khmer essay grade 12

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Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader with Drills and Glossary

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#1 Khmer Writing Guide: An Introduction To Cambodia’s Stunning Script

• , August 28, 2023

Any neophyte to Khmer is bound to be a little intimidated by Khmer writing. All those swirls and squiggles may be daunting and bear absolutely no relationship whatsoever to the Latin alphabet most of us are familiar with, but will soon come to represent why Khmer is such a magical language to get to grips with.

With roots dating back over a millennium, Khmer writing is an embodiment of Cambodia’s historical, religious, and artistic evolution. This time, we’ll be exploring the fascinating world of Khmer ‘hieroglyphs’, exploring its history, characteristics, significance, and modern-day relevance.

Historical Evolution Of Khmer Writing

Written Khmer has a history that spans more than a thousand years. Its origins can be traced back to the 7th century when inscriptions on stone and metal were first carved in a script that would evolve into the modern Khmer language. The script is believed to have been influenced by various Indian scripts, particularly the Pallava script.

Over time, the Khmer alphabet underwent several transformations, adapting to Cambodia’s changing sociopolitical landscape and its interactions with neighboring cultures. As a member of the Mon Khmer languages, it is closely related to the tongues of its South East Asian neighbors Thailand and Myanmar. The script’s evolution can be broadly categorized into the following three periods.

Ancient Period (7th-13th Century)

This era saw the development of the Khmer script from its earliest forms into a more refined and recognizable version. Inscriptions on temple walls and religious artifacts reveal the script’s early use in religious contexts.

Angkor Period (9th-15th Century)

The Khmer Empire’s golden age marked a significant period for Khmer writing. The construction of monumental temples like Angkor Wat saw an increase in the use of the script in religious inscriptions, epics, and royal decrees.

Post-Angkor Period (16th Century To Present)

Following the decline of the Khmer Empire, Khmer writing continued to evolve under the influence of neighboring languages and cultures. Modern Khmer script, as we know it today, began to take shape during this time.

Characteristics Of Khmer Writing

The Khmer syllabic alphabet includes symbols for 33 consonants, 24 dependent vowels, 12 independent vowels, and a number of diacritic symbols as well as traditional Khmer punctuation marks. Let’s look at some key characteristics of the Khmer script below.

Curvaceous Aesthetics

One of the most striking features of Khmer writing is its fluid and curvaceous appearance. The characters often possess graceful curves and intricate loops, giving the script an artistic and ornamental quality.

Complex Diacritics

The consonant’s inherent vowel sounds can be modified using diacritical marks, which are placed above, below, in front of, or behind the base characters. This complexity allows for a wide range of inherent or dependent vowel sounds to be accurately represented.

Consonant Stacking

Khmer script allows for the stacking of consonants on top of each other, resulting in visually intriguing combinations that can sometimes resemble intricate patterns.

Varied Ligatures

Ligatures, where two or more characters are combined into a single unit, are common in Khmer writing. This adds to the uniqueness of the script and its visual appeal.

Significance And Cultural Implications

The Cambodian language goes beyond being just a means of communication; as the official language, it’s a representation of Cambodia’s cultural and spiritual heritage. It has played a crucial role in preserving the country’s history, literature, and religious traditions. Some notable aspects of Khmer writing’s significance include:

Religious Expression

Khmer writing is intricately linked to Buddhism, the predominant religion in Cambodia. Temples like Angkor Wat are adorned with inscriptions that convey religious teachings, stories, and dedications.

Literary Treasures

The script has been instrumental in preserving Cambodia’s literary heritage . Epic poems, folktales, and historical accounts have been passed down through generations in written form of the Mon Khmer language.

Ceremonial Usage

From formal documents to auspicious occasions, Khmer writing is an integral part of ceremonies, weddings, and official events. Its presence adds a touch of elegance and tradition to these occasions.

Modern-Day Relevance And Challenges

While the spoken language and Khmer writing hold a strong place in Cambodia’s history, its relevance in the modern world remains significant. Efforts are being made to ensure that the script continues to thrive amidst the challenges posed by digital technology and changing linguistic landscapes.

Digital Age Adaptation

In the digital era, Khmer writing has faced challenges in terms of digitization and standardization for online platforms. However, technology has also enabled the creation of digital fonts and tools that allow the script to be used in digital contexts.

