hire essay writers

Essay writing service - your education, our expertise

Every essay writer is skilled in creating custom essays, addressing complex topics, and completing your homework within tight deadlines.

Hand-picked essay writers for your papers

EssayService is a highly respected platform that teams up with top-rated writers. We offer top-notch writing services that link students with hand-picked experts. Our writers are ranked by their performance and customer reviews. Peruse our experts' profiles to identify the most qualified writer for your project.

How our paper writing service works

1. create a private user profile, 2. fill out the order form, 3. choose an essay writer, 4. give your paper a thorough review, 5. request modifications.

To get started, you'll need to create an account – it's a quick and easy step. This brief process involves providing a valid email address and choosing a secure password. In just a few moments, you'll be all set to access our services.

In order to create a request, simply complete the 10-minute order form. Submit detailed guidelines, specify your favored sources, and set a due date. If you'd like the writer to match your writing style, please attach an example of your past work.

At EssayService, we use a bidding system to assist you in finding your match. You can evaluate bids from various essay writers online and select one based on their qualifications, order history, and feedback. Once you've made your choice, place a deposit to initiate the writing process.

After getting your essay, spend a little time checking if it satisfies your expectations. If you're pleased with the result, authorize payment for your writer. Don't forget that EssayService provides free revisions within 14 or 30 days after a paper's completion.

When you opt to write your essay with EssayService, you can request multiple revisions to ensure your satisfaction. We guarantee original, top-notch content and offer a full refund in case of plagiarism. When you choose EssayService, you get a team that is committed to meeting your needs.

Customers are talking about our EssayService

The writer has followed my specific instructions and was able to provide the paper earlier than the deadline. The writer is very communicative and answers all your concerns. Highly recommend.

Goes above and beyond. He completed the assignment ahead of schedule and the work was exceptional.

The best writer here, always on time. Very proactive to read your assigment first for corrections, if they are needed he do that inmediatelly. If you want to have good grades or you are in trouble and need to pass a class this is your writer.

Impressive writer. Paid attention to detail, was very conscientious and timely, and adequately integrated theory and empirical evidence in his writing.

This writer continues to provide quality work, he is thorough, diligent, and communicates timely. Hire him, I have hired him again and will continue to only use him. Best writer on this site in my experience.

Frank has been the MOST helpful writer on this site and you would be making an incredible mistake if you do NOT hire him. His prices have been the MOST reasonable, and he communicates timely and effectively. I appreciate you, Frank. If I could give you 20 stars I would. Folks, Frank is your guy trust me. I tried maybe 5 others and Frank is THE BEST!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

I am beyond eager to write this review for this writer. I will shout to the rooftops ENCOURAGING you to hire him. I have used other writers but NONE have delivered such awesome work as this writer and NONE of their prices can compare to his. He does not try to "break the bank" and he works hard. He is simply,THE BEST HERE!!!

There were too many writers to have to sort through, would be nice if I was able to sort by how many medical/health science paper they have written.

SO far everything seems to be professional, this is my first time using this kind of online service to get an assignment done.

This service is very easy and efficient. When you are overloaded with tasks, you're up to your ears in paperwork, this is the best help!

Easy to use the website, have people bid for your paper which is cool, cause you can pick who you want, you get options

Being able to see the finished product prior to making the full payment is what made me choose this site. Great idea!

I'm new to this but so far the communication with the tutors has been awesome.

Super well thought out, I wish there was more information on the delivery of the work/essay when finished, but overall I'm happy.

Even though I wrote a similar paper once last year, I already forgot how to do this analysis and understand that it will take too much time to reread the theory and then write the paper based on it. Thanks for making my life easier!

Yesterday I felt so sick that I was lying in bed doing nothing. I was not able to read, analyze, or say, write something. So I turned on the PC ordered the paper on this website. Thanks a lot!

I am very happy with the services they provide, excellent work. In a timely manner, I received 100 for my essay. Since I am always busy working they come through when I do not have time to finish.

The reaction paper was written, bearing in mind all the necessary structural elements of the essay. I am happy the writer used quite complex vocabulary, so the essays sounds persuasive.

I am very happy with the services they provide, excellent work. Since I am always busy working they come through when I do not have time to finish.

Great company to work with they get the job done one time and correct.

I would like to thank your marketing assignment expert for editing my assignment so well. It’s completely error-free now.

So caring about what I expect, offered revision in case it's not what i needed. Everything was good

It was my first time using such a service. Essay was good and nicely formatted.

Now I received my paper and you know, I’m amazed! I recommend them.

They are really good in services as their name in the market. Superb, outstanding and marvelous

Your experts helped me to better understand the task I couldn't complete for a long time! Thanks!

Unlock the unmatched benefits of using our essay service

Precisely picked writers, speedy and superb writing, order any paper, maintain anonymity on our essay writing website, strict plagiarism policy.

• Originality report $15.99 free
• The best writer $10.99 free
• Formating $7.99 free
• Unlimited edits $21.99 free
• Outline $3.99 free
• Title page $4.99 free

Types of paper writing services

We provide writing services for all types of assignments. Check out some of our samples, and don't hesitate to place your order.

• Admission Essay
• Annotated Bibliography
• Article Review
• Book Review
• Business Plan
• Creative Writing
• Critical Thinking
• Dissertation
• Literature Review
• Movie Review
• Presentation
• Reflective Writing
• Research Paper
• Research Proposal
• Engineering
• Multiple Choice Questions
• Short Answer Questions
• Word Problems

Essay writing service price estimation

EssayService can assist you with any topic you can think of in a timely fashion and at a student-friendly price!

When creating a task to be completed, the number of pages and the due date are factors that influence the price. Extending the due date will result in a more favorable discount.

10-question spreadsheets are priced at just $17.39! Along with your finished paper, each writer provides a detailed analysis of the answers given so that you can accomplish the task without a helping hand in the future.

Remember, the longer the due date, the lower the price. Place your order in advance for a discussion post with our paper writer to save money.

Research papers can be complex, so it is best to give our paper writer service a bit more time on this one. Luckily, a longer paper means you get a bigger discount.

EssayService collaborates with a variety of different writers to ensure our service can fulfill any subject matter, regardless of complexity. Place your order by filling out the form on our site or contact our customer support agent to receive a quote.

Frequently asked questions

Will my essay writing be free from plagiarism and ai, how does your paper writing service protect my privacy, can i trust essayservice with the quality of my papers, how does your essay writer service handle revisions, how do i receive the finished work after you write my essay, can you tell me about the background and expertise of your essay writers, does essayservice guarantee the prompt delivery of orders, can your online essay writer edit my finished work, will my completed paper be used elsewhere, can you do my essay in any citation style, can you guarantee a good grade for the work you deliver, how fast can you write an essay for me, looking for an expert to write your essay.

EssayService is an easy-to-use writing service that offers students extensive assistance and top-notch support. Get expert-level results with ease by engaging the services of seasoned professionals.

Get top-rated essay writing services today!

Get a free quote from our essay writing service and an idea of how much the essay will cost before it even begins. Once you are satisfied with the cost, accept the bid and put your worries behind you!

Our team is dedicated to ensuring that late-night studying will no longer be necessary. EssayService is known for providing some of the best writing, editing, and proofreading available online.

What are you waiting for? Request, "write my essay for me," and join our global educational community today!

Don’t drown in assignments — ask an essay writer to help!

Does hours of essay writing prevent you from sleeping at night? We know the feeling. But we also know how to deal with it. Whenever you have an assignment coming your way, shoot our 24/7 support a message or fill in the quick 10-minute request form on EssayService. Our paper writing help exists to make your life stress-free while reaching all your academic objectives. When you use our services, you not only get high-quality work but a smooth experience. Our bonuses are what keep our clients coming back for more. Receive a free originality report, enjoy direct contact with your writer, get 24/7 support when you need it, and get as many revisions as you need.

Our experts can tackle every “write my essay” request while effectively covering your subject matter and helping you achieve your academic goals. Our highly qualified writers can handle any task, from the simplest to the most complex, ensuring the perfect specialist matches with your topic. Whatever paper writing you need help with, whether it be astronomy or geography, we've got you covered!

If you have a hard time selecting your writer, contact our friendly 24/7 support team, and they will find you the most suitable one. Once your writer begins working on your "write my paper for me" order, we strongly suggest you stay in touch with them through the encrypted chat to make any clarifications or edits on the go. Even if miscommunications do happen and you aren't satisfied with the initial work, we can make any revisions within the rules defined by Terms and Conditions.

As part of our extensive set of bonuses, we offer a free originality report, title, and reference page, along with the previously mentioned limitless revisions.

Work with us and enjoy your free time

Are you looking to free up time for personal growth and enjoyment, or are you struggling to understand your professor's instructions? Whatever brings you to us, you're welcome here!

EssayService is a reputable paper writing service that offers affordable prices and is dedicated to helping you reach academic success.

Maximize your potential of earning a good grade on your next assignment by ordering our services, don't hesitate to contact our support team available 24/7.

Keep your grades safe with the "write my essay for me" request

Being a legitimate service means giving customers a personalized approach and quality assistance. We're proud of our flexible prices that let you get what you need affordably and on time.

We also make sure to follow your instructions and create everything from scratch. Our paper writing service guarantees you'll receive a highly unique paper as we value our reputation.

Want to get quality academic help without hassle and still have free time? Get the highest quality essay from our top writers to make your life easier.

Can you write an essay for me on a specific topic?

No matter what assignment you need done, whether it's math or the English language, our service covers them all. Assignments require time and acquired knowledge to complete. If you're concerned about meeting these demands, our writers can assist with any subject. With EssayService, stress-free academic success is within reach.

Are you struggling with understanding your professors' directions when it comes to homework assignments? Hire professional writers with years of experience to achieve your academic goals and impress your parents. Send us the instructions, choose your writer, and make payment once you're satisfied.

Sharing educational goals Our service is a helping hand for those who want to reach academic success without extra hassle.

Advocate educational integrity Our mission is to help you grow as a student and not cheat your academic institution. We suggest you use our work as a study aid and not as finalized material. Order a personalized assignment to study from.

Service is a study guide Our paper writer service aims to help you achieve your desired academic excellence.

Parents are welcome No one cares about your academic progress more than your parents. That is exactly why thousands of them come to our service for additional study aid for their children. By working with our writers, you get a high-quality essay sample to use as a template for your success. Order a paper now!

EssayService safeguards your data We are here to help you with essays and protect your personal information. Your safety is our priority, as we know it is yours. We adhere to strict privacy policies to ensure your information is stored securely at all times. Your communications with writers are encrypted and private, and we email your work directly to you.

Work with a paper writer – Sharing academic integrity Hire an expert from our services to learn from and ace your next "do my essay" task. We are your one-stop shop for academic success. Our essay writers can handle all your "write essay for me" requests.

Pick your paper writer from our skilled professionals

EssayService boasts a catalog of writers. Our writers come from various fields of study, starting with physics and ending with history. As a result, we are able to take on a variety of assignments that come our way, ranging from simple reviews to more difficult thesis papers. If you want real professionals or even some current university professors to write an essay at an adequate price, you've come to the right place!

Securing a professional writer as a newcomer might not be the easiest thing to do. It's crucial to be careful and avoid services that collaborate with underqualified individuals from developing countries. This often results in subpar work, enriches the company owners unfairly, and exploits the writers in conditions akin to intellectual slavery. Our "write my paper" platform, on the other hand, gives you a chance to work with an expert writer. We partner only with native English speakers, so you can confidently entrust your "do my essay" assignment to EssayService.

Moreover, to be a part of our team, it is imperative that a person possess a Bachelor's, Master's, or Ph.D. In addition, years of experience in a respective field are required. While language proficiency is important, other essential skills are necessary to achieve success in writing papers. If the writer in question has complied with all the above-mentioned criteria, successfully completed mock tasks, and passed several interviews, they are welcome on our team.

How EssayService stands among other writing services

Money-back guarantee Rest assured that our services will meet all of your expectations, or we will happily make the adjustments. We can also return your deposit in cases specified in our Refund Policy. EssayService ensures that your grades matter as much as our reputation.

Top-level essay helper for you Keep the key to your academic success in your pocket at all times. Are you wondering HOW? Our service is it. Use your smartphone to order an assignment and track its progress.

Free extras Not only do we offer top-notch help, but we also have free bonuses to surprise our clients. Here's what you get for free: originality report, citations, reference page, title page, outline, and formatting.

Writer who understands your style We encourage you to submit some examples of your previous writing to our "write an essay for me" service. This will help us understand your writing style while maintaining the quality of a professionally written paper.

Tolerance Our service suggests using the work as prep material and a study aid, and not as final material for your professors. You can also take advantage of this work by using it to perfect your own knowledge.

Stay in touch with your professional essay writer Take direct advantage by chatting with your writer. Direct your questions, ask for clarifications, send them your previous work, or request drafts, and you will get your answers in no time.

Essay writer online 24/7 at your disposal

Quality over quantity is a motto we at EssayService support. We might not have as many writers as any other service, but our team is the cream of the crop. On top of that, we collaborate with writers based on their qualifications, allowing us to expand our overall range of subjects.

Having this variation allows clients to order any assignment that they need from our fast service; just be sure to select a top-rated paper writer for your job!

Does your paper writing service work with all types of assignments?

The best way to complete a presentation speech is with a team of professional writers. They have the experience, knowledge, and deep understanding of academic standards.

Another assignment you can hire us for is an article review. Evaluating someone's work with a grain of salt cannot be easy, especially if it is your first time doing this. To summarize, article reviews are a challenging task. It's good that you've found our service and can now forget your worries after placing an order.

Feeling overwhelmed by an upcoming research proposal assignment? Our paper writing service is here to help! No need to worry about devoting your Sunday night to reading and dissecting long, 100-page academic articles. We have the experience and expertise to make sure you understand your professors' instructions and can complete your "do my essay for me" project quickly and effectively.‍

Hire writers with years of experience to improve your performance and impress your parents. To make a "write my paper for me" request with EssayService, simply send us your assignment's instructions, your deadline, and you're good to go. We have paper writers with the skills to complete practically any assignment for you. Every writer in our team has experience in different academic disciplines and can complete assignments on time, providing you with the highest quality of research, grammar, and formatting.

How do I select the most qualified writer to write my essay?

After you submit your "write essay for me" request, a variety of writers will bid, giving you a choice of the best fit for your project. Research your options to make an informed decision. Read their profiles, evaluate their order records, and peruse the customer reviews to ensure you're making the right choice.‍

Our writers are required to identify their areas of interest so you know which professional has the most up-to-date knowledge to do your essay. Just choose one of our experienced writers, set a deadline, and we will get started on your project.

Once I hire a writer to write my paper, is it possible for me to monitor their progress?

