social media and depression argumentative essay

Social Networking and Depression Argumentative Essay

Studies show that social networking has a potential of causing depression and the more individuals use social sites, such as Facebook and Twitter, the more they are filled with anxiety leading to depression. In the University of Michigan, a study was conducted with a sample of eighty-two Facebook users in a period of two weeks.

The findings of the study confirmed that once an individual engages in social networking, his or her feeling of safety goes down and depression mood emerges meaning that a correlation between depression and social networking exists (Harris 81). Unlike other forms of social networking, such as chatting with friends, social sites offer invaluable data that are incapable of fulfilling an individual needs, such as security and safety.

If an individual spends more time on Facebook, he or she might end up depressed the whole day because of anxiety (Myers 17). Apart from causing depression, social networking may cause the fear of missing out because an individual feels rejected and neglected once his or her message or information is not taken positively. Some users may criticize the views of an individual, yet no chance is given to defend the idea.

While on Facebook or Twitter, an individual feels inadequate or insufficient because one person might post a good picture showing magnificent vacation, luxurious purchases, and gorgeous children. In case an individual does not have the means to achieve his or her ambitions, he or she might be jealous and might be resentful since good things are happening in the lives of others while suffering might be the characteristic of his or her life.

In a different study conducted in Sweden at the University of Gothenburg that interviewed 111 Facebook users, it was established that internet networking has an effect on the self-esteem of an individual, as well as his relationships with others (Noor and Hendricks 64). Individuals spending more time on Facebook and other social sites have low sense of worth.

Additionally, social networking causes narcissism because users spend too much time and resources for decoration of their pictures and modifying their profiles in order to gain approval and praise. If an individual posts a status update on Facebook or Twitter and no person is interested in commenting, there would be a high likelihood that an individual will be worried because he will not understand some of the reasons why others are reluctant to respond.

Scholars, artists, politicians, and other professionals might be tempted to post something related to their achievements, such as published works or won award. Such individuals would be affected greatly in case someone decides to post something negative (Noor and Hendricks 67). Many people end up spending sleepless nights because of a negative comment that someone posted on Facebook or Twitter.

Continued usage of the social media contributes to the erosion of true relationships because it is difficult for individuals to interact face-to-face, as the traditional form of interaction is being replaced by shallow and meaningless online connections. Studies show that this is damaging the well-being of society since human need for true relationship is difficult to find (Myers 48).

Since individuals are incapable of finding authentic relationships and love, they tend to turn to the social sites for consolation. Instead of being comforted, the social media only serves one purpose that is related to depression and mental illnesses. In the modern society, it is common to find an idle person on Fcaebook or Twitter since it is believed to keep a person active.

The modern society is characterized by uncertainties and disappointments and people report all these in the social sites. For instance, of all the internet users, one or two people will report losing a job or breaking up a relationship. Again, the death of an individual will always be noticed, particularly when the person is famous.

Through the social sites, an individual realizes that it is so easy to lose a job or break up in a relationship, something that brings about anxiety. If the death of a famous person is reported, sadness mood comes in because there would be a feeling of loss. Some internet users develop a culture of judging others, irrespective of whether their post is accurate or not. In other words, they simply spread propaganda and falsehood once they realize that their ambition cannot be realized (Myers 75).

For instance, one person might fail to convince another to enter into a deal or relationship. Instead of accepting the outcome and moving on, he or she would go a notch higher to comment negatively on the social media, something that might attract a penalty or revenge. In many parts of the world, online wars are widespread whereby individuals are unwilling to concede defeat and continue with lives.

This has brought about many challenges because a negative comment is given to an individual with children and a stable family. Recently, a picture of a famous politician engaging extra marital relationships was posted on the social media, yet the leader has children and a good family (Kaplan and Haenlein 68). This causes depression to many people who feel disappointed and cheated. Even though the information posted might be inaccurate, it would be difficult for other users to change their minds once they have the picture.

In order to network with a friend, a social media user must send a friend request and wait for a response. An individual will definitely be depressed in case a response is not sent in time. Social networking isolates an individual from the rest of the community because most of the time is spent chatting with online friends who might have nothing to add to an individual’s life. Many young people are simply interested with popularity and they believe that having many friends in Facebook or Twitter makes them more famous.

In reality, this does not add any value to life because friendship has to be of high quality meaning that adequate assistance can be offered when necessary. An individual with many friends on Twitter or Facebook tends to believe that he or she is illustrious, but most likely will be disappointed in a time of need because not all online friends will ever care about what is happening to the life of one member (Harris 101).

They will simply express their sadness, which might not be genuine, yet the individual would be in need of emotional and psychological support. Therefore, social networking is believed to be harmful to the well-being of the individual in society because it does not add value to life (Myers 88). Additionally, it is established that a strong correlation between social networking and depression exists and it is upon the individual to control internet usage.

Works Cited

Harris, Kandace. “Using Social Networking Sites as Student Engagement Tools.” Diverse Issues in Higher Education, 25.18 (2008): 88-112. Print.

Kaplan, Andreas, and Haenlein, Michael. “Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media”. Business Horizons, 53.1 (2010): 61-98. Print.

Myers, David. Social Psychology . New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2012. Print.

Noor, Al-Deen, and Hendricks, John. Social Media: Usage and Impact . Lanham: Lexington Books, 2012. Print.

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How Does Social Media Play a Role in Depression?

Nadra Nittle is a journalist who has written articles in publications including NBC News, The Guardian, Vox, and Civil Eats.

Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital.

Verywell / Catherine Song

What to Know About Clinical Depression

Causation or correlation.

• Less Social Media, Less FOMO

Why Young People Are at Risk

• Bad News and ‘Doomscrolling’

Safely Using Social Media

By some estimates, roughly 4 billion people across the world use networking websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. This usage has prompted mental health experts to investigate whether the enormous popularity of social media plays a role in depression.

Research suggests that people who limit their time on social media tend to be happier than those who don’t. Studies also indicate that social media may trigger an array of negative emotions in users that contribute to or worsen their depression symptoms.

U.S. Surgeon General Warning

In May 2023, U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy released an advisory to call attention to the effects of social media on youth mental health. He notes that at crucial periods of adolescent brain development, social media use is predictive of decreases in life satisfaction, as well as additional concerns around body image, sleep issues, and much more.

Given that essentially all adolescents are now using social media in some form, he stresses the importance of further research.

Clinical depression or major depressive disorder is a mood disorder characterized by ongoing feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities that an individual once enjoyed.

Depression can be mild or severe and make it difficult for those with the condition to concentrate, sleep or eat well, make decisions, or complete their normal routines.

People with depression may contemplate death or suicide, feel worthless, develop anxiety or have physical symptoms such as fatigue or headaches. Psychotherapy and medication are some of the treatments for depression. Limiting time on social media and prioritizing real-world connections can be beneficial to mental health.

The Facts on Social Media and Depression

• Social media has never been more popular, with more than half of the world's population active on these networking sites that roll out nonstop news, much of it negative.
• A Lancet study publbished in 2018 found that people who check Facebook late at night were more likely to feel depressed and unhappy.
• Another 2018 study found that the less time people spend on social media, the less symptoms of depression and loneliness they felt.
• A 2015 study found that Facebook users who felt envy while on the networking site were more likely to develop symptoms of depression.

Some studies about social media and mental health reveal that there’s a correlation between networking sites and depression. Other research goes a step further, finding that social media may very well cause depression. A landmark study—“No More FOMO: Limiting Social Media Decreases Loneliness and Depression”—was published in the Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology in 2018.

The study found that the less people used social media, the less depressed and lonely they felt.

This indicates a relationship between lower social media use and emotional wellbeing. According to the researchers, the study marked the first time scientific research established a causal link between these variables.

“Prior to this, all we could say was that there is an association between using social media and having poor outcomes with wellbeing,” said study coauthor Jordyn Young in a statement.

To establish the link between social media and depression, the researchers assigned 143 University of Pennsylvania students to two groups: one could use social media with no restrictions, while the second group had their social media access limited to just 30 minutes on Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat combined over a three-week period.

Each study participant used iPhones to access social media and the researchers monitored their phone data to ensure compliance. The group with restricted social media access reported lower severity of depression and loneliness than they had at the beginning of the study.

Both groups reported a drop in anxiety and fear of missing out (FOMO), apparently because joining the study made even the group with unrestricted access to social media more cognizant of how much time they were spending on it.

Less Social Media, Less FOMO 

It’s not certain why participants who only spent 30 minutes daily on social media experienced less depression, but researchers suggest that these young people were spared from looking at content—such as a friend’s beach vacation, grad school acceptance letter, or happy family—that might make them feel bad about themselves.

Taking in the photos or posts of people with seemingly “perfect” lives can make social media users feel like they just don’t measure up. A 2015 University of Missouri study found that regular Facebook users were more likely to develop depression if they felt feelings of envy on the networking site.

Social media can also give users a case of FOMO, for example, if they were invited on their friend’s beach vacation but couldn’t go for some reason. Or if the friend didn’t ask them on the trip at all, users might feel hurt and left out to see that others in their social circle were. It can lead them to question their friendships or their own self-worth.

Social media users who visit an ex’s social media page and see pictures of their former partner wining and dining a new love interest can also experience FOMO. They might wonder why their ex never took them to such fancy restaurants or lavished them with gifts.

Ultimately, limiting one’s time on social media can mean less time spent comparing oneself to others. This can extend to not thinking badly of oneself and developing the symptoms that contribute to depression.

Prior to social media and the internet, children only had to worry about bullying on school grounds, for the most part. But social media has given bullies a new way to torment their victims.

With just one click, bullies can circulate a video of their target being ridiculed, beaten up, or otherwise humiliated. People can swarm a peer’s social media page, leaving negative comments or spreading misinformation. In some cases, victims of bullying have committed suicide.

While many schools have anti-bullying policies and rules about online student conduct, it can still be difficult for educators and parents to monitor abusive behavior on social media.

Worsening matters is that the victims of bullies often fear that the bullying will increase if they speak to a parent, teacher, or administrator about their mistreatment. This can make a child feel even more isolated and go without the emotional support they need to handle a toxic and potentially volatile situation. 

If you or someone you care about is having suicidal thoughts, contact the  National Suicide Prevention Lifeline  at  988  for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.

For more mental health resources, see our  National Helpline Database .

Bad News and ‘Doomscrolling’ 

One in five Americans now get their news from social media—a larger proportion than those who get their news from traditional print media.

For heavy social media users, people who log in for multiple hours at a time or multiple times a day, this means frequent exposure news, including bad news. Headlines related to natural disasters, terrorist attacks, political strife, and celebrity deaths frequently top lists of social media trends.

Before the advent of social media and the internet generally, one’s exposure to bad news was limited. The public got news from broadcasts that aired at certain times of the day or from newspapers.

The habit of binging bad news on social media sites or elsewhere online is known as “doomscrolling,” and it can adversely affect one’s mental health, leading to development or heightening of anxiety or depression symptoms. 

A 2018 Lancet Psychiatry study of 91,005 people found that those who logged onto Facebook before bedtime were 6% likelier to have major depressive disorder and rated their happiness level 9% lower than those with better sleep hygiene did.

Psychologist Amelia Aldao told NPR that doomscrolling locks the public into a “vicious cycle of negativity.” The cycle continues because “our minds are wired to look out for threats,” she said. “The more time we spend scrolling, the more we find those dangers, the more we get sucked into them, the more anxious we get.” Before long, the world appears to be an altogether gloomy place, making doomscrollers feel increasingly hopeless.

Press Play for Advice On Limiting Social Media Use

This episode of The Verywell Mind Podcast shares effective ways to reduce your screen time. Click below to listen now.

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Using social media comes with mental health risks, but that doesn’t mean it should be completely avoided. Experts recommend using these networking websites in moderation.

Set a timer when you’re on social media or install an app on your phone or computer that tracks how long you’ve spent on a networking site.

Without these timers or apps, it’s easy to spend hours on social media before you know it. To limit your time on social media, you can also plan real-world activities that help you focus on your immediate surroundings and circumstances. Read a book, watch a movie, go for a stroll, play a game, bake some bread, or have a phone conversation with a friend. Make the time to enjoy life offline.  

Kemp S. More than half of the people on Earth now use social media .

" Social Media and Youth Mental Healt h," The US Surgeon General's Advisory, May 2023.

Lyall LM, Wyse CA, Graham N, et al. Association of disrupted circadian rhythmicity with mood disorders, subjective wellbeing, and cognitive function: A cross-sectional study of 91 105 participants from the UK Biobank . Lancet Psychiatry.  2018;5(6):507-514. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30139-1

Hunt MG, Marx R, Lipson C, Young J. No more FOMO: Limiting social media decreases loneliness and depression . J Soc Clin Psychol.  2018;37(10):751-768. doi:10.1521/jscp.2018.37.10.751

Tandoc EC, Ferrucci P, Duffy M. Facebook use, envy, and depression among college students: Is facebooking depressing? Comput Hum Behav. 2015;43:139-146. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.053

Limbana T, Khan F, Eskander N, Emamy M, Jahan N. The association of bullying and suicidality: Does it affect the pediatric population?   Cureus . 2020;12(8). doi:10.7759/cureus.9691

Shearer E. Social media outpaces print newspapers in the U.S. as a news source . Pew Research Center.