Education And Preservation

Initiatives to teach Khmer writing in schools and universities are essential to ensure its survival. Additionally, efforts are being made to document and preserve ancient inscriptions and manuscripts for future generations.

Cultural Awareness

Encouraging cultural awareness and appreciation of Khmer writing among younger generations fosters a sense of pride and ownership over the script’s legacy.

As Cambodia moves forward, embracing its heritage and preserving the beauty of its script remains crucial, ensuring that Khmer writing’s story continues to be written for generations to come.

Some Khmer Writing Vocab To Practice

Learn more magical khmer with ling.

Being able to read and write Khmer is essential to becoming fluent in this fantastic language. With Ling app’s finger tracing tool, you will start to untangle the complex patterns in no time. Give the Ling a go today by clicking on Google Play or the App Store and begin your Cambodian adventure today!

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Cambodia: Grades 10-12 Textbook Writing

The importance of English in Cambodia for both continued economic development of the tourist industry and for international trade has been recognised. As part of this recognition, improvements to the teaching and learning of English are high on the agenda. Japan’s largest NGO, The Nippon Foundation (TNF), recently funded the development of new English language teaching materials and training for school grades 7-9, and is now tackling grades 10-12: the final three grades in the Cambodian state school system.

TransformELT was commissioned by the Nippon Foundation and Kizuna (an NGO based in Cambodia) in partnership with the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MoEYS) to realise these goals. Adrian Tennant is working as the consultant on this project on behalf of TransformELT. In July 2018 Adrian conducted a research trip to Cambodia. During the trip he visited schools in Phnom Penh and in Koh Kong province – a rural area of Cambodia – where he met with students and teachers, observed classes (and taught one class when the teacher was absent!), as well as holding meetings with stakeholders, including the MoEYS Curriculum Department and National Institute of Education.

Between September 2018 and January 2019 he designed a new curriculum for Grades 10 – 12 based on extensive input from teachers and students on the ground. This gained MoEYS approval and new textbooks will be written for these grades based on the new document. In February 2019 Adrian returned to Cambodia to carry out a selection process to find potential writers for the new textbooks. Initially, thirty-six people expressed an interest in the role. Four people were selected and spent time undergoing training and meetings to discuss the work. They are now writing the new Grade 10 textbook supported remotely by Adrian. This team of writers includes two Cambodians. The illustrator and designer is also Cambodian.

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Understanding the Grade 12 Exams

by | Oct 5, 2019

In Cambodia, to receive your high school diploma you must pass a comprehensive national exam at the end of Grade 12. Students may choose between two exam types: science track and social science track, but Khmer and Math feature prominently in both exams. This high-stakes exam was traditionally marred by widespread, normalized cheating which the Ministry undertook to reform in 2014. In that year, the pass rate dropped from around 80% in 2013 to less than 26% in 2014. Since then, schools across the country have made progress, increasing the pass rate year-by-year, and in 2019, almost 69% of the country’s Grade 12 students passed.

PLF’s students have always exceeded the national average which is largely attributed to the Grade 12 scholarships for which our students can apply. These scholarships are important because, while public high school tuition is free, the majority of teachers offer extra tuition classes which can contain up to 70% of the exam material and worked examples to help students study. Our Grade 12 scholarships allow our students who could not otherwise afford to enrol in these extra tuition classes the opportunity to do so. With these extra classes, our students are able to significantly improve their semester scores and create a stronger foundation to prepare for the national exam.

“We want to encourage students to follow their goals and not shy away from the science track if they are interested in the STEM fields, so we will be shifting the priority of our Grade 12 scholarships toward students in the science track. “

In 2016, a couple years after beginning to provide high school scholarships, we went through our first rethinking and adjusting , where we shifted from providing extra class scholarships for Grades 10 – 12 to focus only on the critical year of Grade 12. Now, in 2019, we’re rethinking once again. 

In looking at the breakdown by science track vs social track over the past 3 years, it’s clear that Grade 12 scholarships make a bigger impact for our students’ passing the  science track of  the national exam. In 2019, having a Grade 12 scholarship to study extra classes in the social track meant you were 1.45% more likely to pass the national exam than our students without the scholarship. For the science track, though, the difference was 16.34%. These results are corroborated by national trends of fewer students choosing the science track because of the well-known difficulty of that exam. We want to encourage students to follow their goals and not shy away from the science track if they are interested in the STEM fields, so we will be shifting the priority of our Grade 12 scholarships toward students in the science track. 

