ignou solved assignment 2022 23

IGNOU Solved Assignments 2022-23

1.1 Ignou Assignment Passing Marks
1.2 Importance of Ignou Solved Assignments 2022-23
1.3 Last Date of Ignou Assignment Submission
1.4 Where to download Ignou Assignments 2022-23?
1.5 Ignou Assignment Cover Page
1.6 Important Guidelines to write Ignou Assignments
1.7 How to Solve Ignou Assignments 2022-23?
1.8 Where to submit Solved Ignou Assignments?
1.9 How to check Ignou Assignment Status?

Submission of Ignou solved assignments 2022-23 is mandatory for the students who are pursuing various programmes from Indira Gandhi National Open University. They have to submit the Tutor Marked assignments (TMA) for the courses which requires it as a part of curriculum.

Not able to solve IGNOU assignment questions 2022-23 ? Contact us on mobile through WhatsApp at 7428482160 or send us an email at [email protected]

The assignments are an integral part of most of the programmes offered by Ignou.The university offers various programmes such as Master Degree, Bachelor Degree, Diploma and Certificate. These include BAG, BCOMG, BDP, BA, B.Sc., BSW, B.Com, BCA, BTS, BBARL, B.Ed, MA, M.Com, MSW, MTM, MEG, MAPC, M.Sc., MBA, MCA, etc.

To complete any of these programmes, the students need to submit the Ignou solved assignments 2021-22 or 2022-23 for the respective courses/subjects for which they will be going to appear in the upcoming Term End Examination.

Without the submission of assignments, the students will not be able to submit the exam form online or offline. Because it is mandatory for all the courses which require continuous evaluation of assignments as a part of the curriculum.

It is to be noted that the students do not need to submit solved Ignou assignments 2022-23 in case of lab courses.

IGNOU BAG Solved Assignment
IGNOU BCOMG Solved Assignment
IGNOU CLIS Solved Assignment
IGNOU BBA Retail Solved Asssignment
IGNOU CFN Solved Assignment
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Ignou Assignment Passing Marks

Students have to obtain minimum of 50% marks in the assignments to pass it. In case, if the student is unable to obtain 50% marks in assignment of any course, then he/she has to write and submit it again. Without securing the passing marks in assignments, the course cannot be completed.

Therefore, the students should take the Ignou solved assignment work seriously as it will also help them in securing good marks in a total.Every student should understand the importance of Ignou assignment submission.

Importance of Ignou Solved Assignments 2022-23

Any Ignou course constitutes the two components i.e Continuous Evaluation and Term End Examination. The continuous evaluation of assignments constitutes the 30% weightage whereas term end examination carries 70% weightage in the final results. The assignment marks of all the courses which

The assignment marks of all the courses which require Ignou solved assignment submission will be counted in the final result. It means if we assign total marks of 100 to any course then, an assignment will carry 30 marks and theory exams will carry 70 marks.

If we score only 10 marks in the assignment work, then it will affect the total marks percentage for that course which results in an overall percentage of programme marks.

So, it is advised to all the IGNOU students that they should not take assignment work lightly and they must solve the assignments seriously.

They should write the quality answers in clean handwriting in the prescribed format which is mentioned in the programme prospectus by the university.

Solving the Ignou assignments by themselves will also help the students to prepare for their upcoming examination.

They will read out the study material at least once to solve the assignments which will help them in their examination as they must have been covered all the topics during the process of solving the assignments.

The university has included the assignment work in its curriculum for its many

The university has included the assignment work in its curriculum for its many programmes with the purpose to test the student’s comprehension of the learning material the university send to them in their preferable medium.

Last Date of Ignou Assignment Submission

Students can check the last date of Ignou assignment submission 2022-23 on the assignment booklet which they can download online from the university official website at www.ignou.ac.in.

There is no need to ask anyone for the last date as the students can themselves check the last date in the introductory page of assignment question paper booklet.

It is very important to check the last date of submitting the Ignou solved assignments earlier. If the last date passes, then your assignment work will not be accepted by study centre.The students must complete and submit their assignments before the last date.

If you have not submitted the specified number of assignments at your respective study centre, then you will not be allowed to appear in the upcoming term-end examination.

Where to download Ignou Assignments 2022-23?

After the completion of admission or re-registration process, the Ignou send the Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA) question paper and study material in the form of a booklet to the students at the physical communication address.

Students can also download the assignment question paper booklets in the form of pdf file from the university official website at www.ignou.ac.in.

Whenever any student receives the assignment booklet at home, he/she should immediately check it to find whether it is complete or if it contains any missing page.It can be judged by counting the pages manually and comparing it with the count mentioned on front page of assignment booklet.

In case, if a student finds the missing page in the assignment booklet, then he/she can immediately ask for missing pages, if any, from The Registrar, Material Production & Distribution Division, IGNOU, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi- 110068 or the Coordinator of your Study Centre.

Download Assignments

Ignou Assignment Cover Page

Is it mandatory to make front page of Ignou solved assignments?
how to make Ignou assignment cover page? How it looks like?
Can you please send me the sample front page of Ignou assignment?
Where can I get ignou assignment front page sample?

I would like to answer all these queries of the students in a very simple and easy way. Let’s answer these queries one by one…

Yes, it is mandatory to make front page of the assignment in a prescribed format.

Students should not make Ignou assignment cover page by their imagination.There is a particular format provided by Indira Gandhi National Open University to make it. It can be checked in the common prospectus provided by the university. Students can also check it in their assignment question paper booklet. Below, we have provided the sample of Ignou assignment cover page:

We cannot send sample of front page to each and every student.So, that’s why we have uploaded it here in the PDF format. Students can easily download it and take print out of it.

Click here to download front page format

Important Guidelines to write Ignou Assignments

There are few guidelines provided by the university to write assignment answers. These are mentioned below:

The answers should be written in the student handwriting only.
Please write the answers in simple and correct English.
The number of words should not exceed the limit provided in ffront of each question in the assignment booklet.
Most importantly, it should be neat and clean.
Students should make use of foolscap size paper for writing answers. Also, tag all the pages carefully.
Write the relevant question number at start of each each answer.

How to Solve Ignou Assignments 2022-23?

Students should solve the Tutor Marked Assignment question paper by themselves.They can solve it by going through the study material and reference books. They can also take the help of their Programme Coordinator by attending the classes at their respective study centres.

They can contact their Regional Centre for the class schedule. As per the university, the printed study material contains sufficient information that should be required by students to answer the assignment questions.

They do not need to take tension about the non-availability of reference books for writing the Ignou solved assignments 2022-23. However, if you possess any reference book which can help, then you may use it to write good answers.

The Indira Gandhi National Open University’s various School of Studies design the assignment question papers in such a way that it help the students to concentrate mostly on the original Ignou study material to solve it and also to make use of their personal experience.

Please make sure while submitting the assignments that you have written answers to all the questions and it is complete in all respects. Incomplete answers will result in poor grades or marks which will degrade your result.

Note: In case, if someone needs help in solving the questions, he/she can send email at [email protected]

Where to submit Solved Ignou Assignments?

After completing the assignment, the students have to submit it to their study centre concerned. Do not forget to get the receipt while submitting the assignments at your study centres. Also, the students can retain the photocopy of the assignment work which they have submitted for their own record or for future reference.

You can get the duly evaluated tutor marked assignments along with a copy of assessment sheet containing comments on the assignment by the evaluator after one month from submission of assignment. It will surely help you to improve in making assignments in future.

How to check Ignou Assignment Status?

In Indira Gandhi National Open University, the assignments for June examination are submitted before 31st March. For, December exams, the assignments have to be submitted before 31st December.

After submitting the solved Ignou assignments at the concerned study centres, it takes almost 3 to 4 months by the university in updating its marks on the official website. Students can check the Ignou grade card status to know their marks.

However, the students remain in the state of confusion after submitting their assignments.Whether the assignments has been submitted properly or not.

To help out students, the university has provided an option on its official website to check Ignou assignment status.For the student’s convenience, we have provided below the link to check Ignou assignment submission status online:

Click here to check submission status

I hope this article will motivate you in preparing good Ignou solved assignments. It can help you in obtaining good marks.

Best of Luck!

14 Comments

Regarding submission of assignments, the assignments for June examination are submitted before 31st March. For, December exams, the assignments have to be submitted before 31st December. Please clarify whether any extension of date for submission of assignments for June term end examination ?

I want to know whether we can send the assignments by speed post/Courier?? Is it will be considered valid receipt? Or can we sent it through any proxy?

I want assigments question pls assignent questions eco1 business organisation.

Please send BEGF101/FMT1/FST1/MTE6/MTE2/MTE4/MTE5/MTE1 solved assignments 2018

pliz send the solved assignment on the mswc for the second year

Can we use sparkle pens like blue, black & green only for headings and flow charts in Assignment & Examination answer sheet?

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yes available contact on Whatsapp at 7428482160

SHOULD THE ASSIGNMENTS BE WRITTEN IN A4 SIZE RULED PAPER OR A4 SIZE WHITE PAPER ?CAN WE DRAW SOME DIAGRAMS EVEN THOUGH NOT MENTIONED IN THE QUESTION ?WHAT IF THE WORD LIMITS EXCEED THE NUMBER OF WORDS ASKED?

Can you please provide eco 13 and Aed 01 solved assignment for bcom Jan 19? Is it free of cost or are there any charges involved?

Yes, these are chargeable.. not free.. u can contact on WhatsApp at 7428482160

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Kindly send MEG-1, MEG-2 , MEG-3 & MEG-4 Solved assignment July 2019 & January-2020 sessiojn

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IGNOU Solved Assignments

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IGNOU BCA Solved Assignment 2022-2023

IGNOU BCA Solved Assignments 2022-23 – Explore the latest collection of IGNOU BCA Solved Assignments which is available with the solutions. It will help all candidates to prepare the correct assignments which they need to submit at their respective IGNOU Study Centre .

It is well known that the submission of the IGNOU BCA Assignment Solution is mandatory as well as it should be submitted before the due date. Here, BCA (Bachelor of Computer Applications) students will get to know about how to get the Free and Paid version of the IGNOU BCA Solved Assignment.

IGNOU BCA Assignment 2022-23
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How To Get IGNOU BCA Free Solved Assignment?

If any BCA student who already has a solution and if they want to share the same with the other students can share their BCA Assignment solution with us which will be uploaded by us on this page and will be available free of cost for all students. Once the free version is available, IGNOU BCA students can download it from our web easily and start preparing for writing their assignments.