Garcia-Navarro L. National Public Radio. Your 'doomscrolling' breeds anxiety. Here's how to stop the cycle .

By Nadra Nittle Nadra Nittle is a Los Angeles-based journalist and author. She has covered a wide range of topics, including health, education, race, consumerism, food, and public policy, throughout her career.   

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Social media use and depression in adolescents: a scoping review

There have been increases in adolescent depression and suicidal behaviour over the last two decades that coincide with the advent of social media (SM) (platforms that allow communication via digital media), which is widely used among adolescents. This scoping review examined the bi-directional association between the use of SM, specifically social networking sites (SNS), and depression and suicidality among adolescents. The studies reviewed yielded four main themes in SM use through thematic analysis: quantity of SM use, quality of SM use, social aspects associated with SM use, and disclosure of mental health symptoms. Research in this field would benefit from use of longitudinal designs, objective and timely measures of SM use, research on the mechanisms of the association between SM use and depression and suicidality, and research in clinical populations to inform clinical practice.

Introduction

Over the past several decades, adolescent depression and suicidal behaviours have increased considerably. In the USA, depression diagnoses among youth increased from 8.7% in 2005 to 11.3% in 2014 ( Mojtabai, Olfson, & Han, 2016 ). Additionally, suicide is the second leading cause of death among youth between the ages of 10 and 34 ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2017 ), with a 47.5% increase since 2000 ( Miron, Yu, Wilf-Miron, & Kohane, 2019 ). One suggested cause for this rise in adolescent depression and suicide is the advent of social media (SM) ( McCrae, Gettings, & Purssell, 2017 ; Twenge, Joiner, Rogers, & Martin, 2018 ).

The term ‘social media’ describes types of media that involve digital platforms and interactive participation. SM includes forms such as email, text, blogs, message boards, connection sites (online dating), games and entertainment, apps, and social networking sites (SNS) ( Manning, 2014 ). Over the past decade, SNS platforms designed to help people communicate and share information online have become ubiquitous. Among youth, 97% of all adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 use at least one of the following seven SNS platforms: YouTube (85% of adolescents), Instagram (72%), Snapchat (69%), Facebook (51%), Twitter (32%), Tumblr (9%) or Reddit (7%) ( Pew Research Center, 2018a ).

Concerns have arisen around the effects of SM on adolescents’ mental health, due to SM’s association with decreased face-to-face interpersonal interactions ( Baym, 2010 ; Kraut et al., 1998 ; Nie, Hillygus, & Erbring, 2002 ; Robinson, Kestnbaum, Neustadtl, & Alvarez, 2002 ), addiction-like behaviours ( Anderson, Steen, & Stavropoulos, 2017 ), online bullying ( Kowalski, Limber, & Agatston, 2012 ), social pressure through increased social comparisons ( Guernsey, 2014 ), and contagion effect through increased exposure to suicide stories on SM ( Bell, 2014 ).

Conversely, others have described potential benefits of SM use in adolescents such as feelings of greater connection to friends and interactions with more diverse groups of people who can provide support ( Pew Research Center, 2018b ). In fact, higher internet use has been associated with positive social well-being, higher use of communication tools, and increased face-to-face conversations and social contacts in college students ( Baym, Zhang, & Lin, 2004 ; Kraut et al., 2002 ; Wang & Wellman, 2010 ). These findings suggest that internet use, including SM, may provide opportunities for social connection and access to information ( Reid Chassiakos et al., 2016 ).

Recent systematic reviews examining the association between online technologies and depression have found a ‘general correlation’ between SM use and depression in adolescents, but with conflicting findings in some domains (e.g. the association between time spent on SM and mental health problems), overall limited quality of the evidence ( Keles, McCrae, & Grealish, 2019 ), and a relative absence of studies designed to show causal effects ( Best, Manktelow, & Taylor, 2014 ). The scope of search in these reviews is broader in topic, including online technologies other than SM ( Best et al., 2014 ) or focussed on a select number of studies in order to meet the requirements of a systematic review ( Keles et al., 2019 ). With this scoping review, we aim to expand the inclusion of studies with a range of designs, while narrowing the scope of the topic of SM to those studies that specifically included SNS use. Additionally, we aim to expand the understanding and potential research gaps on the bi-directional association between SM and depression and suicidal behaviours in adolescents, including studies that consider SM use as a predictor as well as an outcome. A better understanding of this relationship can inform interventions and screenings related to SM use in clinical settings.

This scoping review was initiated by a research team including 3 mental health professionals with clinical expertise in treating depression and suicidality in adolescents. We followed the framework suggested by Arksey and O’Malley (2005) for scoping reviews. The review included five steps: (1) identifying the research question; (2) identifying relevant studies; (3) study selection; (4) charting the data; and (5) collating, summarizing and reporting the results.

Research question

The review was guided by the question: What is known from the existing literature about the association between depression and suicidality and use of SNS among adolescents? Given that much of the literature used SM and SNS interchangeably, this review used the term ‘social media’ or ‘SM’ when it was difficult to discern if the authors were referring exclusively to SNS.

Data sources and search strategy

The team conceived the research question through a series of discussions, and the first author (CV) consulted an informationist to identify the appropriate search terms and databases. A search of the database PsychINFO limited to peer-reviewed articles was conducted on 5 June 2019 (see Table 1 for search strategy). No additional methods were identified through other sources. The search was broad to include articles measuring depression as an outcome variable, and as a co-variate or independent variable. There was no restriction on the type of study design included, and English and Spanish language articles were included in the search. Articles were organized using Covidence systematic review software (Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia).

Search strategy.

Eligibility criteria

(1) The study examined SM (versus internet use in general) and made specific mention of SNS; (2) participants were between the ages of 10 and 18. If adults were included, the majority of the study population was between 10–18 years of age, or the mean participant age was 18 or younger; (3) the study examined the association between SM use and depression and/or suicidality; (4) the study included at least one measure of depression; and (5) if the focus of the study was on SM addiction or cyberbullying, it included mention and a measure of depressive symptoms. We did not include articles in which: (1) the study primarily focussed on media use other than SM, or that did not specifically mention inclusion of SNS (e.g. studies that focussed only on TV, video game, smartphone use, blogging, email); (2) included primarily adult population; (3) was not an original study, but a case report, review, commentary, erratum, or letter to the editor; (4) focussed on addiction and cyberbullying exclusively without a depression measure; and (5) the method used was content analysis of SM posts without specification of the population age range.

Title and abstract relevance screening

The search yielded 728 articles of which six duplicates were removed. One author (CV) screened the remainder of the articles by title and abstract and a second author (TL) reviewed every 25th article for agreement. All authors screened full-text articles and extracted data from those that met the inclusion criteria. The authors met over the course of the full-text review process to resolve conflicts and maintain consistency among the authors themselves and with the research question. Of the total number of studies included for full-text review, 505 articles were excluded. Out of the 223 full-text studies assessed for eligibility, 175 were excluded. A total of 42 articles were eligible for review (see Figure 1 : PRISMA flow chart for details). A form was developed to extract the characteristics of each study that included author and year of publication, objectives of the study, study method, country where the study was conducted, depression scale used, number of participants, participant age, and results (see Table 2 for details).

PRISMA flow chart of data selection process.

Data charting form including author and year of publication, objectives of the study, method used, country where the study was conducted, depression scale used, number of participants, participant age, results and main social media focus.

AIU = Addictive internet Use; BIU = Borderline Addictive Internet Use; BSMAS = Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale; BIU = Borderline addictive internet use; CBP = Cyberbullying Perpetration; CERM = Cuestionario de Experiencias Relacionadas con el móvil (Questionnaire of Experiences Related to the cellphone); DIB = Dysfunctional Internet Behaviour; DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition, Text Revision); FOMO = Fear of Missing Out; HVSM = Highly Visual Social Media; SNI = Intensity of social network use; IA = Internet Addiction; IAB = Internet Addictive Behaviour; OSNA = Online social networking addiction; PSMU = Problematic Social Media Use; RADS-2 = Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale - Version 2; SITBs = self-injurious thoughts and behaviours; SNS = social networking sites.

Data summary and synthesis

After reviewing the table, each study was labelled according to the main focus of research related to SM, based on the objectives, variables used, and results of the study. The topics were classified into nine different categories based on the main SM focus of the article; categories were discussed and reviewed by two authors (TL and CV) ( Table 2 ). All authors then discussed the categories and grouped them into four main themes of studies looking at SM and depression in adolescents.

A total of 42 studies published between 2011 and 2019 met the inclusion criteria. Of the studies included, 16 were conducted in European Countries, 14 in the USA, 5 in Asia, 3 in Canada, 2 in Australia, and 2 in Latin American Countries. The number of participants per study ranged from 23 in a qualitative study (94 in the smallest quantitative study) to 118,545 participants in the largest study ( Table 2 ).

The studies reviewed were grouped into four themes with nine categories according to the main focus of the research. The themes and categories were: (1) quantity of SNS use: effects of the frequency of SM use and problematic SM use (or evidence of addictive engagement with SM); (2) quality of SM use: characteristics of SNS use and social comparisons; (3) social aspects of SM use: cyberbullying, social support, and parental involvement; and (4) disclosure of mental health symptoms: online disclosure and prediction of symptoms and suicide contagion effect ( Figure 2 ).

Number of studies by theme (quantity, quality, social and disclosure) and time period (2011–2012, 2013–2014, 2015–2016 and 2017–2018).

Quantity of SM use

The majority of studies ( n = 24) examined quantity of SM use by measuring either frequency or time spent on SM ( n = 17), or problematic or addictive engagement with SM ( n = 7).

Frequency of use

The majority of studies found a positive correlation between time spent on SNS and higher levels of The majority of studies found a positive correlation between time spent on SNS and higher levels of depression ( Akkın Gürbüz, Demir, Gökalp Özcan, Kadak, & Poyraz, 2017 ; Marengo, Longobardi, Fabris & Settanni, 2018 ; Pantic et al., 2012 ; Twenge et al., 2018 ; Woods & Scott, 2016 ). Higher frequency of SM use (≥2 h a day) was also found to be positively associated with suicidal ideation ( Sampasa-Kanyinga & Lewis, 2015 ) and attempts ( Sampasa-Kanyinga & Hamilton, 2015 ), in addition to deficits in self-regulation ( Lee, Ho, & Lwin, 2017 ). Factors such as the number of SM accounts and the frequency of checking SM ( Barry, Sidoti, Briggs, Reiter, & Lindsey, 2017 ) were associated with a variety of symptoms, including depression.

A study ( Oberst, Wegmann, Stodt, Brand, & Chamarro, 2017 ) examining SM use as an outcome suggested that depression may affect SM use both directly, and indirectly, mediated by the Fear of Missing Out (or the apprehension of missing rewarding experiences that others might be enjoying) ( Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan, & Gladwell, 2013 ). Adolescents with depression were also found to have more difficulty regulating their SM use ( Lee et al., 2017 ).

Longitudinal studies suggested a reciprocal relationship between quantity of SM use and depression. Frison and Eggermont (2017) found that frequency of Instagram browsing at baseline predicted depressed mood six months later and depressed mood at baseline predicted later frequency of photo posting. Additionally, heavy use (>4 h per day) of the internet to communicate (including social networking) and play games (gaming) predicted depressive symptoms a year later ( Romer, Bagdasarov, & More, 2013 ). Further, depressive symptoms predicted increased internet use and decreased participation in non-screen activities (e.g. sports). Finally, Salmela-Aro, Upadyaya, Hakkarainen, Lonka, and Alho (2017) found that school burnout increased the risk for later excessive internet use and depressive symptoms. Conversely, Houghton et al. (2018) found small, positive bi-directional associations between depressive symptoms and screen use 1 year later, but their final model did not support a longitudinal association.

Yet, not all studies found a positive association between frequency of use and depressed mood. While Blomfield-Neira and Barber (2014) reported a link between adolescents having a SM profile and depressed mood, they found no correlation between SM frequency of use and depressed mood. Rather, investment in SM (a measure of how important SM is to an adolescent) was linked to poorer adjustment, lower self-esteem and depressed mood. Moderate SM use (a stable trend in the time spent on SM during adolescence and into early adulthood that did not interfere with functioning) was associated with better emotional self-regulation ( Coyne, Padilla-Walker, Holmgren, & Stockdale, 2018 ) and healthier development, especially when used to acquire information ( Romer et al., 2013 ). Finally, Rodriguez Puentes and Parra (2014) found a positive association between SM and externalizing behaviours, but no significant association between SM use and depression.

