forming bays. This may prove to be helpful for Navigation. Also, by studying the seismic waves generated by earthquakes, scientists have been able to create detailed maps of the ocean floor. These maps help to create accurate navigational charts for ships and submarines.

Japan is an earthquake and Tsunami prone area.

Japan is situated at the intersection of four tectonic plates, the North American Plate, the Eurasian Plate, the Pacific Plate, and the Philippine Plate. The country sits on the Pacific Ring of Fire which is characterized by high volcanic and seismic activity. Due to these reasons, Japan is an earthquake and Tsunami prone area.

Choose the correct option

The science of earthquake is known as

The magnitude of an earthquake is measured by

• Mercelli scale
• Seismograph

Richter scale

• None of the above

Which of the following statements related to earthquake focus is not true?

• It is situated on the surface of the earth & from here the earthquake waves spread horizontally on the earth surface.
• It is the point of origin of earthquake wave.
• It is situated below the earths crust
• Effect of earthquake will be greater if focus is situated near the surface

it is situated on the surface of the earth & from here the earthquake waves spread horizontally on the earth surface.

Which of the following plates were responsible for Nepal earthquake on 25th April, 2015?

• Pacific plate & Indian Plate
• Nazka Plate & Eurasian Plate

Indo- Australian & Eurasian Plate

• Eurasian & Pacific Plate

What is the name of this instrument?

Seismometer

• Electrometer

Which of the following is not a cause of earthquake?

• Folding & faulting
• Deep underground mining

Gujarat Earthquake 2001: Case Study

Introduction

Gujarat is a state in the north western part of India. Beneath India, the Indo-Australian and the Eurasian Plate are moving towards each other at about 2cm per year. Both plates are continental, so this is a compressional boundary where both the plates are pushed up to form fold mountains The Himalayas are the most obvious result of this collision. Along with the creation of fold mountains, the movement of the plates creates stress within the rocks. When the stress is suddenly released by rocks slipping past each other, we experience an earthquake.

The epicentre of the Gujarat earthquake was a small town called Bhuj. At 08:46 local time, on Friday 26th January 2001 it was struck by an earthquake that measured 7.9 on the Richter Scale It turned out to be one of the two most deadly earthquakes in the recorded history of India, with almost 20,000 people confirmed as dead, and another 166,000 injured. Add to that a further 600,000 left homeless, almost 350,000 homes destroyed and another 844,000 damaged and it becomes obvious that this was a major humanitarian disaster. The Indian government has calculated that in one way or another, the ‘quake had an effect on 15.9 million people – nearly half the population of India!

The cost of the damage varies depending upon who’s figures you use, but it was between 1.3 billion and 5 billion US dollars. In built up areas modern buildings were shaken but mostly survived. Others, however, including several multistory concrete buildings collapsed. Because only some of the new buildings collapsed, the government suspected that dodgy building methods may have been the cause. Investigations led to a number of builders, architects and engineers being charged with culpable murder and criminal conspiracy.

Before the quake this was a rather dry area often affected by drought. After the quake there were many reports of the water table rising, sometimes to surface level. In a number of places new springs appeared, some with fresh water and others, more surprisingly, with salt water. Some desert rivers, that had been dry for over a century, began to flow again, and there was evidence of liquefaction in many places.

Transport and Communications

Access to the sites of earthquakes is always likely to be restricted by the damage caused by the quake, because ground movements damage roads and railways. Damage to roads affected the transportation of goods to the 40 or so ports along the Gujarat coastline.

Bhuj was no exception and suffered from very limited transport after the earthquake. Even days after the quake, the rescue services had not managed to gain access to all the remote villages that suffered during the earthquake. Roads were cracked, lifted and warped, but most obstructions in built up areas were caused by debris that fell onto roads. Where there was a possibility of survivors under the debris, it was out of the question to just bulldoze the rubble out of the way; it had to be carefully and slowly removed, leaving roads blocked until there was no hope of finding survivors.

Telephone lines were broken, exchanges damaged and power lost to the telephone system. In many remote areas mobile telephones don’t work, so all forms of communication with ‘difficult to reach’ places were out of order. Repairing phone lines took time, and the process wasn’t helped by blocked roads, damaged buildings and the loss of workers killed or injured in the event.

Gujarat was the second most industrialised state in India, with well developed diamond, pharmaceutical, chemical, textile and steel industries. Although most survived the quake with little or no major structural damage, they were disrupted by the destruction of communications, transportation and electricity / gas supplies. Immediately after the quake, industry was losing about 200 million dollars every day.

The huge loss of life also had an impact on industry because many of the dead were workers in local businesses.

” The lives lost would impact the (businesses) as many employees would have been a victim of the tragedy,” the Confederation of Indian Industry said in a statement.

General Services

As with many large earthquakes, services like water, gas, electricity and sewerage provided through a network of underground pipes and cables were damaged when the ground flexed and moved. Broken pipes and cables led to loss of fresh water, sewerage discharges and no power in many areas. At the epicentre, in Bhuj, 95 percent of the town was left uninhabitable, with no water, electricity or shelter.

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Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes PDF (Quick Revision Notes)

The Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes is one of the most effective study materials to get through as it helps the students to get a deeper understanding of each and every topic and also helps the students to score well in their examinations. Each and every topic in these notes is well-explained which helps in increasing the confidence of all the students. The ICSE Geography Class 9 notes Earthquakes acts as a great revision tool for all the students. 

Apart from this, the Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes also have various other features which include easy language. These notes are written in an easy language to help all the students understand them. As our highly qualified subject matter experts are aware of the learning potential of each and every student, they have designed these Earthquakes notes accordingly. Another important feature of these notes is that they are written as per the latest curriculum of ICSE which helps the students to stay updated and also ensures that the students are covering each and every topic and are not missing any topic. Due to this, the students do not feel stressed and anxious and stay relaxed during exam days. 