It is obvious that the IGNOU BCA students should search for their BCA Solved Assignments whenever they are not able to solve with the help of their own. Alternatively, students can also make a group of the same course which will help them to solve the BCA Assignment questions easily which will help them to grab good marks.

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MED-002: Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges

Ignou solved assignment solution for 2022-23, if you are looking for med-002 ignou solved assignment solution for the subject sustainable development: issues and challenges, you have come to the right place. med-002 solution on this page applies to 2022-23 session students studying in mps, pgdesd courses of ignou., looking to download all solved assignment pdfs for your course together, med-002 solved assignment solution by gyaniversity.

Assignment Code: MED-002/ASST/TMA/2022-23

Course Code: MED-002

Assignment Name: Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges

Year: 2022-2023

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Q1. Explain the major issues and challenges which confront sustainable development. Elucidate your answer with suitable examples. (10)

Ans ) Accordingly, one of the main problems with sustainable development is natural resource management (NRM). For instance, global deforestation, wetlands loss, land degradation, and desertification are the fundamental obstacles to the long-term viability of good agriculture. However, as the twenty-first century approaches, we are starting to face a new sustainability dilemma in trade and business, namely the expansion of transnational corporations (TNCs), which are now in charge of global resource policies. The welfare state and Keynesian economics have transformed in response to these TNCs.

Since the Earth Summit, sustainable development has been confronted with numerous controversial issues that are still up for dispute and need to be resolved, running counter to the narrow perspective of "better business & FDI." We will now describe them.

The poor countries pay the price of this resource consumption in the form of pollution, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), deforestation, global warming, and the loss of fisheries, wilderness, and animal resources, even while the affluent countries consume the majority of the world's resources.

The indigenous agriculture and rural economy of emerging nations are threatened by biotechnology and Genetically Modified (GM) food, which also disturbs their village institutions and local economies.

To achieve sustainable development and the eradication of poverty, trade and sustainable development should be more closely integrated. There are significant obstacles to economic progress currently, which can be summed up as follows:

From quantity to quality: Growth's quantitative component had chosen to focus on the oversimplified inclination of cost-benefit calculations about the value of a productive process.

Human self-development is the cornerstone of long-term economic expansion: It establishes a link between personal and societal change. Additionally, it promotes symbiosis between people and nature.

From a patriarchal society and male dominance to a comprehensive equity paradigm: Unsustainable economic growth is built on racism, nature's subordination, male dominance, and the repression of women and other marginalised groups in society. These aspects are ignored when an excessive and singular focus on productivity is placed, which supports the accumulation of surplus among a small number of people.

From the TINA approach to a design strategy: TINA, which stands for "There is no alternative," The suggestive method was used in colonial industrial societies to produce visible technologies.

Sustainable economic growth solutions acknowledge that producers have a real obligation to people and the labour they hire. This is known as the "Polluter Pays" idea. Producers who harm the environment and the circumstances for a good life must also pay for the harm they cause to society.

Community-owned businesses and appropriate technology: Appropriate technology is defined as a technology that does not necessarily require huge capital investments or resource-intensive industrial systems. Also, it is dependent on necessity.

2. Discuss the disadvantages of unsustainable development in industrialization. Describe methods to overcome them. (10)

Ans ) India wants to give full respect to the agreed-upon principles and ideas that have been accepted by member states in recent times. It is important for the country that the principle of common but differentiated responsibility be accepted in its entirety and it does not wish to renegotiate the Rio+20 consensus.

However, ideological support notwithstanding, the huge gap opening up in India between the amount of natural resources that the country uses and the amount that it possesses is alarming. This mounting natural capital gap was reported by the Global Footprint Network even as India is struggling to deal with the global financial crisis. India now demands the bio-capacity of ‘two Indias’ to provide for its consumption and absorb its wastes, according to a report released by Global Footprint Network and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). India’s ecological footprint, based on the amount of productive land and sea area required to produce the resources to meet its consumption demand and absorb waste, has doubled since 1961, according to the report.

The main challenges to sustainable development which are global in character include poverty and exclusion, unemployment, climate change, conflict and humanitarian aid, building peaceful and inclusive societies, building strong institutions of governance, and supporting the rule of law.

The Open Working Group of the United Nations, while acknowledging the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, has proposed the following aims for its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) accompanied by specific targets for some:

Ending of poverty in all its forms everywhere by 2030 and eradicating extreme poverty for all everywhere, now measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day

Ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture by 2030

E nsuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting life-long learning opportunities for all by 2030

Ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030

Ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all by 2030

Promoting sustained, inclusive and economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

Sustaining per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and in particular, at least 7 percent per annum GDP growth in the least-developed countries

Building resilient infrastructure and promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialisation

Encouraging innovation by developing quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and trans-border infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being

Making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable by 2030

Protecting, restoring and promoting sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems; sustainably managing forests, combating desertification, and halting and reversing land degradation and biodiversity loss by 2020.

Q3. Differentiate between inter-generational and intra-generational equity and justice with suitable examples. Discuss by giving examples how gender disparity can hamper environment protection and sustainable development. (10)

Ans ) The main difference between intergenerational and intragenerational is that intergenerational mobility occurs from one generation to the next, while intragenerational mobility occurs throughout one’s lifespan. Intergenerational has a broader concept which includes more differences in a situation as there are several terms associated with it than the intragenerational.

Intergenerational equity refers to the use of earth’s resources between generations in a manner that the present generation does not consume it completely to its exhaustion.

Intergenerational is derived from the Latin words “inter” (between) and “generare” (to beget). It’s an adverb for something that happens between generations.

For example, intergenerational mobility refers to the transfer of social status from one generation to the next, as in the case of John, a now successful middle-class businessman who was born into a low-income household.

Intergenerational transition exists between one’s parents and their socioeconomic level.

Intragenerational is derived from the Latin words “intra” (within) and “generare” (to beget). It is an adjective that refers to an event that occurs within a generation.

For example, in intragenerational mobility, a shift in social standing happens during a person’s lifetime.

In the above example, Ben’s socioeconomic status move from destitute boyhood to well-off adulthood is intragenerational.

A telling example of neglect of inter-generational equity consideration is that of a small island state in the Pacific, Nauru, which is a close neighbour of big countries like Australia and New Zealand. Nauru had rich phosphates in its soil but could not use it due to lack of knowledge and technology. Australian soil lacked phosphates and due to that its agricultural output was poor. Australian miners signed agreements with the Nauru Government in the decade of seventies, which readily agreed to welcome trade expansion with a rich country. For around a decade the citizens of Nauru got bumper employment and that generation achieved standards of western lifestyles. Once the miners extracted all phosphates out of their soil they left, leaving behind a rich country electronically studded with home equipments but no money and employment for its citizens to move ahead or even maintain their acquired lifestyles. Citizens took to drugs and the mafia ruled.

Q4. How can sustainable use of natural resources help achieve sustainable development? (10)

Ans ) Natural resources such as water, energy, and other basic materials such as minerals are scarce, and some, such as coal, petroleum, and groundwater, cannot be replenished. Strong efforts are therefore required to utilise them wisely and sustainably.

Heat for cooking, warmth, manufacturing, and electricity for transportation and mechanical activity are all services that energy provides for human life. Fossil fuels like coal and petroleum, wood and charcoal, as well as renewable energy sources including water, sun, wind, natural gas, and nuclear power, are the main sources of energy. The energy sources coal and petroleum are not renewable.

Nuclear energy, natural gas, solar power, and other non-polluting renewable energy sources are being considered as viable sources in the near future.

In addition, these gases react with atmospheric water to form acid rain in the form of nitric and sulfuric acids. European aquatic systems have been devastated by acid rain. The pH of the water drops to about 2-3 from its normal range of 7 that supports life. Fish and other aquatic species perish as a result of water becoming more acidic.

One of the most important natural resources is water. Water is essential for life on earth. There are two types of water sources: surface water and ground water. Rivers, streams, lakes, and other bodies of surface water are examples of subsurface water, which also includes wells and springs. Ice and snow fields represent additional unexplored sources of water. Oceans flow toward the land due to the hydrological cycle. Rain-bearing clouds are produced by large-scale evaporation from the oceans and travel thousands of kilometres before precipitating on land. This is where most fresh water on land comes from.

Snow and ice glaciers that melt also replenish rivers. The hydrological cycle shouldn't be disturbed in order to use water sustainably. There is proof that extensive deforestation severely alters rainfall patterns. Floods and droughts are brought on by the decrease of vegetative cover in catchment areas. The hydrological cycle has been thrown off by human activity, and both surface and ground water sources have become polluted.

Conservation of Ecosystems

All organisms on this planet are dependant on other species as well as on non-living elements of the environment including air, water, and soil in order to survive. Therefore, the survival of all other species is impacted when a species goes extinct. Therefore, it is crucial to conserve both living and non-living natural resources.

Conservation of Species: Living things can be divided into three categories: plants, animals, and microorganisms. These countless species, with their genetic diversity, are vital to human growth and greatly benefit agriculture, medicine, and industry.

Tropical rain forests have the highest genetic variety and are also the most endangered ecosystems because of human involvement. Due to the extreme conditions, arid and semi-arid locations are home to a variety of adaptive species that produce useful biochemicals like liquid wax and natural rubber.

Q5. Discuss various regional issues related to environment. Assess the initiatives taken towards environmental protection to achieve sustainable development. (10)

Ans ) Country-specific techniques are essential due to the large range of environmental difficulties that differing countries face in accordance with their unique geographical, biological, and climatic characteristics. In accordance with its social and economic interests, cultural values, institutions, and political systems, each nation must thus develop its own strategies. Climate change and deforestation are just two examples of environmental issues with obvious global implications. However, in most cases, local, national, or regional levels are where environmental harm is seen. The local communities that are most directly affected by water scarcities, contamination, soil erosion, or deterioration of forests, mangroves, or coral reefs.

Desertification and Droughts

The term "desertification" refers to the degradation of the land in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid regions as a result of many factors, such as climatic changes and human activity. The vegetation cover and soil productivity are being lost over time. The main causes of this process are human activities and climatic changes that generate droughts and floods. Grave natural effects of desertification include the worsening of water quality, silting of rivers, and the vulnerability of land to floods and salinization. Alarmingly, if neglected, the topsoil of the land, which takes ages to build up, can be washed away in a few seasons. Overcultivation, overgrazing, deforestation, and poor irrigation techniques are among human actions that contribute to desertification.