Additionally, age moderated the effects of frequency of use on depression. For example, in one study, older adolescents with higher SM use had higher ‘offline’ social competence, while younger adolescents with higher SM use had more internalizing problems and diminished academics and activities ( Tsitsika, Janikian, et al., 2014 ).

Problematic SM use

Seven studies explored problematic use or engagement with SM or the internet in an addictive manner (a dysfunctional pattern of behaviour similar to that of impulse control disorders, which causes distress and/or functional impairment) ( Critselis et al., 2014 ).

An addiction-like pattern of internet use (including SM use) was associated with emotional maladjustment ( Critselis et al., 2014 ), internalizing and externalizing symptoms ( Tsitsika, Tzavela, et al., 2014 ), and depressive mood ( Van Rooij, Ferguson, Van de Mheen, & Schoenmakers, 2017 ). Further, depressive mood predicted problematic internet use (both SM and gaming, independently) ( Kırcaburun et al., 2018 ; Van Rooij et al., 2017 ).

Bányai et al. (2017) assessed the prevalence of problematic internet use conducting a latent profile analysis to describe classes of users and found that the class described as ‘at risk’ for problematic internet and SM use tended to be female, use the internet for longer periods, and have lower self-esteem and more depressive symptoms. Yet, while Banjanin, Banjanin, Dimitrijevic, and Pantic (2015) found a positive correlation between internet addiction and depression in high school students (particularly for females), no such correlation was found with engagement with SM (measured by number of pictures posted).

Several studies examined mediators of the association of problematic SM use and depression. Wang et al. (2018) found that rumination mediated the relationship between SM addiction and adolescent depression, with a stronger effect among adolescents with low self-esteem. Additionally, insomnia partially mediated the association between SM addiction and depressive symptoms ( Li et al., 2017 ). Woods and Scott (2016) found that nighttime-specific SM use (in addition to overall use and emotional investment in SM) was associated with poorer sleep quality, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Finally, problematic SM use mediated the association between depressive symptoms and cyberbullying perpetration ( Kırcaburun et al., 2018 ).

Quality of SNS use

In addition to the frequency of adolescents’ engagement with SM, another focus of research has been the ways in which adolescents engage with SM. Of the studies selected, four primarily examined engagement styles with SM and two specifically examined social comparisons with other users.

Characteristics of SM use

The ways in which adolescents use SM may also have an effect on depression. One study ( Frison & Eggermont, 2016 ) characterized SM use as public (e.g. updating one’s status on a profile) vs private (e.g. messaging), and active (e.g. interacting with others on SM) vs passive (e.g. browsing on SM) and found that public Facebook use was associated with adolescent depressed mood. Among girls, passive use of Facebook yielded negative outcomes such as depressed mood, while active use yielded positive outcomes such as perceived social support ( Frison & Eggermont, 2016 ). A longitudinal study of Flemish adolescents by the same group ( Frison & Eggermont, 2017 ) found passive SM use at baseline to predict depressive symptoms 7 months later, while depressive symptoms predicted active use of SM. Interestingly, there was no association between depressive symptoms and Facebook use (frequency of use, network size, self-presentation, and peer interaction) in a study conducted among healthy adolescents ( Morin-Major et al., 2016 ).

Romer et al. (2013) found that the types of internet activities utilized (e.g. SNS, blogs, etc.) were associated with the frequency of self-reported depression-like symptoms. Additionally, using the internet for information searching was associated with higher grades, more frequent participation in clubs, and lower reports of depressive symptoms, while using the internet more than 4 h per day to communicate or play games was associated with greater depression-like symptoms, suggesting that Internet use for acquiring information is associated with healthy development.

A qualitative study further explored positive and negative aspects of SM use among adolescents diagnosed with clinical depression ( Radovic, Gmelin, Stein, & Miller, 2017 ). Participants described positive SM use as including searching for positive content (e.g. entertainment, humour, content creation) or social connection, while they described negative SM use as sharing risky behaviours, cyberbullying, or making self-denigrating comparisons with others. Furthermore, this study found that adolescents’ use of SM shifted from negative to positive during the course of treatment.

Social comparisons

Two studies examined social comparisons made through SM and the association with depression. Nesi and Prinstein (2015) found that technology-based social comparison and feedback-seeking were associated with depressive symptoms, even when controlling for the effects of overall frequency of technology use, offline excessive reassurance-seeking, and prior depressive symptoms. This association was strongest among females and adolescents low in popularity (as measured by peer report). Niu et al. (2018) found that negative social comparisons mediated the association between Qzone use (a Chinese SM site) and depression, and that the association between Qzone use and negative social comparisons was stronger among individuals with low self-esteem. However, there was no direct effect of Qzone use on depression. An additional study that primarily focussed on studying frequency of use ( Marengo et al., 2018 ) found that increased use of highly visual SM (e.g. Instagram) predicted internalizing symptoms and body image concerns in a student sample. Moreover, in this study, the effect of highly visual SM on internalizing symptoms was mediated by body image concerns.

Social aspects of SM use

Several studies looked at the social aspects of engagement with SM, either by evaluating the effects of cybervictimization ( n = 4) on depression, parental involvement both through monitoring of SM use or direct engagement with the adolescent ( n = 3), and aspects of social support received by the adolescent within and outside of SNS ( n = 2).

Cyberbullying/cybervictimization

Four studies examined cyberbullying via SM and depressive symptoms. Duarte, Pittman, Thorsen, Cunningham, and Ranney (2018) found that symptoms of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal ideation were more prevalent among participants who reported any past-year cyberbullying (either victimization or perpetration). After adjusting for a range of demographic factors, only lesbian, gay, and bisexual status correlated with cyberbullying involvement or adverse mental health outcomes. Another study found that cyberbullying victimization fully mediated the association between SM use and psychological distress and suicide attempts ( Sampasa-Kanyinga & Hamilton, 2015 ). Furthermore, a 12-month longitudinal study found that cybervictimization predicted later depressive symptoms ( Cole et al., 2016 ). Depressive symptoms have also been shown to be a risk factor (rather than an outcome) for cybervictimization on Facebook ( Frison, Subrahmanyam, & Eggermont, 2016 ), showing evidence of the bi-directionality of this association.

Social support

While many studies examined potential negative effects of SM use, some studies examined the positive effects of SM use on youth outcomes, including social support. Frison and Eggermont (2015) found that adolescents seeking social support through Facebook had improved depressive symptoms if support was received, but worsened symptoms if support was not received. This pattern was not found in non-virtual social support contexts, suggesting differences in online and traditional social support contexts. A later study that primarily focussed on the characteristics of SM use ( Frison & Eggermont, 2016 ) found that perception of online support was particularly protective against depressive symptoms in girls with ‘active’ Facebook use (e.g. those who update their status or instant message on Facebook). Finally, Frison et al. (2016) showed that support from friends can be a protective factor of Facebook victimization.

Parental involvement/parental monitoring

Studies examining parent and family role in adolescent SM use and its outcomes were heterogeneous. One study ( Coyne, Padilla-Walker, Day, Harper, & Stockdale, 2014 ) explored adolescent use of SM with parents and found lower internalizing behaviours in participants who used SNS with their parents (mediated by feelings of parent/child connection). Another study ( Fardouly, Magson, Johnco, Oar, & Rapee, 2018 ) examined parent control over preadolescents’ time spent on SM and found no association between parental control and preadolescent depressive symptoms.

Family relationships offline were also associated with adolescent outcomes. Isarabhakdi and Pewnil (2016) examined adolescents’ engagement with offline relationships and found improved mental health outcomes with higher involvement in family activities and with peers, while internet use did not significantly improve mental well-being. This finding suggests that in-person support systems were more effective for the promotion of mental well-being. Interestingly, in Szwedo, Mikami, and Allen (2011) , negative interactions with mothers during early adolescence were associated with youth preferring online versus face-to-face communication, experiencing more negative interactions on webpages, and forming close friendships with someone they met online 7 years later. An additional study that primarily focussed on suicide contagion ( Tseng & Yang, 2015 ) found that family support was protective for both males and females, while friend support was protective only for females. However, ‘significant other’ support was a risk factor for suicidal plans among females.

Disclosure of mental health symptoms on SM

A few of the studies selected focussed on studying the disclosure of depressive symptoms on SM and explored the potential of disclosure of symptoms of distress on SM to predict depression and suicide, in addition to the phenomenon of suicide contagion.

Online disclosure and prediction of mental health symptoms

Although content analysis is a method theorized to have potential to predict and prevent non-suicidal and suicidal self-injurious behaviours, the data are mixed. Ophir, Asterhan, and Schwarz (2019) examined the predictive validity of explicit references to personal distress in adolescents’ Facebook postings, comparing these postings with external, self-report measures of psychological distress (e.g. depression) and found that most depressed adolescents did not publish explicit references to depression. Additionally, adolescents published less verbal content than adult users of SNS. Conversely, Akkın Gürbüz et al. (2017) found that while disclosures of depressed mood were frequent among both depressed and non-depressed adolescents, those who were depressed shared more negative feelings, anhedonia, and suicidal thoughts on SM than those who were not depressed.

Suicide contagion effect

One longitudinal study examined suicide contagion effects ( Dunlop, More, & Romer, 2011 ) finding that even though traditional SNS (e.g. Facebook or MySpace) were a significant source of exposure to suicide stories, this exposure was not associated with increases in suicidal ideation one year later. On the other hand, exposure to online discussion forums (including self-help forums) did predict increases in suicidal ideation over time. Notably, this study found that in a quarter of the sample, the exposure to suicide stories took place through SM. Another study ( Tseng & Yang, 2015 ) found that higher importance attributed to web communication (e.g. chatting or making friends online) was associated with increased risk of self-injurious thoughts and behaviours in boys.

The recent rise in the prevalence of depression and suicide among adolescents has coincided with an increase in screen-related activities, including SM use ( Twenge et al., 2018 ), sparking an interest in investigating the effects of SM use on adolescent mental health. This interest has given rise to a broad scope of research, ranging from observational to experimental and qualitative studies through interviews or analysis of SM content, and systematic studies. This scoping review aimed to understand the breadth of research in the area of depression and SM (with a focus on SNS) and to identify the existing research gaps.

We identified four main themes of research, including (1) the quantity of SM use; (2) the quality of SM use; (3) social aspects associated with SM use; and (4) SM as a tool for disclosure of mental health symptoms and potential for prediction and prevention of depression and suicide outcomes.

Most research on SM and depressive symptoms has focussed on the effects of frequency of SM use and problematic SM use. The majority of articles included in this review demonstrated a positive and bi-directional association between frequency of SM use and depression and in some instances even suicidality. Yet some questions remain to be determined, including to what degree adolescents’ personal vulnerabilities and characteristics of SM use moderate the association between SM use and depression or suicidality, and whether other environmental factors, such as family support and/or monitoring, or cultural differences influence this association. Although moderate SM use may be associated with better self-regulation, it is unclear if this is due to moderate users being better at self-regulation.

Findings from the studies examining problematic SM use were consistent with prior studies linking problematic internet use with a variety of psychosocial outcomes including depressive symptoms ( Reid Chassiakos et al., 2016 ). Though limited in number, studies reviewed here suggested that problematic or addictive SM use may be more common in females ( Banyai et al., 2017 ; Kırcaburun et al., 2018 ) and in those starting use at a younger age ( Tsitsika, Janikian, et al., 2014 ). These findings suggest a possible role of screening for addictive SM use, with a particular focus on risk stratification for younger and female adolescents.

With respect to the effects of patterns and types of SM use, studies reviewed here suggest possible differential effects between passive and active, and private versus public SM use. This suggests that screening only for time spent on SM may be insufficient. Moreover, though there are types of SM use that have adverse mental health effects for adolescents (e.g. addictive patterns, nighttime use), other types of SM use, such as for information searching or receiving social support, may have a positive effect ( Coyne et al., 2018 ; Frison & Eggermont, 2016 ; Romer et al., 2013 ). Furthermore, over time, depressed adolescents can successfully shift their use of SM from negative (e.g. cyberbullying) to positive (e.g. searching for humour), possibly through increasing awareness of the effect of SM use on their mood ( Radovic et al., 2017 ). Given the ubiquity of SM use, these results suggest that interventions targeting changes in adolescents’ use of SM may be fruitful in improving their mental health.

Consistent with prior research ( Feinstein et al., 2013 ), studies examining social comparisons found significant associations between social comparisons made via SM and depression. The tendency of individuals to share more positive depictions of themselves on SM ( Subrahmanyam & Greenfield, 2008 ), and the increased opportunities for comparisons ( Steers, Wickham, & Acitelli, 2014 ) may suggest a confluence of risks for depression and an important avenue for interventions. Moreover, the studies reviewed and previous findings ( Buunk & Gibbons, 2007 ) suggest that individuals with low self-esteem may be at higher risk for the negative effects of social comparisons on mental health.