We also see another important trend: the scholarships are decreasingly needed. The Grade 12 scholarships do still make a difference, particularly in the science track, but the difference in pass rates between PLF scholarship students and PLF students who did not receive the scholarship has decreased between 2017 and 2019. This is an extremely encouraging trend. It can mean many things: the quality of education in public schools has increased, teacher reform means more exam content is included in the public class instead of only in the extra tuition class, our soft skill programming which encourages critical and creative thinking is taking hold in all students. We will continue monitoring these trends to adjust our programs as needed to make the biggest impact for the most students. 

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• ESSAYS GRADE 12 NOTES - LITERATURE STUDY GUIDE
• The structure of an essay
• Steps to writing an essay in the exams
• Narrative essays
• Descriptive essays
• Reflective essays
• Discursive essays
• Argumentative essays
• Writing an essay from a picture
• Essay checklist
• What is expected from you in the exam

To write a successful exam essay, you need to give yourself time to plan your ideas and write a draft. Once you have edited and corrected your draft, your final essay should be a well-structured and interesting piece of writing. In this section, you will learn how to express yourself using the rules that will earn you marks in the final Grade 12 exam.

1. All about essays

1.1 the structure of an essay.

An essay must have an introduction, a body and a conclusion.

Introduction The introduction is the first paragraph of an essay. It should catch the reader’s attention and suggest what the essay is about (the topic).

Body The longest part of an essay is the body of the essay. It is divided into paragraphs. Each paragraph usually contains one main idea about the essay topic.

Conclusion The last paragraph in an essay is the conclusion. It brings the essay to an end. No new information is given in the conclusion, but it often brings together some key points or ideas.

• Coherent - expressed in a clear way that is easily understood
• Logical order - Arranging information so that the points follow each other in an order that makes sense.

1.2 Steps for writing an essay in the exams

There are four main steps involved in writing an exam essay:

Step 1: Choose your topic and type of essay Step 2: Plan your essay Step 3: Write and edit your draft essay Step 4: Write your final essay

Step 1: Choose your topic and type of essay Topic In the essay section of the exam, there will be about eight topics. You need to choose one of these topics on which to write your essay. You only need to write one essay.

Essay type A particular topic may suit one type of essay better than another type of essay. For example, if a topic asks whether you agree or disagree, then use the argumentative essay type. The table below shows brief descriptions of the five essay types. See pages 9 to 38 for more information on each essay type.

Step 2: Plan your essay Decide which type of essay you think is most suitable for the essay topic. Remind yourself of the features of this type of essay. Plan your essay by writing down your ideas for the content of the essay. The content refers to the main ideas (points or details) in your essay – what it is mainly about. It must be relevant to the topic. Once you have written down a few ideas, you can organise them by numbering them. This will show the order of your paragraphs for the structure of your essay. There are many different ways to plan an essay. For example, you could use a mind map. Use the planning method that works best for you. There are examples of planning tools on pages 5 and 6.

Ways to plan an essay

A plan helps you think about what ideas you want to include in your essay. It also helps you put your ideas into a clear structure. You will earn marks for showing your planning. You can use a mind map or an ideas list to plan your essay.

• An essay must be between 250 to 300 words long.
• The way you write your essay creates a style of writing. The words you chose and the length of your sentences are two examples of how a writing style is created.
• Think about your audience to help you chose the right register for your essay. Register can be formal. For example; if your audience is a teacher or informal if your andience is for example a friend.
• The tone of the essay is the feling the write gives the writing. For example, the tone could be playful or serious.

Step 4: Write your final essay Write your final essay by rewriting your draft. Make sure that you make all the changes you marked in your draft so that your final essay has no mistakes and clearly expresses all your best ideas. When you have finished your final essay, cross out your planning and draft essay. If you do not do this, the examiner may mark your draft and not your final essay.

2. The five essay types

There are different types or genres of essays. Each type is written for a different purpose. To prepare for the exam, you need to revise how to write five types of essay:

The main features of each type of essay and guidelines for writing each type of essay are given in this section. To prepare for the exam, practice writing the different types of essays.