How to Download the Class 9 ICSE Geography Earthquakes Notes?

It is very simple to download the ICSE Geography Class 9 notes Earthquakes if you know the right steps to download them. Below are the right steps to download them: 

• Visit the official website of selfstudys i.e. selfstudys.com. 

• After opening the website, you need to scroll down and find the category of ‘Free Study Materials’. After finding the category, you need to click on the category of ‘CISCE’.

• After clicking on the category of ‘CISCE’, a new sub-category will open and you need to click on the option of ‘Revision Notes Exam’. 

• Now, you need to choose the class and the subject for which you want to download the notes. 
• And you are done! It was this simple to download the Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes. 

How to Prepare Well From the Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes?

There are many tips a student can follow if they want to prepare well from the Class 9 ICSE Geography Earthquakes notes. They are: 

• Regularly go through your notes: It is advisable for all the students to go through their Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes regularly as it helps in recalling all the important topics which you have learned previously. It also helps in boosting various skills of the students. This will help the students to remember the concept for a longer time. 
• Listen to music while studying: Most students find music very peaceful and it also helps them to study effectively by increasing their concentration and motivation. It is advisable for all the students to listen to soft music without lyrics while studying ICSE Geography Class 9 notes Earthquakes to improve their overall exam preparation. This will also make them relaxed. 
• Remove Distractions: If a student wants to prepare well for the exam and wants to score good marks in it, then they should remove all the distractions while studying the ICSE Geography Class 9 Earthquakes notes. The students should find a peaceful place where they study, there should be no noise. This will help the students to prepare well and score well in their examinations. 
• Blurting: Another great tip which all the students should try while studying the Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes is the blurting technique. In this technique, a student has to read the ICSE Geography Class 9 notes Earthquakes again and again. After reading repeatedly, the students must test their knowledge by writing everything which they have learned. 
• Take Short Breaks: All the students are advised to take short breaks while doing exam preparation from the Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes as it will help the students to promote quality learning and also prepare well for the examination. 

How to Score 100% Marks in Geography While Studying From the Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes?

Every student wants to score 100% marks in exams but they are not aware of the various tricks which will help them to score good marks in their exams. The tips are: 

• Find a peaceful place: The first and the most important step to score 100% in exams is to find a peaceful place to study the Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 notes as it will help you to focus on your studies as Geography is a subject which requires constant focus and concentration and you will not be able to attain that in a place where there are a lot of noises. So, make sure to find a peaceful place if you want to prepare well and score 100% marks in the exams. 
• Read various books: It is a pretty obvious fact that every student only has one Geography coursebook but apart from that, there are various other books of Geography with a modified view on the Earthquakes topic which will help the students to understand in detail. Read the different definitions to find the one which makes the most sense to you. 
• Develop a routine: All the students are advised to develop a daily routine as it will not only help the students to learn the ICSE Geography Class 9 notes Earthquakes but will also help the students to divide different topics in the chapter and then give time to each topic. 
• Practise Mindfulness: All the students are advised to practise mindfulness because during exam days, the stress and anxiety levels are often higher than the normal days. So, the students should take care of themselves and stay relaxed. 
• Write the concepts in your own words after learning them: After learning the concepts from the Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes, the students should write it down in their own words as it will help them to stick to the learned information and remember it for a long time. 

When Should a Student Study From the Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes?

There are various moments when a student should study from the Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes. Let’s have a look: 

• At the time of Lecture: The Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 notes can be used at the time of class lectures. These notes will help you acknowledge the concept with an in-depth understanding of it. These ICSE Geography Class 9 notes Earthquakes can also help the students to remember the concepts which they have previously studied and also help them to score good marks in their exams. 
• During Revision: All the students must use the Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes during the time of revision as it acts as a great revision tool because it helps the students to get an idea about the progress of their exam and also the stronger and weaker areas and can work on them to improve their overall exam preparation. 
• During the last-minute preparations: All the students can also use the Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes at the last moment as these notes also consist of the key points which can be really helpful for all the students to understand the concepts in an easy language. These notes will help them remember all the concepts which they have previously learned and will also make it easier for all the students to learn new concepts. 

What are the Features of the Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes? 

There are various features of the ICSE Geography Class 9 notes Earthquakes which proves that it can be a success mantra for all the students. The most important features are: 

• Simple Language: Our subject matter experts who have years of experience in the field of education are aware about the learning potential and grasping power of each and every student. That is why they have created the Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes ICSE in an easy language to make it easy for all the students to understand them. 
• As per the latest pattern: The Class 9 ICSE Geography Earthquakes notes are created as per the latest pattern of ICSE by our highly qualified subject matter experts who have made sure to create them as per the latest pattern of ICSE to ensure that the student stay updated about the latest curriculum and does not miss any important topic. 
• Practise Questions: In the ICSE Geography Class 9 Notes Earthquakes, the practice questions are also provided for all the students which can help them to improve their concepts and also score well in the examinations. 
• Each and Every Topic is covered: Each and every topic is covered in the Earthquakes ICSE Class 9 Notes which makes the students stress free as they feel that they have covered each and every topic and will eventually score well in the examinations. 
• Access in the PDF Format: The Class 9 ICSE Geography Earthquakes notes can easily be accessed in the PDF Format which can be very beneficial for all the students as they will easily be able to access them on their mobile phones. Also, they can be carried anywhere in mobile, laptop etc. 

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What causes an earthquake? Here's a brief explanation and how to stay safe

By dave price • published april 5, 2024 • updated on april 5, 2024 at 9:40 pm, what to know.