As previously shown ( Cénat et al., 2014 ), most studies found cyberbullying (either perpetration or victimization) was either associated with mental health problems ( Cole et al., 2016 ; Duarte et al., 2018 ) or moderated the relationship between SM use and depression and suicidality ( Sampasa-Kanyinga & Hamilton, 2015 ). Additionally, cyberbullying may be a distinctive form of victimization that requires further investigation in order to understand its impact on adolescent mental health ( Dempsey, Sulkowski, Nichols, & Storch, 2009 ).

Studies examining social support highlight the association of both depressed mood and low in-person social support with social networking and online support-seeking ( Frison & Eggermont, 2015 ). Moreover, while social support online can be beneficial ( Frison & Eggermont, 2015 ), excessive reliance on online communication and support may be problematic ( Twenge et al., 2018 ). Of note, parental involvement both positively and negatively affected SM use and adolescent outcomes. These mixed findings suggest a need to include parental relationships in research (both via online and ‘offline’ communication), to better understand their role in adolescents’ SM use and depression.

Surprisingly, depressed adolescents were not more likely to publish explicit references to depression on SM platforms than their healthy peers ( Ophir et al., 2019 ) which suggests that screening for depression via SM may not be useful when used alone. However, some depressed adolescents posted more negative feelings, anhedonia and suicidal ideation ( Akkın Gürbüz et al., 2017 ), suggesting that SM may be used as a supplemental tool to track the course of depressive mood over time and start discussions about mental health.

Suicide contagion effect is a relatively understudied area, despite concerns raised that increased exposure to SM may amplify this effect ( Bell, 2014 ). Given that adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the group contagion effect of suicide ( Stack, 2003 ) and the potential for increased exposure to suicide stories online ( Dunlop et al., 2011 ), interventions to limit this exposure could decrease suicide contagion.

The studies reviewed identified several potential moderators of the association between SM use and adolescent depression, including age and gender. The differential effects of SM use on mental health depending on the age of the adolescent ( Tsitsika, Tzavela, et al., 2014 ) are not surprising given the developmental differences in social and mood regulation skills between younger and older adolescents. Likewise, potential mediators of the effects of SM on mental health such as social comparisons ( Niu et al., 2018 ), body image concerns ( Marengo et al., 2018 ), perceived support online ( Frison & Eggermont, 2015 ), and parent–child relationship ( Coyne et al., 2014 ) may also be important targets for future interventions.

The studies reviewed present several limitations. Most studies were cross-sectional and could not elucidate the directionality of the association between SM use and depression. Most of the studies included self-report rather than clinician-administered measures of depression, and retrospective reports, asking participants to report on past activities. Newer methods that measure actual (and not just reported) use (e.g. news feed activity, number of likes and comments) and more frequent and timely reports of SM use (e.g. diaries) could more accurately explain these associations. Another limitation is that many of the studies recruited participants in schools, limiting the generalizability to clinical samples. It is possible that those students not in school were spending more time on SM and/or experiencing more depressive symptoms. Most studies included general assessments of SM without specifying whether the use was limited to SNS or other forms of SM or internet use. While we tried to narrow our search to studies that explicitly included questions on SNS use, many also asked about other types of SM use. Separating the different types of SM use may be difficult when asking for adolescents’ self-reports, but more immediate measures of mood symptoms and SNS use could be more specific and informative. Finally, while some studies included contextual factors such as the educational and family environments, other contextual factors such as ethnicity and cultural context are areas of potential for investigation.

Conclusions

In summary, extensive research on the quantity and quality of SM use has shown an association between SM use and depression in adolescents. Given that most studies are cross-sectional, longitudinal research would help assess the direction of this association. At the same time, some aspects of SM use may have a beneficial effect on adolescent well-being, such as the ability to have diversity of friendships and easily accessed supports. Furthermore, the use of SM content to detect symptoms has potential in depression and suicide prevention. Finally, moderators of the association between SM and adolescent depression and suicidality (e.g. gender, age, parental involvement) are areas to explore that would allow more targeted interventions. Since SM will remain an important facet of adolescents’ lives, a better understanding of the mechanisms of its relationship with depression could be beneficial to increase exposure to mental health interventions and promote well-being.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the help of Jaime Blanck, MLIS, MPA for her help with the search and retrieval of full-text articles.

Disclosure statement

Dr. Vidal is supported by the Stravos Niarchos Foundation. Ms. Lhaksampa and Dr. Miller are supported by the Once Upon a Time Foundation. Drs. Miller and Dr. Platt are supported by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI). Dr. Platt is supported by the NIMH 1K23MH118431 and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

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Social media harms teens’ mental health, mounting evidence shows. what now.

Understanding what is going on in teens’ minds is necessary for targeted policy suggestions

Most teens use social media, often for hours on end. Some social scientists are confident that such use is harming their mental health. Now they want to pinpoint what explains the link.

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By Sujata Gupta

February 20, 2024 at 7:30 am

In January, Mark Zuckerberg, CEO of Facebook’s parent company Meta, appeared at a congressional hearing to answer questions about how social media potentially harms children. Zuckerberg opened by saying: “The existing body of scientific work has not shown a causal link between using social media and young people having worse mental health.”

But many social scientists would disagree with that statement. In recent years, studies have started to show a causal link between teen social media use and reduced well-being or mood disorders, chiefly depression and anxiety.

Ironically, one of the most cited studies into this link focused on Facebook.

Researchers delved into whether the platform’s introduction across college campuses in the mid 2000s increased symptoms associated with depression and anxiety. The answer was a clear yes , says MIT economist Alexey Makarin, a coauthor of the study, which appeared in the November 2022 American Economic Review . “There is still a lot to be explored,” Makarin says, but “[to say] there is no causal evidence that social media causes mental health issues, to that I definitely object.”

The concern, and the studies, come from statistics showing that social media use in teens ages 13 to 17 is now almost ubiquitous. Two-thirds of teens report using TikTok, and some 60 percent of teens report using Instagram or Snapchat, a 2022 survey found. (Only 30 percent said they used Facebook.) Another survey showed that girls, on average, allot roughly 3.4 hours per day to TikTok, Instagram and Facebook, compared with roughly 2.1 hours among boys. At the same time, more teens are showing signs of depression than ever, especially girls ( SN: 6/30/23 ).

As more studies show a strong link between these phenomena, some researchers are starting to shift their attention to possible mechanisms. Why does social media use seem to trigger mental health problems? Why are those effects unevenly distributed among different groups, such as girls or young adults? And can the positives of social media be teased out from the negatives to provide more targeted guidance to teens, their caregivers and policymakers?

“You can’t design good public policy if you don’t know why things are happening,” says Scott Cunningham, an economist at Baylor University in Waco, Texas.

Increasing rigor

Concerns over the effects of social media use in children have been circulating for years, resulting in a massive body of scientific literature. But those mostly correlational studies could not show if teen social media use was harming mental health or if teens with mental health problems were using more social media.

Moreover, the findings from such studies were often inconclusive, or the effects on mental health so small as to be inconsequential. In one study that received considerable media attention, psychologists Amy Orben and Andrew Przybylski combined data from three surveys to see if they could find a link between technology use, including social media, and reduced well-being. The duo gauged the well-being of over 355,000 teenagers by focusing on questions around depression, suicidal thinking and self-esteem.

Digital technology use was associated with a slight decrease in adolescent well-being , Orben, now of the University of Cambridge, and Przybylski, of the University of Oxford, reported in 2019 in Nature Human Behaviour . But the duo downplayed that finding, noting that researchers have observed similar drops in adolescent well-being associated with drinking milk, going to the movies or eating potatoes.

Holes have begun to appear in that narrative thanks to newer, more rigorous studies.

In one longitudinal study, researchers — including Orben and Przybylski — used survey data on social media use and well-being from over 17,400 teens and young adults to look at how individuals’ responses to a question gauging life satisfaction changed between 2011 and 2018. And they dug into how the responses varied by gender, age and time spent on social media.

Social media use was associated with a drop in well-being among teens during certain developmental periods, chiefly puberty and young adulthood, the team reported in 2022 in Nature Communications . That translated to lower well-being scores around ages 11 to 13 for girls and ages 14 to 15 for boys. Both groups also reported a drop in well-being around age 19. Moreover, among the older teens, the team found evidence for the Goldilocks Hypothesis: the idea that both too much and too little time spent on social media can harm mental health.

“There’s hardly any effect if you look over everybody. But if you look at specific age groups, at particularly what [Orben] calls ‘windows of sensitivity’ … you see these clear effects,” says L.J. Shrum, a consumer psychologist at HEC Paris who was not involved with this research. His review of studies related to teen social media use and mental health is forthcoming in the Journal of the Association for Consumer Research.

Cause and effect

That longitudinal study hints at causation, researchers say. But one of the clearest ways to pin down cause and effect is through natural or quasi-experiments. For these in-the-wild experiments, researchers must identify situations where the rollout of a societal “treatment” is staggered across space and time. They can then compare outcomes among members of the group who received the treatment to those still in the queue — the control group.

That was the approach Makarin and his team used in their study of Facebook. The researchers homed in on the staggered rollout of Facebook across 775 college campuses from 2004 to 2006. They combined that rollout data with student responses to the National College Health Assessment, a widely used survey of college students’ mental and physical health.

The team then sought to understand if those survey questions captured diagnosable mental health problems. Specifically, they had roughly 500 undergraduate students respond to questions both in the National College Health Assessment and in validated screening tools for depression and anxiety. They found that mental health scores on the assessment predicted scores on the screenings. That suggested that a drop in well-being on the college survey was a good proxy for a corresponding increase in diagnosable mental health disorders. 

Compared with campuses that had not yet gained access to Facebook, college campuses with Facebook experienced a 2 percentage point increase in the number of students who met the diagnostic criteria for anxiety or depression, the team found.

When it comes to showing a causal link between social media use in teens and worse mental health, “that study really is the crown jewel right now,” says Cunningham, who was not involved in that research.

A need for nuance

The social media landscape today is vastly different than the landscape of 20 years ago. Facebook is now optimized for maximum addiction, Shrum says, and other newer platforms, such as Snapchat, Instagram and TikTok, have since copied and built on those features. Paired with the ubiquity of social media in general, the negative effects on mental health may well be larger now.

Moreover, social media research tends to focus on young adults — an easier cohort to study than minors. That needs to change, Cunningham says. “Most of us are worried about our high school kids and younger.” 

And so, researchers must pivot accordingly. Crucially, simple comparisons of social media users and nonusers no longer make sense. As Orben and Przybylski’s 2022 work suggested, a teen not on social media might well feel worse than one who briefly logs on. 

Researchers must also dig into why, and under what circumstances, social media use can harm mental health, Cunningham says. Explanations for this link abound. For instance, social media is thought to crowd out other activities or increase people’s likelihood of comparing themselves unfavorably with others. But big data studies, with their reliance on existing surveys and statistical analyses, cannot address those deeper questions. “These kinds of papers, there’s nothing you can really ask … to find these plausible mechanisms,” Cunningham says.

One ongoing effort to understand social media use from this more nuanced vantage point is the SMART Schools project out of the University of Birmingham in England. Pedagogical expert Victoria Goodyear and her team are comparing mental and physical health outcomes among children who attend schools that have restricted cell phone use to those attending schools without such a policy. The researchers described the protocol of that study of 30 schools and over 1,000 students in the July BMJ Open.

Goodyear and colleagues are also combining that natural experiment with qualitative research. They met with 36 five-person focus groups each consisting of all students, all parents or all educators at six of those schools. The team hopes to learn how students use their phones during the day, how usage practices make students feel, and what the various parties think of restrictions on cell phone use during the school day.

Talking to teens and those in their orbit is the best way to get at the mechanisms by which social media influences well-being — for better or worse, Goodyear says. Moving beyond big data to this more personal approach, however, takes considerable time and effort. “Social media has increased in pace and momentum very, very quickly,” she says. “And research takes a long time to catch up with that process.”

Until that catch-up occurs, though, researchers cannot dole out much advice. “What guidance could we provide to young people, parents and schools to help maintain the positives of social media use?” Goodyear asks. “There’s not concrete evidence yet.”

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Social Media and Depression Symptoms: a Meta-Analysis

• Published: 06 January 2021
• Volume 49 , pages 241–253, ( 2021 )

Cite this article

• Simone Cunningham   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4179-2812 1 ,
• Chloe C. Hudson 1 &
• Kate Harkness 1  

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Social Networking Sites (SNS) have close to 3 billion users worldwide. Recently, however, SNS have come under media scrutiny for their potential association with depression. Two previous meta-analyses failed to find evidence for a robust concurrent association between SNS use and depression symptoms. However, these analyses focused primarily on the time spent using SNS. The current meta-analysis is the first to consider the multi-dimensional nature of SNS use, and examines separately the quantitative associations of depression symptoms to SNS use in three types of SNS studies examining three distinct constructs of SNS use: time spent using SNS, intensity of SNS use, and problematic SNS use. Sixty-two studies ( N  = 451, 229) met inclusion criteria. Depression symptoms were significantly, but weakly, associated with time spent using SNS ( r  = 0.11) and intensity of SNS use ( r  = 0.09). However, the association of depression symptoms to problematic SNS use was moderate ( r  = 0.29), was significantly higher than for time spent using SNS ( Q between  = 35.85, p  < 0.001) or intensity of SNS use ( Q between  = 13.95, p  < 0.001), and was not significantly moderated by age, gender, year of study publication, or mode of recruitment. These results suggest that future research examining causal models of the relation of SNS use and depression, as well as research on intervention and prevention, should focus in more detail on individuals who are engaging in a pattern of problematic SNS use.