Improved early warning systems, water resource management, sustainable livestock management, aeroseeding, agroforestry ecosystems, afforestation and reforestation by new species and varieties with the ability to tolerate salinity and/or aridity, and planned human settlements are the measures taken to prevent land degradation and restore degraded land. Poverty, which compels those who depend on land for their livelihoods, is a direct contributor to the misuse of land. They overuse it as a source of food, energy, housing, and revenue.

In conclusion, the following should be included in programmes designed to fight these regional problems:

enhancing the body of knowledge and creating information and monitoring systems, together with the ecosystem's economic and social components, in areas vulnerable to desertification and drought.

combating land deterioration by increasing soil protection, afforestation, and reforestation efforts, among other things.

creating and enhancing integrated development programmes for the eradication of poverty and the encouragement of alternative means of subsistence in desertification-prone areas.

creating extensive anti-desertification programmes and incorporating them into national environment planning and development strategies.

creating all-encompassing drought relief plans, including drought self-help strategies, and creating programmes to deal with environmental refugees

encouraging and promoting public involvement and environmental education with a focus on managing the effects of drought and controlling desertification.

Q6. Describe various state and local development initiatives to address the inequality. Substantiate your answer with suitable examples. (10)

Ans ) After independence the Indian government set to the task of rebuilding the national economy. The government, under the leadership of Nehru, adopted through a five year planning process the principles of mixed economy, promotion of the private sector and a strong intervention of the state and an industrial base in the public sector. As discussed earlier the policy of import-substitution and self imposed insulation from the global economy resulted, however, in slow growth.

It is clearly understood that restrictive trade and exchange trade policies under centrally initiated and public sector oriented industrialisation were impediments to the fast pace of development till the 1980s. However, the radical shift in the trade policies since 1991 mark a move towards globalisation and liberalisation.

Economic Reforms : The economic reform policies of 1990s were brought in with focus on stabilisation of the economy on one hand and liberalisation on the other. These led to substantive deregulation on private participation in economic activities and withdrawal of several import and export restrictions, besides other changes. These measures were expected to bring in competition leading to better utilisation and allocations for accelerating growth.

The major elements of policy reforms are:

Private investment freed from industrial license from government

Reduction in the list of industries for public sector

Quantitative controls on most intermediate and capital goods abolished and those on consumer goods to be abolished in a phased manner

Average tariff rates brought down with reduction in dispersion of rates

Restrictions relaxed on exports of some agricultural commodities

Restrictions relaxed on foreign private investment

Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs): There are many voluntary and nongovernmental organisations in India which have played a very important role in the developmental process through promoting socio-economic growth in both the rural and urban areas. Quite a few NGOs had come up due to the efforts of individuals who were inspired by the ideology of constructive programme of Mahatma Gandhi. It is reported that the founders of one fourths of the NGOs were inspired by Gandhi. Gandhi himself took the initiative in establishing the Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust (KGNMT).

The programmes undertaken by the NGOs are mainly to improve the social, economic, educational, cultural and environmental status of the tribals, the poor and the oppressed classes. Besides their own programmes, they also act as a bridge between the government and the people with regard to funds and development policies.

Q7. Explain the following in about 250 words each: (5x4=20)

(a) Community-based Civil Society Initiatives on Sustainable Development.

Ans ) At the grassroots level, a number of significant environmental movements have emerged. The majority of these movements are concerned with competing claims to natural resources, such as forests, water sources, etc. The violation of human and other rights as a result of eviction and environmental harm brought on by various development projects has also resulted in community movements. Such movements frequently encounter fierce opposition from vested interest groups trying to take advantage of benefits arising from development projects. For example, in 1998, Chico Mendes of Brazil was killed for organising a demonstration against the destruction of the Amazon rainforest. Author Ken Saro-Wiwa of Nigeria was imprisoned and put to death by the military regime in 1995 for his protests against the destruction of his tribe's lands by Western oil firms.

Mexican farmers Rodolfo Montiel and Teodoro Cabrera were tortured while being imprisoned for six years before being released in November 2001 for organising a campaign to stop a commercial forestry project. Aleksandr Nikitin of Russia, who fought to advance nuclear safety, was prosecuted for state treason for five years until being freed in September 2000. In spite of the political apparatus or in opposition to the large companies that operate with the government's explicit or implied assistance, the people have thus frequently adopted environmental conservation as a cause. Community organisations like NGOs have emerged as a result of these local activities.

NGOs are becoming more involved in shaping and carrying out environmental legislation and policy. NGOs have the ability to and frequently do so in the process of defending the environment. Contrary to the common belief that nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) are constantly critical of government activities, it is now commonly acknowledged that NGOs also contribute constructively in order to enhance state initiatives towards environmental protection through cooperative partnerships. States don't inherently lose out; in fact, they frequently gain from more NGO participation and access. NGOs connect local and international players and needs. Many people see the NGO's active involvement in environmental conservation as a welcome addition of civic virtue to all levels of government.

(b) Integration of Scientific and Traditional Knowledge for Sustainable Development.

Ans ) In order to achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to implement well-balanced, interconnected policies that promote social fairness among all nations and communities as well as economic growth and the decrease of poverty. Governments and other stakeholders from around the world have realised that, in addition to the need to respect various cultures and traditions, fostering diversity is also a critical step toward achieving overall sustainability. As a result, it is important to merge, improve, and harness the two types of knowledge. It is also important to make more use of traditional knowledge, technology, and scientific knowledge. The collaboration of traditional and scientific knowledge is necessary to address many concerns, particularly those relating to the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable management of natural resources. In order to achieve sustainable development, it will be necessary for scientists working in formally organised institutions and those who possess traditional knowledge in formally unorganised sectors, such as communities in non-industrialized areas, to collaborate more closely.

In order to address the topic of knowledge and sustainable development, the World Conference on Science (WCS), which was organised by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1999 in Budapest, Hungary, also discussed this new and developing understanding. For sustainable development, the conference advised strengthening and utilising both conventional knowledge and scientific capabilities. The Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge, which was adopted during this conference, states:

"Scientific understanding has produced amazing technologies that have greatly benefited humanity. It also acknowledges that it will be difficult to apply this knowledge responsibly to meet human wants and goals. In order to tackle the difficulties of the future, this endeavour necessitates a large-scale collaboration between science and society.

Representatives of the international scientific and technological communities, the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) community of traditional knowledge and practises, and individuals from business and industry have recently started a dialogue and agreed to explore the possibility of creating partnership projects with UNESCO in various parts of the world.

Ans ) Two different environmental issues are connected to agriculture:

The high potential areas : These are the rain-fed regions, such as South Asia (regions of the Green Revolution), where high yielding cultivars, significant amounts of fertiliser, pesticides, and herbicides are employed. In these regions, high input agriculture has increased food production during the past few decades. The overuse of chemical fertilisers, insecticides, and herbicides as well as the pumping out of groundwater has significant negative ecological, economic, and sociopolitical effects. For instance, new hybrid wheat and rice varieties, fertilisers, and irrigation helped Punjab usher in an agricultural revolution. As a result of the procedure, the water tables fell as a result of the increasing demand for water needed for paddy cultivation, causing the farmers to pump out additional ground water. The equilibrium of nutrients was upset by the overuse of fertilisers. Other water sources, such as streams and rivers, were contaminated by the run off water from the farms, which contained pesticides and other agrochemicals. In other places, like Uttar Pradesh, high salt build up frequently caused good farming land to be abandoned.

Less favoured areas : The land is becoming degraded and deforested in rural regions, particularly in Africa, due to erosive and unsustainable farming practises. The poor fertility quality of the soil has been made even worse by the difficult availability to fertilisers, agrochemicals, and irrigation systems. Precision farming, integrated pest control, high yielding cultivars, and enhanced water management techniques are sustainable farming methods based on agricultural technology.

(d) Innovative Practices in Sustainable Development of Water and Energy Resources.

Ans ) Rainwater Harvesting : In India, a number of organisations are developing rainwater harvesting techniques. The activity of the ASTRA organisation in peninsular India is the most noteworthy. Since water is the most important resource in peninsular India, a region with an average annual rainfall of roughly 700 mm, which is home to about 1000 households, was selected (10 villages). Ponds are used to collect rainwater, and a basic sand filter system is used to clean it. After being cleansed, the water is redirected to aquifers made of permeable rock underground. When needed, the stored water can be pumped out and used for agriculture.

Indigenous Systems of Tapping Water : Tribal farmers in India's hills employ traditional techniques to collect water from springs and streams for drip irrigation. Such a technique has been commonly used in Meghalaya for about 200 years. The process employs bamboo pipes. The system is so well-designed that the amount of spring water that enters the bamboo pipes per minute is reduced to 20–80 drops per minute at the plant site after travelling several hundred metres. Typically, betel leaf or black pepper crops grown in areca nut orchards or mixed orchards are irrigated using this technology. Farmers who have united as a cooperative take care of the bamboo supports and pipes. Water is distributed by directing it from one field to another at predetermined intervals.

Alternative Sources of Energy Alternative energy sources are being researched as a means of reducing air pollution. In order to do this, various renewable natural resources including solar, hydro, and wind energy are being utilised more frequently. Solar energy is directly converted into electrical energy by photovoltaic cells, which may then be used to power everything from calculators to cars to home appliances. In a thermal-solar system, sunlight is reflected from solar panels onto water-storing collectors. Thus, the water is heated to create steam, which powers the turbines that generate energy. As a result of its high hydrogen concentration and low carbon content in vehicle emissions, compressed natural gas (CNG) is also utilised.

Q8. Explain the following in about 250 words each: (5x4=20)

(a) Cooperatives and Sustainable Development

Ans ) The main component of community-based economic growth is cooperatives. Communities pursuing sustainable development initiatives must comprehend how their economic activities (agricultural and industry) support local quality of life while preserving the ecological foundation and satisfying basic necessities (food, health, education, transportation, etc.). Numerous local economies have fallen apart as a result of the depletion of natural resources. In order to create and develop fresh approaches to living sustainably, numerous local groups have joined forces as collective communities and are being organised as cooperatives. They take on initiatives that employ a participative methodology and seek to revitalise and restore cultural institutions and practises.

Cooperation in Ancient India: Since the beginning of time, India has engaged in cooperative activities. Kula, Grama, Sreni, and Jati were the four main types of cooperatives used in ancient India.