2.1 Narrative essays

A narrative essay tells a story or describes a sequence of events. It can be written from any perspective (first person or third person narrative). The first person narrator will use the pronouns “I” or “we”, while the third person narrator will use pronouns such as “he”, “she”, “they” and “them”. A narrative essay can include dialogue (speech between characters in the story) and often includes interesting descriptions. This helps the reader to imagine what is happening, so the story comes alive.

A learner’s example of a narrative essay using the four steps   Step 1: Choose the topic and type of essay

• This learner chose this essay topic because it fitted a narrative essay type: I am an old desk in a classroom and this is my story…

Note: Write a narratiove if the word "story" is in the description. Always give your essay a title.

Step 4: Write the final essay Note:   By including her edits from her draft essay, the learner greatly improved her final essay.

word count: 262

Main features of a narrative essay that are shown in this learner’s story

Activity: Writing a narrative essay

Here are some narrative essay topics to help you to practice your writing skills:

• Write a story that includes the following words: Suddenly there was absolute silence... NOTE: The words given in the topic MUST be included somewhere in your essay.
• Write a story that begins with the following words: It was the greatest day of my life. NOTE: The words given in the topic MUST be used in the first sentence of your introduction.

2.2 Descriptive essays

In a descriptive essay, the writer describes an experience, an event, a situation, an object or a person. The purpose is to allow the reader to imagine what is being described as clearly as possible. Writing a descriptive essay is like creating a picture with words, rather than telling a story.

A learner’s example of a descriptive essay using the four steps

Step 1: Choose the topic and type of essay

This learner chose this essay topic because it fitted a descriptive essay type: The scene in the waiting area of a clinic OR a doctor’s surgery. Note; The word scene in the topic sentence suggests that a descriptive essay is appropriate for this topic

word count: 271

Main features of a descriptive essay that are shown in this learner’s essay

Activity: Writing a descriptive essay Here are some descriptive essay topics to help you to practise your writing skills:

• Write an essay on the following topic: Life with my neighbors
• Write an essay on the following topic : It was a dream come true! NOTE: The words given in the topic MUST be included somewhere in your essay.
• Write an essay on the following topic : An amazing performance.

2.3 Reflective essays

A reflective essay is written to explain what the writer thinks, and/or feels, about an object, an idea, a situation or an experience. It is subjective (based on the writer’s personal experience) and uses first person pronouns (“I”, “we”, “us”). A reflective essay usually includes the writer’s emotional reactions or feelings. It could be about, for example, a dream, your hopes for the future or a past event.

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Subjective - Your own personal feelings and point of view

A learner’s example of a reflective essay using the four steps

Step 1: Choose the topic and type of essay This learner chose this essay topic because it fitted a reflective essay type: Things I would like to achieve by the time I am 30. A reflective essay will be about what you think and feel about a topic. It shows your emotions, hopes and dreams.

Step 4: Write the final essay

Note:  Leave a line between each paragraph to make your essay easy to read.

word count: 260

Main features of a reflective essay that are shown in this learner’s essay

Activity: writing a reflective essay.

Here are some reflective essay topics to help you to practise your writing skills:

• Write an essay that includes the following words: ‘I wish I hadn’t ...’ NOTE: The words given in the topic MUST be included somewhere in your essay.
• Write an essay that includes the following words: As I looked at that photograph ... NOTE: The words given in the topic MUST be included somewhere in your essay.
• Write an essay that includes the following words: This experience has made me realise that ... NOTE: The words given in the topic MUST be included somewhere in your essay.

2.4 Discursive essays

The word “discursive” comes from the word “discourse” which means the sharing of thoughts and ideas. A discursive essay presents both sides of an argument. Its purpose is to tell the reader about various sides of a topic. This could be the advantages and disadvantages of something, or the reasons for or against a particular point of view. It must be objective (looking at both sides equally), and give a balanced view. In the conclusion, the writer usually gives a summary of the main points, and suggests, or recommends, some action or way forward. In the conclusion, the writer may state the opinion, or view, with which he or she personally agrees. However, the reasons for that decision must be clearly shown in the essay.

Objective - giving a general point of view

A learner’s example of a discursive essay using the four steps

Step 1: Choose the topic and type of essay This learner chose this essay topic because it fitted a discursive essay type: Freedom of choice has both advantages and disadvantages Discuss this statement.