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Cunningham, S., Hudson, C.C. & Harkness, K. Social Media and Depression Symptoms: a Meta-Analysis. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 49 , 241–253 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00715-7

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00715-7

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How Does Social Media Affect Your Mental Health?

Facebook has delayed the development of an Instagram app for children amid questions about its harmful effects on young people’s mental health. Does social media have an impact on your well-being?

By Nicole Daniels

What is your relationship with social media like? Which platforms do you spend the most time on? Which do you stay away from? How often do you log on?

What do you notice about your mental health and well-being when spending time on social networks?

In “ Facebook Delays Instagram App for Users 13 and Younger ,” Adam Satariano and Ryan Mac write about the findings of an internal study conducted by Facebook and what they mean for the Instagram Kids app that the company was developing:

Facebook said on Monday that it had paused development of an Instagram Kids service that would be tailored for children 13 years old or younger, as the social network increasingly faces questions about the app’s effect on young people’s mental health. The pullback preceded a congressional hearing this week about internal research conducted by Facebook , and reported in The Wall Street Journal , that showed the company knew of the harmful mental health effects that Instagram was having on teenage girls. The revelations have set off a public relations crisis for the Silicon Valley company and led to a fresh round of calls for new regulation. Facebook said it still wanted to build an Instagram product intended for children that would have a more “age appropriate experience,” but was postponing the plans in the face of criticism.

The article continues:

With Instagram Kids, Facebook had argued that young people were using the photo-sharing app anyway, despite age-requirement rules, so it would be better to develop a version more suitable for them. Facebook said the “kids” app was intended for ages 10 to 12 and would require parental permission to join, forgo ads and carry more age-appropriate content and features. Parents would be able to control what accounts their child followed. YouTube, which Google owns, has released a children’s version of its app. But since BuzzFeed broke the news this year that Facebook was working on the app, the company has faced scrutiny. Policymakers, regulators, child safety groups and consumer rights groups have argued that it hooks children on the app at a younger age rather than protecting them from problems with the service, including child predatory grooming, bullying and body shaming.

The article goes on to quote Adam Mosseri, the head of Instagram:

Mr. Mosseri said on Monday that the “the project leaked way before we knew what it would be” and that the company had “few answers” for the public at the time. Opposition to Facebook’s plans gained momentum this month when The Journal published articles based on leaked internal documents that showed Facebook knew about many of the harms it was causing. Facebook’s internal research showed that Instagram, in particular, had caused teen girls to feel worse about their bodies and led to increased rates of anxiety and depression, even while company executives publicly tried to minimize the app’s downsides.

But concerns about the effect of social media on young people go beyond Instagram Kids, the article notes:

A children’s version of Instagram would not fix more systemic problems, said Al Mik, a spokesman for 5Rights Foundation, a London group focused on digital rights issues for children. The group published a report in July showing that children as young as 13 were targeted within 24 hours of creating an account with harmful content, including material related to eating disorders, extreme diets, sexualized imagery, body shaming, self-harm and suicide. “Big Tobacco understood that the younger you got to someone, the easier you could get them addicted to become a lifelong user,” Doug Peterson, Nebraska’s attorney general, said in an interview. “I see some comparisons to social media platforms.” In May, attorneys general from 44 states and jurisdictions had signed a letter to Facebook’s chief executive, Mark Zuckerberg, asking him to end plans for building an Instagram app for children. American policymakers should pass tougher laws to restrict how tech platforms target children, said Josh Golin, executive director of Fairplay, a Boston-based group that was part of an international coalition of children’s and consumer groups opposed to the new app. Last year, Britain adopted an Age Appropriate Design Code , which requires added privacy protections for digital services used by people under the age of 18.

Students, read the entire article , then tell us:

Do you think Facebook made the right decision in halting the development of the Instagram Kids app? Do you think there should be social media apps for children 13 and younger? Why or why not?

What is your reaction to the research that found that Instagram can have harmful mental health effects on teenagers, particularly teenage girls? Have you experienced body image issues, anxiety or depression tied to your use of the app? How do you think social media affects your mental health?

What has your experience been on different social media apps? Are there apps that have a more positive or negative effect on your well-being? What do you think could explain these differences?

Have you ever been targeted with inappropriate or harmful content on Instagram or other social media apps? What responsibility do you think social media companies have to address these issues? Do you think there should be more protections in place for users under 18? Why or why not?

What does healthy social media engagement look like for you? What habits do you have around social media that you feel proud of? What behaviors would you like to change? How involved are your parents in your social media use? How involved do you think they should be?

If you were in charge of making Instagram, or another social media app, safer for teenagers, what changes would you make?

Want more writing prompts? You can find all of our questions in our Student Opinion column . Teachers, check out this guide to learn how you can incorporate them into your classroom.

Students 13 and older in the United States and Britain, and 16 and older elsewhere, are invited to comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff, but please keep in mind that once your comment is accepted, it will be made public.

Nicole Daniels joined The Learning Network as a staff editor in 2019 after working in museum education, curriculum writing and bilingual education. More about Nicole Daniels

Loyola University > Center for Digital Ethics & Policy > Research & Initiatives > Essays > Archive > 2018 > The Role of Social Media in Adolescent/Teen Depression and Anxiety

The role of social media in adolescent/teen depression and anxiety, april 3, 2018.

The adolescent and teen years have always been a challenging time. Peer pressure, insecurity and hormones are just some of the issues facing those in these age groups. But does social media exacerbate these problems?

For example, researchers from the Alberta Teachers’ Association, the University of Alberta, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School released a  study  that found significant changes in students at every grade level as a result of digital technology. In the past three to five years, 90 percent of teachers at the University of Alberta saw increases in emotional challenges, 85 percent saw social challenges and 77 percent observed cognitive challenges. Also, 56 percent of teachers report an increase in the number of kids sharing stories about online harassment and/or cyberbullying. There are increases in other areas as well. The majority of teachers say there has been an increase in students diagnosed with the following conditions: anxiety disorders (85 percent), ADD and ADHD (75 percent), and such mood disorders as depression (73 percent).

Also, a recent  study  by researchers at the Royal Society for Public Health and Young Health Movement found that 91 percent of those between the ages of 16 and 24 said Instagram was the worst social media platform as it relates to mental health. Instagram was most likely to cause negative effects such as poor body image, fear of missing out and sleep deprivation. Snapchat came in second place, followed by Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. The researchers theorize that Instagram and Snapchat are image-focused platforms and users compare themselves to others.

A  review  of 36 social media studies, published in JAMA Pediatrics, found that 23 percent of kids are victims of cyberbullying. The review also found that cyberbullying results in low self-esteem, depression, self-harm and behavioral problems — in both the victims and the bullies. In addition, cyberbullying was more likely to produce suicidal thoughts than traditional bullying.

Another  study , conducted by researchers at Glasgow University found that kids (some of whom were pre-teens) were on social media until the wee morning hours, and some were on more than one device (for example, a phone and a tablet) so they could simultaneously view multiple sites. These individuals reported lower sleep quality rates in addition to higher levels of depression and anxiety.

In a  survey  by the National Campaign to Support Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, almost 20 percent of teens admitted to participating in "sexting" or sending nude photos.

The pressure these adolescents and teens feel can be intensified by the time they get to college. Stanford University coined the phrase “ Duck syndrome ” to describe the erroneous attitude of incoming freshmen that they’re struggling while everyone else is gliding along smoothly — but in reality, the gliders are also “paddling furiously under the water just to keep up.” Adolescents and teens become accustomed to creating the impression that everything is perfect to match the equally perfect posts of their friends. But it becomes too difficult to maintain this façade, resulting in  suicide  among college students who appear to be well-adjusted, but are actually experiencing mental and emotional problems.

Another  report , published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, reveals that among young adults between the ages of 19 and 32, those with high social media usage (those logging on for more than 2 hours a day and checking their accounts 58 times a week) were more likely to deal with feelings of isolation than those with low social media use (they logged on for 30 minutes and checked their accounts 9 times a week). 

In light of these studies, who is responsible for the role of social media in adolescent/teen depression and anxiety?

Many tech leaders seem to understand the unhealthy, addictive nature of technology in general and social media in particular. As far back as 2010, New York Times reporter Nick Bilton  interviewed  the late Steve Jobs of Apple. Jobs told Bilton that he limited the amount of technology that his kids use. Bill Gates  shared  that he didn’t let his kids have mobile devices until they were 14 years old, and he sets a time for them to turn off the devices at night.  

Evan Williams, one of the founders of Twitter, Medium and Blogger, told Bilton that his kids read physical books instead of using iPads. Dick Costolo, former CEO of Twitter, told Bilton that his teenagers had to be in the living room when they used their tech devices.

But, perhaps the most shocking revelation came from Sean Parker, former president of Facebook, in an  interview  with Axios. Referring to Facebook, Parker said, “God only knows what it’s doing to our children’s brains.”

But there’s more. Parker also said, “ . . . How do we consume as much of your time and conscious attention as possible? . . . And that means that we need to sort of give you a little dopamine hit every once in a while, because someone liked or commented on a photo or a post or whatever . . . And that's going to get you to contribute more content, and that's going to get you ... more likes and comments . . . It's a social-validation feedback loop ... exactly the kind of thing that a hacker like myself would come up with, because you're exploiting a vulnerability in human psychology . . . The inventors, creators — it's me, it's Mark [Zuckerberg], it's Kevin Systrom on Instagram, it's all of these people — understood this consciously . . . And we did it anyway.”

So, if Parker confessed that social media was designed to be addictive, should social media companies be responsible for depression, anxiety, bullying and other issues among adolescents and teens?

Donna Shea, director of  The Peter Pan Center  for Social and Emotional Growth, and Nadine Briggs, director of  Simply Social Kids , are passionate about helping kids make and keep friends, and together have formed How to Make and Keep Friends, LLC. Shea and Briggs both lead community-based social groups at their centers in Massachusetts and have also formed the Social Success in School initiative. The two have also written several books for kids and teens, including, “Tips for Teens on Life and Social Success” .

Both Shea and Briggs believe that it is the job of parents to monitor their kid’s social media activity. “You wouldn’t allow your teen to put a lock on their bedroom door, but your teen is not only now interacting with peers at school or in your neighborhood, they are interacting with the entire world,” Shea said. “It is a parent’s job to be as involved in their teen’s online life as they are in their offline life.”

In fact, she is not in favor of giving adolescents and teens a phone as a gift. “Mobile devices belong to the parent and the teen is being  allowed  to use it,” Shea said. “A contract can be a useful tool before putting a device in the hands of your teen which would allow parents to have access to the phone.”

She believes that parents should monitor their adolescent/teen’s activity — and teens should know this is being done. “Parents do not need to be sneaky about that — tell your child to hand over the phone,” she said. Shea also recommends that parents use subscription services to view all of their teens’ activities. “Teens should be prepared to be monitored until they are of legal adult age,” she said.

However, Briggs admits that apps change so quickly that it’s almost impossible to keep up with them. “Other than doing your best to monitor your teen’s activity —  and it won’t be 100% effective - it’s important from the very beginning that you teach your child and teen to be good consumers of what is available to them,” Briggs said. “This is the new norm, and we think it’s the parent’s responsibility to be involved in their teen’s online life.”

She compares giving kids a phone or device to putting them behind the wheel of a car. “Both can be dangerous in their own way, but teens can learn the responsibilities that go along with these more adult activities.”

But, do parents bear sole responsibility? For example, everyone knows that tobacco is bad for your health, and people consume it willingly; however, they continue to sue and win lawsuits against tobacco companies. In 2014, one plaintiff was  awarded $23.6 billion  when her husband died of lung cancer as a result of smoking up to three packs of cigarettes a day. He started smoking at the age of 13 and died at the age of 36. The plaintiff (his widow) argued that the tobacco company willfully deceived consumers with addictive products.

How is this scenario different from what social media companies are doing? And speaking of willful deception, what about companies that make  secretive apps  that allow teens to hide their sexting?

If someone trips and falls on your property, you could be sued. If someone gets harmed at your nightclub, you could be held liable for not having “adequate security.” If one of your employees sexually harasses a colleague, you would be held responsible — even if you didn’t know about it. If you sell alcohol, you’re responsible for making sure it doesn’t get into the hands of a minor. In fact, according to the Dram Shop Law, if you let an adult have too many drinks and this individual is involved in an accident, you could be responsible.

However, if kids become addicted to a communication platform that was designed to be addictive, if they’re bullied online, if there are no safeguards to stop them from utilizing the types of secretive apps that encourage risky behavior, shouldn’t these companies be held responsible?