Cooperative Movement in India: India implemented a policy of planned economic development after gaining independence in 1947, giving its population individual liberty, equality, and a living wage.

Structure of Cooperative Institutions: All state and federal cooperative institutions are associated with the National Cooperative Union of India (NCUI), which serves as the cooperative movement's governing body.

Function of Cooperatives: Based on their functions, the cooperatives can be roughly classified into two types:

Cooperatives for lending to farmers.

Credit cooperatives that are not agricultural.

Role of Cooperatives in Sustainable Development: As we've seen, cooperative societies are institutions that link the lowest echelons of society with the highest levels of authority. As a result, the cooperatives are crucial to the process of sustainable development.

(b) Sustained Livelihood

Ans ) Sustainable living is a way to safeguard and manage "the natural and physical environment" better. The Department for International Development (DFID) pledges to support "sustainable livelihoods" in the 1997 White Paper on International Development. A sustainable livelihood is defined as "the capacities, assets (including both material and social resources), and activities necessary for a means of subsistence" in the White Paper. A livelihood is sustainable if it can withstand stresses and shocks, recover from them, and retain or improve its capabilities and assets both today and in the future without compromising the capital asset of the natural resource.

Transnational business relocates activities from a high-cost production location to a low-cost production area and introduces production systems with no connections to the local communities' resource usage practises and ways of life. These communities are cut off from their own resources and property. International agreements limit parties' options for pursuing claims and gaining access to resources. The framework now in use divides the capital assets a person uses to support his or her lifestyle into five categories:

Natural: The natural resource stocks that provide resource flows that support lives (e.g. land, water, wildlife, biodiversity, environmental resources).

Social : The social resources that people use to pursue their livelihoods, such as networks, group membership, trust-based relationships, and access to larger institutions of society.

Human : The capacity to seek various modes of subsistence depends on one's abilities, knowledge, ability to labour, and physical and mental health.

Physical : the essential facilities (such as transportation, housing, energy, and communications) as well as the tools and resources for production that allow people to work.

Financial : The financial resources that people have access to (such as savings, credit, regular remittances, or pensions), which give them a variety of livelihood possibilities.

Ans ) Indigenous people, the underprivileged, and the minority have spearheaded mass protests against many environmental injustices in developing nations. They have organised rallies over the past 20 years against the placement of hazardous companies or the exploitation of underprivileged areas as landfills for toxic waste. These organisations were given a platform at the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit in 1992, where it was decided that grassroots engagement was necessary for both environmental conservation and economic development.

Millions of people engaged in the Chipko Andolan in India, which sought to stop the logging of trees in the Himalayas, and the Narmada Bachao Aandolan, which opposed the building of dams on the Narmada River. Both initiatives aimed to protest the environmental injustices of vested interests. Over the years, people have taken part in a number of protests involving environmental protection and have sought legal assistance to get justice for people, such as the Bhopal disaster victims. The process of obtaining justice has been greatly accelerated through public interest litigations (PIL). On the basis of a PIL, the Supreme Court of India ordered the closure of various polluting tanneries and industrial facilities along the Ganga.

India's state has had a larger role since gaining independence. Authoritarian forces that manage resources and developmental processes have grown more powerful. In practise, less people participate voluntarily, and people are far more reliant on the government. This has significantly hindered the development process. To lessen reliance on the government, it is necessary to rediscover and put into practise the meaning of voluntarism and public engagement. To follow the road of sustainable development, people should be able to govern their own settings.

(d) Sustainable and non-sustainable activities

Ans ) The idea of sustainable development encompasses not only the environment but also our society and economy. The idea of sustainability is concerned with how human growth affects the environment. The inappropriate use of natural resources and improper waste management are the main causes of today's environmental concerns. Environmental protection, steady economic growth, and social equality are all aspects of sustainability. The goal of sustainable development is to raise everyone's standard of living. Additionally, it offers various goods to various people. The concept has been understood and used to fit the demands of everyone from sensitive environmentalists to liberal marketers. It is comparable to the ideas of justice and democracy, which are never in dispute but are interpreted to suit ideologically opposed factions. However, the undisputed definition of sustainable activities, which is the baseline agreement, can be summed up as follows:

Use the items repeatedly.

Utilize dependable energy sources consistently.

Utilize the morally upright and constructive side of people.

wish for slower but more durable growth.

Activities are unsustainable when they:

Wastefully overusing natural resources.

Renewal takes longer than consumption.

Species extinction due to excessive living forms.

Cause the ecosystem to gradually deteriorate.

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Mar 24, 2024 | IGNOU

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IGNOU-BSOG 171 Solved Assignment 2022-2023 (Indian Society: Images and Realities)

1 Assignment A
2 Answer the following in about 500 words each.
3 1. How was Indian civilization seen through the cultural essence approach.
4 2. Critically examine the Indological view of India.
5 Assignment B
6 Answer the following questions in about 250 words each.
7 3. Explain the nature of political unification brought about by the British in India.
8 4. Discuss the Indian village as an economic unit.
9 5. How does the Constitution of India safeguard the linguistic diversity of India?
10 Assignment C
11 Write a note on the following in about 100 words each.
12 6. Minority groups
13 7. Parallel and Cross-cousins
14 8. Pastoralists
15 9. Pandita Ramabai
16.1 How to Download BSOG 171 Solved Assignment?
16.2 Is the BSOG 171 Solved Assignment Free?
16.3 What is the last submission date for BSOG 171 Assignment?

Assignment A

Answer the following in about 500 words each., 1. how was indian civilization seen through the cultural essence approach..

Ans: Indian civilization, one of the oldest in the world, has been studied and analyzed through various lenses. The cultural essence approach is one such lens that looks at the civilization through the cultural and spiritual values that have defined the nation and its people.

From ancient times, India has been a land of diverse cultures and religions, and this diversity has been one of the defining characteristics of its civilization. The religious beliefs and practices of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism have greatly influenced the cultural essence of the Indian society. The ancient scriptures and texts like the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, and the Puranas have served as the guiding lights for the people and have imparted moral and ethical values that are still relevant today.

The concept of ahimsa (non-violence), for instance, has been an integral part of Indian culture and has been central to the teachings of many religious and spiritual leaders. This value has found expression in the Indian way of life, in the form of vegetarianism, and in the Gandhian movement for independence. The idea of dharma, which encompasses the moral and ethical responsibilities of an individual, is another such value that has been central to Indian civilization.

The rich cultural heritage of India is also evident in its art and architecture. From the rock-cut caves of Ajanta and Ellora to the towering temples of Khajuraho, Indian architecture has been an expression of the cultural and spiritual values of the people. The sculptures and paintings in these temples are a testament to the rich artistic traditions of India, which have been handed down through generations.

Indian classical music and dance are other forms of cultural expression that have been an integral part of the Indian civilization. From the devotional bhajans to the sophisticated classical forms like Kathak and Bharatanatyam, Indian music and dance have been an expression of the emotions and spiritual experiences of the people.

2. Critically examine the Indological view of India.

Ans: The Indological view of India is a perspective that has been shaped over centuries by Western scholarship and seeks to understand the Indian civilization and culture through the lens of Western thought and values. This view has been influential in shaping the popular understanding of India and its people, but it has also been criticized for being limited, incomplete, and often biased.

One of the key criticisms of the Indological view is that it has been based on a limited set of sources and has failed to take into account the diversity of experiences and perspectives within Indian society. This has resulted in a one-dimensional view of India that neglects the complexity and richness of its civilization and culture. For instance, Indologists have often portrayed ancient Indian society as being static and unchanging, ignoring the dynamic processes of change and evolution that have shaped the Indian civilization.

Another criticism of the Indological view is that it has often been based on colonial-era scholarship that was driven by colonial interests and a desire to understand and control India. This has resulted in a view of India that is heavily influenced by colonial perspectives and biases, and fails to accurately represent the Indian civilization and culture.

The Indological view has also been criticized for being Eurocentric, as it has been shaped by Western philosophical and cultural traditions and has often been used to compare and evaluate Indian civilization and culture in terms of Western values and norms. This has resulted in a narrow and limited understanding of India that fails to appreciate the unique contributions and perspectives of Indian civilization.

In addition, the Indological view has been criticized for its focus on the ancient past, to the exclusion of the more recent and contemporary aspects of Indian society. This has resulted in a view of India that is disconnected from the realities of the modern world, and fails to take into account the significant changes and developments that have taken place in India in recent times.

Despite these criticisms, the Indological view of India has had a profound impact on the way that India and its people have been perceived and understood in the Western world. It has also played a significant role in shaping the study of Indian civilization and culture and has provided valuable insights into the rich and diverse heritage of India.

Assignment B

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each., 3. explain the nature of political unification brought about by the british in india..

Ans: The British political unification of India was a process that took place over a period of several centuries, beginning in the late 18th century and lasting until the mid-20th century. This process was driven by a combination of economic, military, and administrative factors. The British East India Company was the primary agent of British control over India, using its military power to conquer and control large parts of the subcontinent.

The British implemented a number of policies aimed at unifying India politically and administratively, including the creation of a centralized system of government, the establishment of a uniform legal code, and the construction of a nationwide infrastructure of roads, railways, and telegraph lines. These efforts helped to consolidate British control over India and created the conditions for a more integrated political and administrative system.

Despite the political and administrative unification brought about by the British, India remained a highly diverse and fragmented society, with different regions, religions, and ethnic groups maintaining their own distinct cultural and political traditions. The British also maintained a policy of divide-and-rule, pitting different groups against each other in order to maintain their control over the country.

The political unification of India brought about by the British had a profound impact on the subcontinent, shaping its modern political and economic landscape. On one hand, it helped to create a more integrated and connected country, laying the foundations for a modern nation-state. On the other hand, it also contributed to the marginalization and oppression of many groups, fueling resistance and struggles for independence. Today, India continues to be a country of great diversity, but it remains unified politically and administratively, with a strong central government and a vibrant democratic system.

4. Discuss the Indian village as an economic unit.

Ans: The Indian village has traditionally been seen as an economic unit, with agriculture being the main source of livelihood for the majority of the population. Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy for centuries, providing sustenance and employment to millions of people across the country. Villages in India have a rich cultural heritage and a strong sense of community, with people living and working together in close-knit groups.