If you are using our services, you can always keep in touch with your essay writer online via chat and ask them to provide you with regular progress updates or address any questions and concerns about your "write paper for me" order.

Furthermore, a writer working on your “write me an essay” request might contact you in chat if some clarifications are needed. If the communication is good enough, your job will be done on time and with good results.

When working with us, rest assured you'll be assisted and supported every step of the way. Never hesitate to ask for an update when needed, and be sure to allow for enough time to correct errors! This way, you can work together with your writer to guarantee your paper is exactly what you need!

We analyze the work of our essay writers for hire

Because EssayService is an honest and well-paying essay writing service, writers tend to flock to our platform. Nonetheless, in the writers' community, we are known for our strict selection process. You, as a client, can be sure that you will be working with a quality online essay writer no matter your subject or your assignment's level of difficulty. Our writers are put through testing and have their degrees checked. Our strict screening criteria ensures that we only partner with the best writers.

We are a company that values experience, reputation, and past performance in essay writing. As a result, we have managed to track down the top university writers. They do their absolute best to complete your task on time and provide you with study assistance of the highest level.

Nonetheless, being a professional "write my essay" company has its challenges. For example, as our writer expectations are high, not all experts can handle the challenge of creating highly unique content in a short time frame, so as leading services go, we are tasked with keeping everything under control.

How our essay writing service is used

The paper writing we provide is in no way supposed to be submitted as a completed piece of work. As a "help me with my essay" service, our key role is to serve as research material for study purposes. We stand for academic honesty and obey all institutional laws. Therefore, EssayService strongly advises its clients to use the provided work as a study aid, as a source of ideas and information, or for citations.

Academic writing service that has your back

EssayPro will help you with any task, always.

Our professional team knows what you need and how to help you achieve greatness. Trust your assignments to us today.

Trusted by 1,5M+ happy customers

Meet our team of professionals

Academic writers with years of experience are here to make your life easier and your school performance better.

A time-tested academic writing service

We know what you need and are here for you. Let us make you feel safe.

Your instructions are our law

Individual approach to every order is an EssayPro guarantee. You can trust us with the most ambiguous instructions, and we will still deliver a perfect paper.

Thousands of experts

Our team of writers will help you with any task. Each one has at least three years of practice in academic writing and real-world experience in their field.

Originality is a non-negotiable

Delivering unique papers is a must for us. Every paper goes through a Turnitin-based plagiarism checker. Claim your free originality report to confirm.

Privacy & confidentiality

You don’t have to give us any personal information except your email. Stay completely anonymous if you wish. No private data is shared with third parties.

Three easy steps to claim your perfect paper

Step 1: sign up.

Sign in or register to place your order. Give us your instructions and pay the deposit.

Step 2: Pick your expert

Writers will start bidding on your order. Choose the right expert by comparing their qualifications

Step 3: Get your paper

After receiving an email notification, read your paper and confirm receipt. Ask for revision if necessary

Read customers’ testimonials to see why they choose us

There are many academic writing services to choose from. Here’s why people choose ours:

Frequently asked questions

Is it legal to use academic writing services, do your academic writers provide original work, what exactly can you help me with, is there a way to talk to my writer, why is academic writing so hard.

Academic writing is the main way of assessing students’ comprehension, critical thinking and analysis skills. This is why it is not supposed to be easy. However, in the current landscape, it is arguably a lot harder than it used to be just ten years ago. Students truly have a lot on their plates, and getting a trusted service for academic writing help is a necessity rather than a luxury. But still, finding a reputable academic writing company that would not scam you out of your money and private data can be a struggle. We recommend always reading through the terms and conditions before giving an online service your money. Sure, reading through dozens of pages of legalese is not fun, but it’s a sure way to safeguard your funds and, most importantly, your privacy. An easier way to determine the trustworthiness of a company is by looking at the payment methods they offer. Always look for a padlock character at the beginning of the address bar in your browser, as this tells you the website is safe. The payment methods also have to be recognizable and trustworthy. If all those conditions are met, you know that the research papers writing help service is safe and can be trusted. But if it raises any suspicions, run away immediately!

Reasons to choose us for your writing needs

There are plenty of academic writing services to choose from these days, and feeling confused when you have to settle for one is natural. The reality is you don't have to settle for one! You can test different services, compare their professional academic writers, support teams and other aspects and then return to the one you liked best. The thing is, though, we are pretty sure EssayPro will be the one you settle for, regardless of how many different services you try out. We have some of the most affordable prices, a huge pool of writers who all have been excessively tested and trained, round-the-clock support, and many features that other services charge for are free at EssayPro. We are always willing to listen to feedback and learn from it. This is why even if you had a disappointing experience with us, we will give you free, unlimited revisions or even a refund. Our policy has you, our client, in the center. Your satisfaction, privacy, safety and happiness are important to us, and it's in our best interest to do everything possible to support these claims. So, hurry up, place your first order today, and claim your discounts!

Professional Essay Writing & Editing Services

Our experts will write you a top-quality paper and revise it an unlimited number of times until you're 100% satisfied - or offer a refund.

Will my paper pass Turnitin?

Yes, definitely. Our experts write all papers from the ground up and use only credible sources. They also are familiar with all formatting and referencing styles.

Once your paper is completed, it is checked for plagiarism with powerful plagiarism detection software (e.g., Copyscape and Copyleaks) to make sure it is 100% original and will pass any checker, including Turnitin.

We do not check completed papers with Turnitin because it saves all works to the database, making them unoriginal if submitted once again.

If you'd like to get official proof of your paper's uniqueness, add our Plagiarism Report extra to your order.

Can somebody detect that I've used an essay writing service?

Absolutely not. GradeSmiths is a reliable essay writing service that takes all measures to protect your data and order details from illegal access or disclosure. We work in accordance with GDPR, use the latest bank-level encryption, and offer anonymous communication with writers. So, it's 100% safe to order your papers from our subject-matter experts.

What if I don't like the quality of my paper?

No problem. In such cases, which are quite rare, we offer two options to choose from: you can either request a free revision or get a refund.

If you would like the writer to amend the final draft, just activate the 14-day revision period in your account and add revision instructions. Then, the writer will revise the paper according to your remarks in the shortest time possible.

To request a refund, contact the Support Team via email or live chat. They are always more than happy to help out. Please note that this option is available within 14-30 days, depending on the paper’s length.

I'm not sure that your writers can deal with my topic?

We have a vast pool of qualified experts across 50 subject areas. All of them have 4+ years of academic writing experience, so rest assured they will be able to deal with your topic.

Still hesitating? Please contact our 24/7 support team to discuss your project in more detail and get a free quote.

Do you deal with large papers like research papers, dissertations, etc.?

Yes, we have experts in huge papers of any complexity, including:

• research paper
• capstone project
• dissertation

To see the complete list of papers we can prepare for you, click here .

Do you write all types of papers?

Yes. We can help during the entire study period and post-study life — from preparing admission essays to assisting with graduation papers and resumes. Also, our services are not limited to writing. We provide editing, proofreading, and paraphrasing services too.

If you haven't found your type of work on the order page, just select "Other" and specify what exactly you need to be done. Then, we'll check your paper details and find an appropriate expert for you.

Is your writing service legal?

Yes, of course. GradeSmiths is a registered company with a 12-year history of delivering academic assistance services to English-speaking students worldwide that works following existing laws. Our main goal is to help students improve their writing skills and academic performance.

Over 50k students trust us, 42% of whom come by friend's recommendation.

How fast can your service complete an essay?

Our experts can write a high-quality 275-word or 1-page essay for you within just 1 hour. However, if your essay is 550+ words long or 2+ pages, it will take them 3 hours to complete it to a high standard.

What happens after I pay?

Once the payment is done, you get access to the personal customer area, where you can track order progress, add more instructions for the writer or ask them order-related questions.

In your customer area, you can also communicate with the support team, request revisions, add extra services like additional pages or excel sheets to your order, rate your writer, and much more.

Can I add additional instructions after the order has been placed?

Yes, sure. You can do it on the order page in your customer area. The writer will check them out and follow too.

Want to talk to my writer. Can I?

Yes, definitely. You will be able to communicate with the writer through messages in your account after the payment is done and the writer is assigned. Usually, it takes up to 15 minutes.

Please note you will receive an email notification once the writer is assigned.

To send a message to your writer, go to the corresponding order page and type your message in the chat window located in the upper right-hand corner of the page.

How much does paper writing help cost?

The price for writing your paper greatly depends on your study level, type of work, deadline, and number of pages needed. For example, a college essay due in 7 days will cost you $7.00 per page, while a Ph.D. dissertation due in 30 days will cost $6.19 per page.

If you want to get the best price, simply place your order in advance. Close deadlines require more resources. Therefore, they are more expensive.

To calculate the price of your order, click here .

What free options do you have?

At GradeSmiths, every paper comes with the following freebies:

• Bibliography page
• Any academic format
• Preferred paper writer
• Limitless revision
• Order tracking option
• Quality check
• 24/7 customer support

Do you have discounts?

Our professional aid is accessible to everyone. We strive to help students on any budget. For this purpose, we offer regular discounts and seasonal deals to all customers. In addition, every newcomer gets a special 15% discount on the first order, while regular customers receive loyalty bonuses they can spend on future orders.

How can I pay?

You can pay for your order using a debit or credit card by Visa, MasterCard, or Maestro. The payment will be processed via a secure checkout page, and no card data will be saved.

Meet Your Perfect Essay Writing Service – GradeSmiths

GradeSmiths is an essay writing service that helps students in the USA and from all over the world to write better essays and other types of high school, college, and university research papers. Our writers are experienced and competent enough to cover all subjects and meet any deadlines.

GradeSmiths’s essay writing service is perfect for students who want to improve their GPA, not wasting too much time and money. Those who’ve tried professional essay writing services once confirm that living up with the workload becomes easier. So, if you have the money to spend on a quality custom essay, GradeSmiths is the perfect writing website for you.

– How much does it cost me to write an essay? We know that this question is important for you. That’s why we guarantee the best price to write an essay brought to you by the Essay Writer service. Our prices start from only $10.52 per page, including the extras. If you’re on a budget, then our essay service is exactly what you need to ace your task for an affordable price.

Team up with the essay writing industry’s finest writers and fulfill your academic goals easier as if you’ve been doing all the homework on your own. Also, get better grades and enjoy your student life to the maximum with GradeSmiths!

7 Easy Signs You Need an Expert Essay Writer Right Now

The ultimate trick to score the highest grade for an essay is… not to write it yourself. Trust writing an essay to an expert essay writer and get this burden off your back. Using a professional to writing essays and our extensive academic knowledge base, we guarantee to fulfill your term paper, case study, book report, or any other type of paper up to the hilt.

We’ll write you a quality essay based on all the order requirements that you initially provided on the order now page. This will save your free time and also boost your GPA. Need more proof? Here are seven signals you might need professional writing help with essays ASAP:

• Essay writing isn’t your strongest perk, so you might want to seek services from professional essay writers online.
• As a student, you lack time and talent to carry out original topic research. Not everyone is made a qualified scholarly researcher. If that’s an issue, we’ll be glad to help.
• You are bad at essay writing. Not every student can master the art of academic essay writing. There is nothing to be ashamed of in case expressing your thoughts and ideas using a proper academic English language is a challenging task.
• There are some of the homework instructions that you don’t understand. Such assignments often occur, puzzling students a lot and making them look for someone to help them with these mind-wrecking tasks.
• There’s no time to do an essay yourself. Things happen in life that you can’t control or predict. Everyone’s a human being who deserves a little bit of you-time now and then. To manage your time more effectively, you can use our essay service.
• Having more free time is great, but, at the same time, risking your academic record isn’t an option. That said, specialists of our service will cover up for you at any time.
• The finals weeks are too stressful, leaving you little to no time to cope with homework assignments.

Get rid of nasty academic issues – hire an academic essay writer with confidence and kiss academic problems goodbye! Our service will meet all your needs and save a good sum of money.

No.1 Essay Writer Website in 2022

Are you facing trouble with various college assignments? Nights without sleep, too difficult topics, reluctant teachers, no one available to help you? Sounds like it’s high time for you to use our essay service. With the help of one of our cheap and competent writers, you could put the finger on any task within just a few hours.

To any college writing problem, there’s a sound solution to be found. Which is, as far as our service is concerned, hiring a skilled essay writer online is the best way out. The great news is that with the help of our competent essay service, all your writing hardships disappear for good. Our expert essay writers, qualified editors, and smart proofreaders work day and night to help you to fulfill your college goals. Choose any of the 35+ subjects that we cover, 50+ types of assignments, and any urgency, including our super-quick 1-hour deadline, to ensure a positive and rapid GPA growth. Order professional essay writing help on GradeSmiths today!

Text us “write my essay for me” – we will take care of the project and improve your academic record. Please, ask any emerging questions. Support managers operate 24/7 to provide you with timely answers and help you with any essay writing emergency. Our service is available all day and night if you have any essay writing emergencies that need urgent academic treatment.

Essay Writing Service You Can Trust

GradeSmiths is not only a cheap essay writing company to get ace-quality writing services, but also a reliable writing service that takes full care of its customers. To protect your data and confidentiality, we take the following measures:

• We keep your data safe.

Your privacy is under careful protection. Cutting-edge encryption solutions protect data on our safe essay writer website. Except for critical essay topics, basic instructions, and contact email, customers don’t have to provide their private information. Plus, you can think of any preferred name and communicate with us as incognito.

• We provide you with secure payment options.

Financial operations are also well-guarded. Our essay writing company cooperates with leading financial service providers, acknowledged all across the world. Use any safe option to purchase your article online.

• We give a chargeless review period.

Viewpoints differ. To avoid dissatisfaction with our essay services, every order is supported by a free review period. It starts on the day of delivery and lasts for 2 weeks. If your essay needs changes, do not hesitate to reach out to us.

• We return your payment if you dislike the essay.

Viewpoints can differ dramatically. The situation is highly surreal, but as a safeguard, your rights for repayment are protected by our Refund policy. Proven plagiarisms, poor quality, and insufficient research are among the main reasons to request reimbursement.

We Have Pro Essay Writers

Let’s skip generalities and get down to our biggest pride – a team of expert essay writers. Nothing proves our expertise and reliability better than the following facts about them:

• Academic credentials: all our essay writers hold advanced university degrees.
• Professional background: we hire essay writers with a proven track record and at least a few years of operation in custom writing.
• Excellent command of English: every paper writer is a native English speaker and an accredited certificate that proves his proficiency in the language.
• Any academic level: pro essay writers complete orders for college, undergraduate, Master’s, and Ph.D. students.
• Any type of assignment: whatever your issue is, we cover 50+ types of various academic tasks.