I think they should be, but this is not likely to happen until society holds them responsible. Since most adults are also addicted to social media — and some of them are internet bullies and engage in sexting, it seems unlikely that they would advocate for changes.

In the aforementioned study by the Royal Society for Public Health and Young Health Movement, researchers offered several ways to reduce some of the problems adolescents and teens face online. For example, one of the reasons kids feel so much pressure to look perfect is because of the doctored photos they see. The researchers recommend that social media companies include some sort of notification, such as a watermark, when photos have been digitally manipulated (68 percent of surveyed students support this action).

Another suggestion is to create a social media cap. Users would be logged out if they went over a pre-determined usage level (30 percent of surveyed students agree with this suggestion).

The majority of surveyed students (84 percent) approve of schools having classes on safe social media. 

Another suggestion by the researchers (which did not include student responses) was to use social media posts to identify kids and teens who might be at risk for mental health problems. However, problems have already been identified with  using Facebook to identity potential problem drinkers .

In addition, it was suggested that youth workers be trained in digital media. 

These are nice Band-Aid solutions. But they don’t address the addictive nature of social media and the incredible amount of peer pressure that it involves. Parents can provide guidance, but history has shown that their values rarely outweigh the pressure of peers.

Albert Einstein once said, “We can’t solve our problems with the same thinking we used to create them.” But in this situation, the social media giants can solve these problems with the exact same thinking they used to create them. Just as they figured out what it would take to make these platforms addictive, they can figure out what it would take to make the platforms less addictive. But don’t hold your breath because the person who creates the problem and profits from the problem has no incentive to solve the problem.

Terri Williams  writes for a variety of clients including USA Today , Yahoo , U.S. News & World Report , The Houston Chronicle , Investopedia , and Robert Half . She has a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Follow her on Twitter @Territoryone .

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Social Media: Depression 

This essay will explore the relationship between social media use and depression. It will discuss how various aspects of social media, like comparison with others, cyberbullying, and excessive screen time, can contribute to depressive symptoms. The piece will review scientific studies on the topic, the psychological mechanisms involved, and the broader implications for mental health. Strategies for mitigating these negative effects will also be discussed. At PapersOwl too, you can discover numerous free essay illustrations related to Adolescence.

How it works

There  has been a point in someone’s life where they did not feel good enough. Everyone experiences not having the perfect body image, the perfect grades, or the popularity. Based off of a newsletter named “Healthline” they discovered that over 350 million people in the United States suffer from depression.  One thing that does not help is social media.

Social media provides a “perfect” standard that people believe they must stand by. For example, the apps Instagram and Snapchat, allow anyone to cover up a person’s flaws with filters.

Instagram provides anyone with an account to create their own profile, post their own pictures, follow people they admire, and receive followers back. However, Snapchat provides several frivolous filters.

These filters allow the users to change the shape of their face, the way their eyes look, and become silly animals. According to Sherry Turkle, who is a professor of the social studies of science and technology, says that “not only do we let our phones determine what we do, we let it change who we are.” (Turkle, 2012) Social media creates a life inside a person’s phone that people become addicted too, and believe that it is the way to live, look, and act.  

• 2 Depression

Media is used way too much whether people like it or not. According to Sophia Smith, who is the author to a BBC article, states that the over use of social media is debated whether it is a mental health disorder or not. As of January 2018, the WHO (World Health Organization) identified video gaming as an addiction. (Smith, 2018) Before discussed even further, there are different types of social media that needs to be explained. The first social media that is the most popular is Facebook. Facebook, allows a user to post their own posts defining their day or thoughts. Facebook also allows pictures to be uploaded where their friends can like and comment on them. The number of friends a person has, defines their popularity. The next most popular social media app in the United States is Instagram. Although Instagram is very similar to Facebook, it is used in a different way. Like Facebook, pictures are posted where likes and comments are received, posts on Instagram are not allowed.

However, a “Story” can be uploaded where a picture or video can be seen up to 24 hours with writing that announces one’s feelings. Once again, the number of followers a user has identifies how popular that person is, it is just more obsessed with, to where people feel the need to purchase the followers they have. On Instagram, it allows people to create their own theme on their account, meaning that they can only post pictures that relate to the theme they picked.

The last social media to be discussed is Snapchat. Although it is not the most popular, it has its impacts. Snapchat creates filters that enhances the users face. Some of them can be “cute” animals such as the dog filter that changes a person’s nose with a dog nose and adds dog ears on top of the human head, and others are simple, such as, eyelash extensions and has the effect of a light self- tan. (Whiteman, 2015)

Depression is a mental disorder that makes a person feel unwanted, insecure, and extremely sad. Depression makes a person lazy and want to stay in a dark room all day. In the United States 350 million people are depressed. (Pietrangelo, 2015) There are several ways to help with depression even if it has obstacles. There is a website called “Suicide Forum” that helps with anxiety, depression, and suicide. On the website under each tab, there are several different articles from separate authors explaining their advice and their thoughts on what each disorder is. Suicide Forum provides an online chat room where people who are afraid to meet in person can talk and chat all over the world. The chat room allow people all around the world to exchange advice and personal problems. Although they open themselves up to complete strangers, it makes them feel like they are not alone, and that they have someone who cares for them. 

in teens is very common, 3.1 million teens have been depressed and experienced what it felt like. (Major Depression, 2017) Teenagers in this generation tend to interact with their phones and social media. A very common thing in high school is cyber bullying. Teenagers feel the need to bully their peers through social media. Not only will this cause depression, but in most cases even suicide. Katie Hurley created a short article based on how parents can help their teens with depression. Teenagers feel like they can not go to their parents and they feel alone but reading Hurley’s article showed wonderful advice on how make teenagers feel comfortable talking to their parents’. (Hurley, 2018)

Social media can not only affect teenagers, it can affect anyone in different age groups. Based on the people seen on Instagram posts or Snapchat stories, others tend to “want” to be them. People see the way others post and the number of likes and wonderful comments they receive, therefore, they feel the need to post like that. According to Sherry Turkle’s TED Talk video, she explains how people let phones control what we do. (Turkle, 2012) In the beginning of her video Turkle describes how a simple text can change a simple mood. Her example was her daughter sending a good luck text. Now this doesn’t just mean a positive text, it can be negative texts or negative posts they see on their phone. Although posts and texts are just through a cellular device, it can either ruin a persons’ day, or brighten it up. In conclusion, social media should not interfere with our daily lives. People should limit the amount of time they use for social media.

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Argumentative Essay Writing

Argumentative Essay About Social Media

Crafting a Winning Argumentative Essay on Social Media

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If you've ever gotten into an argument about social media, then you already know how important it is to craft a winning argument.

But what if that argument was turned into an essay?

Crafting an effective argumentative essay on social media can be both challenging and rewarding.

We'll show you everything you need to know in order to write a killer paper that takes your arguments straight to the top!

Read on for some tips and tricks on how to make sure your paper stands out among the rest.

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Argumentative Essay- Explained 

Before writing an argumentative essay about social media, it's important to understand what makes up a good argumentative essay. 

An argumentative essay is an article that presents both sides of an issue or debate in order to reach a conclusion. 

It requires you to provide evidence and facts, present a point of view, and develop an argument.

When writing an argumentative essay on social media, you must present both sides of the issue or debate in a balanced manner. 

You must also be sure to explain why one side has more credibility than the other. 

This means that you’ll need to do your research and make sure that your essay has facts and evidence to back up your claims. 

Why Do We Write an Argumentative Essay About Social Media?

This type of essay can be difficult because it requires you to present both sides of the argument in a balanced and unbiased manner. 

It also requires you to research facts that support either side of the argument and present them in a clear and logical manner.

By writing this essay, you can help readers understand why one point of view is more credible than another. 

This can help them form their own opinions on the issue and become better informed on the topic. 

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Steps to Write an Argumentative Essay About Social Media

Writing an argumentative essay about social media requires research, facts, and evidence. 

Here are a few steps that can help you write a great argumentative essay:

Research To Collect Data and Material 

The first step in writing an argumentative essay about social media is to do research and collect data .

This includes researching various sources such as books, articles, and websites that provide reliable information about the topic. 

Take notes on what you read and highlight any points or quotes that you may want to include in your essay. 

Pick an Engaging Title for an Argumentative Essay About Social Media 

When it comes to writing a great argumentative essay about social media, one of the most important elements is having a great title. 

A good title will draw readers in and encourage them to read your essay.

Make sure the title is catchy yet relevant to the main topic of your paper. 

Form a Descriptive Outline 

Once you have collected enough data and material, it’s time to start forming a descriptive outline of your essay. 

This should include all the points you plan on discussing throughout the body paragraphs. Furthermore, it should include any conclusions that you may want to propose at the end of your paper. 

By having a clear idea of what your paper will cover, it will be much easier to plan out each section before writing it out in full detail.

Check out this amazing blog on argumentative essay outline to craft perfect outlines.

Write an Introduction of an Argumentative Essay About Social Media 

Your introduction should be engaging and introduce readers to the main topic of your paper.

Here, you can also state which side of the argument you are taking (if applicable) so readers know where you stand from the beginning. 

Write Connect The Body Paragraphs Of Your Essay  

In each body paragraph, provide evidence or facts that prove why your opinion is correct.

Each paragraph should introduce a new point or idea related back to your main argument.

Make sure each point flows naturally into one another without jumping around too much from one point/idea to another.  

Write A Compelling Conclusion                  

Finally, write a compelling conclusion that wraps up all points made throughout the body paragraphs.  

Make sure not only summarize what was already said. Also, provide insight into why these topics are still relevant today and how they affect us today going forward!  

Examples of Argumentative Essay About Social Media 

When writing an argumentative essay about social media, it can be helpful to look at examples.

Here is a sample argumentative essay written by our expert writers. Check it out for more inspiration.

By reading these sample essays, you can gain a better understanding of how to write your own essay and what elements are important to include. 

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Check our extensive blog on argumentative essay examples to ace your next essay!

Argumentative Essay About Social Media Topics

If you’re looking for topics to write about in your argumentative essay about social media, take a look at the list below for some ideas: 

• The Impact of Social Media on Human Interaction 
• How Can We Limit Social Media Use? 
• Is Social Media Harmful/Beneficial to Mental Health? 
• Social Media and Its Effect on the Education System 
• Is Social Media Really a Positive Influence on Young People? 
• The Impact of Social Media on Privacy 
• How Has Social Media Changed Society in Recent Years? 
• Should We Censor Content Posted on Social Media Platforms like Twitter and Facebook? 
• Does Social Media Make Us Feel More Alone? 
• Are Social Media Users Becoming Increasingly Narcissistic? 
• Should We Rely on Social Media for News Sources? 
• Is Social Media a Tool of Surveillance? 

Check our comprehensive blog on argumentative essay topics to get more topic ideas!

The platform that you use to communicate with others can be a great tool or it can do more harm than good. It all depends on how you use it and what your intentions are. 

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Argumentative Essay on Social Media

Introduction

In the modern era, the surge of social networks is virtually irresistible, enveloping society in a cocoon of interconnected digital networks. An argumentative essay about social media often dives into this complex web, exploring the multifaceted issues interwoven with online platforms. This essay will navigate through the controversial sea of social media, underscoring its positive and negative impacts on society.

Formulating the Problem

Social media, as an accessible platform for individuals of various ages and backgrounds, brings about not just advantages like global connectivity and information dissemination, but also palpable challenges such as privacy invasion, cyberbullying, and misinformation spread. The core issue here is discerning whether the benefits of social media outweigh its drawbacks, essentially necessitating an exploration of various social media argumentative essay examples to delineate comprehensive insights.

Commentary on the Problem

The extensive reach and influence of social media indisputably carve both constructive and destructive pathways in society. Examples of the latter include the rampant dissemination of fake news, fostering polarization, and impairing interpersonal relationships with the illusion of connectedness, all of which feed into the intricacies of an argumentative essay on social media . Conversely, the positive aspects, like enhanced communication, awareness, and a platform for social change, cannot be discounted.

Author’s Position

This essay posits that while social media harbours potential for immense societal benefit, its perils, if left unchecked and unregulated, could overshadow its positives. Consequently, an argumentative stance herein insists on meticulous regulatory frameworks and educational initiatives to safeguard users while maximizing the platform's advantageous elements.

Agreement/Disagreement and Argumentation

• Promotion of Information and Awareness: Social media notably excels in swiftly disseminating information on a global scale, enabling users to remain abreast of worldwide occurrences and innovations.

Disagreement:

• Psychological Impact: Various social media argumentative essay sources highlight its psychological impacts, including anxiety and depression, attributed to online harassment and the perpetuation of unrealistic standards.
• Misinformation: Argument essay about social media often spotlight the proliferation of misinformation as a pressing concern. False data and fake news can propagate rapidly, fueling discord, panic, and uninformed decision-making among users.
• Privacy Concerns: Social media argument essay narratives frequently underline the incessant erosion of user privacy, with personal data often being misused for profit or manipulative endeavors.