• Earthquakes are the result of rapid motion along a fault line. In Friday’s case, it occurred along the Ramapo Fault that runs down the center of the northern part of the state.

What will trigger an earthquake is a vertical shift in the earth — sometimes deep, sometimes shallow. That movement releases stored up energy.

• In the Northeast, where the Earth’s crust is brittle and earthquakes occur close to the surface, they are often felt far and wide. Quakes typically are quick, only lasting 10-30 seconds, like the one Friday morning.

For many across the tri-state, Friday’s earthquake may have been the first time experiencing such a wild and unpredictable occurrence.

Earthquakes in general are uncommon along the East Coast, and ones as powerful as the one that hit on Friday are exceedingly rare. There have only been three other times when magnitude near 5 or above have hit the tri-state area, and each of those was in the 18 th and 19 th century, respectively. It’s also been more than a decade since the area has even felt an earthquake as strong, when a 5.8 quake hit Virginia and the impacts were felt throughout the New York City area.

So what’s the science behind what happens to cause an earthquake? Here’s a look at the anatomy of the New Jersey quake and an explanation of the why and how of it all.

Get Tri-state area news and weather forecasts to your inbox. Sign up for NBC New York newsletters.

Magnitude 4.8 earthquake hits NJ, rattles entire tri-state; 4.0 aftershock felt hours later

Can climate change make rare northeast earthquakes more common? Experts weigh in

Where does today's earthquake rank in NYC area history?

What causes an earthquake.

Earthquakes are the result of rapid motion along a fault line. In Friday’s case , it occurred along the Ramapo Fault that runs down the center of the northern part of the state.

"The Ramapo fault which is the fault zone on which today's earthquake occurred, was active 200 million years ago. Plate tectonics is still responsible for the stress that builds up in the middle of plates," said Dr. James Davis, of the Lamot-Doherty Earth Observatory. "It's like if you're stretching a rubber band slowly so that you can't feel it at any given instant, but after a long time, when you let go, it will bounce back."

Millions of years of Earth's movement contribute to what was seen Friday. What Davis was referring to elastic strain, which causes seismic waves that cause the earth to shake.

In the Northeast, where the Earth’s crust is brittle and earthquakes occur close to the surface, they are often felt far and wide. Quakes typically are quick, only lasting 10-30 seconds, like the one Friday morning. But depending on the intensity and where it occurs, it can cause significant damage.

What made Friday’s earthquake exceptional is that it occurred in a densely populated corridor filled with skyscrapers and infrastructure, both above and below ground, in a region that simply doesn’t experience earthquakes of that magnitude often.

What's the difference between East and West Coast quakes?

The West Coast lies on a boundary where sections of Earth’s crust rub together, causing stress and slippage along fault lines that generate earthquakes relatively often.

East Coast quakes like Friday's are caused by compression over time of hard, brittle rock deep underground, according to Robert Thorson, an earth sciences professor at the University of Connecticut. “It’s like having a big block of ice in a vise and you are just slowly cranking up the vise,” he said. "Eventually, you’re going to get some crackling on it.”

These East Coast quakes can be harder to pinpoint. And they tend to affect a broader area. That’s because colder, harder East Coast rocks are better at spreading the rattling energy from an earthquake.

The distribution of cities across the East Coast also means that more people are around to experience the effects of a quake.

“We also have population centers over a large part of the northeast,” said Leslie Sonder, a geophysicist at Dartmouth College, “So a lot of people around here feel the earthquake.”

How do you stay safe during a quake?

Despite the infrequency of earthquakes, preparedness and communication are two key takeaways from this event. While the events can’t always be predicted, everyone can learn how to prepare for them.

USGS experts say there is a risk of aftershocks for weeks to months, which are expected after any earthquake. They recommend paying attention to emergency messaging from local officials.

To keep safe from shakes while sleeping, remove any furniture or objects that could fall and injure you or others.

If you feel shaking, drop where you are. Cover your head and neck with one arm, crawl under a table for shelter and hold on. If there’s no shelter nearby, grasp your head and neck with both hands until the shaking stops.

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Lombok Indonesia Earthquake 2018 Case Study

The causes, effects, and responses to the Lombok earthquake

Lombok is one of the 17508 islands that make up Indonesia. The island is approximately 4,500 sq km (1,700 sq miles) and is located to the east of Bali and west of Sumbawa part of the Lesser Sunda Island chain. It’s known for beaches and surfing spots, particularly at Kuta and Banko Banko (in south Lombok).

In the first in the series, on 29 July, a 6.4 magnitude quake triggered landslides in the mountain region of the island and killed at least 16 people. Following this a shallow, magnitude 6.9 earthquake struck Lombok and Bali on August 5th, 2018, killing over 555 people, injuring 1300 and leaving at least 353000 homeless.  The most severe damage was in North Lombok close to the epicentre.

Location of the August 5th 2018 Lombok earthquake

The main quake struck at 19:46 local time (11:46 GMT) on Sunday, August 5th at a fairly shallow depth of 31km (19 miles).

Earthquakes are common in Indonesia because it lies on the Ring of Fire – the line of frequent quakes and volcanic eruptions that circles virtually the entire Pacific Rim.

More than half of the world’s active volcanoes above sea level are part of the ring.

The recent earthquakes have occurred along a specific zone where the Australian tectonic plate meets the Indonesian island plate, Sunda.

Tectonic plates are slabs of the Earth’s crust that move very slowly over our planet’s surface. Indonesia sits along the “Pacific Ring of Fire” where several tectonic plates collide and many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur.

The Earth’s tectonic plates

Some of these earthquakes are very large, such as the magnitude 9.1 earthquake off the west coast of Sumatra that generated the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami . This earthquake occurred along the Java-Sumatra subduction zone , where the Australian tectonic plate moves underneath Indonesia’s Sunda plate.