On top of that, editors and proofreaders help students with their academic papers. They double-check every essay for conformity with directives, originality & quality adherence, formatting standards. In case your essay writer has made a mistake, an assigned editor will see and fix it. In the end, you are assured of receiving a 100% mistake-free and unique essay.

Message us “write my essay” now, and we will select the best-matching essay writer for your demand among the leading college experts.

How Our Essay Writers Service Works

On GradeSmiths, we have a rule that we never break – write only plagiarism-free essays. Every essay writer has to write from scratch. Otherwise, they won’t be working for our service.

All college essay writers you’ll be working with when making orders on our website are real human experts, each across their subject field. Some writers are experienced and educated enough to write essays in several disciplines. We neither rewrite old essays nor take stuff from the internet, simply changing a title and switching paragraphs’ places. Quite the opposite!

Our professional paper writers deliver 100% original scholarly documents, e.g., essays, which live up to the initial order instructions that you provided when making an order. This way, it’s safe to say that our essays are one-of-a-kind – no two similar papers could ever be found if written by our authors.

In general, when writing essays, our writers stick to the following protocol:

• Read writing instructions.
• College relevant background sources.
• Find quotes and reference data.
• Create an essay outline.
• Write a thesis.
• Write the first draft.
• Edit and proofread.
• Apply a required citation style according to the latest APA/MLA/Chicago/Turabian guidelines.
• Check an essay for plagiarism.
• Revise the final draft.

Note that free revisions (14-30 days) are already included in the price. GradeSmiths’s online essay writing service is designed in a way to leave you nothing but to enjoy the rest of your day while one of the service’s writers takes care of your homework.

GradeSmiths’s essay service makes college life easier. Simply make an order now and see for yourself!

Our Guarantees

Why is our essay service so special? Besides having an excellent reputation of reliable essay writers and a service that has low prices, it’s possible to name 5 more features that make GradeSmiths the number one spot for students who want a quality essay for a reasonable price. To learn more advantages that might interest you, please contact the support manager.

In general, our essay writing service provides the following guarantees:

• Originality. Are you worried about whether your essay will be original? We pay great attention to the academic integrity of our customers. That’s why, rest assured, there’s no place for plagiarism on GradeSmiths. Our essays undergo originality verification with advanced plagiarism detection software. If necessary, we can support your composition with a detailed plagiarism report.
• Quality. Sure, you are worried that the requested content might come of poor quality. To prevent this from happening, we let only professional essay writers work on the orders. Candidates for essay writing positions undergo a 4-level selection procedure to verify their expertise in the required discipline field and writing skills.
• Verification. People make mistakes. Our professional college essay writers are not an exception. That is why we double-check completed papers for mistakes and logical flaws. Acknowledged editors go through the text, fixing grammatical and formatting errors. With their final touch, your university essay transforms from an uncut stone to a polished diamond.
• Timeliness. Essay writing is a long and stressful process for students – but not for professional authors. Their expertise allows finishing all types of college papers promptly and by the requested target date. If you need your essay in a couple of hours, you will most certainly have it!

Our FREE Essay Writing Services

Everyone can use essay writing help from GradeSmiths anytime. We strive to help students who have shoestring budgets. For this purpose, our essay service offers regular discounts and juicy deals. Every newcomer gets a special 15% discount for the first order and is offered to join the Customers Loyalty program to receive and collect bonuses for further orders. On top of that, we complement every essay with the following freebies:

• Title page.
• Bibliography page.
• APA/MLA/Chicago/Turabian citation format.
• Best available essay writer.
• Limitless amendments.
• Order tracking option.
• Quality control.
• 24/7 client center.

If you need professional college paper writers who can do the work for cheap, simply submit your order in advance. Close deadlines require more resources. Therefore, they are slightly more expensive. Recruit your top essay writer beforehand, and take advantage of our professional services at a reduced cost.

Write My Essay Is Easy With GradeSmiths

GradeSmiths is the perfect write my essay service. There are professional GradeSmiths, top-notch 24/7 customer support service, cheap prices, a money-back guarantee, and results that you notice right after the first order. The “who can write my essay for me?” question won’t bother you again. Sleepless nights and poor grades will be in the past when you order your first essay on our website.

– Can you write my essay cheap? No problem, GradeSmiths will be glad to write your essay cheap, keeping the quality of writing high, as usual. Use your 15% Welcome discount or spend bonus funds earned from making previous orders to pay for your essay cheap.

– I need a good service to write my essay online. Consider you’ve just found it! GradeSmiths is one of the best services for writing essays in 2022. It’s a legit company that knows what its customers want. You can always count on exceptional customer care, writers who don’t charge an arm and a leg, and timely delivery of your order. Simply order an essay on GradeSmiths and download it when it’s done.

– I want a professional essay writer to write my essay. GradeSmiths doesn’t have writers who don’t know how to write essays. On the contrary, essay writers that we have provide the best service possible thanks to their educational background, academic writing talent, and years of essay writing experience .

Are you looking for a service that can write you a 100% original essay cheap? GradeSmiths is a writer service that gets the job done to a T. Choose the essay writing service that you need, and let’s do this!

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Professional essay writing service for your instant success

Get your paper written anytime, any day! Our expert team is available 24/7, covering 60+ disciplines. Trust us with assignments of any complexity and deadline proximity.

• 23k thankful graduates
• 99% satisfaction rate
• 178 experts in 70+ disciplines

• Custom, requirements-based writing
• Deadlines from 8 hours to 1 month
• All disciplines covered
• Confidentiality
• 24/7 Support

We guarantee

• 100% originality and zero plagiarism
• Guaranteed on-time delivery
• Skilled writers with master’s/PhD degrees
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Key values of our essay writing service

Affordability.

Our customers enjoy a budget-friendly price for every non-urgent order they make with our professional writing service. Our freebies and discounts are also worth checking when you’re looking for essay help.

Reliability

Over a decade, we have earned our reputation among the top essay writing companies. We process the most complex orders thanks to expert essay writers who have zero tolerance for plagiarism.

Our clients get what they pay for and more — it is what trustworthy means. Don’t hesitate to entrust us with your essay writing task. Your privacy is protected with our strict confidentiality guarantee.

How our trustworthy essay writing service works

There are only four straightforward steps that you have to take to receive a top-notch paper created by our academic writing experts. This process is meticulously optimized, but if you get confused at any of these steps, don’t hesitate to address our around-the-clock support team with a “write my essay” service inquiry. Choosing among professional writing services online may be a bit confusing, right? Get to know more about our transparent and easy ordering process to get a paper written for you.

1. Place your order

2. stay in touch, 3. check the draft, 4. receive a paper, professional essay writers for hire: all academic levels.

Choose SmartWritingService if you need expert help with your papers of any topic or complexity. We have assembled a top-notch team of professional academic writers ready, willing, and able to face any writing crisis you have. Moreover, we respect your preferences when choosing the most appropriate essay writer for the job. Here are some descriptions for you to consider while selecting professional essay writers for hire.

Best available experts

Among the available writers, we choose an academic expert with the strongest background related to the topic and the discipline your order is about. No extra payment for any additional services is required. A chosen essay writer for hire will provide you with an essay written according to the instructions you share.

Advanced writers

A great choice for homework assignments with a twist. More experienced academic specialists have been honing writing skills for years and can crack complex papers under time pressure. This excellent solution for tricky essays adds only 25% to your order price.

Top-10 specialists

These academic writers are like special-ops agents. Top-rated by customers and editors, experienced in narrow field studies, expert writers for hire can handle any complex assignment, from business case study to urgent Ph.D. thesis. Hiring one of our top-10 writers adds 40% to the initial price of your order — Money well-spent.

It is not the exhaustive list of options our clients can choose from to customize services they get from our essay writing company. If you are eager to improve your English, our professional essay service offers to hire Native speakers — ENL writers on our team. Choosing an ENL writer from the Best available or Advanced categories adds 30% to your final order price.

Send our essay writing service a free inquiry right away!

Calculate a fair price for your paper.

• High-quality content
• Proper formatting
• Editing and proofreading of your paper
• Title page and bibliography
• 24/7 support
• Check for plagiarism

FAQ about our professional writing services

Are your academic writing services easy to use.

Yes, our academic essay writing services are designed to be user-friendly and easy to navigate. We understand the importance of providing a seamless experience for our clients from the US and Canada, and have streamlined our processes to ensure that ordering a custom essay or paper is a straightforward and hassle-free process. Our website is intuitive and easy to use, and our customer support team is available to assist with any questions or concerns that may arise.

Is there a way to get an essay writing service for free?

We don’t provide free essay writing services but we offer a lot of free features you can enjoy:

• Free formatting. Guidelines-based, on-point APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian formatting is provided for free with every order.
• Free revisions. If you see errors or discrepancies with the initial instructions, we’ll revise your paper free of charge.
• Free inquiry. Keep your money till you make a final decision — receive a free quote with all the details about your order.
• Free plagiarism report. Every paper is analyzed with a high-end originality checker, and you get a plagiarism report for free.
• Free pages. You are eligible for a free title page and bibliography page no matter the number of sources used in the paper.
• Free samples. Use the provided free samples to assess the quality of our work and strengthen your own writing skills.

Do you provide all kinds of professional writing help?

We base our work on over 12 years of experience in a highly competitive academic writing help field. No matter which area you have trouble with, our professional essay writing services will cover it.

Our online paper writing company serves students looking for academic writing assistance as well as scholars who need help with presentations and articles, as well as businesses that need professional writing and editing services for their internal and external documents.

Are your essay writing services legit?

Our company is 100% legal and offers a legit essay writing service for students just like you to assist with a range of needs. Paper writing services are a legitimate way out for college and university students if used as they should be used. Custom writing solutions provided by our services are intended to become some guidance for students willing to write their own paper at another level of quality. What you receive from us is not a draft, but a complete, fully formatted paper written based on your requirements, that can be used as an example.

I need to write my paper fast. Can you provide me with such services?

We offer a fast essay writing service with quick turnaround times. We are well aware that writing services are sometimes needed ASAP, and you can’t wait another day. That is why we can write your paper in as little as 4/8/12/24 hours. It is crucial, though, that you inform us immediately that your paper should be written in such a short time, so we use all the needed resources to deliver it before the deadline.

Do your writing services operate 24/7?

Even if it is midnight, and you need some last-minute assistance, you will receive an immediate answer from our customer care support. There are normally more than 325 writers available day and night to provide online writing services to our clients. Please, use chat or email to address our support team with your inquiry. We don’t use bots, so you only contact human beings who understand your situation and are willing to help. It’s just another way we show how much we care.

Who will write my essay for me from scratch?

When you come to us with your “write my paper for me” request, you can expect nothing short of perfection in the way our experts execute your order. In a decade in the academic writing market, we have assembled a team of esteemed professionals capable of writing papers in more than 60 disciplines. Expert writers work with any topic at any level, using only original and academically valid sources. With tens and hundreds of papers behind their shoulders, our writers deal with assignments much faster than any student.

Our paper writing service offers top-tire features

Make your experience with our writing service even better — choose additional services to take your paper to the next level in a professional way. The following special features cover all extra demands students may have.

1. Copy of sources

Receive a full list of books, articles, open studies, and other original, academically valid materials our assigned academic writer used to write your paper from scratch.

+ All the copies for only $14.95

2. Progressive delivery

Keep the progress of your complex paper under control and lessen the burden on your budget: receive your assignment part by part and pay for it in installments.

+ 10% to your order price

3. Charts and slides

Order PowerPoint slides and charts to illustrate your paper or give extra sparkle to your speech. We offer creative and well-thought-out visuals at an affordable price.

Prices start at $5 for 1 piece

Get essay writing help with extra features right away

We are an essay writing service with years of experience.

For many students, the writing process is a stressful experience, and we understand why students just like you are looking for help to get past this difficult hurdle, so you can get on with your learning and your life. When you need help with essay writing, we know you have many options. But there is only one option that will give you the real and effective assistance you need to move forward with your learning.

When you need professional writing service, you need real academic writers who offer powerful, compelling, and deeply researched papers. There is simply no substitute for a custom-written paper designed to meet or exceed the specific expectations and requirements of your individual assignment. Generic papers won’t give you the specifics, and automatically generated papers are often filled with errors.

With more than 12 years on the market, SmartWritingService offers the kind of quality papers that you can’t find anywhere else. With so many students looking for ways to automate their assignments with A.I., and schools rushing to implement A.I. detection, you need 100% human-written papers that provide the kind of creativity and effective writing that you can’t get from a chatbot. Our 325+ expert writers have created original and compelling papers for 23,000+ satisfied customers, with a 99% satisfaction rate. We can help you, too.

Our essay writing service is designed with clients like you in mind. Across 60+ disciplines, our writers work tirelessly to deliver detailed and rich, customized papers that effectively demonstrate how to write on any and every subject. We can take your assignment and turn it into a finished paper on almost any deadline. Give us a try and see the difference we can make. We’re sure that once you try us for one paper, you’ll keep coming back for help with all your most difficult assignments.

Our writing service is committed to data privacy and security

SmartWritingService is a professional essay writing service that takes your confidentiality as seriously as the quality of papers written and timely delivered. We truly get it! Ordering a paper online isn’t something you want the world to know about. We understand that you aren’t going to post about it on social media or emblazon it on your t-shirt. But our professional writing service also understands that you want to make sure that the people you choose to write your papers for you aren’t going to do that either. That’s why we work hard to make sure your privacy is paramount. We’ll never share your paper or your order details with anyone, online or off.

We know that when you order paper writing services, your privacy and security are paramount. We take privacy very seriously and strive to ensure that our policies and procedures keep every customer’s data confidential. In order to do this, we have a comprehensive set of terms and conditions that are designed to guarantee security and confidentiality, and these are available for you to review upon request. We will keep all of your personal data safe and secure.

Here is how our paper writing service works to make sure your data remains safe:

• Terms and conditions guarantee security. All of our policies and procedures for privacy are available upon request in writing for you to review before you order.
• No recycling! We do not reuse any papers. Yours is written for you and you alone. We will not sell the paper a second time or use any parts of it for another client.
• We request only minimal information to complete your orders. We do not ask for any personal information that isn’t absolutely essential to complete your order. We never misuse the personal data you’ve shared.
• We preserve your anonymity during the whole writing process. From the time you place your order to the time you receive it, we minimize the people who know who you are and take steps to keep you anonymous even to your paper writer to ensure your information stays private.
• We cooperate with reliable payment systems only. We use payment systems with strict privacy guarantees—no shady payment services!

What makes our essay service different from others?

Our essay service stands apart from the competition due to our rigorous approach to quality. While many professional essay writing services online are based overseas and use writers who are either students themselves or who speak English as a second language, SmartWritingService prioritizes the quality of our writing, ensuring that it meets the academic standards where you live—not where a writer lives. Our professional writing service is designed around you, the student, and your needs, not what is convenient for our essay writers. That’s why you’ll never see us taking shortcuts.