Social media stands at a juxtaposition of being a boon and a bane, intricately entwining diverse global narratives, making the topic a compelling subject for an argumentative essay social media . Despite the numerous advantages it presents, the detriments of social media cannot be understated or ignored. Striking a balance through regulatory frameworks, digital literacy, and ethical usage is imperative to harness its potential effectively while mitigating associated risks.

1. Ice Bucket Challenge: A Beacon of Positive Potential

In 2014, the Ice Bucket Challenge became an exemplar of how social media can serve as a vessel for widespread positivity, charitable action, and education on global health issues. By challenging individuals to pour a bucket of iced water over themselves and subsequently nominate others to do the same or donate to ALS research, it ingeniously melded entertainment, camaraderie, and philanthropy. With celebrities and common folk alike participating, the challenge not only raised an astonishing $115 million for ALS research in the United States but also significantly enhanced global awareness regarding the disease. Here, social media manifested as a formidable force for good, underlining its potential to elevate charitable causes and promote global solidarity.

2. Pizzagate Conspiracy Theory: Navigating through the Abyss of Misinformation

Conversely, the Pizzagate Conspiracy Theory provides a grim glimpse into the detrimental potentials of social media when pervaded by misinformation. Emerging during the 2016 United States presidential election, the theory falsely claimed that a Washington D.C. pizzeria was the nexus of a child-trafficking ring, allegedly linked to high-profile politicians. Propagated through social media channels, it not only sowed seeds of distrust towards democratic institutions and individuals but also resulted in a perilous real-world incident, wherein an armed individual sought to 'investigate' the matter, endangering lives. This highlights an exigent need to combat the unchecked dissemination of misinformation and the pivotal role of regulatory and educative interventions in mitigating such instances.

3. Rise of Influencer Culture: Redefining Marketing and Consumer Behavior

The ascension of influencer culture exemplifies another intriguing dimension of social media. With platforms such as Instagram and TikTok spearheading a new age of marketing, influencers have become pivotal in shaping consumer behavior, lifestyle choices, and brand preferences among followers. While this has democratized fame and offered new avenues for business and individuals to prosper, it also beckons a scrutiny of ethical marketing, the impact of materialistic pursuits, and the psychological implications among followers, especially younger audiences, ensuing from continuous exposure to curated and often, unrealistic portrayals of life and success.

In threading through the variegated aspects of social media, this essay endeavours to prompt reflection, advocating for a nuanced approach to its utilization and regulation. This not only ensures its optimal use but also safeguards the mental and societal health of its vast user base.

Note: This essay is a general guideline and should be expanded upon for a detailed, comprehensive exploration of the topic. It offers a structured overview and can be enhanced with specific details, data, and further discussions per section.

Frequently Asked Questions

• How can an argumentative essay about social media address the psychological impacts on users?

Answer: An argumentative essay might explore the psychological repercussions by diving into various studies and real-life incidents, illustrating the stark realities and cascading effects of social media on mental health.

• What role does misinformation play in the framework of a social media argumentative essay?

Answer: Misinformation takes a central role in a social media argumentative essay, highlighting how false narratives and deceptive information can distort public opinion, endanger public health, and even compromise the integrity of democracies.

• How does an argumentative essay on social media evaluate the platform’s potential as a tool for social justice and change?

Answer: The essay could dissect several instances, such as social movements and campaigns that have leveraged social media for visibility and mobilization, exploring its viability and limitations as a conduit for social transformation.

• In what way does an argumentative essay social media delve into the aspects of privacy invasion and data misuse?

Answer: The essay might scrutinize numerous instances of data breaches and the exploitation of personal information, weaving a narrative that elucidates the gravity and breadth of privacy issues spawned by social media platforms.

• Can you cite a few social media argumentative essay examples that illuminate both the positive and negative facets of these platforms?

Answer: Certainly, essays might focus on varied instances like the global connectivity during the COVID-19 pandemic, amplifying social causes like Black Lives Matter, or delve into the darker facets like the Cambridge Analytica scandal and widespread cyberbullying, offering a multi-dimensional viewpoint on the spectrum of impacts rendered by social media.

These questions and the entailing discussions are pivotal, embodying the core of numerous debates surrounding social media and its varied implications on contemporary society. They underscore not just its evident advantages but also the covert, often insidious repercussions that necessitate astute scrutiny and deliberation, aspects crucial to any compelling argumentative essay social media.

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Argumentative Essay About Social Media : Topics, Tips & Examples

Are you struggling to come up with a topic for your argumentative essay about social media?

Don’t worry, you’re not alone.

With so many different opinions about social media, it can be difficult to know where to start. But fear not!

In this article, we’ll give you some tips on how to craft a great topic for your essay, as well as how to start your essay and some examples of argumentative essay topics about social media.

How to choose a topic for your argumentative social media essay

Choosing the right topic is the foundation of a successful argumentative essay . Here are some tips to help you choose the perfect topic for your social media essay:

• Identify the hot-button issues: Look for the topics that are currently generating the most attention and debate on social media. For instance, the issue of online privacy has been a hot-button issue for some time now.
• Analyze current events: Keep an eye on current events and trending topics on social media platforms. For example, the recent controversy surrounding Facebook’s role in the 2016 US Presidential election is an excellent topic to explore.
• Identify your audience: Consider the demographics of your audience, and choose a topic that will resonate with them. For instance, if you are writing for a younger audience, you may want to consider a topic related to the impact of social media on mental health.
• Personal experience: Consider your own experiences with social media and the impact it has had on your life. You may be able to identify a unique perspective that will make for a compelling argumentative essay.

How to craft a title for your argumentative essay about social media

Now that you know what topic you want to write on, let’s talk about how to craft a title that will grab your reader’s attention and accurately reflect your argument. Here are some tips:

• Use descriptive language: Your title should give your reader a good idea of what your essay is about. Use descriptive language that accurately reflects your argument. For example, if you’re writing about the advantages and disadvantages of social media, you might use a title like “Navigating the Pros and Cons of Social Media.”
• Keep it short and sweet: Your title should be concise and easy to remember. Avoid long titles that are difficult to read or remember. A good rule of thumb is to keep your title under 10 words.
• Make it provocative: A provocative title can grab your reader’s attention and make them want to read more. However, be careful not to be too sensationalistic or misleading. Your title should accurately reflect your argument.

Examples of Argumentative Essay Topics about Social Media

• Should social media platforms be held accountable for the spread of misinformation and fake news?
• The Social Dilemma: Navigating the Pros and Cons of Social Media
• Scrolling to Depression: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health
• Fake News, Real Consequences: Holding Social Media Platforms Accountable
• Swipe Left on Toxic Relationships: The Impact of Social Media on Modern Dating
• The Future of Work in the Social Media Age: Opportunity or Threat?
• Hooked on Social Media: The Addictive Nature of Online Engagement
• Lost in Translation: How Social Media Affects Cross-Cultural Communication
• The Algorithms Behind the Screen: The Need for Transparency on Social Media Platforms
• Democracy in Danger? Examining the Impact of Social Media on Political Discourse
• Growing Up Online: The Impact of Social Media on the Development of Young Minds
• Is social media addiction a real problem, and if so, what steps should be taken to address it?
• Should social media companies be required to collect and store data about their users’ online activities?
• Are social media platforms responsible for the rise of cyberbullying and harassment, and what measures should be taken to prevent it?

How to Start an Argumentative Essay about Social Media

Starting an argumentative essay about social media can be a daunting task, but with the right approach, you can create a compelling and engaging introduction that hooks your reader’s attention. Here are some tips and examples to help you get started:

• Start with a hook that relates to your argument about social media
• Use a surprising statistic or fact: “Did you know that more than 60% of people have witnessed online harassment on social media platforms?”
• Use a provocative question: “Is social media a tool for positive social change or a threat to democracy?”
• Use a personal anecdote: “When I was in high school, I witnessed firsthand the negative impact of social media on my friend’s mental health.”
• Provide background information
• Define social media: “Social media refers to a variety of online platforms that allow users to share information, connect with others, and engage in social networking.”
• Explain the history of social media: “Social media has its roots in early online communities like Usenet and bulletin board systems, but it wasn’t until the rise of platforms like Facebook and Twitter that it became a mainstream phenomenon.”
• Outline the different types of social media: “There are a variety of social media platforms available, including social networking sites like Facebook and LinkedIn, microblogging sites like Twitter and Tumblr, and image-sharing sites like Instagram and Snapchat.”
• Present your thesis statement
• Focus on a specific aspect of social media: “While social media can be a useful tool for communication and entertainment, its addictive qualities and pressure to present a perfect image can have detrimental effects on mental health and well-being.”
• Take a stance: “Social media is a net positive for society, providing a platform for marginalized voices to be heard and allowing for greater social connection and community building.”
• Preview your main arguments: “In this essay, I will argue that social media is both a blessing and a curse, providing many benefits while also creating new challenges and problems that need to be addressed.”

How to Write the Body of a Social Media Argumentative Essay

The next section to write after the introduction is the body of your argumentative essay. Here are some tips on how to structure and write the body of your essay:

• Develop your arguments: In the body of your essay, you will need to develop the arguments that support your thesis statement. Each argument should be presented in a separate paragraph, and you should use evidence and examples to support your claims. For example, if you are arguing that social media has a negative impact on mental health, you could provide studies or articles that support your position.
• Address counterarguments: It is important to address counterarguments in your essay. This shows that you have considered different perspectives on the issue and strengthens your overall argument. For example, if you are arguing that social media has a negative impact on mental health, you could address the counterargument that social media can be a source of social support for some individuals.
• Use transitional phrases: Use transitional phrases to move smoothly from one argument to the next. This helps your essay to flow and makes it easier for your reader to follow your argument. Examples of transitional phrases include “in addition,” “moreover,” and “furthermore.”
• Provide a conclusion: Your conclusion should summarize your main arguments and restate your thesis statement. It should also provide some final thoughts or recommendations on the issue. Avoid introducing new information or arguments in your conclusion.

Example of an Argumentative Essay about Social Media

Title: Should social media platforms be held accountable for the spread of misinformation and fake news?

Did you know that your social media feed may be feeding you lies? In recent years, social media platforms have come under fire for their role in spreading fake news and misinformation. As more people turn to social media for their news and information, the potential impact of these falsehoods has become a growing concern. With debates raging about who should be held responsible for this spread of misinformation, this essay will argue that social media platforms must be held accountable for the consequences of the content they allow to spread. Social media has become a ubiquitous part of our daily lives, and with the increasing amount of information shared on these platforms, the potential for the spread of misinformation and fake news has become a significant concern. It is no longer a question of whether social media platforms should be held accountable for the spread of such content, but how they should be held accountable. Firstly, social media platforms must take responsibility for the accuracy and truthfulness of the content that is published on their platforms. Social media platforms are no longer mere conduits for information; they actively curate the content that is presented to users through algorithms and other tools (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017). As such, they have the ability and the responsibility to ensure that the content that is presented to users is accurate and truthful. Social media platforms must be held accountable for any content that is found to be false, misleading or harmful to public health, safety, and well-being. Moreover, the impact of social media on public opinion and discourse cannot be understated. Studies have shown that the spread of fake news and misinformation can have a significant impact on public opinion and even influence election outcomes. As such, social media platforms have a responsibility to ensure that they are not facilitating the spread of false information that could influence important decision-making processes. They must ensure that their content policies and moderation practices are stringent enough to prevent the spread of harmful and false information. Some may argue that social media platforms should not be held accountable for the spread of misinformation and fake news as it can be difficult to determine what is true and false. However, this argument overlooks the fact that social media platforms have the resources and tools to combat the spread of false information(Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017). For example, these platforms can employ fact-checking mechanisms and algorithms that can detect false information and flag it for review. According to a study by Haim and Graefe (2018), social media platforms have the capability to implement these measures effectively. While it is true that detecting false information on social media platforms can be challenging, it is not an impossible task. In fact, social media platforms can improve their algorithms to better identify and flag false information. For instance, they can use machine learning and artificial intelligence to analyze patterns of behavior, source credibility, and language used to identify potentially false information. Moreover, social media platforms can collaborate with independent fact-checkers and news organizations to verify the accuracy of information before it is posted on their platforms (European Commission, 2018). By working with reputable sources, social media platforms can reduce the spread of misinformation and promote the sharing of accurate information. In conclusion, social media platforms should be held accountable for the spread of misinformation and fake news. As powerful gatekeepers of information, social media platforms have a responsibility to ensure that the content that is presented to users is accurate and truthful. They also have a legal obligation to remove illegal content, which may include false or misleading information. By taking these steps, social media platforms can help to mitigate the impact of misinformation and fake news on public opinion and discourse. References: Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211-236. European Commission. (2018). Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/11507-Code-of-conduct-on-countering-illegal-hate-speech-online-/public-feedback Haim, M., & Graefe, A. (2018). In a world of alternative facts, social media algorithms and crowdsourcing can help verify news. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/in-a-world-of-alternative-facts-social-media-algorithms-and-crowdsourcing-can-help-verify-news-83503

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Comprehensive argumentative essay example on social media, rachel r.n..