Both earthquakes occurred along faults in an area where tectonic plates are colliding, with one diving beneath the other.

The Sunda Plate

In this area, there’s subduction, so the Australian plate is moving under the Sunda plate, and the Australian plate is moving to the north underneath the Sunda plate.

The earthquake destroyed tens of thousands of homes, mosques and businesses across Lombok on August 5 2018. More than 1,300 people were injured and nearly 353,000 have been internally displaced.

It is estimated that 80% of the region had been damaged by the earthquake. Lombok suffered more than 5 trillion rupiah ($342 million; £268 million) in damage following the 5 August earthquake, authorities said.

Hundreds of tourists were stranded on the island and hotels were filled to capacity.  No tourists were reported killed, but the earthquake was felt as far away as the neighbouring island of Bali, where two people died.  The quake was followed by more than a dozen aftershocks, with one registering magnitude 5.4 on the Richter Scale.

According to scientists from NASA and the California Institute of Technology’s rapid-imaging project, the earthquake lifted the island as much as 25 centimetres in some areas. In other places, the ground dropped five-15cm.

Emergency teams in East and North Lombok reported that in some villages 75% of homes were damaged.

More than 500 hikers, most of whom were foreigners, were stranded on Indonesia’s Mt Rinjani when a deadly quake triggered landslides. The earthquake triggered landslides around Mount Rinjani, cutting off escape routes. The volcano , which rises 3,726m (12,224ft) above sea level and is the second-highest one in Indonesia, is a favourite among sightseers.

The region was hit by more than 350 aftershocks. Some measured up to 6.2 on the Richter Scale and brought down some buildings.

The area around Mount Rinjani increasingly relies on tourism , the earthquake and aftershocks led to the closure of mountain to hikers leading to many hotel cancellations by international tourists.

Hundreds of British citizens and European citizens were stuck in Lombok airport before flights could resume.

Aftershocks killed at least a further 13 people as the region recovered from the main event.

The Indonesia Government declared a three-week long state of emergency. “The most important thing is the emergency response, after that rehabilitation and reconstruction,” said Indonesia’s second-in-command, Vice President Jusuf Kalla. The government mobilised the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) and the national military, directly deploying personnel in response to the earthquake.

Two helicopters were deployed to assist in emergency operations and the military sent troops and medical personnel, as well as medical supplies and communications equipment. Five planes carrying food, medicine, blankets, field tents and water tankers left the capital, Jakarta, for the island early on Wednesday 8th August.

Supplies for those made homeless were distributed with about 30,000 tents and 100 wheelchairs sent to affected areas.

As hospitals and clinics were affected by the earthquake many of the injured were treated in the open air or in makeshift clinics.

Rescue efforts were hampered by power outages, a lack of phone reception in some areas and limited evacuation options. A lack of heavy lifting equipment also affected the relief effort, with some rescuers forced to dig by hand. Other obstacles in the mountainous north and east of Lombok included collapsed bridges and electricity and communication blackouts. Debris blocked damaged roads.

In Sembalun the community pulled together to repair damaged buildings, including the town’s only health clinic. Electricity and clean water had to be being restored to villages in Sambalia that were cut off.

Emergency workers gradually reached more remote areas of Lombok having focussed their initial efforts in urban areas.

More than 500 hikers who were stranded on a mountain on the Indonesian island of Lombok after the earthquake were safely evacuated. Most of the hikers and guides were able to walk down after a safe route was found for them but some were flown out by helicopter.

The UK Foreign Office worked with the Indonesian authorities to provide assistance to British people caught up in the earthquake. Extra flights were added to help people who want to leave Lombok. Airport authorities requested that additional flights be added on Monday 6th August 2018 , to accommodate the influx of tourists trying to leave the island.

Charity, Plan International, provided counselling for children and supported those who were unable to go to school, by distributing emergency school kits and helping teachers continue educating while schools remain closed. The charity also provided humanitarian assistance to 2,500 families in six villages in Lombok. The organisation dispatched 500 emergency shelter kits, containing 1,000 tarpaulins, 1,000 sleeping mats and 2,000 blankets.

The Salvation Army in Indonesia also provided medical and other assistance to people who were affected by the earthquake on Lombok. The team immediately distributed a small supply of rice, noodles, sugar and bottled water to the affected population.

The Indonesian Red Cross (Palang Merah Indonesia) disaster responders provided first aid and assessed immediate needs in remote villages, arranging for bottled water and rice to be delivered by motorbike.

British-based charity Oxfam said it was providing clean drinking water and tarpaulin shelter sheets to 5,000 people and planned to intensify aid delivery.

A French military transport plane delivered 25 tonnes of humanitarian aid to the earthquake-hit island of Lombok on behalf of the Indonesian government.

On the 14th August 2018, The EU announced a further €500 000 to step up its emergency response to meet the most pressing needs of those affected by the devastating earthquakes that struck the Indonesian island of Lombok in late July and early August. The allocation came in addition to the initial €150 000 delivered earlier in August, thus bringing the EU’s contribution to €650 000. The EU humanitarian funding complemented the Indonesian government response and focussed on the most vulnerable groups and communities in the affected area. The EU aid supported the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) in providing relief assistance and protection to the most vulnerable among the affected population. It is estimated that the aid directly benefited 80 000 vulnerable people in some of the worst hit localities in the northeast and west Lombok districts. The aid was also used to assist the IFRC in reuniting families that were separated by the earthquakes. Aid was also offered by other countries including Australia.