Here's how we’re different from other essay writing services:

• Originality. We never plagiarize. We have strict originality standards and insist that every paper our writers produce be 100% original and free from plagiarism. We check every paper for plagiarism in order to ensure it is original before we deliver it to you.
• No A.I.-generated texts. We get it. Chatbots can write papers faster than any human. But A.I.-generated texts often fail to meet the requirements of assignments and lack the originality of human writing. We only use human beings to write our papers so each one will always pass an A.I.-detection scan.
• Individual approach to each order. When you place an order with us, we go above and beyond by custom-matching you to an essay writer with the exact qualifications to produce the paper you need. That means that we look for writers with advanced degrees in your paper’s subject.
• We write all types of assignments, even complex papers. Our writers are capable of writing any type of assignment, from the simplest five-paragraph essay to the most complex doctoral dissertation and everything in between. We aren’t intimidated by difficulty!
• Well-researched papers. All of our papers are carefully researched using the latest academic sources. Our writers have extensive experience working with academic journals and the databases that house them to ensure the highest quality research with each and every order.
• Quality-elevating features. We offer a range of features designed to enhance the quality of your paper, from allowing you to select the citations format (such as APA or MLA) we use to a thorough quality control review to check that we’ve met all requirements.

Our academic essay writing service is affordable

Everyone knows college is expensive, and everyone knows college students are often hard-pressed for cash. With rising inflation taking a bigger bite out of student budgets, you can only save so much money by eating instant ramen. We want to help students like you by ensuring that our service is affordable for students on almost any budget. After all, if only the wealthiest students could afford our essay writing service, we wouldn’t sell enough papers to keep the lights on!

At the same time, a really cheap essay writing service can’t afford to pay its writers well enough to deliver quality writing. After all, writers are people, too, and no matter how dedicated they are to helping students, they still need to be paid well enough to afford to provide the help you need. Our academic writing services balance quality and price to produce a service that offers competitive pricing without compromising on high quality.

We think you’ll find that our pricing is an effective tool to make beneficial writing assistance widely available to the greatest number of students.

• Transparent pricing policy helps you discover how much a paper will cost upfront;
• No hidden charges guarantee that the price we quote is the price you’ll pay;
• Student-oriented prices starting at $10/page;
• Freebies and bonuses that make your orders more affordable;
• Loyalty club for returning clients, with better offers for more papers you order.

In addition to practical day-to-day benefits, our writing services are based on prioritizing trust as a fundamental principle. We strive to build strong relationships with our clients by delivering high-quality work.

Trust online essay writing service with experts

When it comes to high-quality essays, it matters who writes your papers. Only a professional essay writer who is a native speaker of the English language and has the education and experience to do justice to your subject can truly deliver the kind of writing that will make a major difference in your education and your life. At SmartWritingService, our essay writing service provides you with access to some of the world’s greatest professional academic writers to give you the writing advantage previously available only to elite students with private tutors.

Our essay writing service is ready to address even the most complex requests, thanks to our powerful team of essay writers for hire. We know you have many choices when it comes to getting a paper written. Here’s why you should choose to have your paper written by the number one most dedicated, educated, and experienced team in the academic writing industry.

• Advanced knowledge. You need your paper written by someone who has the advanced knowledge to do a great job. We never use undergraduate student writers. We only use experts with deep knowledge and strong writing skills.
• Categories of writers. We organize our writers by level to ensure that we have experts who specialize in the undergraduate, graduate, or postgraduate writing level you need for your specific assignment.
• We adhere to deadlines. When you need a paper, you need it on time, every time. Our writers know how important deadlines are. We are dedicated to making sure that your paper is delivered quickly. Currently, 98% of our papers arrive on time.
• Direct access to your writer. When you trust your paper to an expert, you need reassurance that the person writing your paper knows exactly what you want. We give you direct access to your writer so you can communicate directly to your writer to make sure your requirements are fully understood.
• Quality control review of each writer’s work. We double check every essay we produce by sending it to our quality control department for a thorough review. We double check to make sure every requirement is met and that every paper is completely original.

Our academic writing service offers unparalleled professionalism to American and Canadian students seeking high-quality papers. Trust us to deliver top-notch work and take the first step towards academic success.

Essay writing service

Our essay writers team

Choose an essay writer for hire who will work on your order. Our experts are standing by to assist you.

We provide essay writing services and more

Student-friendly pricing, quick delivery, free plagiarism report, 10/10 quality, array of assignments, refund policy, customers are talking about essayhub.

See what other students have to say about our service. Once your order is complete, feel free to leave a review about your experience!

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• Academic paper writing from $11.40 /page
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College Essays

If you grow up to be a professional writer, everything you write will first go through an editor before being published. This is because the process of writing is really a process of re-writing —of rethinking and reexamining your work, usually with the help of someone else. So what does this mean for your student writing? And in particular, what does it mean for very important, but nonprofessional writing like your college essay? Should you ask your parents to look at your essay? Pay for an essay service?

If you are wondering what kind of help you can, and should, get with your personal statement, you've come to the right place! In this article, I'll talk about what kind of writing help is useful, ethical, and even expected for your college admission essay . I'll also point out who would make a good editor, what the differences between editing and proofreading are, what to expect from a good editor, and how to spot and stay away from a bad one.

Table of Contents

What Kind of Help for Your Essay Can You Get?

What's Good Editing?

What should an editor do for you, what kind of editing should you avoid, proofreading, what's good proofreading, what kind of proofreading should you avoid.

What Do Colleges Think Of You Getting Help With Your Essay?

Who Can/Should Help You?

Advice for editors.

Should You Pay Money For Essay Editing?

The Bottom Line

What's next, what kind of help with your essay can you get.

Rather than talking in general terms about "help," let's first clarify the two different ways that someone else can improve your writing . There is editing, which is the more intensive kind of assistance that you can use throughout the whole process. And then there's proofreading, which is the last step of really polishing your final product.

Let me go into some more detail about editing and proofreading, and then explain how good editors and proofreaders can help you."

Editing is helping the author (in this case, you) go from a rough draft to a finished work . Editing is the process of asking questions about what you're saying, how you're saying it, and how you're organizing your ideas. But not all editing is good editing . In fact, it's very easy for an editor to cross the line from supportive to overbearing and over-involved.

Ability to clarify assignments. A good editor is usually a good writer, and certainly has to be a good reader. For example, in this case, a good editor should make sure you understand the actual essay prompt you're supposed to be answering.

Open-endedness. Good editing is all about asking questions about your ideas and work, but without providing answers. It's about letting you stick to your story and message, and doesn't alter your point of view.

Think of an editor as a great travel guide. It can show you the many different places your trip could take you. It should explain any parts of the trip that could derail your trip or confuse the traveler. But it never dictates your path, never forces you to go somewhere you don't want to go, and never ignores your interests so that the trip no longer seems like it's your own. So what should good editors do?

Help Brainstorm Topics

Sometimes it's easier to bounce thoughts off of someone else. This doesn't mean that your editor gets to come up with ideas, but they can certainly respond to the various topic options you've come up with. This way, you're less likely to write about the most boring of your ideas, or to write about something that isn't actually important to you.

If you're wondering how to come up with options for your editor to consider, check out our guide to brainstorming topics for your college essay .

Help Revise Your Drafts

Here, your editor can't upset the delicate balance of not intervening too much or too little. It's tricky, but a great way to think about it is to remember: editing is about asking questions, not giving answers .

Revision questions should point out:

• Places where more detail or more description would help the reader connect with your essay
• Places where structure and logic don't flow, losing the reader's attention
• Places where there aren't transitions between paragraphs, confusing the reader
• Moments where your narrative or the arguments you're making are unclear

But pointing to potential problems is not the same as actually rewriting—editors let authors fix the problems themselves.

Bad editing is usually very heavy-handed editing. Instead of helping you find your best voice and ideas, a bad editor changes your writing into their own vision.

You may be dealing with a bad editor if they:

• Add material (examples, descriptions) that doesn't come from you
• Use a thesaurus to make your college essay sound "more mature"
• Add meaning or insight to the essay that doesn't come from you
• Tell you what to say and how to say it
• Write sentences, phrases, and paragraphs for you
• Change your voice in the essay so it no longer sounds like it was written by a teenager

Colleges can tell the difference between a 17-year-old's writing and a 50-year-old's writing. Not only that, they have access to your SAT or ACT Writing section, so they can compare your essay to something else you wrote. Writing that's a little more polished is great and expected. But a totally different voice and style will raise questions.

Where's the Line Between Helpful Editing and Unethical Over-Editing?

Sometimes it's hard to tell whether your college essay editor is doing the right thing. Here are some guidelines for staying on the ethical side of the line.

• An editor should say that the opening paragraph is kind of boring, and explain what exactly is making it drag. But it's overstepping for an editor to tell you exactly how to change it.
• An editor should point out where your prose is unclear or vague. But it's completely inappropriate for the editor to rewrite that section of your essay.
• An editor should let you know that a section is light on detail or description. But giving you similes and metaphors to beef up that description is a no-go.

Proofreading (also called copy-editing) is checking for errors in the last draft of a written work. It happens at the end of the process and is meant as the final polishing touch. Proofreading is meticulous and detail-oriented, focusing on small corrections. It sands off all the surface rough spots that could alienate the reader.

Because proofreading is usually concerned with making fixes on the word or sentence level, this is the only process where someone else can actually add to or take away things from your essay . This is because what they are adding or taking away tends to be one or two misplaced letters.

Laser focus. Proofreading is all about the tiny details, so the ability to really concentrate on finding small slip-ups is a must.

Excellent grammar and spelling skills. Proofreaders need to dot every "i" and cross every "t." Good proofreaders should correct spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and grammar. They should put foreign words in italics and surround quotations with quotation marks. They should check that you used the correct college's name, and that you adhered to any formatting requirements (name and date at the top of the page, uniform font and size, uniform spacing).

Limited interference. A proofreader needs to make sure that you followed any word limits. But if cuts need to be made to shorten the essay, that's your job and not the proofreader's.

A bad proofreader either tries to turn into an editor, or just lacks the skills and knowledge necessary to do the job.

Some signs that you're working with a bad proofreader are:

• If they suggest making major changes to the final draft of your essay. Proofreading happens when editing is already finished.
• If they aren't particularly good at spelling, or don't know grammar, or aren't detail-oriented enough to find someone else's small mistakes.
• If they start swapping out your words for fancier-sounding synonyms, or changing the voice and sound of your essay in other ways. A proofreader is there to check for errors, not to take the 17-year-old out of your writing.

What Do Colleges Think of Your Getting Help With Your Essay?

Admissions officers agree: light editing and proofreading are good—even required ! But they also want to make sure you're the one doing the work on your essay. They want essays with stories, voice, and themes that come from you. They want to see work that reflects your actual writing ability, and that focuses on what you find important.

On the Importance of Editing

Get feedback. Have a fresh pair of eyes give you some feedback. Don't allow someone else to rewrite your essay, but do take advantage of others' edits and opinions when they seem helpful. ( Bates College )

Read your essay aloud to someone. Reading the essay out loud offers a chance to hear how your essay sounds outside your head. This exercise reveals flaws in the essay's flow, highlights grammatical errors and helps you ensure that you are communicating the exact message you intended. ( Dickinson College )

On the Value of Proofreading

Share your essays with at least one or two people who know you well—such as a parent, teacher, counselor, or friend—and ask for feedback. Remember that you ultimately have control over your essays, and your essays should retain your own voice, but others may be able to catch mistakes that you missed and help suggest areas to cut if you are over the word limit. ( Yale University )

Proofread and then ask someone else to proofread for you. Although we want substance, we also want to be able to see that you can write a paper for our professors and avoid careless mistakes that would drive them crazy. ( Oberlin College )

On Watching Out for Too Much Outside Influence

Limit the number of people who review your essay. Too much input usually means your voice is lost in the writing style. ( Carleton College )

Ask for input (but not too much). Your parents, friends, guidance counselors, coaches, and teachers are great people to bounce ideas off of for your essay. They know how unique and spectacular you are, and they can help you decide how to articulate it. Keep in mind, however, that a 45-year-old lawyer writes quite differently from an 18-year-old student, so if your dad ends up writing the bulk of your essay, we're probably going to notice. ( Vanderbilt University )

Now let's talk about some potential people to approach for your college essay editing and proofreading needs. It's best to start close to home and slowly expand outward. Not only are your family and friends more invested in your success than strangers, but they also have a better handle on your interests and personality. This knowledge is key for judging whether your essay is expressing your true self.

Parents or Close Relatives

Your family may be full of potentially excellent editors! Parents are deeply committed to your well-being, and family members know you and your life well enough to offer details or incidents that can be included in your essay. On the other hand, the rewriting process necessarily involves criticism, which is sometimes hard to hear from someone very close to you.

A parent or close family member is a great choice for an editor if you can answer "yes" to the following questions. Is your parent or close relative a good writer or reader? Do you have a relationship where editing your essay won't create conflict? Are you able to constructively listen to criticism and suggestion from the parent?

One suggestion for defusing face-to-face discussions is to try working on the essay over email. Send your parent a draft, have them write you back some comments, and then you can pick which of their suggestions you want to use and which to discard.

Teachers or Tutors

A humanities teacher that you have a good relationship with is a great choice. I am purposefully saying humanities, and not just English, because teachers of Philosophy, History, Anthropology, and any other classes where you do a lot of writing, are all used to reviewing student work.

Moreover, any teacher or tutor that has been working with you for some time, knows you very well and can vet the essay to make sure it "sounds like you."

If your teacher or tutor has some experience with what college essays are supposed to be like, ask them to be your editor. If not, then ask whether they have time to proofread your final draft.

Guidance or College Counselor at Your School

The best thing about asking your counselor to edit your work is that this is their job. This means that they have a very good sense of what colleges are looking for in an application essay.

At the same time, school counselors tend to have relationships with admissions officers in many colleges, which again gives them insight into what works and which college is focused on what aspect of the application.

Unfortunately, in many schools the guidance counselor tends to be way overextended. If your ratio is 300 students to 1 college counselor, you're unlikely to get that person's undivided attention and focus. It is still useful to ask them for general advice about your potential topics, but don't expect them to be able to stay with your essay from first draft to final version.

Friends, Siblings, or Classmates

Although they most likely don't have much experience with what colleges are hoping to see, your peers are excellent sources for checking that your essay is you .

Friends and siblings are perfect for the read-aloud edit. Read your essay to them so they can listen for words and phrases that are stilted, pompous, or phrases that just don't sound like you.

You can even trade essays and give helpful advice on each other's work.

If your editor hasn't worked with college admissions essays very much, no worries! Any astute and attentive reader can still greatly help with your process. But, as in all things, beginners do better with some preparation.