Agricultural production in Indian villages is often characterized by small and fragmented landholdings, low levels of investment, and limited use of modern technology. This has resulted in low productivity levels and limited economic growth in many rural areas. The government has implemented various programs aimed at improving the economic conditions in villages, including investment in infrastructure, support for small and medium-sized enterprises, and the promotion of agribusiness.

Despite the challenges, the Indian village continues to be an important source of economic activity, with many villages boasting a thriving local economy. The informal sector, including small-scale businesses, handicrafts, and services, plays a significant role in generating employment and income for rural residents. The development of non-farm activities, such as tourism, has also become an important source of income for many villages.

5. How does the Constitution of India safeguard the linguistic diversity of India?

Ans: The Constitution of India recognizes the importance of linguistic diversity and provides several provisions to safeguard the rights of linguistic minorities. The Constitution recognizes the official use of 22 different languages, including Hindi and English, and acknowledges the importance of preserving the diversity of Indian languages.

One of the key provisions of the Constitution that safeguards linguistic diversity is the use of the federal system of government. This system allows for the decentralization of power and decision-making, ensuring that local languages and cultures are protected and recognized. Additionally, the Constitution provides for the establishment of special linguistic schools and colleges, as well as the use of mother tongue in the education system.

Another important provision of the Constitution is the guarantee of the freedom of speech and expression, which includes the right to use any language. This provision is important in ensuring that linguistic minorities are able to express themselves freely and to preserve their cultural heritage.

The Constitution also provides for the establishment of linguistic provinces, which allows for the creation of states based on linguistic identities. This has helped to preserve the linguistic and cultural heritage of different regions and has ensured that the rights of linguistic minorities are protected.

Assignment C

Write a note on the following in about 100 words each., 6. minority groups.

Ans: Minority groups are defined as social groups that have less power, fewer resources, and a smaller representation in a society compared to the dominant group. They may be differentiated based on characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, language, sexuality, and ability. Minority groups often face discrimination, prejudice, and unequal treatment due to their minority status. They are also frequently subject to institutionalized forms of oppression and marginalized in political, economic, and social spheres. It is important to acknowledge and address the challenges faced by minority groups in order to create a more inclusive and equitable society. This involves promoting diversity, challenging systemic inequalities, and advocating for the rights of minority groups.

7. Parallel and Cross-cousins

Ans: Parallel cousins and cross-cousins are terms used to describe the relationship between cousins in a family. Parallel cousins are the children of siblings of the same gender, while cross-cousins are the children of siblings of the opposite gender. For example, a person’s mother’s brother’s child and a person’s father’s sister’s child are considered cross-cousins.

In many cultures, the relationship between parallel and cross-cousins can have significant cultural and social implications. For instance, cross-cousins may have a closer relationship and be expected to have a stronger bond, while parallel cousins may have a more distant relationship. The relationship between cousins also affects the dynamics of inheritance and property rights. Understanding the cultural and social significance of parallel and cross-cousin relationships is important for understanding family dynamics and relationships in different cultures.

8. Pastoralists

Ans: Pastoralists are people who rely on raising livestock, such as cattle, sheep, and goats, for their livelihood. They live a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle, moving their herds to different grazing lands in search of fresh pasture for their animals. Pastoralism is a traditional way of life for many communities in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.

Pastoralists play an important role in maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance in their ecosystems. They also contribute significantly to the economies of their regions through the sale of livestock and dairy products. However, pastoralists often face challenges such as loss of grazing land, conflict with farmers and other groups, and the impact of climate change.

Recognizing the importance of pastoralism and supporting pastoral communities is crucial for sustainable development and food security. This involves promoting policies that respect the rights and livelihoods of pastoralists, protecting their grazing lands, and ensuring their access to markets and other resources.

9. Pandita Ramabai

Ans: Pandita Ramabai was a 19th-century Indian social reformer and activist who dedicated her life to improving the status of women in India. She was born into a Brahmin family in Maharashtra and became a child widow at the age of 11. Despite facing discrimination and opposition, she became one of the first women in India to receive a modern education.

Ramabai was a strong advocate for the education and empowerment of women and worked to improve the lives of widows and girls. She established the Sharada Sadan, a home for widows, and the Mukti Mission, a school for girls. She also wrote several books, including “The High-Caste Hindu Woman,” which provided a critical perspective on the treatment of women in Hindu society.

Ramabai’s work and activism were influential in shaping the Indian women’s movement and her legacy continues to inspire generations of women activists and reformers. She remains a symbol of courage, determination, and the fight for women’s rights in India.

10. Zamindari System

Ans: Zamindari System was a feudal land tenure system in India that existed during British rule. It allowed landlords, called zamindars, to collect rent from tenant farmers in exchange for the right to use the land. This system was widely criticized for its exploitation of the rural population and their poverty, as well as the lack of security and protection for tenants. The government eventually abolished the Zamindari System in the 1950s, through the Zamindari Abolition Act, aimed at promoting land reform and ending the economic exploitation of rural communities. The act redistributed land to tenant farmers and provided them with ownership rights. The Zamindari System remains a significant part of India’s history, as it illustrates the impact of colonialism and the struggle for land rights in the country.

How to Download BSOG 171 Solved Assignment?

You can download it from the www.edukar.in , they have a big database for all the IGNOU solved assignments.

Is the BSOG 171 Solved Assignment Free?

Yes this is absolutely free to download the solved assignment from www.edukar.in

What is the last submission date for BSOG 171 Assignment?

For June Examination: 31st March, For December Examination: 30th September

IGNOU BPYG-171-Solved Assignment 2022-2023 Applied Ethics

IGNOU Assignments 2022-23

Table of Contents

Today, I am excited to guide students on how to access and download the latest IGNOU assignments questions booklet for the academic year 2022-23. Typically, the university distributes the assignment booklet alongside the study material. Nevertheless, in instances where students may not have received it from their study centers, there is an alternative option available: downloading it online in the convenient PDF format. Also, you may like to download IGNOU Assignment Front page .

The Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) consistently endeavors to facilitate the learning process for its students by providing essential resources. One such crucial resource is the assignment booklet, which plays a pivotal role in the assessment and evaluation of students’ academic progress. Therefore, it’s imperative that every student has access to these assignment questions.

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First, allow me to explain the significance of downloading the IGNOU assignment booklet for your specific program.

The IGNOU assignment booklet is an essential resource because it is through these assignments that students engage with their course material and demonstrate their understanding. These completed assignments must then be submitted to their respective study centers as part of the assessment process.

To accomplish this, students must download the IGNOU assignment question papers, which serve as the foundation for their assignments. These questions must be answered and the assignments completed within the stipulated timeframe, as indicated by the university. The last date to submit Ignou solved assignment can be checked online or by referring to the assignment booklet itself, typically located in the initial pages.

In essence, the IGNOU assignment booklet is not merely a study aid; it is a vital tool that ensures students stay on track with their coursework, engage deeply with the material, and meet the assessment deadlines set by the university.

How to download IGNOU assignment 2022-23?

It’s that time of the year when students who enrolled in the July session of IGNOU for the year 2022-23 need to submit their assignments. These assignments are the latest ones, eagerly awaited by students who are looking to download and complete them. Let’s go through the process of how to download IGNOU assignment question papers for the academic year 2022-23.

To start, open your web browser and go to the ubiquitous Google search engine – google.com.

Upon performing a quick search, you’ll notice that the first result directs you to the official IGNOU website, where you can download the assignments.

Click on this link to access the IGNOU website and locate the section where you can download the assignments for the year 2022-23.

Here, you’ll find a list of different academic programs, each with corresponding links beneath them. Click on the program for which you are enrolled and are seeking assignments.

Let’s say, for example, you’re enrolled in the MA History program. Clicking on this program will lead you to a new webpage where you’ll find links categorized by academic years for downloading assignments.

Next, select the category for the year 2022-2023, either for the first year or second year assignments, depending on your academic level.

It’s important to note that these assignments are available in both English and Hindi mediums, allowing you to choose the language that aligns with your program registration.

Upon clicking the assignment link for the chosen academic year, you’ll notice that the last submission date is mentioned within the assignment booklet. This date is critical, as it indicates the deadline by which you must submit your completed assignments.

Here’s a simple step-by-step guide to help you download the IGNOU assignment 2022-23 questions booklet online:

Visit the Official IGNOU Website: Begin by going to the official website of IGNOU, which can be accessed at www.ignou.ac.in .
Navigate to ‘Student Zone’: Look for the ‘Student Zone’ section on the website. This section typically contains various resources and links aimed at assisting students.
Locate ‘Assignment’ or ‘Downloads’: Within the ‘Student Zone,’ you should be able to find a section related to ‘Assignments’ or ‘Downloads.’ Click on this section to proceed.
Select Your Course and Session: You may need to specify your course and the session (in this case, 2022-23) to access the relevant materials.
Download the Assignment Questions Booklet: Once you’ve selected your course and session, you should be able to see the assignment questions booklet for your specific program. Click on the download link to save it as a PDF file to your device.
Print or Save: You can either print a hard copy of the assignment booklet or save it on your computer or smartphone for easy reference throughout the academic year.

This user-friendly online access to the assignment booklet ensures that no student is left without the necessary study materials. It’s important to check the IGNOU website regularly for updates, as the university may release revised or additional materials over the course of the academic year.

By following these steps, students can conveniently obtain the assignment questions booklet and continue their educational journey with IGNOU smoothly. This approach not only saves time but also ensures that you have all the resources you need to excel in your studies.

Completing these assignments within the specified time frame is a crucial part of your academic journey with IGNOU, so be sure to mark the submission deadline in your calendar and get started on your assignments promptly. Happy learning!

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IGNOU Solved Assignment 2024 | IGNOU Solved Assignments Free Download 2023-2024

Are you an IGNOU student who wants to download IGNOU Solved Assignment 2024 ? Is free download of IGNOU assignments what you’re looking for?

In this article, we will share some important information about IGNOU Solved Assignments 2023-2024, including free downloads, and we will also provide you with all the solved assignments for this course.