Allegedly, authorities on Lombok were demanding money from tourists before they would let them onto rescue boats. However, around 5000 tourists who wanted to be evacuated from three outlying holiday islands had left by boat.

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Earthquake Lesson Summary Notes and Explanation in English Class 9th

Back to: Karnataka Board Class 9th Notes & Solutions

Table of Contents

Introduction

A sweet and heart-warming tale of kindness and humility. After losing his everything in a tragic earthquake, this young boy finds a rather remarkable way of thanking a stranger who once helped him.

Brij from Molthi

The chapter begins with a tea seller greeting a tired and cold traveller. He assumes the traveller is perhaps a pilgrim waiting for a bus to Badrinath, or is visiting the Valley of Flowers, Uttarakhand. The tea-seller does not mind who the traveller is and invites him to his tea stall which is close-by. He tells the traveller that while he prepares the best tea in Garhwal, the traveller can warm himself. The seller is confident that his tea will refresh the traveller. 

The tea shop is a very small, modest shop with a shaky bench, but it will hold the traveller’s weight. The tea-seller is a very chatty person and continues to introduce himself. He tells his name is Brij and he is 17-years-old. Brij used to work at a roadside shop outside Panipat but the heat, pollution and crowd became unbearable so he saved money and came back to open his own shop. It has been two years since he opened this shop. It appears as though the traveller has also engaged in conversation and asked about Brij’s village.

Brij reveals that he was from a village called Molthi. Four years ago, one fateful October night, an earthquake seized the Himalayan valley. Although the villagers were accustomed to tremors, this was no ordinary tremor. There were six hundred and seventy villages in the valley, the 5 minutes long earthquake destroyed six hundred and two of them. Hundreds of lives were lost and homes were turned into nothing but rubble.

As luck had it, Brij was not in Molthi that night. He had gone to Pauri, to buy school books and was staying at his uncle’s place. Pauri too felt the heavy tremors throughout the night, but survived them, unlike Molthi. 

The Rescue Mission

Those who survived, were burdened with what they witnessed the following morning. Everything was destroyed, all their homes and villages flattened. The army rescue teams worked tirelessly to make path to reach the villages. Four days later, Molthi was able to receive help. Brij and his uncle were among the first to reach the village. Brij recalls that day, even after knowing about the calamity, he said that nothing had prepared him for the sight he saw. 

His house, the same 2 storeyed house that his great grandfather had built was gone. He shares about his family, fourteen months ago his father passed away after an illness. His mother looked after the family. He had a 10-years-old brother, Nilu and his 2-years-old baby sister Bhuli. He was the eldest. His grandmother too lived with them.

His uncle led him away when the soldiers began clearing the debris. He was too dazed to comprehend everything and lost track of time. Day turned into evening and he was asked to perform the cremation rituals. He couldn’t come to terms with the fact that they were indeed gone. He still remembered their smiling faces, the last time he saw them waving him goodbye. Then, it struck him, Bhuli? Where was his baby sister? 

 He ran back to their house, or what was now left of it. He searched and cried for Bhuli. He was crying when a voice spoke. It was an Army officer, he was the relief supervisor. The officer told him that there was no one here now. Brij explained that he was looking for his sister to give her a proper cremation. Brij knew, what he was asking for was difficult. He could see how tired the officer was. The officer looked like he had not slept for days, his uniform dirty and face dusty, but Brij found his eyes kind.

The officer explained that his men had been working for days now and had rescued everyone they could, this was just a stop for them and they had many more villages to aid. While the rows of pyres burned, Brij laid on the ruins of his house and cried. A few minutes later three officers along with the supervisor came and started shovelling the debris, they worked throughout the night with lamps.

The Survivor

Two hours passed and then, in the middle of a hollow they found Bhuli. She was alive. It was a miracle. She had been buried under the debris for a hundred and sixteen hours. She survived the earthquake, the cold nights and the wild animals. A soldier wrapped her in a warm blanket and took her to the makeshift hospital.

The next day when Brij went to thank the officer, he found that the officer had left. Without the officer’s name or address, Brij only hoped that someday fate would make them meet again. Their lives turned somewhat normal again. Brij would try to find the officer in every army man he saw. One day he found him.

It was a late winter night and a truck stopped at the shop Brij worked at. A familiar looking man stepped out. However, on looking closely Brij realised he was not the officer. The tired man ordered a cup of tea and when Brij served him the tea, he felt a sense of lightness and joy. Brij did not accept money from the man.

The next day too, the same thing happened. It became a routine for Brij. Everyday he would meet a tired traveller who reminded him of the officer, and every time he served them tea, he felt joyous. He never let them pay.

A month later Brij quit his job and started his own tea shop to continue his purpose. He says that he is very peaceful now. Brij does not let the traveller pay for the cup of tea. The traveller’s bus arrives and Brij bids him farewell and wishes him a safe journey.

Brij came from a very humble family and yet he had a very rich heart. Many of us don’t thank our near and dear ones, and this guy went to great lengths to express his gratitude to a complete stranger. Although unable to find the officer, Brij did not give up, instead he started a new mission, to pass on kindness. Brij did not just serve a cup of tea, it was a cup of kindness.

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3.9: Case Studies

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• Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher
• Salt Lake Community College via OpenGeology

Video explaining the seismic activity and hazards of the Intermountain Seismic Belt and the Wasatch Fault, a large intraplate area of seismic activity.

North American Earthquakes

Basin and Range Earthquakes —Earthquakes in the Basin and Range Province, from the Wasatch Fault (Utah) to the Sierra Nevada (California), occur primarily in normal faults created by tensional forces. The Wasatch Fault, which defines the eastern extent of the Basin and Range province, has been studied as an earthquake hazard for more than 100 years.