First, your editor should read our advice about how to write a college essay introduction , how to spot and fix a bad college essay , and get a sense of what other students have written by going through some admissions essays that worked .

Then, as they read your essay, they can work through the following series of questions that will help them to guide you.

Introduction Questions

• Is the first sentence a killer opening line? Why or why not?
• Does the introduction hook the reader? Does it have a colorful, detailed, and interesting narrative? Or does it propose a compelling or surprising idea?
• Can you feel the author's voice in the introduction, or is the tone dry, dull, or overly formal? Show the places where the voice comes through.

Essay Body Questions

• Does the essay have a through-line? Is it built around a central argument, thought, idea, or focus? Can you put this idea into your own words?
• How is the essay organized? By logical progression? Chronologically? Do you feel order when you read it, or are there moments where you are confused or lose the thread of the essay?
• Does the essay have both narratives about the author's life and explanations and insight into what these stories reveal about the author's character, personality, goals, or dreams? If not, which is missing?
• Does the essay flow? Are there smooth transitions/clever links between paragraphs? Between the narrative and moments of insight?

Reader Response Questions

• Does the writer's personality come through? Do we know what the speaker cares about? Do we get a sense of "who he or she is"?
• Where did you feel most connected to the essay? Which parts of the essay gave you a "you are there" sensation by invoking your senses? What moments could you picture in your head well?
• Where are the details and examples vague and not specific enough?
• Did you get an "a-ha!" feeling anywhere in the essay? Is there a moment of insight that connected all the dots for you? Is there a good reveal or "twist" anywhere in the essay?
• What are the strengths of this essay? What needs the most improvement?

Should You Pay Money for Essay Editing?

One alternative to asking someone you know to help you with your college essay is the paid editor route. There are two different ways to pay for essay help: a private essay coach or a less personal editing service , like the many proliferating on the internet.

My advice is to think of these options as a last resort rather than your go-to first choice. I'll first go through the reasons why. Then, if you do decide to go with a paid editor, I'll help you decide between a coach and a service.

When to Consider a Paid Editor

In general, I think hiring someone to work on your essay makes a lot of sense if none of the people I discussed above are a possibility for you.

If you can't ask your parents. For example, if your parents aren't good writers, or if English isn't their first language. Or if you think getting your parents to help is going create unnecessary extra conflict in your relationship with them (applying to college is stressful as it is!)

If you can't ask your teacher or tutor. Maybe you don't have a trusted teacher or tutor that has time to look over your essay with focus. Or, for instance, your favorite humanities teacher has very limited experience with college essays and so won't know what admissions officers want to see.

If you can't ask your guidance counselor. This could be because your guidance counselor is way overwhelmed with other students.

If you can't share your essay with those who know you. It might be that your essay is on a very personal topic that you're unwilling to share with parents, teachers, or peers. Just make sure it doesn't fall into one of the bad-idea topics in our article on bad college essays .

If the cost isn't a consideration. Many of these services are quite expensive, and private coaches even more so. If you have finite resources, I'd say that hiring an SAT or ACT tutor (whether it's PrepScholar or someone else) is better way to spend your money . This is because there's no guarantee that a slightly better essay will sufficiently elevate the rest of your application, but a significantly higher SAT score will definitely raise your applicant profile much more.

Should You Hire an Essay Coach?

On the plus side, essay coaches have read dozens or even hundreds of college essays, so they have experience with the format. Also, because you'll be working closely with a specific person, it's more personal than sending your essay to a service, which will know even less about you.

But, on the minus side, you'll still be bouncing ideas off of someone who doesn't know that much about you . In general, if you can adequately get the help from someone you know, there is no advantage to paying someone to help you.

If you do decide to hire a coach, ask your school counselor, or older students that have used the service for recommendations. If you can't afford the coach's fees, ask whether they can work on a sliding scale —many do. And finally, beware those who guarantee admission to your school of choice—essay coaches don't have any special magic that can back up those promises.

Should You Send Your Essay to a Service?

On the plus side, essay editing services provide a similar product to essay coaches, and they cost significantly less . If you have some assurance that you'll be working with a good editor, the lack of face-to-face interaction won't prevent great results.

On the minus side, however, it can be difficult to gauge the quality of the service before working with them . If they are churning through many application essays without getting to know the students they are helping, you could end up with an over-edited essay that sounds just like everyone else's. In the worst case scenario, an unscrupulous service could send you back a plagiarized essay.

Getting recommendations from friends or a school counselor for reputable services is key to avoiding heavy-handed editing that writes essays for you or does too much to change your essay. Including a badly-edited essay like this in your application could cause problems if there are inconsistencies. For example, in interviews it might be clear you didn't write the essay, or the skill of the essay might not be reflected in your schoolwork and test scores.

Should You Buy an Essay Written by Someone Else?

Let me elaborate. There are super sketchy places on the internet where you can simply buy a pre-written essay. Don't do this!

For one thing, you'll be lying on an official, signed document. All college applications make you sign a statement saying something like this:

I certify that all information submitted in the admission process—including the application, the personal essay, any supplements, and any other supporting materials—is my own work, factually true, and honestly presented... I understand that I may be subject to a range of possible disciplinary actions, including admission revocation, expulsion, or revocation of course credit, grades, and degree, should the information I have certified be false. (From the Common Application )

For another thing, if your academic record doesn't match the essay's quality, the admissions officer will start thinking your whole application is riddled with lies.

Admission officers have full access to your writing portion of the SAT or ACT so that they can compare work that was done in proctored conditions with that done at home. They can tell if these were written by different people. Not only that, but there are now a number of search engines that faculty and admission officers can use to see if an essay contains strings of words that have appeared in other essays—you have no guarantee that the essay you bought wasn't also bought by 50 other students.

• You should get college essay help with both editing and proofreading
• A good editor will ask questions about your idea, logic, and structure, and will point out places where clarity is needed
• A good editor will absolutely not answer these questions, give you their own ideas, or write the essay or parts of the essay for you
• A good proofreader will find typos and check your formatting
• All of them agree that getting light editing and proofreading is necessary
• Parents, teachers, guidance or college counselor, and peers or siblings
• If you can't ask any of those, you can pay for college essay help, but watch out for services or coaches who over-edit you work
• Don't buy a pre-written essay! Colleges can tell, and it'll make your whole application sound false.

Ready to start working on your essay? Check out our explanation of the point of the personal essay and the role it plays on your applications and then explore our step-by-step guide to writing a great college essay .

Using the Common Application for your college applications? We have an excellent guide to the Common App essay prompts and useful advice on how to pick the Common App prompt that's right for you . Wondering how other people tackled these prompts? Then work through our roundup of over 130 real college essay examples published by colleges .

Stressed about whether to take the SAT again before submitting your application? Let us help you decide how many times to take this test . If you choose to go for it, we have the ultimate guide to studying for the SAT to give you the ins and outs of the best ways to study.

Anna scored in the 99th percentile on her SATs in high school, and went on to major in English at Princeton and to get her doctorate in English Literature at Columbia. She is passionate about improving student access to higher education.

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NPR defends its journalism after senior editor says it has lost the public's trust

David Folkenflik

NPR is defending its journalism and integrity after a senior editor wrote an essay accusing it of losing the public's trust. Saul Loeb/AFP via Getty Images hide caption

NPR is defending its journalism and integrity after a senior editor wrote an essay accusing it of losing the public's trust.

NPR's top news executive defended its journalism and its commitment to reflecting a diverse array of views on Tuesday after a senior NPR editor wrote a broad critique of how the network has covered some of the most important stories of the age.

"An open-minded spirit no longer exists within NPR, and now, predictably, we don't have an audience that reflects America," writes Uri Berliner.

A strategic emphasis on diversity and inclusion on the basis of race, ethnicity and sexual orientation, promoted by NPR's former CEO, John Lansing, has fed "the absence of viewpoint diversity," Berliner writes.

NPR's chief news executive, Edith Chapin, wrote in a memo to staff Tuesday afternoon that she and the news leadership team strongly reject Berliner's assessment.

"We're proud to stand behind the exceptional work that our desks and shows do to cover a wide range of challenging stories," she wrote. "We believe that inclusion — among our staff, with our sourcing, and in our overall coverage — is critical to telling the nuanced stories of this country and our world."

NPR names tech executive Katherine Maher to lead in turbulent era

She added, "None of our work is above scrutiny or critique. We must have vigorous discussions in the newsroom about how we serve the public as a whole."

A spokesperson for NPR said Chapin, who also serves as the network's chief content officer, would have no further comment.

Praised by NPR's critics

Berliner is a senior editor on NPR's Business Desk. (Disclosure: I, too, am part of the Business Desk, and Berliner has edited many of my past stories. He did not see any version of this article or participate in its preparation before it was posted publicly.)

Berliner's essay , titled "I've Been at NPR for 25 years. Here's How We Lost America's Trust," was published by The Free Press, a website that has welcomed journalists who have concluded that mainstream news outlets have become reflexively liberal.

Berliner writes that as a Subaru-driving, Sarah Lawrence College graduate who "was raised by a lesbian peace activist mother ," he fits the mold of a loyal NPR fan.

Yet Berliner says NPR's news coverage has fallen short on some of the most controversial stories of recent years, from the question of whether former President Donald Trump colluded with Russia in the 2016 election, to the origins of the virus that causes COVID-19, to the significance and provenance of emails leaked from a laptop owned by Hunter Biden weeks before the 2020 election. In addition, he blasted NPR's coverage of the Israel-Hamas conflict.

On each of these stories, Berliner asserts, NPR has suffered from groupthink due to too little diversity of viewpoints in the newsroom.

The essay ricocheted Tuesday around conservative media , with some labeling Berliner a whistleblower . Others picked it up on social media, including Elon Musk, who has lambasted NPR for leaving his social media site, X. (Musk emailed another NPR reporter a link to Berliner's article with a gibe that the reporter was a "quisling" — a World War II reference to someone who collaborates with the enemy.)

When asked for further comment late Tuesday, Berliner declined, saying the essay spoke for itself.

The arguments he raises — and counters — have percolated across U.S. newsrooms in recent years. The #MeToo sexual harassment scandals of 2016 and 2017 forced newsrooms to listen to and heed more junior colleagues. The social justice movement prompted by the killing of George Floyd in 2020 inspired a reckoning in many places. Newsroom leaders often appeared to stand on shaky ground.

Leaders at many newsrooms, including top editors at The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times , lost their jobs. Legendary Washington Post Executive Editor Martin Baron wrote in his memoir that he feared his bonds with the staff were "frayed beyond repair," especially over the degree of self-expression his journalists expected to exert on social media, before he decided to step down in early 2021.

Since then, Baron and others — including leaders of some of these newsrooms — have suggested that the pendulum has swung too far.

Author Interviews

Legendary editor marty baron describes his 'collision of power' with trump and bezos.

New York Times publisher A.G. Sulzberger warned last year against journalists embracing a stance of what he calls "one-side-ism": "where journalists are demonstrating that they're on the side of the righteous."

"I really think that that can create blind spots and echo chambers," he said.

Internal arguments at The Times over the strength of its reporting on accusations that Hamas engaged in sexual assaults as part of a strategy for its Oct. 7 attack on Israel erupted publicly . The paper conducted an investigation to determine the source of a leak over a planned episode of the paper's podcast The Daily on the subject, which months later has not been released. The newsroom guild accused the paper of "targeted interrogation" of journalists of Middle Eastern descent.

Heated pushback in NPR's newsroom

Given Berliner's account of private conversations, several NPR journalists question whether they can now trust him with unguarded assessments about stories in real time. Others express frustration that he had not sought out comment in advance of publication. Berliner acknowledged to me that for this story, he did not seek NPR's approval to publish the piece, nor did he give the network advance notice.

Some of Berliner's NPR colleagues are responding heatedly. Fernando Alfonso, a senior supervising editor for digital news, wrote that he wholeheartedly rejected Berliner's critique of the coverage of the Israel-Hamas conflict, for which NPR's journalists, like their peers, periodically put themselves at risk.

Alfonso also took issue with Berliner's concern over the focus on diversity at NPR.

"As a person of color who has often worked in newsrooms with little to no people who look like me, the efforts NPR has made to diversify its workforce and its sources are unique and appropriate given the news industry's long-standing lack of diversity," Alfonso says. "These efforts should be celebrated and not denigrated as Uri has done."

After this story was first published, Berliner contested Alfonso's characterization, saying his criticism of NPR is about the lack of diversity of viewpoints, not its diversity itself.

"I never criticized NPR's priority of achieving a more diverse workforce in terms of race, ethnicity and sexual orientation. I have not 'denigrated' NPR's newsroom diversity goals," Berliner said. "That's wrong."

Questions of diversity

Under former CEO John Lansing, NPR made increasing diversity, both of its staff and its audience, its "North Star" mission. Berliner says in the essay that NPR failed to consider broader diversity of viewpoint, noting, "In D.C., where NPR is headquartered and many of us live, I found 87 registered Democrats working in editorial positions and zero Republicans."

Berliner cited audience estimates that suggested a concurrent falloff in listening by Republicans. (The number of people listening to NPR broadcasts and terrestrial radio broadly has declined since the start of the pandemic.)

Former NPR vice president for news and ombudsman Jeffrey Dvorkin tweeted , "I know Uri. He's not wrong."

Others questioned Berliner's logic. "This probably gets causality somewhat backward," tweeted Semafor Washington editor Jordan Weissmann . "I'd guess that a lot of NPR listeners who voted for [Mitt] Romney have changed how they identify politically."

Similarly, Nieman Lab founder Joshua Benton suggested the rise of Trump alienated many NPR-appreciating Republicans from the GOP.

In recent years, NPR has greatly enhanced the percentage of people of color in its workforce and its executive ranks. Four out of 10 staffers are people of color; nearly half of NPR's leadership team identifies as Black, Asian or Latino.

"The philosophy is: Do you want to serve all of America and make sure it sounds like all of America, or not?" Lansing, who stepped down last month, says in response to Berliner's piece. "I'd welcome the argument against that."

"On radio, we were really lagging in our representation of an audience that makes us look like what America looks like today," Lansing says. The U.S. looks and sounds a lot different than it did in 1971, when NPR's first show was broadcast, Lansing says.

A network spokesperson says new NPR CEO Katherine Maher supports Chapin and her response to Berliner's critique.

The spokesperson says that Maher "believes that it's a healthy thing for a public service newsroom to engage in rigorous consideration of the needs of our audiences, including where we serve our mission well and where we can serve it better."

Disclosure: This story was reported and written by NPR Media Correspondent David Folkenflik and edited by Deputy Business Editor Emily Kopp and Managing Editor Gerry Holmes. Under NPR's protocol for reporting on itself, no NPR corporate official or news executive reviewed this story before it was posted publicly.