• In a discursive essay you must present BOTH sides of an issue. For example, the advantages AND disadvantages of a topic.

Word count: 300

Activity: Writing a discursive essay

Here are some descriptive essay topics to help you to practise your writing skills:

• Sport can unite or divide people. Discuss your views.
• Do subjects offered at school prepare you for life? Discuss your views.
• Wearing school uniform is very important. Do you agree? Discuss your views on wearing school uniform.

2.5 Argumentative essays

In an argumentative essay, the writer expresses his or her opinion or viewpoint on a topic. The purpose of the essay is to try to convince, or persuade, the reader to agree with that opinion. The writer’s opinion about the topic is clear throughout the essay. It is a subjective essay, and strong personal opinions may be expressed.

In an argumentative essay you must take a stand on a topic and then support your point of view.

A learner’s example of an argumentative essay using the four steps

Step 1: Choose the topic and type of essay This learner chose this essay topic because it fitted an argumentative essay type: Today young people are influenced more by their friends than by their parents. Do you agree?

Step 2: Plan the essay This learner used a list to plan her essay.

Step 3: Write and edit the draft essay

Word count: 282

Main features of an argumentative essay that are shown in this learner's essay

Activity: writing an argumentative essay.

Here are some argumentative essay topics to help you to practise your writing skills:

• Most teenagers today do not pay much attention to leading a healthy life. Do you agree?
•  Technology has changed the lives of teenagers. Do you agree?
• Should alcohol and cigarettes be advertised in the mass media? Discuss your views.

2.6 Writing an essay from a picture

There is always a question in the exam that asks you to write an essay based on a picture. You only need to write an essay about ONE of the pictures. Choose which picture you are going to write about. Then you need to decide what type of essay you are going to write. The content of your essay must link with the picture. Looking closely at the picture, identify information you can use in your essay. For example, the picture below shows a man who is:

• Laughing/smiling
• Dressed smartly in a shirt and tie
• Holding a baby
• Speaking/listening on the telephone
• Writing something in a book/diary

There are five different types of essay that could be written about this picture, as shown below.

A learner’s example of an essay from a picture using the four steps

Word count: 297

Activity: Writing an essay from a picture

2.7 essay checklist, 3. what is expected from you in the exam.

In the exam, you must write one essay that is no less than 250 and no more than 300 words long (about 1 to 1 1/2 pages). The essay is worth 50 marks out of 100 marks in the exam - half the total marks for Paper 3. Examiners will give marks for your essay based on:

• Content and planning (30 marks)
• Language, style and editing (15 marks)
• Structure (5 marks)

The rubric on the next two pages is a table the examiners use to mark your essay. It shows the five levels of achievement that the examiners can award an essay, from the lowest achievement (Inadequate column) to the highest achievement (Exceptional column). The table also describes the skills the examiner looks for when marking. For example, when marking an essay’s content, the examiner will assess how well the ideas relate to the topic, and whether they are well planned and organised. The rubric is a useful guide for you to use when practising your essay writing because it reminds you of the skills the examiner will be assessing when marking your exam.

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The perspectives of students on the reform of grade 12 national exam in Cambodia

A sudden reform in the grade 12 national examinations in 2014 shocked the Cambodia with high failing rate. This was the effort of Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports introduced strict measures to prevent cheating in the 2014 national exam by associating with Anti-corruption units. Cheating and Corruption were found in many forms during the exam process as those were deep-rooted. Those irregularities can be the bribery from students to teachers or invigilator, so the students cheat with any means, which affects the competency standard of the high school graduates. 2015 marked the second year of reform on the exam. This research explored the perspectives of the students who took the grade 12 examination in 2015 on what they think about the national exam in its second year of reform. The writing discovered the opinions of them through the procedural analysis: pre-exam, during exam, and post exam.

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• កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀង
• អំពីក្រុមការងារ
• សៀវភៅអេឡិចត្រូនិច
• សៀវភៅជាសំឡេង
• សាស្ត្រាស្លឹករឹត – ក្រាំង

ប្រភេទឯកសារ

ទំព័រដែលលោកអ្នកចូលមក មិនមាននៅលើគេហទំព័របរស់យើងទេ។ សូមធ្វើការស្វែងរកនៅក្នុងប្រអប់ខាងក្រោម៖

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