New Madrid Earthquakes (1811-1812) —Historical accounts of earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone date as far back as 1699 and earthquakes continue to be reported in modern times [ 11 ]. A sequence of large (M w >7) occurred from December 1811 to February 1812 in the New Madrid area of Missouri [ 12 ]. The earthquakes damaged houses in St. Louis, affected the stream course of the Mississippi River, and leveled the town of New Madrid. These earthquakes were the result of intraplate seismic activity [ 9 ].

Charleston (1868) —The 1868 earthquake in Charleston South Carolina was a moment magnitude 7.0, with a Mercalli intensity of X, caused significant ground motion, and killed at least 60 people. This intraplate earthquake was likely associated with ancient faults created during the breakup of Pangea. The earthquake caused significant liquefaction [ 13 ]. Scientists estimate the recurrence of destructive earthquakes in this area with an interval of approximately 1500 to 1800 years.

Great San Francisco Earthquake and Fire (1906) —On April 18, 1906, a large earthquake, with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.8 and MMI of X, occurred along the San Andreas fault near San Francisco California. There were multiple aftershocks followed by devastating fires, resulting in about 80% of the city being destroyed. Geologists G.K. Gilbert and Richard L. Humphrey, working independently, arrived the day following the earthquake and took measurements and photographs [ 14 ].

Alaska (1964) —The 1964 Alaska earthquake, moment magnitude 9.2, was one of the most powerful earthquakes ever recorded. The earthquake originated in a megathrust fault along the Aleutian subduction zone. The earthquake caused large areas of land subsidence and uplift, as well as significant mass wasting.

Video from the USGS about the 1964 Alaska earthquake.

Loma Prieta (1989) —The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake was created by movement along the San Andreas Fault. The moment magnitude 6.9 earthquake was followed by a magnitude of 5.2 aftershock. It caused 63 deaths, buckled portions of the several freeways, and collapsed part of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge.

This video shows how shaking propagated across the Bay Area during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.

This video shows the destruction caused by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.

Global Earthquakes

Many of history’s largest earthquakes occurred in megathrust zones, such as the Cascadia Subduction Zone (Washington and Oregon coasts) and Mt. Rainier (Washington).

Shaanxi, China (1556) —On January 23, 1556 an earthquake of an approximate moment magnitude 8 hit central China, killing approximately 830,000 people in what is considered the most deadly earthquake in history. The high death toll was attributed to the collapse of cave dwellings ( yaodong ) built in loess deposits, which are large banks of windblown, compacted sediment (see Chapter 5 ). Earthquakes in this are region are believed to have a recurrence interval of 1000 years. [ 15 ].

Lisbon, Portugal (1755) —On November 1, 1755 an earthquake with an estimated moment magnitude range of 8–9 struck Lisbon, Portugal [ 13 ], killing between 10,000 to 17,400 people [ 16 ]. The earthquake was followed by a tsunami.

Valdivia, Chile (1960) —The May 22, 1960 earthquake was the most powerful earthquake ever measured, with a moment magnitude of 9.4–9.6 and lasting an estimated 10 minutes. It triggered tsunamis that destroyed houses across the Pacific Ocean in Japan and Hawaii and caused vents to erupt on the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle (Chile).

Video describing the tsunami produced by the 1960 Chili earthquake.

Tangshan, China (1976) —Just before 4 a.m. (Beijing time) on July 28, 1976 a moment magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Tangshan (Hebei Province), China, and killed more than 240,000 people. The high death toll is attributed to people still being asleep or at home and most buildings being made of URM.

Sumatra, Indonesia (2004) —On December 26, 2004, slippage of the Sunda megathrust fault generated a moment magnitude 9.0–9.3 earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia [ 17 ]. This megathrust fault is created by the Australia plate subducting below the Sunda plate in the Indian Ocean [ 18 ]. The resultant tsunamis created massive waves as tall as 24 m (79 ft) when they reached the shore and killed more than an estimated 200,000 people along the Indian Ocean coastline.

Haiti (2010) —The moment magnitude 7 earthquake that occurred on January 12, 2010, was followed by many aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 or higher. More than 200,000 people are estimated to have died as a result of the earthquake. The widespread infrastructure damage and crowded conditions contributed to a cholera outbreak, which is estimated to have caused thousands more deaths.

Tōhoku, Japan (2011) —Because most Japanese buildings are designed to tolerate earthquakes, the moment magnitude 9.0 earthquake on March 11, 2011, was not as destructive as the tsunami it created. The tsunami caused more than 15,000 deaths and tens of billions of dollars in damage, including the destructive meltdown of the Fukushima nuclear power plant.

9. Hildenbrand TG, Hendricks JD (1995) Geophysical setting of the Reelfoot rift and relations between rift structures and the New Madrid seismic zone. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington; Denver, CO

11. Feldman J (2012) When the Mississippi Ran Backwards: Empire, Intrigue, Murder, and the New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811 and 1812. Free Press

12. Fuller ML (1912) The New Madrid earthquake. Central United States Earthquake Consortium, Washington, D.C.

13. Talwani P, Cox J (1985) Paleoseismic evidence for recurrence of Earthquakes near Charleston, South Carolina. Science 229:379–381

14. Gilbert GK, Holmes JA, Humphrey RL, et al (1907) The San Francisco earthquake and fire of April 18, 1906 and their effects on structures and structural materials. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.