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MOSCOW WIDENS NEW POLICY LINE; Essay, Scored During Rule of Khrushchev, Praised for View of Hard Rural Life

MOSCOW, Dec. 26—A growing reversal of the policies of former Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev, especially in agriculture, was‐extended today to the field of literary criticism.

The literary‐union newspaper Literaturnaya Gazeta published a laudatory review of Yefim Dorosh's essay “Half Rain, Half Sunshine,” which gives what is widely regarded as a realistic depiction of the countryside of central European Russia.

The essay, published last summer in the liberal literary monthly Novy Mir, was violently attacked in the Soviet press just before Mr. Khrushchev's overthrow in October as misrepresenting life in rural areas.

One critique, by L. Lebedev, a collective farm chairman from the Galich area northeast of Moscow, appeared in Selskaya Zhizn (Rural Life), the farm newspaper of the Communist party's Central Committee over whose content Mr. Khrushchev had direct control.

Mr. Lebedev charged Mr. Dorosh with conveying a picture of “prerevolutionary dreariness, despondency, stagnation, and complete hopelessness drifting from every page.”

The farm chairman accused the author of concentrating attention “on an old monastery, an ancient lake, an abandoned grave of some count instead of writing, say, about the new widescreen moviehouse.”

Mr. Lebedev said Mr. Dorosh had misrepresented the cultural level of farm youth and the rural intelligentsia by depicting them as “primitive, uneducated people without interest in literature or the arts.”

Mr. Dorosh had written that the residents of his fictitious country town of Raigorod “read little, went, to be sure, to the movies, but had not been in the regional museum, in the picture gallery, in the theater or at the philharmonic concert.”

Today's review in Literaturnaya Gazeta by Vladimir Voronov, a critic, contended that Mr. Dorosh had performed a useful service by drawing attention to problems that continued to bedevil Soviet agriculture and life in the countryside.

The essay, published while Mr. Khrushchev was still in power, questioned the effectiveness of some reforms inspired by the former Premier and criticized the continuing close supervision of farm production and the imposition of output plans from above.

In an evident allusion to Mr. Khrushchev's style of running Soviet agriculture, Mr. Voronov wrote:

“Dorosh regards the struggle for a growth of the rural economy not as a short‐lived, noisy campaign but as a long, complicated haul.”

Mr. Voronov assailed the farm chairman for having judged the essay simply on the basis that his own area was more prosperous than the one pictured in “Half Rain, Half Sunshine.”

The reviewer said it was not literary criticism to say:

“We live better” and to tell “about a milkmaid who had obtained 800 quarts of milk more from a cow than in the previous year.”

The controversial essay is part of a series of “rural diaries” that Mr. Dorosh, a resident of Moscow, has been writing since 1956 on the basis of periodic visits to an unidentified small town and the surrounding countryside in central Russia.

New York Times Statement About 1932 Pulitzer Prize Awarded to Walter Duranty

Duranty, one of the most famous correspondents of his day, won the prize for 13 articles written in 1931 analyzing the Soviet Union under Stalin. Times correspondents and others have since largely discredited his coverage.

Duranty’s cabled dispatches had to pass Soviet censorship, and Stalin’s propaganda machine was powerful and omnipresent. Duranty’s analyses relied on official sources as his primary source of information, accounting for the most significant flaw in his coverage – his consistent underestimation of Stalin’s brutality.

Describing the Communist plan to “liquidate” the five million kulaks, relatively well-off farmers opposed to the Soviet collectivization of agriculture, Duranty wrote in 1931, for example: “Must all of them and their families be physically abolished? Of course not – they must be ‘liquidated’ or melted in the hot fire of exile and labor into the proletarian mass.”

Taking Soviet propaganda at face value this way was completely misleading, as talking with ordinary Russians might have revealed even at the time. Duranty’s prize-winning articles quoted not a single one – only Stalin, who forced farmers all over the Soviet Union into collective farms and sent those who resisted to concentration camps. Collectivization was the main cause of a famine that killed millions of people in Ukraine, the Soviet breadbasket, in 1932 and 1933 – two years after Duranty won his prize.

Even then, Duranty dismissed more diligent writers’ reports that people were starving. “Conditions are bad, but there is no famine,” he wrote in a dispatch from Moscow in March of 1933 describing the “mess” of collectivization. “But – to put it brutally – you can’t make an omelet without breaking eggs.”

Some of Duranty’s editors criticized his reporting as tendentious, but The Times kept him as a correspondent until 1941. Since the 1980’s, the paper has been publicly acknowledging his failures. Ukrainian-American and other organizations have repeatedly called on the Pulitzer Prize Board to cancel Duranty’s prize and The Times to return it, mainly on the ground of his later failure to report the famine.

The Pulitzer board has twice declined to withdraw the award, most recently in November 2003, finding “no clear and convincing evidence of deliberate deception” in the 1931 reporting that won the prize, and The Times does not have the award in its possession.

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Marx and Engels On Literature and Art

Source : Marx Engels On Literature and Art . Progress Publishers. Moscow 1976; Transcribed : by Andy Blunden .

This volume offers the reader a selection of both excerpts and complete works and letters by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, giving their views on art and its place in society. Though it contains far from all that was written by the founders of scientific communism on this subject, it will nevertheless acquaint the reader with Marx’s and Engels’ most important ideas about artistic work.

Karl Marx and Frederick Engels had an excellent knowledge of world art and truly loved literature, classical music, and painting. In their youth both Marx and Engels wrote poetry; in fact Engels at one time seriously contemplated becoming a poet.

They were well acquainted not only with classical literature, but also with the works of less prominent and even of little known writers both among their contemporaries and those who lived and worked in more distant times. They admired Aeschylus, Shakespeare, Dickens, Fielding, Goethe, Heine, Cervantes, Balzac, Dante, Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, and mentioned many other less famous people who had also made their mark in the history of literature. They also displayed a great love for popular art, for the epics of various nations and other types of folklore: songs, tales, fables and proverbs.

Marx and Engels made extensive use of the treasures of world literature in their own works., Their repeated references to literary and mythological figures, and use of aphorisms, comparisons and direct quotations, masterfully woven into their works, are a distinctive feature of their style. The writings of Marx and Engels are notable not only for profundity of content, but also for their exceptional artistic merits. Wilhelm Liebknecht gave high praise to Marx’s style, citing his The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte as an example. “If ever hatred, scorn and passionate love of liberty were expressed in burning, devastating, lofty words,” wrote Liebknecht, “it is in The Eighteenth Brumaire, which combines the indignant severity of a Tacitus with the deadly satire of a Juvenal and the holy wrath of a Dante. Style here is the stilus that it was of old in the hand of the Romans, a sharp stiletto, used to write and to stab. Style is a dagger which strikes unerringly at the heart” ( Reminiscences of Marx and Engels , Moscow, 1956, p. 57).

Marx and Engels used artistic imagery to express their thoughts more forcefully and vividly in their journalistic and polemical works, and even in their fundamental theoretical works such as Capital and Anti-D�hring. Marx’s pamphlet Herr Vogt, directed against Karl Vogt who was slandering the proletarian party, is one of the most striking examples. The biting sarcasm of this pamphlet is particularly effective due to the author’s skilful use of works by classical writers such as Virgil, Plautus, and Persius, by the medieval German poets Gottfried von Strassburg and Wolfram von Eschenbach, and also by such classics of world literature as Balzac, Dickens, Schiller and Heine.

Their superb knowledge of world art helped Marx and Engels to elaborate genuinely scientific aesthetic principles. The founders of scientific communism were thus not only able to answer the complex aesthetic questions of the previous age, but also to elaborate a fundamentally new system of aesthetic science. They did so only as a result of the great revolutionary upheaval they had brought about in philosophy by creating dialectical and historical materialism and laying down the foundations for the materialist conception of history. Though Marx and Engels have left no major writings on art, their views in this field, when collected together, form a harmonious whole which is a logical extension of their scientific and revolutionary Weltanschauung. They explained the nature of art and its paths of development, its tasks in society and social aims. Marxist aesthetics, like the whole teaching of Marx and Engels, are subordinated to the struggle for the communist reorganisation of society.

When developing their theory of aesthetics, Marx and Engels naturally based themselves on the achievements of their predecessors. But the main aesthetic problems — and above all the problem of the relationship between art and reality — were solved by them in a fundamentally new way, on the basis of materialist dialectics. Idealist aesthetics considered art as a reproduction of the ideal, standing over and* above actual reality. The origin of any art form, its development, flowering, and decay, all remained incomprehensible to the art theoreticians and historians of the pre-Marxian period, inasmuch as they studied these in isolation from man’s social existence.

Marx and Engels considered it absolutely impossible to understand art and literature proceeding only from their internal laws of development. In their opinion, the essence, origin, development, and social role of art could only be understood through analysis of the social system as a whole, within which the economic factor — the development, of productive forces in complex interaction with production relations — plays the decisive role. Thus art, as defined by Marx and Engels, is one of the forms of social consciousness and it therefore follows that the reasons for its changes should be sought in the social existence of men.

Marx and Engels revealed the social nature of art and its development in the course of history and showed that in a society with class antagonisms it was influenced by class ‘contradictions and by the politics and ideologies of particular classes.

Marx and Engels gave a materialist explanation of the origin of the aesthetic sense itself. They noted that man’s artistic abilities, his capacity for perceiving the world aesthetically, for comprehending its beauty and for creating works of art appeared as a result of the long development of human society and were the product of man’s labour. As early as in his Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 , Marx pointed to the role of labour in the development of man’s capacity to perceive and reproduce the beautiful and to form objects also “in accordance with the laws of beauty” (Marx and Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 3, Moscow, 1975, p. 277).

This idea was later developed by Engels in his work Dialectics of Nature, in which he noted that efforts of toil “have given the human hand the high degree of perfection required to conjure into being the pictures of a Raphael, the statues of a Thorwaldsen, the music of a Paganini” (see pp. 128-29 of this book). Thus both Marx and Engels emphasise that man’s aesthetic sense is not an inborn, but a socially-acquired quality.

The founders of Marxism extended their dialectical view of the nature of human thought to analysis of artistic creativity. In examining the development of art together with that of the material world and the history of society, they noted that the content and forms of art were not established firmly once and for all, but that they inevitably developed and changed according to definite laws along with the development of the material world and of human society. Each historical period has inherent aesthetic ideals and produces works of art corresponding to its particular character and unrepeatable under other conditions. Comparing, for example, the works of Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci and Titian, Marx and Engels emphasised that “Raphael’s works of art depended on the flourishing of Rome at that time, which occurred under Florentine influence, while the works of Leonardo depended on the state of things in Florence, and the works of Titian, at a later period, depended on the totally different development of Venice” (p. 177).

The fact that the level of development of society and its social structure determine the content of artistic works and the prevalence of any particular literary or artistic genre was seen by Marx as the main reason that art in different periods never repeats itself and, in particular, that there was no possibility to create the mythology or epic poetry similar to those of the ancient Greeks under the conditions of the nineteenth century. “Is the conception of nature and of social relations which underlies Greek imagination and therefore Greek (art),” wrote Marx, “possible when there are self-acting mules, railways, locomotives and electric telegraphs?” (p. 83).

It goes without saying that Marxism has a far from open-and-shut understanding of the relations between the forms of social consciousness (and of art in particular) and their economic basis. For Marx and Engels, any social formation constituted a complex and dynamic system of interacting elements, each influencing the other — a system in which the economic factor is the determining one only in the final analysis. They were in no way inclined to qualify art as a passive product of the economic system. On the contrary, they emphasised that the various forms of social consciousness — including, of course, artistic creation — actively influence the social reality from which they emerge.

As if to forestall sociological vulgarisations of the problems of artistic creation, Marx and Engels drew attention to the fact that social life and the ideology of particular classes are reflected in art in a far from mechanistic manner. Artistic creativity is subordinate to the general laws of social development but, being a special form of consciousness, has its own distinctive features and specific patterns.

One of art’s distinctive features is its relative independence as it develops. The fact that works of art are connected historically with particular social structures does not mean that they lose their significance when these social structures disappear. On this point Marx cites the art and epic poetry of the ancient Greeks which “still give us aesthetic pleasure and are in certain respects regarded as a standard and unattainable ideal” (p. 84). He also provides a profound explanation for this phenomenon: Greek art reflected the naive and at the same time healthy, normal perception of reality characteristic of mankind in those early stages of its development, the period of its childhood; it reflected the striving for “natural veracity,” with its unique attractiveness and special charm for all (p. 84).

This example expresses an important Marxist aesthetic principle: in looking at works of art as basically reflections of particular social conditions and relationships, it is imperative also to see the features that make the lasting value of these works.

Marx and Engels considered as another particular feature of art the fact that its periods of upsurge do not automatically coincide with social progress in other fields, including that of material production. Thus Marx wrote in the Introduction to his Economic Manuscripts of 1857-1858: “ As regards art, it is well known that some of its peaks by no means correspond to the general development of society; nor do they therefore to the material substructure” (p. 82 of this book). Marx and Engels saw the reason for this imbalance between the development of art and of society as a whole in the fact that the spiritual culture of any period is determined not only by the level of development of material production — the “material basis” of society — but also by the character of the social relations peculiar to that period. In other words, such factors as the specific character of social relations, the degree of development of class antagonisms and the existence in any period of specific conditions for the development of man’s individuality, all have an important bearing on art, determining its nature and development.

As far as capitalist society is concerned, this imbalance, according to Marx and Engels, must be considered as an expression of capitalism’s fundamental contradiction, the contradiction between the social nature of production and the private form of appropriation. From his analysis of the contradictions of capitalism, Marx draws a conclusion which is of extraordinary importance for aesthetics, namely that “capitalist production is hostile to certain branches of spiritual production, for example, art and poetry” (p. 141). This proposition in no way denies the development of literature and art under capitalism, but means that the very nature of the capitalist system of exploitation is in profound contradiction with the humanist ideals which inspire genuine artists. The more conscious artists are of the contradiction, between their ideals and the capitalist reality, the louder and clearer do their works (often despite the class origin of the very author) protest against the inhumanity of capitalist relations. Bourgeois society’s hostility towards art begets, even in bourgeois literature, criticism of capitalism in one form or another, with capitalist reality being depicted as one filled with tragic collisions. This, in Marx’s and Engels’ opinion, is a dialectical feature of the development of art under capitalism. It is for this very reason that bourgeois society has produced Shakespeare, Goethe, Balzac and other writers of genius who were capable of rising above their epoch and class environment and condemning with immense artistic power the vices of the capitalist system of exploitation.