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IGNOU Assignment Solutions for 2024 have been uploaded. Assignments for all programs in the new session are available for download on this page. Students are required to download these assignments, which are essential for term exams

How to Download IGNOU Solved Assignments Question Papers

To download IGNOU solved assignment question papers, follow these steps:

Visit the official website of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) at www.ignou.ac.in .
Look for the “Student Support” tab or a similar section on the homepage.
Under the Student Support section, find the “Student Zone” or “Downloads” option and click on it.
In the Downloads section, locate the “Assignment” or “Question Papers” category, listed under various subcategories.
Once in the Assignment or Question Papers section, click to access the available options.
You will likely see a list of courses or programs. Select your specific course or program to find the assignment question papers.
After selecting the course, a list of assignment question papers for different years or sessions will appear. Choose the relevant year or session for the papers you need.
Click on the desired assignment question paper to initiate the download; it is usually in PDF format.
The file will start downloading to your device. Once complete, open the PDF file to view and print the assignment question paper.

If you can’t find the assignment question papers on the IGNOU website, consider contacting your regional IGNOU center or reaching out to the student support helpline for assistance.”

IGNOU Bachelor Degree Solved Assignments 2024 :-

If you have taken admission in IGNOU’s Bachelor Degree Program, then choose your program and download your solved assignment quickly. Some key points:”

Student assignments are carefully checked by IGNOU Study Centres. It is the candidates’ responsibility to write the best assignment solution before submitting it for evaluation.

We have provided a few solutions for just helping students, but they are expected to incorporate the given answer into a new answer using their skills and knowledge. The IGNOU Study Materials which are available online can help you make a solution to assignments by incorporating existing solved assignments.

IGNOU Master Degree Assignments Solutions

If you have taken admission in IGNOU Master Degree Program , then choose your program and download your solved assignment quickly. Some key points:

Post Graduate Certificate Courses Solved Assignment Download

If you have taken admission in IGNOU Post Graduate Certificate Courses , then choose your program and download your solved assignment quickly. Some key points:

Diploma Courses Solved Assignment IGNOU

If you have taken admission in IGNOU Diploma Courses Solved Assignment , then choose your program and download your solved assignment quickly. Some key points:

Certificate Courses IGNOU Assignment Solutions

If you have taken admission in IGNOU Certificate Courses Solved Assignment , then choose your program and download your solved assignment quickly. Some key points:

Important Note For Writing The IGNOU Assignment

Write all the assignments with your own hand.
Do not hastily copy from someone else.
The weight of the IGNOU assignment is 30% of the total marks, so handle this with care.
Submit the assignment to your learning center teacher before the due date

How to Score 90+ In IGNOU Solved Assignments?

Understand the Guidelines: Familiarize yourself with the assignment guidelines provided by IGNOU. Pay attention to formatting, word limits, and submission deadlines.
Thorough Research: Conduct comprehensive research on the assignment topics. Utilize course materials, textbooks, and additional resources to enhance the quality of your answers.
Clarity and Conciseness: Present your ideas clearly and concisely. Ensure that your responses are well-organized and directly address the assignment questions.
Originality: Provide original and thoughtful answers. Avoid plagiarism by properly citing sources and expressing ideas in your own words.
Follow a Structure: Organize your assignments with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Use headings and subheadings to make your responses easy to follow.
Engage with Study Material: Actively engage with the study material provided by IGNOU. Understand the concepts thoroughly to answer questions with depth.
Stay Organized: Maintain a well-organized study schedule to manage your time effectively. This includes allocating time for research, writing, and revision.

Remember that scoring high in IGNOU Solved Assignments requires a combination of diligence, understanding of the subject matter, and adherence to assignment guidelines.

FAQ on IGNOU Assignment 2024

January 2023, the last date for submission of assignments 15th October

Each and every assignment available here are solved . It is helpful for all students who have to submit their assignments.

IGNOU official website will open. Click on “Download”. The download page will appear. Click on “Assignments”. Assignment page will appear. Click on Programmes to check the Assignment question. The Assignment of the programme will open on the new page. Download the Assignment.

June 2022, the last date for submission of assignments 15th March

BCOC 135 Solved Assignment 2022 – 23 [IGNOU BCOMG]

Bcoc 135 solved assignment 2022 – 23, ignou bcomg – 3rd semester, course code: bcoc-135 (co mpany law), assignment code: bcoc-135/tma/2022-23.

COVERAGE: ALL BLOCKS

Maximum Marks: 100

Note: Attempt all the questions.

BCOC 135 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2022 – 23

In this post you will get BCOC 135 Solved Assignment 2022 – 23 . Subject Title is Company Law which is an important subject of IGNOU BCOMG 3rd Semester. All the IGNOU BCOMG solved assignment are free. Visit our blog regularly for more solved assignment.

1. Discuss types of company on the basis of liability. (10)

Ans: Registered or Incorporated Companies: Companies registered under the Companies Act, 2013, or the earlier Companies Acts are called registered companies. Such companies come into existence when they are registered under the Companies Act and a certificate of incorporation is granted to them by the Registrar. On the basis of liability, a registered company may be (a) a company limited by shares, or (b) a company limited by guarantee, or (c) an unlimited company.

(a) Companies limited by shares: [Sec. 2(22) of Companies Act, 2013]. In a company limited by shares the liability of the members is limited by the memorandum to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares respectively held by them. The liability can be enforced during the existence of the company as well as during the winding up. Where the shares are fully paid, no further liability rests on them. The Companies limited by shares may be either ‘private’ or public companies. For example, if a person holds 500 shares of the value of Rs. 10 and has paid Rs. 5 per share with the application and allotment of shares, his total liability will be Rs. 2,500 which can be called up at any time.

(b) Companies limited by guarantee: [Sec. 2(21) of Companies Act, 2013]. It is a registered company public or private, in which the liability of members is limited to such amounts as they may respectively undertake in the memorandum to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being would up. In the case of such companies, the liability of its members is limited, to the amount of guarantee undertaken by them. The members are not required to contribute while the company is a going concern.

A company limited by guarantee may or may not have a share capital. If it has a share capital, the liability of the members is twofold; (1) liability to pay the share amount; and (2) the amount guaranteed.

A guarantee company without share capital does not obtain its initial and working funds from its members, but from some other source or sources e.g., grants, endowments, fees, subscriptions and the like. But a guarantee company having a share capital raises its initial capital from its members, while the normal working funds would be provided from other sources such as fees, charges, etc. The Companies limited by guarantee may also be either Private or Public Companies.

Every company limited by guarantee must have its memorandum and articles of association. The memorandum shall state that each member undertakes to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up while he is a member or within one year after he ceases to be a member for payment of the debts and liabilities of the company such amount as may be required not exceeding a specified amount. In other words, the members give guarantee that when the company is to be wound up, they will contribute a certain fixed amount towards the assets of the company, if those assets are not sufficient to pay its debts.

(c) Unlimited companies: [Sec. 2(92) of Companies Act, 2013]. A company not having any limit on the liability of its members is termed as unlimited company. In such a company the liability of each member extends to the whole amount of the company’s debts and liabilities, but he will be entitled to claim contribution from other members. The articles shall state the number of members with which the company is to be registered and if the company has a share capital, the amount of share capital with which the company is to be registered. Such companies are rarely formed.

There are two varieties of each of these kinds of companies, i.e., companies limited by shares, companies limited by guarantee and unlimited companies. A company may be companies limited by guarantee and unlimited companies either a public company or a private company.

2. Define a private company and explain the procedure of converting a private company into public company. (10)

Ans: Private company [Sec.2 (68)] : A private company is normally what the Americans call a ‘close corporation’. According to Sec.2 (68) , a private company means a company which has a minimum paid-up capital as may be prescribed, and by its Articles:

a. Restricts the right to transfer its shares, if any. The restriction is meant to preserve the private character of the company.

b. Except in case of one-person company, limits the number of its members to 200 not including its employee-members. Joint shareholders shall be counted as one member only.

c. Prohibits any invitation to the public to subscribe for any securities. In other words, a private company shall not make a public issue of its securities.

Conversion of private company into public company

Where a private company alters its articles by passing special resolution in such a manner that they no longer include the restrictions and limitations which are required to be included in the articles of a private company, then such company shall cease to be a private company from the date of such alteration. The following procedure should be followed to convert private company into public limited company:

a) The very first step in the conversion of a Public Limited Company is to convey a Board Meeting.Notice for Board Meeting should be given least 7 days from date of the board meeting.

b) The Board of directors shall convey the extraordinary General Meeting to approve the conversion of the private company into public company.

c) Special resolution must be passed by the shareholders to alter the memorandum and articles of association of the company.

d) Special resolution to delete the word “private” from the company’s name must be passed.

e) The Company shall file Form INC-27 with the Registrar of the Company within 15 days from the date of holding an extraordinary general meeting along with the following documents:

– Altered memorandum and articles of association

– Certified copy of special resolution

– Minutes of members meeting

– Order of competent authority in case of conversion from a public company to a private company

f) After receiving above documents, the registrar verifies all these documents and issue of new certificate of incorporation if he finds all documents are correct.

g) After getting new certificate of incorporation, Compliance of provisions applicable on public companies like appointment of additional no. of Directors and increase in no. of members must be done.

3. Explain the doctrine of ultra vires. What are the effects of ultra vires transactions? (10)

Ans: Doctrine of Ultra vires

The word Ultra means beyond and vires means powers. So, simply Ultra vires means any act of the company outside the scope of memorandum of association. An act is said to be ultra vires when it is performed, is not authorised by the object clause in the memorandum of association. The Companies Act requires that the memorandum of every company must state the object of the company. The objects must be legal and not be against the provision of the companies Act, 2013.

The object clause requires that every company must devote itself only to the objects set out in the memorandum. Thus memorandum fixes the area beyond which a company cannot operate. Any activities beyond the object clause of the company are ultra vires the company. Such an act is void and cannot be ratified even by unanimous resolution of all the shareholders. But any act is ultra vires the articles, it can be ratified by altering the articles by passing a special resolution in the general meeting.

The main purpose of this doctrine is to protect the interest of the shareholders. They are assured that their investment is not spent on activities which are authorised by the memorandum of association. Also it safeguards the interest of the creditors as the property of the company cannot be diverted to unauthorized objects.