15. Boer JZ de, Sanders DT (2007) Earthquakes in human history: The far-reaching effects of seismic disruptions. Princeton University Press, Princeton

16. Aguirre B.E. (2012) Better disaster statistics: The Lisbon earthquake. J Interdiscip Hist 43:27–42

17. Rossetto T, Peiris N, Pomonis A, et al (2007) The Indian Ocean tsunami of December 26, 2004: observations in Sri Lanka and Thailand. Nat Hazards 42:105–124

18. Satake K, Atwater BF (2007) Long-Term Perspectives on Giant Earthquakes and Tsunamis at Subduction Zones. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 35:349–374. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140302

Bhuj Earthquake India 2001 – A Complete Study

Bhuj earthquake india.

Gujarat : Disaster on a day of celebration : 51st Republic Day on January 26, 2001

• 7.9 on the Richter scale.
• 8.46 AM January 26th 2001
• 20,800 dead

Basic Facts

• Earthquake: 8:46am on January 26, 2001
• Epicenter: Near Bhuj in Gujarat, India
• Magnitude: 7.9 on the Richter Scale

Geologic Setting

• Indian Plate Sub ducting beneath Eurasian Plate
• Continental Drift
• Convergent Boundary

Specifics of 2001 Quake

Compression Stress between region’s faults

Depth: 16km

Probable Fault: Kachchh Mainland

Fault Type: Reverse Dip-Slip (Thrust Fault)

The earthquake’s epicentre was 20km from Bhuj. A city with a population of 140,000 in 2001. The city is in the region known as the Kutch region. The effects of the earthquake were also felt on the north side of the Pakistan border, in Pakistan 18 people were killed.

Tectonic systems

The earthquake was caused at the convergent plate boundary between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate boundary. These pushed together and caused the earthquake. However as Bhuj is in an intraplate zone, the earthquake was not expected, this is one of the reasons so many buildings were destroyed – because people did not build to earthquake resistant standards in an area earthquakes were not thought to occur. In addition the Gujarat earthquake is an excellent example of liquefaction, causing buildings to ‘sink’ into the ground which gains a consistency of a liquid due to the frequency of the earthquake.

India : Vulnerability to earthquakes

• 56% of the total area of the Indian Republic is vulnerable to seismic activity .
• 12% of the area comes under Zone V (A&N Islands, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, N.E.States, Uttaranchal)
• 18% area in Zone IV (Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Lakshadweep, Maharashtra, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttaranchal, W. Bengal)
• 26% area in Zone III (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttaranchal, W. Bengal)
• Gujarat: an advanced state on the west coast of India.
• On 26 January 2001, an earthquake struck the Kutch district of Gujarat at 8.46 am.
• Epicentre 20 km North East of Bhuj, the headquarter of Kutch.
• The Indian Meteorological Department estimated the intensity of the earthquake at 6.9 Richter. According to the US Geological Survey, the intensity of the quake was 7.7 Richter.
• The quake was the worst in India in the last 180 years.

What earthquakes do

• Casualties: loss of life and injury.
• Loss of housing.
• Damage to infrastructure.
• Disruption of transport and communications.
• Breakdown of social order.
• Loss of industrial output.
• Loss of business.
• Disruption of marketing systems.
• The earthquake devastated Kutch. Practically all buildings and structures of Kutch were brought down.
• Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Jamnagar, Surendaranagar and Patan were heavily damaged.
• Nearly 19,000 people died. Kutch alone reported more than 17,000 deaths.
• 1.66 lakh people were injured. Most were handicapped for the rest of their lives.
• The dead included 7,065 children (0-14 years) and 9,110 women.
• There were 348 orphans and 826 widows.

Loss classification

Deaths and injuries: demographics and labour markets

Effects on assets and GDP

Effects on fiscal accounts

Financial markets

Disaster loss

• Initial estimate Rs. 200 billion.
• Came down to Rs. 144 billion.
• No inventory of buildings
• Non-engineered buildings
• Land and buildings
• Stocks and flows
• Reconstruction costs (Rs. 106 billion) and loss estimates (Rs. 99 billion) are different
• Public good considerations

Human Impact: Tertiary effects

• Affected 15.9 million people out of 37.8 in the region (in areas such as Bhuj, Bhachau, Anjar, Ganhidham, Rapar)
• High demand for food, water, and medical care for survivors
• Humanitarian intervention by groups such as Oxfam: focused on Immediate response and then rehabilitation
• Of survivors, many require persistent medical attention
• Region continues to require assistance long after quake has subsided
• International aid vital to recovery

Social Impacts

• 80% of water and food sources were destroyed.
• The obvious social impacts are that around 20,000 people were killed and near 200,000 were injured.
• However at the same time, looting and violence occurred following the quake, and this affected many people too.
• On the other hand, the earthquake resulted in millions of USD in aid, which has since allowed the Bhuj region to rebuild itself and then grow in a way it wouldn’t have done otherwise.
• The final major social effect was that around 400,000 Indian homes were destroyed resulting in around 2 million people being made homeless immediately following the quake.

Social security and insurance

• Ex gratia payment: death relief and monetary benefits to the injured
• Major and minor injuries
•  Cash doles
• Government insurance fund
• Group insurance schemes
• Claim ratio

Demographics and labour market

• Geographic pattern of ground motion, spatial array of population and properties at risk, and their risk vulnerabilities.
• Low population density was a saving grace.
• Extra fatalities among women
• Effect on dependency ratio
• Farming and textiles

Economic  Impacts

• Total damage estimated at around $7 billion. However $18 billion of aid was invested in the Bhuj area.
• Over 15km of tarmac road networks were completely destroyed.
• In the economic capital of the Gujarat region, Ahmedabad, 58 multi storey buildings were destroyed, these buildings contained many of the businesses which were generating the wealth of the region.
• Many schools were destroyed and the literacy rate of the Gujarat region is now the lowest outside southern India.