In their works, Marx and, Engels set forth a number of profound ideas on the class nature of art in a society of antagonisms. They showed that even great writers, who were able, often despite their own class positions, to give a true and vivid picture of real life, were, in a class society, pressured by the ideas and interests of the ruling classes and frequently made serious concessions to these in their works. Taking Goethe, Schiller, Balzac, and other writers as examples, Marx and Engels found that the contradictions peculiar to them were not the result of purely individual features of their psychological make-up, but an ideological reflection of real contradictions in the life of society.

The founders of Marxism emphasised that art was an important weapon in the ideological struggle between classes. It could reinforce just as it could undermine the power of the exploiters, could serve to defend class oppression or, on the contrary, contribute to the education and development of the consciousness of the toiling masses, bringing them closer to victory over their oppressors. Marx and Engels therefore called for a clear distinction to be made between progressive and reactionary phenomena in feudal and bourgeois culture and put forward the principle of the Party approach to art that it be evaluated from the position of the revolutionary class.

While showing that a link existed between art and the class struggle, Marx and Engels always fought against attempts to schematise this problem. They pointed out that classes were not static and unchangeable but that class interrelationships changed in the course of history, the role of the classes in the life of society undergoing complex metamorphoses. Thus, in the period of struggle against feudalism, the bourgeoisie was able to create considerable spiritual values, but having come to power as a result of the anti-feudal revolutions, it gradually began to reject the very weapon it had itself forged in the struggle against feudalism. The bourgeoisie accomplishes this break with its revolutionary past when a new force appears on the historical arena — the proletariat. Under these conditions, attempts by individual members of the bourgeois intelligentsia, in particular cultural and artistic figures, to gain a deeper understanding of reality, to go beyond the framework of bourgeois relations and express their protest against these in some art form, inevitably lead them to conflicts with official bourgeois society and to their departure from bourgeois positions.

Marx and Engels apply their dialectical and materialist theory of knowledge to analysis of art and literature. In their opinion, artistic creation is one of the ways of reflecting reality and, at the same time, of perceiving and apprehending it; it is also one of the strongest levers of influencing the spiritual development of humanity. This approach to art forms the basis of the materialist understanding of its social importance and prominent role in the progress of society.

Naturally enough, when examining literature and art, Marx and Engels concentrated their attention on the problem of realism — the most accurate depiction of reality in an artistic work.

They considered realism, as a trend in literature and a method of artistic creation, to be the supreme achievement of world art. Engels formulated what is generally recognised as the classical definition of realism. “Realism, to my mind,” he wrote, “implies, besides truth of detail, the truthful reproduction of typical characters under typical circumstances” (p. 90). Realistic representation, Marx and Engels emphasised, is by no means a mere copy of reality, but a way of penetrating into the very essence of a phenomenon, a method of artistic generalisation that makes it possible to disclose the typical traits of a particular age. This is what they valued in the work of the great realist writers such as Shakespeare, Cervantes, Goethe, Balzac, Pushkin and others. Marx described the English realists of the 19th century — Dickens, Thackeray, the Bront�s, and Gaskell — as a brilliant pleiad of novelists “whose graphic and eloquent pages have issued to the world more political and social truths than have been uttered by all the professional politicians, publicists and moralists put together” (p. 339). Engels developed a similar line of thought when analysing the works of the great French realist writer Balzac. Writing about the Com�die humaine, he noted that Balzac gave the reader “a most wonderfully realistic history of French society ... from which, even in economic details (for instance the re-arrangement of real and personal property after the Revolution) I have learned more than from all the professed historians, economists and statisticians of the period together” (p. 91).

Marx and Engels set out some very important ideas about realism in their letters to Lassalle in the spring of 1859, in which they sharply criticise his historical drama Franz von Sickingen dealing with the knights’ rebellion of 1522-23, on the eve of the Peasant War in Germany. These two letters are of great. significance because they contain a statement of the fundamental principles of Marxist aesthetics (pp. 98-107).

Marx’s and Engels’ demands on the artist include truthfulness of depiction, a concrete historical approach to the events described and personages with live and individual traits reflecting typical aspects of the character and psychology of the class milieu to which they belong. The author of genuinely realistic works communicates his ideas to the reader not by didactic philosophising, but by vivid images which affect the reader’s consciousness and feelings by their artistic expressiveness. Marx and Engels considered that Lassalle had carried even further some of the weaknesses in the artistic method of the great German poet and playwright Schiller — in particular his penchant for abstract rhetoric, which resulted in his heroes becoming abstract and one-dimensional declaimers of certain ideas. In this regard they preferred Shakespeare’s realism to Schiller’s method. Both pointed out to Lassalle that, in imitating Schiller, he was forgetting the importance for the realist writer to* combine depth of content and lofty ideals with efforts to achieve a Shakespearian ability to depict genuine passions and the multiple facets of the human character.

In their letters to Lassalle, Marx and Engels also touched upon the question of the links between literature and life, between literature and the’ present day. Marx by no means condemned Lassalle for his intention to draw an analogy between the events of the 16th century described in the play and the situation in the mid-19th century, and to bring out the truly tragic collision which “spelled the doom ... of the revolutionary party of 1848-1849” (p. 98). He saw the author’s mistake in his incorrect, idealistic interpretation of this collision, in the reduction of the reasons for it to the allegedly age-old abstract “tragedy of revolution,” which lacks any concrete historical or class content. Marx criticised Lassalle not for the political tendency of his drama, but for the fact that it was essentially mistaken from the point of view of the materialist conception of history and of the world outlook of the proletarian revolutionaries. Marx and Engels were highly critical of attempts to place literature above politics and of the theory of “art for art’s sake.” They insisted that the works of realist writers should reflect a progressive world outlook, be permeated with progressive ideas and deal with truly topical problems. It was in this sense that they welcomed tendentiousness in literature, interpreted as ideological and political partisanship. “I am by no means opposed to tendentious poetry as such,” wrote Engels to the German writer Minna Kautsky on November 26, 1885. ‘Aeschylus, the father of tragedy, and Aristophanes, the father of comedy, were highly partisan poets, Dante and Cervantes were so no less, and the best thing that can be said about Schiller’s Kabale und Liebe is that it represents the first German political problem drama. The modern Russians and Norwegians, who produce excellent novels, all write with a purpose” (p. 88). Marx and Engels were at the same time resolute opponents of stupid tendentiousness — bare-faced moralising, didacticism instead of artistic method, and abstract impersonations instead of live characters. They criticised the poets in the “Young Germany” literary movement for the artistic inferiority of their characters and attempts to make up for their lack of literary mastery with political arguments. Engels provides an apt definition of genuine tendentiousness in his letter to Minna Kautsky: “I think however that the purpose must become manifest from the situation and the action themselves without being expressly pointed out and that the author does not have to serve the reader on a platter the future historical resolution of the social conflicts which he describes” (p. 88).

Both Marx and Engels were deeply convinced that progressive literature had to reflect truthfully the deep-lying, vital processes of the day, to promulgate progressive ideas, and to defend the interests of the progressive forces in society. The modern term the Party spirit in literature expresses what they understood by this. They felt that the very quality that was lacking in Lassalle’s play — the organic unity of idea and artistry — was the sine qua non of genuinely realistic art.

In setting out the principles of materialist aesthetics and the fundamental and most general laws governing the development of art, the founders of scientific communism laid the basis of Marxist literary and art criticism and proposed the primary tenets of the materialist interpretation of the history of art and literature. In their works and correspondence, they threw new light on the most important questions of the historical and literary process and revealed such aspects in the works of both classical and contemporary writers which were beyond the comprehension of bourgeois literary historians. In the present collection, the reader will find Marx’s and Engels’ views of the artistic works of the most important ages in mankind’s history — their evaluation of art in ancient and medieval times, of Renaissance culture and literature, of literature in the period of the Enlightenment, and, finally, of the work of the romantic and realist writers of the 19th century. In addition, the reader will discover the attitude of the founders of Marxist aesthetics towards the main literary and artistic trends in general and their opinions on individual writers and other artists.

Marx’s and Engels’ view of ancient art has already been discussed briefly above. Let us now turn to their evaluation of the art of other ages.

Their genuinely scientific explanation of the specific features of the social system and culture of medieval times is of exceptional interest. Marx and Engels stripped away the romantic idealisation of the Middle Ages and, at the same time, demonstrated the inconsistency of the abstract view held by the Enlighteners that this was merely an age of social and cultural regression. They pointed out that the transition from slave-owning to feudal society was historically inevitable and showed that the establishment of the feudal mode of production was a step forward in the development of human society, compared to the reign of slavery which had preceded it. This enabled Marx and Engels to form a new approach to medieval culture and art and point out those features in them which reflected the progressive course of historical development. Engels wrote that “. . as a result of the intermingling of nations in the early Middle Ages new nationalities gradually developed” (Marx/Engels, Werke, Bd. 21, S. 395), the appearance of which was a prerequisite for further social and cultural development of mankind. Analysing various epic poems of the early Middle Ages such as the Elder Edda and other Icelandic and Irish sagas, Beowulf, the Lay of Hildebrand and the Chanson de Roland, Marx and Engels showed that they reflected the gradual transition from the earliest stages of the tribal system to new levels of social consciousness connected with the early period of the formation of European nationalities. The epic and national-heroic poetry of the Middle Ages is notable, as Engels pointed out, for characteristics which show their new cultural-historical and aesthetic quality, as compared with the classical epic poetry of the ancient world. The same also applies to the later lyric poetry of the feudal Middle Ages — the medieval romance lyrics, best exemplified by the works of the Provencal troubadours. In his The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State Engels wrote that “no such thing as individual sex love existed before the Middle Ages” (p. 215). For this reason, he said, the appearance and poetic glorification of individual love in the Middle Ages was a step forward compared to antiquity. Moreover, the medieval love poems influenced the following generations and prepared the ground for the flowering of poetry in the modern age.

Marx and Engels formulated and substantiated a new view of the Renaissance, one which differed radically from the views of earlier bourgeois cultural historians and also in many ways from those of contemporary and later bourgeois historiography. This new understanding of the basic historical meaning of the Renaissance in Western Europe was presented by Engels in its most developed form in 1875-76 in one of his versions for the Introduction to the Dialectics of Nature (pp. 251-53). Engels emphasised that, contrary to the traditional view of bourgeois science, the Renaissance must not be seen as merely an upheaval in the ideological and spiritual life of the times. The origins of this new age, he states, should be sought above all in the economic and political. changes that brought about the transition from the Middle Ages to modern times. Engels penetrated to the very essence of the phenomena which made possible the immense leap forward in the culture, literature and art of that period, some achievements of which remained unequal led even in the more mature bourgeois society. The art of the Renaissance, as Engels noted, developed not in a period of already settled bourgeois society but “in the midst of the general revolution” (Frederick Engels, Dialectics of Nature, Moscow, 1974, p. 21). Social relations were at that time in a state of constant flux and change and had not yet become, as they did in mature bourgeois society, a force which to a certain extent limited the development of personal initiative, talent and capabilities but, on the contrary, actively contributed to their development. Because of its revolutionary character this age, the one of “the greatest progressive revolution that mankind had so far experienced,” stated Engels, “called for giants and produced giants ... in power of thought, passion and character, in universality and learning.” This is why “the men who founded the modern rule of the bourgeoisie had anything but bourgeois limitations” (pp. 252-53).

Engels also noted that “the heroes of that time were not yet in thrall to the division of labour, the restricting effects of which, with its production one-sidedness, we so often notice in their successors” (p. 253). To clarify his idea, Engels described Leonardo da Vinci who “was not only a great painter but also a great mathematician, mechanic and engineer, to whom the most diverse branches of physics are indebted for important discoveries” and reviewed the work of Albrecht D�rer, a “painter, engraver, sculptor, and architect” and inventor of a fortification system. Engels also pointed to the great diversity of interests and erudition of other Renaissance figures (p. 253).

Marx’s and Engels’ evaluation of the Renaissance as an age of “the general revolution,” “the greatest progressive revolution,” explains the warm sympathy they felt for the “giants” of that age. They saw the great men of the Renaissance not just as outstanding scholars, artists, or poets, but, at the same time, as great revolutionaries in world science and culture.

Engels considered the most important trait of the heroes of the Renaissance to be that “they almost all live And pursue their activities in the midst of the contemporary movements, in the practical struggle; they take sides and join in the fight, one by speaking and writing, another with the sword, many with both” (p. 253). It is not difficult to see that this was also what Engels expected of the artists of the future. Referring to the ability of the people of the Renaissance to live by the interests of their time, to “take sides,” Engels emphasised those traits which lifted them above the level of the professionally narrow, armchair science of the bourgeoisie, and above the level of the 19th-century bourgeois writers and artists who preached “non-partisanship” and “pure art.” These traits brought the great men of the Renaissance closer to the ideals of socialist culture and of the revolutionary movement of the working class.

Marx and Engels considered Dante one of the great writers whose works announced the transition from the

Middle Ages to the Renaissance. They saw him as a poet and thinker of genius and, at the same time, as an inflexible warrior whose poetic works were infused with Party spirit (Marx and Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 6, Moscow! 1976, p. 271) and were inseparable from his political ideals and aspirations. According to Wilhelm Liebknecht, Marx knew the Divina Commedia almost by heart and would often declaim whole sections of it aloud. Marx’s “Introduction” to Capital in fact ends with the great Florentine’s proud words: “Go your own way, and let people say what they will!” The author of Capital placed Dante among his most beloved poets — Goethe, Aeschylus, and Shakespeare. Engels called Dante a person of “unequalled classic perfection” (p. 247) and “a colossal figure” (p. 248). Marx and Engels held the great Spanish writer Cervantes in high esteem too. Paul Lafargue noted that Marx set the author of Don Quixote, together with Balzac, “above all other novelists” (p. 439). Finally, Marx’s and Engels’ admiration for Shakespeare, one of their most beloved writers, is known to all. Both considered his plays with their far-ranging depiction of the life of his time and their immortal characters to be classical examples of realist drama. Lafargue wrote that Marx “made a detailed study” of Shakespeare’s works. “His whole family had a real cult for the great English dramatist” (p. 438). Engels shared his friend’s views on Shakespeare. On December 10, 1873, he wrote to Marx. “There is more life and reality in the first act of the Merry Wives than in all German literature” (p. 260).

The most important comment by the founders of scientific communism about classicism, the literary movement of the 17th-18th centuries, was made by Marx in a letter to Lassalle on July 22, 1861 (p. 269). On the basis of a materialist understanding of the development of culture, Marx in his letter rejected the unhistorical idea that classicism was the result of a misunderstanding of the laws of classical drama and of classical aesthetics, with their famous principle of the three unities. He pointed out that, though the theoreticians of classicism had misunderstood classical Greek drama and Aristotle’s Poetics, this was no accident or a misunderstanding of history, but a historical inevitability. Classicist playwrights “misunderstood” Aristotle because the “misunderstood” Aristotle corresponded exactly to their taste in art and their aesthetic requirements, formed by the specific social and cultural conditions of the time.