Consequences/Effects of Doctrine of Ultra vires

a) Void ab initio: The ultra vires acts are null and void ab initio. The company is not bound by these acts. Even the company cannot sue or be sued upon. Ultra vires contracts are void ab initio and hence cannot become intra vires by reason of estoppel or ratification.

b) Injunction: The members can get an injunction to restrain a company wherein ultra vires act has been or is about to be undertaken.

c) Personal liability of Directors: It is one of the duties of directors to ensure that the corporate capital is used only for the legitimate business of the company and hence if such capital is diverted to purposes alien to the company’s memorandum, the directors will be personally liable to replace it.

d) Company’s money: Where a company’s money has been used ultra vires to acquire some property, the company’s right over such property is held secure and the company will be the right party to protect the property. This is because, though the property has been acquired for some ultra vires object, it represents the money of the company.

e) Borrowing: If company has no borrowing powers or has already exceeded or borrowings are made for the purpose which is ultra vires, then the contract of loan is void and no action can be brought under it to recover the money lent. Ultra vires borrowing does not create the relationship of creditor and debtor.

f) Ultra vires torts: A company will be liable for torts or crimes committed in the pursuit of its stated objects. But a tort or crime committed in the course of activity which is ultra vires the company, the company would not be liable.

4. What are sweat equity shares? Discuss the conditions for issuing the sweat equity shares. (10)

Ans: Sweat Equity Shares: The expression ‘sweat equity shares’ means equity shares issued by the company to employees or directors at a discount or for consideration other than cash for providing know-how or making available right in the nature of intellectual property rights or value additions, by whatever name called. The companies will be allowed to issue Sweat Equity Shares if authorized by a resolution passed by a general meeting.

The resolution should specify the number of shares, their value and class or classes of directors or employees to whom such equity is proposed to be issued. The issue of sweat equity shares will be further subject to regulations made by SEBI in this behalf. All limitations, restrictions and provisions relating to equity shares shall be applicable to sweat equity shares as well.

Section 54(1) provides that notwithstanding anything contained in Section 53, a company can issue sweat equity shares, of a class of shares already issued, if the following conditions are satisfied:

(i) the issue has been authorized by a special resolution passed by the company in the general meeting.

(ii) the following are clearly specified in the resolution:

(a) number of shares;

(b) current market price;

(d) class or classes of directors or employees to whom such equity shares are to be issued.

(iii) Where shares are listed on a recognized stock exchange, the company issuing sweat equity shares should comply with the regulations made in this behalf by SEBI.

(iv) a company whose shares are not so listed should issue sweat equity shares in compliance with the rules made in this behalf by the Central Government i.e., Companies (Share Capital and Debentures)Rules, 2014.

Section 54(1)(d) of the Act provides that where the equity shares of the company are listed on a recognised stock exchange, the sweat equity shares are issued in accordance with the regulations made by the SEBI and if they are not so listed, the sweat equity shares are issued in accordance with Rule 8 of Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules, 2014.

5. Explain the duties of a company secretary. (10)

Ans: Duties of the Company Secretary

The duties of a company secretary are classified under the following heads:

A) General Duties: General duties of a company secretary are given below:

(1) To provide to the directors of the company, collectively and individually, such guidance as they may require, with regard to their duties, responsibilities and powers;

(2) To facilitate the convening of meetings and attend Board, committee and general meetings, and maintain the minutes of these meetings;

(3) To obtain approvals from the Board, general meetings, the Government and such other authorities as required under the provisions of the Act;

(4) To represent before various regulators, Tribunal and other authorities under the Act in connection with discharge of various functions under the Act;

(5) To assist the Board in the conduct of the affairs of the company;

(6) To assist and advise the Board in ensuring good corporate governance and in complying with the corporate governance requirements and best practices; and

(7) To discharge such other duties as may be assigned by the Board from time to time;

(8) Such other duties as have been prescribed under the Act and Rules.

B) Statutory Duties: Apart from general secretarial duties with regards to organizing Board and general meetings, keeping minutes of meeting, recording approved share transfers, corresponding with directors and shareholders,maintaining statutory records, filing necessary returns with Registrar of Companies etc., the Companies Act, 2013 has also prescribed some duties and authorities, which are as follow:

1 . Declaration regarding compliance with requirement of registration : In terms of section 7(1)(b) of the Companies Act, 2013, a company gets incorporated by submitting memorandum and articles duly signed along with a declaration in a prescribed form that all requirements of Act and rules have been complied with in respect of registration of company. Such declaration in prescribed form can be signed by an Advocate, a chartered accountant, cost accountant or company secretary in practice who is engaged in the formation of the company and by a person named in the articles as a director, manager or secretary of the company.

2. Authentication of documents, proceedings and contracts: A document or proceeding requiring authentication by a company or contract made by or on behalf of a company must be signed by any key managerial personnel or an officer of the company duly authorized by the Board in this behalf. However, in case of a company does not have a common seal, the requirement of law would be complied with if the authorization is done by two directors or by a director and the Company Secretary, wherever the company has appointed a Company Secretary.

3. Signing share certificate: Share certificates of the company should be signed by two directors (out of which one should be Managing Director or whole time director, if appointed) and Secretary or other person authorized by Board.

4. Signing annual return : Annual return to be filed with Registrar of Companies has to be signed by a director and Company Secretary. If Company does not have Company Secretary, the return can be signed by company secretary in practice.

5. Signing of financial statements : The financial statement, including consolidated financial statement is to be signed on behalf of the Board by the chairperson of the company where he is authorised by the Board or by two directors out of which one shall be managing director, if any, and the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer and the company secretary of the company, wherever they are appointed.

6. Appear before NCLT : A Company Secretary can appear before National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) on behalf of the company.

7. Secretary as Compliance Officer of listed company : As per clause (1) of Regulation 6 of SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015, a listed company is required to appoint the company secretary to act as ‘Compliance Officer’, who will be responsible for the following:

(a) ensuring conformity with the regulatory provisions applicable to the listed entity in letter and spirit.

(b) co-ordination with and reporting to the Board, recognised stock exchange(s) and depositories with respect to compliance with rules, regulations and other directives of these authorities.

(c) ensuring that the correct procedures have been followed that would result in the correctness, authenticity and comprehensiveness of the information, statements and reports filed by the listed entity.

(d) monitoring email address of grievance redressal division as designated by the listed entity for the purpose of registering complaints by investors.

8. Demat shares : Secretary has to coordinate between depository and stock exchange in case of demat shares.

9. Additional duties : In addition to statutory duties of company secretary, he is often entrusted with additional duties like looking after legal matters, personnel matters, finance and sometime even general administration.

10. Nodal Officer : Company secretary has to perform duty of nodal officer under IEPF Rules. He shall verify all applications filed to reclaim shares from IEPF.

6. What is National Company Law Tribunal? What are its powers? (6)

Ans: After Companies Act’ 2013 the Company Law Board has been abolished and a Tribunal known as the National Company Law Tribunal has been constituted. The powers which are earlier under the jurisdiction of the Company Law Board have been transferred to Central Government and some of this is transferred to NCLT by the central government. It consists of a president and such number of judicial and technical members as may be deemed necessary.

The powers of the Tribunal and Appellate Tribunal are described below:

(1) Powers as a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908: The Tribunal and the Appellate Tribunal shall enjoy the same powers as a civil court on the following matters:

(a) Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath;

(b) Requiring the discovery and production of documents;

(d) Subject to the provisions of sections 123 and 124 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872; requisitioning any public record or document or a copy of such record or document from any office;

(e) Issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents;

(f) Dismissing a representation for default or deciding it ex-parte;

(g) Setting aside any order of dismissal of any representation for default or any order passed by it ex-parte; and

(h) Any other matter which may be prescribed [Section 424 (2)].

(2) Execution of an order: Orders of Tribunals are enforceable in the manner of a court decree. In the case of a company, the order will be sent for enforcement to the court in whose local limits the office of the company is situated. In the case of individual order has to be sent to the court in whose local limits the individual resides, or carries on business or professional works for gain.

Proceedings before them are deemed to be judicial proceedings within the meaning of Sections 193 and 228 for the purposes of Section 198 IPC. Tribunals are deemed to be civil courts for the purposes of Section 195 and Chapter 26 CRPC, 1973.

(3) Power to Punish for Contempt [Section 425]: In respect of any contempt of an order of the Tribunal or Appellate Tribunal, they shall have the same powers and authority to punish for contempt as the High Court under the provisions of the Contempt of Courts Act, 1970.

(4) Power to seek assistance of Chief Metropolitan Magistrate etc. [Section 429]: In any proceeding relating to winding up of a company or rehabilitation of a sick company, the Tribunal may seek the help of the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Chief Judicial Magistrate or the District Collector for the purpose of taking into custody property, books of account or other documents.

7. Differentiate between share and stock. (6)

Ans: Difference between Shares and Stocks

8. What is book building? What are its advantages? (6)

Ans: Book building is a process of fixing price for an issue of securities on a feedback from potential investors based upon their perception about a company. It involves selling an issue step-wise to investors at an acceptable price with the help of a few intermediaries’/merchant bankers who are called book-runners. Under book-building process, the issue price is not determined in advance, it is determined by the offer of potential investors.

The book runner maintains a record of various offers and the price at which the institutional buyers, mutual funds, underwriters etc. are willing to subscribe to securities. On receipt of the information, the book runner and the issuer company determine the price at which the issue will be made. Thus, book-building helps in determining the price of an issue on more realistic way based on the intrinsic worth of the security.

Benefits of books building:

a) Book-building helps in determining the price of an issue on more realistic way based on the intrinsic worth of the security.

b) In case of book-building, the shares are pre-sold. There is no uncertainties about the issue of shares.

c) Book building helps is raising quick capital than the public issue.

d) The main objective of book building is to arrive at fair pricing of the issue which is supposed to emerge out of offers.

e) It helps the issuing company to select investors by quality.

9. Who is chairman of meeting? What is his role? (6)

Ans: Chairman of a Meeting: ‘Chairman’ is the person who has been designated or elected to preside over and conduct the proceedings of a meeting. He is the chief authority in the conduct and control of the meeting.

The role, responsibility and powers of the Chairman are primarily centered on the proper conduct of meeting. Other managerial or executive powers are not vested in the Chairman by virtue of any provisions of the Act. The Chairman’s position assumes great importance, as he is responsible for the successful conduct of a meeting. The Chairman has a duty to keep order, to see that the business is properly conducted and to ensure that the sense of the meeting is properly ascertained in regard to any question before it.

The Chairman has powers to adjourn a meeting in the event of disorder or other like causes, when it becomes impossible to conduct the meeting and complete its business. Hence the powers of adjournment shall be exercised duly. If he declares the meeting closed prematurely and leaves the chair, the members may resolve to proceed with the meeting and elect another Chairman and continue with the business for which it was convened.