Impact on GDP

• Applying ICOR
• Rs. 99 billion – deduct a third as loss of current value added.
• Get GDP loss as Rs. 23 billion
• Adjust for heterogeneous capital, excess capacity, loss Rs. 20 billion.
• Reconstruction efforts.
• Likely to have been Rs. 15 billion.

Fiscal accounts

• Differentiate among different taxes: sales tax, stamp duties and registration fees, motor vehicle tax, electricity duty, entertainment tax, profession tax, state excise and other taxes. Shortfall of Rs. 9 billion of which about Rs. 6 billion unconnected with earthquake.
• Earthquake related other flows.
• Expenditure:Rs. 8 billion on relief. Rs. 87 billion on rehabilitation.

Impact on Revenue Continue Reading

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April 3, 2024

This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies . Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility:

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Fierce earthquake rattles Taiwan, killing 9 and injuring more than 1,000

by JOHNSON LAI, CHRISTOPHER BODEEN and SIMINA MISTREANU

The strongest earthquake in a quarter-century rocked Taiwan Wednesday morning, killing nine people, stranding dozens at quarries and a national park, and sending some residents scrambling out the windows of damaged buildings.

The quake, which injured more than 1,000, struck just before 8 a.m. and was centered off the coast of rural, mountainous Hualien County, where some buildings leaned at severe angles, their ground floors crushed. Just over 150 kilometers (93 miles) away in the capital of Taipei, tiles fell from older buildings, and schools evacuated students to sports fields as aftershocks followed.

Rescuers fanned out in Hualien, looking for people who may be trapped and using excavators to stabilize damaged buildings. The numbers of people missing, trapped or stranded fluctuated as authorities learned of more in trouble and worked to locate or free them.

Some 70 workers who were stranded at two rock quarries were safe, according to Taiwan's national fire agency, but the roads to reach them were damaged by falling rocks. Six workers were going to be airlifted on Thursday.

In the hours after the quake, TV showed neighbors and rescue workers lifting residents, including a toddler, through windows and onto the street. Some doors had fused shut in the shaking.

Taiwan is regularly jolted by quakes and its population is among the best prepared for them. But authorities expected a relatively mild earthquake and did not send out alerts. The eventual quake was strong enough to scare even people who are used to such shaking.

"I've grown accustomed to (earthquakes). But today was the first time I was scared to tears by an earthquake," said Hsien-hsuen Keng, who lives in a fifth-floor apartment in Taipei. "I was awakened by the earthquake. I had never felt such intense shaking before."

At least nine people died in the quake, according to Taiwan's fire agency. Most of the fatalities were caused by falling rocks, including four people who were struck inside Taroko National Park, according to the state Central News Agency. One died in a residential building that was damaged, the news agency said.

A small tsunami washed ashore on southern Japanese islands but caused no damage.

At least 1,011 people were reported injured. Authorities initially lost contact with 50 hotel employees in minibuses in the park after the quake downed phone networks; three employees walked to the hotel, while the others remained stranded. About two dozen tourists were also stranded in the park, the state news agency said.

The quake and aftershocks caused many landslides and damaged roads, bridges and tunnels. The national legislature, a converted school built before World War II, and sections of the main airport in Taoyuan, just south of Taipei, also saw minor damage.

Hualien Mayor Hsu Chen-wei said 48 residential buildings were damaged in the city, which shares a name with the county. Hsu said water and electricity supplies were in the process of being restored.

Taiwan's earthquake monitoring agency said the quake was 7.2 magnitude while the U.S. Geological Survey put it at 7.4. It struck about 18 kilometers (11 miles) from Hualien and was about 35 kilometers (21 miles) deep. Multiple aftershocks followed.

Traffic along the east coast was at a virtual standstill after the earthquake, with landslides and falling debris hitting tunnels and highways. Train service was suspended across the island of 23 million people, with some tracks twisted by the stress of the quake, as was subway service in Taipei, where sections of a newly constructed elevated line split apart but did not collapse.

The initial panic quickly faded on the island, which prepares for such events with drills at schools and notices issued via public media and mobile phone. Stephen Gao, a seismologist and professor at Missouri University of Science and Technology, said Taiwan's readiness is among the most advanced in the world and includes strict building codes and a world-class seismological network.

By noon, the metro station in the busy northern Taipei suburb of Beitou was again buzzing with people commuting to jobs and people arriving to visit the hot springs or travel the mountain paths at the base of an extinct volcano.

The earthquake was felt in Shanghai and provinces along China's southeastern coast, according to Chinese media. China and Taiwan are about 160 kilometers (100 miles) apart.

The Japan Meteorological Agency said a tsunami of 30 centimeters (about 1 foot) was detected on the coast of Yonaguni island about 15 minutes after the quake struck. Smaller waves were measured in Ishigaki and Miyako islands. All alerts in the region had been lifted by Wednesday afternoon.

Taiwan lies along the Pacific "Ring of Fire," the line of seismic faults encircling the Pacific Ocean where most of the world's earthquakes occur.

Hualien was last struck by a deadly quake in 2018 that killed 17 people and brought down a historic hotel. Taiwan's worst quake in recent years struck on Sept. 21, 1999, with a magnitude of 7.7, causing 2,400 deaths, injuring around 100,000 and destroying thousands of buildings.

The economic fallout from the quake has yet to be calculated. Taiwan is the leading manufacturer of the world's most sophisticated computer chips and other high-technology items that are highly sensitive to seismic events. Parts of the electricity grid were shut down, possibly leading to disruptions in the supply chain and financial losses.

Taiwanese chipmaker TSMC, which supplies semiconductors to companies such as Apple, said it evacuated employees from some of its factories in Hsinchu, southwest of Taipei. Hsinchu authorities said water and electricity supplies for all the factories in the city's science park were functioning as normal.

© 2024 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without permission.

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