Unlike previous historians of culture who were unable to understand the class content of ideas, Marx and Engels uncovered the social, class-historical basis of the ideas of the 18th-century Enlightenment. They showed that the Enlightenment was not just a movement in social thought, but an ideological expression of the interests of the progressive bourgeoisie, which was rising up to struggle against feudal absolutism on the eve of the Great French Revolution.

Marx and Engels held in high esteem the heritage of the English and French 18th-century Enlighteners including their fiction and works on aesthetics. Their comprehensive analysis of the activity of the Enlighteners explains its close links with the life of society and the class struggle during the preparation for the French bourgeois revolution and draws a line between the moderately bourgeois and the democratic elements in their heritage.

Marx’s and Engels’ works and letters show that they had a superb knowledge of both English and French philosophical and economic literature and fiction of the age of the Enlightenment. They do not merely mention Defoe, Swift, Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, the Abb� Pr�vost, Beaumarchais, but give laconic and at the same time brilliantly profound and accurate evaluations of them, while also using their works to draw generalisations concerning the most important aspects of literary life in the age of the Enlightenment.

It should also be noted that Marx included Denis Diderot among his favourite writers. He delighted in Diderot’s novels, especially Le Neveu de Rameau, which he called a “unique masterpiece” (p. 279). Engels shared his friend’s

opinion on Diderot and wrote in 1886: “If ever anybody dedicated his whole life to the ‘enthusiasm for truth and justice’ — using this phrase in the good sense — it was Diderot, for instance” (p. 279).

Marx and Engels also wrote about the leading men of the Enlightenment in Germany — Lessing, Goethe, Schiller, Herder, Wieland. Revealing the economic and socio-political conditions in Germany, whose feudal division and reactionary small-power absolutist system had been hardened as a result of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-48), they showed that these conditions had made a definite mark on the ideas and feelings of the majority of the most prominent figures of the “great age of German literature” (p. 346). Together with the rebellious spirit and indignation at the social system of the time that were characteristic of German classical literature, it also reflected the feelings of the petty bourgeoisie (the predominating social stratum in Germany) whose inherent characteristic was admiration for and servility towards the powers that be. “Each of them was an Olympian Zeus in his own sphere,” Engels wrote about Goethe and Hegel, “yet neither of them ever quite freed himself from German Philistinism” (p. 349). In spotlighting not only the strong, but also the weaker points in Goethe, Schiller, and other German writers and thinkers of that period, Marx and Engels in no way sought to belittle their immense, world-wide importance. This is confirmed by Marx’s attitude towards Goethe, who, as already mentioned, was one of his most beloved poets. Contemporaries who knew Marx well stated that he was a constant reader of the great German poet’s works. In their writings and conversations, both Marx and Engels frequently quoted from Faust and other works by Goethe. In 1837 the young Marx, while still a student at Berlin University, wrote an epigram defending Goethe against the Lutheran pastor Pustkuchen, who was one of the leaders in the struggle of German reactionaries of the 1830s against the poet. Engels devoted one of his essays in literary criticism to an analysis of Goethe’s

work. This was “German Socialism in Verse and Prose” (pp. 361-74) in which he attacked the aesthetics of German philistine “true socialism.”

Marx’s and Engels’ analysis of West European romanticism is of great importance to the elaboration of a genuinely scientific history of literature. Considering romanticism a reflection of the age beginning after the Great French Revolution, of all its inherent social contradictions, they distinguished between revolutionary romanticism, which rejected capitalism and was striving towards the future, and romantic criticism of capitalism from the point of view of the past. They also differentiated between the romantic writers who idealised the pre-bourgeois social system: they valued those whose works concealed democratic and critical elements under a veneer of reactionary utopias and naive petty-bourgeois ideals, and criticised the reactionary romantics, whose sympathies for the past amounted to a defence of the interests of the nobility. Marx and Engels were especially fond of the ‘Works of such revolutionary romantics as Byron and Shelley.

Marx’s and Engels’ evaluation of the works of 19th-century realist writers has already been mentioned. Marx and Engels considered realist traditions to be the culmination of the whole of the previous literary process. Engels traced their development and enrichment in the works of Guy de Maupassant, of the creators of the Russian realist novel of the second half of the 19th century, and of Norway’s contemporary dramatists. Marx and Engels had a lively interest in Russia and attached great importance to the Russian revolutionary movement. To be better able to follow the development of the economic and social life of Russia, they both learnt Russian. They were well acquainted not only with socio-economic and journalistic writings in Russia, but also with the country’s fiction. They both read the works of Pushkin, Turgenev, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Chernyshevsky, and Dobrolyubov in Russian, while Marx also read Gogol, Nekrasov, and Lermontov in the original. Engels was also acquainted with English translations of the works of Lomonosov, Derzhavin, Khemnitser, Zhukovsky, Batyushkov, and Krylov. Marx and Engels thought Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin to be an amazingly accurate depiction of Russian life in the first half of the 19th century. Both were especially fond of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov. Engels considered these revolutionary writers “two socialist Lessings” (p. 414) and Marx called Chernyshevsky a “great Russian scholar and critic” (p. 415), while comparing Dobrolyubov “as a writer to Lessing and Diderot” (p. 415).

Characteristic of Marx and Engels was their profoundly internationalist approach to literature and art. They paid equal attention to the art of all nations, European and non, European, large and small, believing that every people makes its own unique contribution to the treasure-house of world art and literature. Their interests included the development of art and literature in England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Russia as well as the artistic and cultural treasures of the East or of such small countries as Ireland, Iceland, and Norway. judging by their notes, the ancient cultures of the indigenous inhabitants of the New World also came within their field of vision.

Marx and Engels had a special attitude towards the democratic and revolutionary poets and writers who were close to the proletariat. Throughout their lives, they strove to draw the best progressive writers of their time to the side of the socialist movement and to educate and temper them, while helping them to overcome the weaker aspects of their work. Marx and Engels actively contributed to the formation of a proletarian revolutionary trend in literature.

Marx’s influence on the work of the great German revolutionary poet Heinrich Heine was immense. They met in Paris in 1843. The prime of Heine’s political lyrics and satire comes in 1843-44, when he was in close and friendly contact with Marx. Marx’s influence on Heine is clear in such remarkable works as his poems The Silesian Loom Workers and Germany. A Winter Tale. All his life Marx admired Heine, who was one of the favourite poets in Marx’s family. Engels was in complete agreement with his friend’s sympathies and considered Heine to be “the most eminent of all living German poets” (p. 375). In their struggle against German reaction, Marx and Engels often quoted from Heine’s bitingly satirical poems. Marx’s and Engels’ ideological influence played an exceptional role in Heine’s development as an artist and helped him to realise that the communist revolution would inevitably be victorious.

Marx and Engels were close friends of the German poets Georg Weerth and Ferdinand Freiligrath, with whom they worked side by side on the Neue Rheinische Zeitung during the revolution of 1848-1849, Engels called Weerth “the German proletariat’s first and most important poet” (p. 402). After Weerth’s death, Marx and Engels carefully collected his literary works. In the 1880s Engels vigorously promoted these in the German Social-Democratic press.

It was only thanks to ‘Marx’s and Engels’ influence that Freiligrath became, in 1848-49, one of the classics of German revolutionary poetry. His poems written at that time are closely linked to Marx’s and Engels’ ideas and are his best. The care and attention Marx and Engels showed for Freiligrath is a good example of their attitude towards revolutionary poets and of how they tried to help them in their noble cause. When Marx recommended Freiligrath to his comrade Joseph Weydemeyer, in 1852, for work on the journal Revolution, he specially asked Weydemeyer to write a friendly, praising letter to the poet to encourage him. It is no coincidence that Freiligrath’s importance as a poet began to decline as soon as he moved away from Marx and Engels in the 1850s.

Marx and Engels had close links with many French and English revolutionary writers, in particular with the Chartist leader Ernest Jones. His best poems, written in the latter 1840s, show the influence of Marx’s and Engels’ ideas.

After Marx’s death, Engels continued in the 1880s and 1890s to keep careful track of the revolutionary writings of those English authors who were ideologically close to the English socialist movement. This can be seen from Engels’ letter to the writer Margaret Harkness (pp. 89-92) who had sent him her short story “A Poor Girl,” his numerous comments about the plays of the English socialist Edward Aveling, and his notes on the ideological development of a number of other writers.

Important statements by Engels on the subject of proletarian art can also be found in his letters written toward the end of his life to German Social-Democratic leaders.

In this way, Marx and Engels strove to foster a new type of writer and artist who, assimilating the finest traditions of classical literature, would take an active, creative part in the proletariat’s struggle for emancipation, proceeding from a broad understanding of the experiences and the tasks of the revolutionary struggle.

This collection also contains valuable statements by Marx and Engels on the flowering of art in the future communist society. The founders of Marxism saw the contradictions in the development of art under capitalism as a manifestation of the antagonistic nature of bourgeois society as a whole and considered the solution of these problems to be possible only after the proletarian revolution and the social reorganisation of society.

Marx and Engels showed brilliant foresight in anticipating the basic traits of the new, communist society. Communism is above all true freedom for the all-round and harmonious development of the individual. “The realm of freedom,” said Marx, ‘actually begins only where labour which is determined by necessity and mundane considerations ceases...” (p. 183).

Labour freed from exploitation becomes, under socialism, the source of all spiritual (and aesthetic) creativity. Marx and Engels point out that only given true economic, political, and spiritual freedom can man’s creative powers develop to the full and that only proletarian revolution offers unbounded opportunities of endless progress in the development of literature. The great historical mission of the proletariat consists in the communist rebuilding of the world. It was in the proletariat that Marx and Engels saw the social force which could change the world and provide for further progress not only in economics and politics, but also in culture, the force which would bring about the conditions required for the full realisation of mankind’s higher moral and aesthetic values.

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80 years since the First Congress of Soviet Writers

Delegates of the First Congress of Soviet Writers in the Pillar Hall of the House of Unions in Moscow, on August 1934. Source: RIA Novosti

At the beginning of the 1930s Stalin decided to create unions representing every different creative profession. The official reason, as voiced by writer Maxim Gorky, was to allow greater unity of creative vision and a harmony between the individual's creative aims and the overall “creative working energies of the country.”

This idea of uniting for one great aim – furthering the revolution – was just a smokescreen, however. In reality, these organizations were a means for Stalin to achieve his political aims. He realized that he could easily control and censor single unions and force them to produce the kind of art that he approved of.

A lavish setting for controversy

The early 1930s were tough years for the Soviet economy, but the First Congress had a budget of 1.2 million rubles – equivalent to the annual salary of 754 factory workers – and was attended by 591 delegates from 52 countries. The government covered all the delegates' expenses and provided a full program of excursions. The location was the Pillar Hall of the House of Unions, which was decked out with portraits of famous Russian writers and poets.

Attendees at the congress included Boris Pasternak, the foremost Soviet poet of the time, the “Red Count” Alexei Tolstoy, a nobleman who adjusted to the demands of Soviet power, future Nobel laureate Mikhail Sholokhov, and leading children's author Korney Chukovsky.

When ideology interfered with children's literature

Maxim Gorky gave a keynote lecture to close the event on September 1. He spoke about education, about uniting writers from the USSR's different republics, and laid out his vision for the development of Soviet literature. Gorky placed a great deal of responsibility on Soviet writers, describing them as “the great present and future of the Land of the Soviets.”

Gorky also placed heavy emphasis on politics. He criticized bourgeois life, attacked fascism, quoted Stalin and appealed directly to him, ending his speech by glorifying the leader. His words drew a mixed reaction: some writers agreed, while others criticized him for playing up to the government.

Nikolai Bukharin's speech also caused a stir. Bukharin, the editor-in-chief of the popular Isvestia newspaper, was an old Bolshevik who had been kicked out of the Politburo by Stalin a few years earlier. He spoke about Soviet poetry for three hours, referencing taboo Silver Age poets such as Nikolai Gumilev – who had been executed in 1921 – Alexander Blok and Andrei Bely. Considering that the congress was designed to further orthodox writing, this speech was not well-advised and probably hastened his downfall. Bukharin was executed a few years later.

Hypocrisy and insincerity

Andrei Zhdanov, Stalin's right-hand man, tried to convince the leader that everyone, including skeptics, had “liked the congress very much,” but a cursory look at the writers' correspondence – which the NKVD intercepted as part of their broad spying program – showed Stalin that this wasn't the case.

The secretary of the then Union of Writers, Alexander Scherbakov, wrote: “I could stand that only for half an hour. I felt sick and left.” Writer Mikhail Prishvin noted that the speeches were “unbearably dull,” while Isaak Babel felt that it was a “requiem for literature.” Boris Pasternak said he was disappointed that so much time was given over to politics rather than solving issues in literature, but he still found some of the arguments and debates interesting.

In a scandal that was completely hushed up, the NKVD found a leaflet written by a group of anonymous Russian writers. Addressed to the foreign guests, it outlined the “supreme lie” that was both the congress and the Soviet Union and lamented the fact that there had been a total lack of free speech in the country for almost two decades. “The USSR's network of informers is so comprehensive that even at home we often avoid speaking our minds.”

For such a massive event, the congress only made minor ripples in society. Several newspapers published transcripts of the speeches but didn't add any analysis. Many writers left Moscow after the event, going on vacation or supposedly to start work on new projects.

The lack of discussion and literary news led Zhdanov to complain that it seemed like the participants had taken a vow of silence, and the Party even published a decree that there should be more press coverage of the event. With hindsight, it seems likely that many writers simply didn't want to lie about their true opinion of the congress or put themselves at great risk by criticizing a government-approved event.

A lasting impact

The congress wasn't all negative. It gave young foreign writers the chance to visit the Soviet Union and gave exposure to writers from the Soviet republics. Many such authors were translated into Russian for the first time and gained a new readership. A notable success at the congress was Dagestani poet Suleiman Stalski, who Gorky introduced as “the Homer of the 20th century.”

When writing legends worked as doctors, journalists and cab drivers

The congress marked a turning point in Russian literature. It formulated the principles of a new style, socialist realism, which, in essence, meant glorifying the Communist Party and nothing else. Originally, the congress was supposed to take place every three years, but it was postponed many times. In fact, the next event was in 1954, after Stalin's death. This was no coincidence: one congress was enough for Stalin to achieve his goal of bringing writers to heel.

A third of the original delegates died in the 20 years between the first and second congresses. Some died from natural causes, and others were killed during the war. However, the overwhelming majority were executed or died in prison or labor camps.

There were only eight congresses between 1934 and 1986, and they increasingly became formal events with almost no influence on Soviet culture. The First Congress was unique in its own way – it was the first and last successful attempt to unite all the writers of one country.

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