The Chairman shall explain the objective and implications of the Resolutions before they are put to vote at the Meeting. The Chairman shall provide a fair opportunity to Members who are entitled to vote to seek clarifications and/or offer comments related to any item of business and address the same, as warranted.

in case of public companies, the Chairman shall not propose or conduct the proceedings for the resolution in which he is interested. He shall entrust his chair to any dis-interested director or member with consent of the members and shall resume chair only after that item is transacted.

Chairman enjoys certain other powers like powers to exclude certain matter from minutes of the meeting under sub section (5) of section 118. The Chairman is given powers to invite the secretarial auditor to any extraordinary general meeting.

10. Discuss the provisions relating to dividend. (6)

Provisions of the Companies Act’ 2013 relating to distribution of dividend:

1. General meeting resolution: Dividend to be paid to the shareholders are recommended by the directors and declared at annual general meeting of the company. Shareholders cannot declare dividend on shares.

2. Payment of Dividend on paid up value: Dividends are usually paid on the paid up value shares in the absence of any indication to the contrary in the Articles of Association.

3. Sources of Declaring Dividend: As per Section 123 of the Companies Act, 2013 dividend may be declared out of the following three sources:

a) Out of Current Profits: Dividend may be declared out of the profits of the company for the current year after providing depreciation. The company must transfer the prescribed percentage of its profits to general reserve before declaring dividends. This percentage depends on the percentage of dividend declared.

b) Out of Past Reserves: Dividend may be declared out of the profits of the company for any previous financial year or years arrived at after providing for depreciation in accordance with the provisions of Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 and remaining undistributed. Section 123 of the Act, requires that dividend can be declared out of the reserves only in accordance with the rules framed by the Central Government in this behalf.

c) Out of both mentioned above.

d) Out of Money provided by the Government: A company can also declare dividend out of the moneys provided by the Central Government for payment of such dividend in pursuance of guarantee given by the Government.

4. Divisible Profits: The term “Divisible Profit” is a very complicated term because all profits are not divisible profits. Only those profits are divisible profits which are legally available for dividend to shareholders. Dividends cannot be declared except out of profits, i.e. excess of income over expenditure; ordinarily capital profits are not available for distribution amongst shareholders because such profits are not trading profits.

Thus, profits arising from revaluation or sale of fixed assets or redemption of fixed liabilities should not be available for distribution as dividend amongst shareholders. The principles of determination of the divisible profit are given in Sec 123 of the Companies Act, 2013. According to Section 123 of the Companies Act, 2013 no dividends can be declared unless:

– Depreciation has been provided for in respect of the current financial years for which dividend is to be declared;

– Arrears of depreciation in respect of previous years have been deducted from the profits; and

– Losses incurred by the company in the previous years.

– After transferring to reserves of the company prescribed percentage of its profits before declaring dividend.

5. Transfer to Reserves: Section 123 of the Companies Act, 2013 provides that before any dividend is declared or paid a certain percentage of profits for that financial year may be transferred to the reserves of the company. The company is free to decide the percentage for such transfer to the reserves. Mandatory transfer to specific reserves is now not required under companies Act’ 2013.

6. Interim dividend also included in dividend: The term dividend includes both interim and final dividend and all the provisions of the Companies Act relating to dividend declared at the AGM shall also apply to interim dividend.

5. Deposit of amount of dividend in a bank: Dividend must be deposited in a bank within 5 days after declaration as per Sec 123 of the Companies Act’ 2013.

7. Declaration of dividends in case of absence or inadequacy of profits: In the absence of profits or inadequate profits, a company can pay dividend out of past year’s profits transferred to reserves, provided:

a) The rate of dividend declared shall not exceed the average of the rate of dividend which was declared, if any, by it in preceding 3 years,

b) The total amount to be drawn from such past reserves shall not exceed 1/10 th of the sum of its paid-up share capital and free reserves as per latest audited financial statements.

c) The balance of reserves after such withdrawal shall not fall below 15% of the current shareholders’ fund.

e) Current year’s losses and depreciation must be set off before declaring dividend out of past reserves.

8. Default in repayment of deposit: In case of default in repayment of deposit as per the provisions of Sec 73 and Sec 74, no company shall declare dividend on its equity shares.

9. Mode of payment of dividend: The dividend is to be paid in cash or by cheque or by dividend warrant or any electronic mode to the shareholders. Also, there is no prohibition on the company for the capitalization of profits or reserves of a company for the purpose of issuing fully paid-up bonus shares or paying up any amount for the time unpaid on any shares held by the members of the company.

10. Time within which dividend is to be paid: Dividend declared must be paid to the shareholders within 30 days from the date of its declaration (Sec. 124). In case of default, the defaulting directors of the company is punishable with simple imprisonment upto 2 years together with a fine of Rs. 1,000 plus interest @18% p.a. during the period for which such default continues.

11. Unpaid or unclaimed dividend: If dividend is not paid or not claimed within 30 days from the date of the declaration, the company shall within 7 days from the date of the expiry of 30 days, transfer such dividends unpaid dividend accounts. If such funds are unclaimed for 7 years from the date of such transfer, it must be transferred to the Investor education and protection fund. After such transfer, no claim will be entertained.

11. What are the grounds for compulsory winding up? (5)

Ans: Modes of winding up of a company

As per section 270 of the Companies Act 2013, the procedure for winding up of a company can be initiated either:

a) Compulsory winding up by the tribunal or,

b) Voluntary.

Winding up by the tribunal : As per new Companies Act 2013, a company can be wound up by a tribunal in the below mentioned circumstances:

1. When the company is unable to pay its debts

2. If the company has by special resolution resolved that the company is wound up by the tribunal.

3. If the company has acted against the interest of the integrity or morality of India, security of the state, or has spoiled any kind of friendly relations with foreign or neighboring countries.

4. If the company has not filled its financial statements or annual returns for preceding 5 consecutive financial years.

5. If the tribunal by any means finds that it is just & equitable that the company should be wound up.

6. If the company in any way is indulged in fraudulent activities or any other unlawful business, or any person or management connected with the formation of company is found guilty of fraud, or any kind of misconduct.

12. What are the provisions relating to proxy? (5)

Ans: Proxy: The term ‘proxy’ is used to refer to the person who is nominated by a shareholder to represent him at a general meeting of the company. It also refers to the instrument through which such a nominee is named and authorised to attend the meeting.

Appointment of Proxy and His Rights

Section 105 authorizes every member to appoint another person as a ‘proxy’ to attend and vote instead of himself. Unless Articles provide otherwise:

(1) a member of a company having no share capital can’t appoint a proxy;

(2) the member of a private company can’t appoint more than one proxy to attend on the same occasion.

But a member of a public company may appoint more than one proxy i.e., he may appoint one proxy in respect of certain shares held by him and a different proxy for other shares held by him. A private company can also provide in the articles that a proxy should be a member.

(3) a proxy cannot vote except on a poll.

13. What is forged transfer? What are its consequences? (5)

Ans: A forged transfer is an illegal mean to transfer shares from one person to another. Such transfer is done by forged instruments wherein the signature of the transferor is forged. It is a null transfer and does not confer any title.

Consequences of Forged Transfer

a) A forged transfer is a nullity and, therefore, the original owner of the shares continues to be the shareholder and the company is bound to restore his name on the register of members. A forged document never has any legal effect. It can never move ownership from one person to another, however, genuine it may appear.

Thus, a forged instrument of transfer leaves the ownership of the shares exactly where it always was in the so-called transferor. It follows that if a company registers a forged transfer, the true owner can apply so as to be replaced on the register and his name will be restored. But the company does not incur any liability in damages by putting the name on the register.

(b) However, if the company issues a share certificate to the transferee and he sells the shares to an innocent purchaser, the company is liable to compensate such a purchaser, if it refuses to register him as a member, or if his name has to be removed on the application of the true owner.

(c) If the company is put to loss by reason of the forged transfer, as it may have paid damages to an innocent purchaser, it may recover the same independently from the person who lodged the forged transfer.

14. What are the statutory requirements in relation to a prospectus? (5)

Ans: Statutory requirements in relation to a prospectus:

(1) Dating of prospectus (Section 26)

A prospectus issued by a company must be dated. Section 26 further provides that the date on the prospectus shall, unless contrary is provided be taken as the date of the publication of the prospectus. This ensures a prima facie evidence of the date of its publication. However, this evidence may be rebutted by a contrary evidence.

(2) Registration of prospectus (Section 27(7)]

(a) Nature: A prospectus must not be issued unless a copy thereof has been delivered to the Registrar for registration.

(b) Time Limit: Registration must be made on or before the publication of the prospectus.

(c) Signatures: The copy sent for registration must be signed by every person who is named in the prospectus as a director or a proposed director of the company or by his agent duly authorised in writing.

(d) Date of issue of prospectus: The date of issue of prospectus is the date on which the prospectus first appears as a newspaper advertisement.

(e) Contents: Prospectus should:

(1) State that a Copy thereof has been delivered to ROC for registration,

(2) Specify documents endorsed or attached to the copy so delivered, and

(3) Contain an endorsement that the consent of Experts has been obtained.

(f) Enclosures:

(1) Consent of the Expert to the Issue of Prospectus, where it contains a Report by an Expert,

(2) Copy of every material contract appointing or fixing remuneration of a MD or Manager.

(3) Copy of every other material contract. However, the following need not be enclosed –

(i) Contract entered into in ordinary course of business, or

(ii) Contract entered into more than 2 years before the date of Prospectus.

(4) Written statement from Auditors relating to the adjustments to figures of abridged Financial Statements along with reasons there for.

(5) Consent of every person named therein as Auditor, Legal Adviser, Attorney, Solicitor, Banker or Broker of the Company / Intended Company to act in that capacity.

(g) Registration: The prospectus must be issued within ninety days of its registration. If it is issued say 91 days after, it shall be deemed to be a prospectus a copy of which has not been delivered for registration.

(h) Penalty for non-registration of prospectus: If a prospectus is issued without a copy thereof being delivered to the Registrar for registration or without the required documents or consent attached thereto, the company and every person knowingly party to the issue of the prospectus, shall be punishable with fine which may extend to Rs. 50,000 which may extend to rupees three lakhs.

(i) Opening of subscription list: Where a prospectus has been issued, no allotment of any shares shall be made until:

(1) The beginning of the 5 th day after prospectus is first issued; or

(2) Such later time as may be specified in the prospectus; or

(3) The beginning of the 5 th day after public notice is given. Such day is referred to as ‘date of opening of subscription list’.

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