• February 22, 2024

What You'll Learn

The Double-Edged Sword of Social Media: A Comprehensive Analysis

In today’s digital age, social media platforms have become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we communicate, share information, and interact with one another. With the advent of platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok, the world has witnessed unprecedented connectivity and accessibility to vast amounts of information. While proponents argue that social media fosters communication, facilitates networking, and empowers individuals, detractors raise concerns about its detrimental effects on mental health, privacy, and societal well-being. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the dual nature of social media, exploring both its positive and negative impacts on individuals and society.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Example on Social Media)

Firstly, social media platforms serve as powerful tools for communication and networking , allowing individuals to connect with friends, family, and like-minded individuals across geographical boundaries. Platforms like Facebook and Twitter enable users to share updates, photos, and messages in real-time, fostering meaningful relationships and maintaining connections. Moreover, social media facilitates information dissemination, serving as a catalyst for social movements, political activism, and grassroots initiatives. The Arab Spring and the #BlackLivesMatter movement are prime examples of how social media has been instrumental in mobilizing communities and effecting social change.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Example on Social Media)

Secondly, social media platforms offer unparalleled opportunities for self-expression and creativity. Platforms like Instagram and YouTube provide individuals with a platform to showcase their talents, share their passions, and express themselves authentically. From photography and videography to music and art, social media empowers individuals to cultivate personal brands and reach a global audience. Influencers and content creators have leveraged social media to build lucrative careers and influence popular culture, democratizing fame and success in the digital age.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Example on Social Media)

However, despite its many benefits, social media also has significant drawbacks that cannot be overlooked. One of the most pressing concerns is its impact on mental health and well-being. Studies have shown a correlation between excessive social media use and mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. The constant comparison to curated and idealized versions of others’ lives can lead to feelings of inadequacy and FOMO (fear of missing out), exacerbating existing insecurities and negative self-perceptions. Moreover, the addictive nature of social media, characterized by endless scrolling and dopamine-driven feedback loops, can disrupt sleep patterns, impair cognitive function, and detract from real-world interactions.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Example on Social Media)

Furthermore, social media platforms have raised significant privacy and security concerns, as users’ personal data and online activities are often harvested, analyzed, and monetized without their consent. The Cambridge Analytica scandal, in which the personal information of millions of Facebook users was improperly obtained and used for political advertising purposes, highlighted the inherent risks of entrusting sensitive information to social media companies. Moreover, the proliferation of fake news, misinformation, and online harassment on platforms like Twitter and YouTube has undermined trust in traditional media sources and fueled polarization and division within society.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Example on Social Media)

In conclusion, social media is a double-edged sword that presents both opportunities and challenges for individuals and society at large. While it has revolutionized communication, empowered individuals, and facilitated social movements, it has also contributed to mental health issues, privacy breaches, and societal polarization. As we navigate the complexities of the digital age, it is imperative to strike a balance between harnessing the potential of social media for positive change while mitigating its negative impacts through responsible usage, digital literacy, and regulatory measures. Ultimately, the future of social media lies in our collective ability to harness its power for the greater good while safeguarding against its inherent risks and pitfalls.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Example on Social Media)

Kent, M. L., & Li, C. (2020). Toward a normative social media theory for public relations. Public Relations Review, 46(1), 101857. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0363811118303527

Hall, J. A., & Liu, D. (2022). Social media use, social displacement, and well-being.  Current Opinion in Psychology ,  46 , 101339. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352250X22000513

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Feb 15, 2023

6 Example Essays on Social Media | Advantages, Effects, and Outlines

Got an essay assignment about the effects of social media we got you covered check out our examples and outlines below.

Social media has become one of our society's most prominent ways of communication and information sharing in a very short time. It has changed how we communicate and has given us a platform to express our views and opinions and connect with others. It keeps us informed about the world around us. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn have brought individuals from all over the world together, breaking down geographical borders and fostering a genuinely global community.

However, social media comes with its difficulties. With the rise of misinformation, cyberbullying, and privacy problems, it's critical to utilize these platforms properly and be aware of the risks. Students in the academic world are frequently assigned essays about the impact of social media on numerous elements of our lives, such as relationships, politics, and culture. These essays necessitate a thorough comprehension of the subject matter, critical thinking, and the ability to synthesize and convey information clearly and succinctly.

But where do you begin? It can be challenging to know where to start with so much information available. Jenni.ai comes in handy here. Jenni.ai is an AI application built exclusively for students to help them write essays more quickly and easily. Jenni.ai provides students with inspiration and assistance on how to approach their essays with its enormous database of sample essays on a variety of themes, including social media. Jenni.ai is the solution you've been looking for if you're experiencing writer's block or need assistance getting started.

So, whether you're a student looking to better your essay writing skills or want to remain up to date on the latest social media advancements, Jenni.ai is here to help. Jenni.ai is the ideal tool for helping you write your finest essay ever, thanks to its simple design, an extensive database of example essays, and cutting-edge AI technology. So, why delay? Sign up for a free trial of Jenni.ai today and begin exploring the worlds of social networking and essay writing!

Want to learn how to write an argumentative essay? Check out these inspiring examples!

We will provide various examples of social media essays so you may get a feel for the genre.

6 Examples of Social Media Essays

Here are 6 examples of Social Media Essays:

The Impact of Social Media on Relationships and Communication

Introduction:.

The way we share information and build relationships has evolved as a direct result of the prevalence of social media in our daily lives. The influence of social media on interpersonal connections and conversation is a hot topic. Although social media has many positive effects, such as bringing people together regardless of physical proximity and making communication quicker and more accessible, it also has a dark side that can affect interpersonal connections and dialogue.

Positive Effects:

Connecting People Across Distances

One of social media's most significant benefits is its ability to connect individuals across long distances. People can use social media platforms to interact and stay in touch with friends and family far away. People can now maintain intimate relationships with those they care about, even when physically separated.

Improved Communication Speed and Efficiency

Additionally, the proliferation of social media sites has accelerated and simplified communication. Thanks to instant messaging, users can have short, timely conversations rather than lengthy ones via email. Furthermore, social media facilitates group communication, such as with classmates or employees, by providing a unified forum for such activities.

Negative Effects:

Decreased Face-to-Face Communication

The decline in in-person interaction is one of social media's most pernicious consequences on interpersonal connections and dialogue. People's reliance on digital communication over in-person contact has increased along with the popularity of social media. Face-to-face interaction has suffered as a result, which has adverse effects on interpersonal relationships and the development of social skills.

Decreased Emotional Intimacy

Another adverse effect of social media on relationships and communication is decreased emotional intimacy. Digital communication lacks the nonverbal cues and facial expressions critical in building emotional connections with others. This can make it more difficult for people to develop close and meaningful relationships, leading to increased loneliness and isolation.

Increased Conflict and Miscommunication

Finally, social media can also lead to increased conflict and miscommunication. The anonymity and distance provided by digital communication can lead to misunderstandings and hurtful comments that might not have been made face-to-face. Additionally, social media can provide a platform for cyberbullying , which can have severe consequences for the victim's mental health and well-being.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the impact of social media on relationships and communication is a complex issue with both positive and negative effects. While social media platforms offer many benefits, such as connecting people across distances and enabling faster and more accessible communication, they also have a dark side that can negatively affect relationships and communication. It is up to individuals to use social media responsibly and to prioritize in-person communication in their relationships and interactions with others.

The Role of Social Media in the Spread of Misinformation and Fake News

Social media has revolutionized the way information is shared and disseminated. However, the ease and speed at which data can be spread on social media also make it a powerful tool for spreading misinformation and fake news. Misinformation and fake news can seriously affect public opinion, influence political decisions, and even cause harm to individuals and communities.

The Pervasiveness of Misinformation and Fake News on Social Media

Misinformation and fake news are prevalent on social media platforms, where they can spread quickly and reach a large audience. This is partly due to the way social media algorithms work, which prioritizes content likely to generate engagement, such as sensational or controversial stories. As a result, false information can spread rapidly and be widely shared before it is fact-checked or debunked.

The Influence of Social Media on Public Opinion

Social media can significantly impact public opinion, as people are likelier to believe the information they see shared by their friends and followers. This can lead to a self-reinforcing cycle, where misinformation and fake news are spread and reinforced, even in the face of evidence to the contrary.

The Challenge of Correcting Misinformation and Fake News

Correcting misinformation and fake news on social media can be a challenging task. This is partly due to the speed at which false information can spread and the difficulty of reaching the same audience exposed to the wrong information in the first place. Additionally, some individuals may be resistant to accepting correction, primarily if the incorrect information supports their beliefs or biases.

In conclusion, the function of social media in disseminating misinformation and fake news is complex and urgent. While social media has revolutionized the sharing of information, it has also made it simpler for false information to propagate and be widely believed. Individuals must be accountable for the information they share and consume, and social media firms must take measures to prevent the spread of disinformation and fake news on their platforms.

The Effects of Social Media on Mental Health and Well-Being

Social media has become an integral part of modern life, with billions of people around the world using platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter to stay connected with others and access information. However, while social media has many benefits, it can also negatively affect mental health and well-being.

Comparison and Low Self-Esteem

One of the key ways that social media can affect mental health is by promoting feelings of comparison and low self-esteem. People often present a curated version of their lives on social media, highlighting their successes and hiding their struggles. This can lead others to compare themselves unfavorably, leading to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem.

Cyberbullying and Online Harassment

Another way that social media can negatively impact mental health is through cyberbullying and online harassment. Social media provides a platform for anonymous individuals to harass and abuse others, leading to feelings of anxiety, fear, and depression.

Social Isolation

Despite its name, social media can also contribute to feelings of isolation. At the same time, people may have many online friends but need more meaningful in-person connections and support. This can lead to feelings of loneliness and depression.

Addiction and Overuse

Finally, social media can be addictive, leading to overuse and negatively impacting mental health and well-being. People may spend hours each day scrolling through their feeds, neglecting other important areas of their lives, such as work, family, and self-care.

In sum, social media has positive and negative consequences on one's psychological and emotional well-being. Realizing this, and taking measures like reducing one's social media use, reaching out to loved ones for help, and prioritizing one's well-being, are crucial. In addition, it's vital that social media giants take ownership of their platforms and actively encourage excellent mental health and well-being.

The Use of Social Media in Political Activism and Social Movements

Social media has recently become increasingly crucial in political action and social movements. Platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have given people new ways to express themselves, organize protests, and raise awareness about social and political issues.

Raising Awareness and Mobilizing Action

One of the most important uses of social media in political activity and social movements has been to raise awareness about important issues and mobilize action. Hashtags such as #MeToo and #BlackLivesMatter, for example, have brought attention to sexual harassment and racial injustice, respectively. Similarly, social media has been used to organize protests and other political actions, allowing people to band together and express themselves on a bigger scale.

Connecting with like-minded individuals

A second method in that social media has been utilized in political activity and social movements is to unite like-minded individuals. Through social media, individuals can join online groups, share knowledge and resources, and work with others to accomplish shared objectives. This has been especially significant for geographically scattered individuals or those without access to traditional means of political organizing.

Challenges and Limitations

As a vehicle for political action and social movements, social media has faced many obstacles and restrictions despite its many advantages. For instance, the propagation of misinformation and fake news on social media can impede attempts to disseminate accurate and reliable information. In addition, social media corporations have been condemned for censorship and insufficient protection of user rights.

In conclusion, social media has emerged as a potent instrument for political activism and social movements, giving voice to previously unheard communities and galvanizing support for change. Social media presents many opportunities for communication and collaboration. Still, users and institutions must be conscious of the risks and limitations of these tools to promote their responsible and productive usage.

The Potential Privacy Concerns Raised by Social Media Use and Data Collection Practices

With billions of users each day on sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, social media has ingrained itself into every aspect of our lives. While these platforms offer a straightforward method to communicate with others and exchange information, they also raise significant concerns over data collecting and privacy. This article will examine the possible privacy issues posed by social media use and data-gathering techniques.

Data Collection and Sharing

The gathering and sharing of personal data are significant privacy issues brought up by social media use. Social networking sites gather user data, including details about their relationships, hobbies, and routines. This information is made available to third-party businesses for various uses, such as marketing and advertising. This can lead to serious concerns about who has access to and uses our personal information.

Lack of Control Over Personal Information

The absence of user control over personal information is a significant privacy issue brought up by social media usage. Social media makes it challenging to limit who has access to and how data is utilized once it has been posted. Sensitive information may end up being extensively disseminated and may be used maliciously as a result.

Personalized Marketing

Social media companies utilize the information they gather about users to target them with adverts relevant to their interests and usage patterns. Although this could be useful, it might also cause consumers to worry about their privacy since they might feel that their personal information is being used without their permission. Furthermore, there are issues with the integrity of the data being used to target users and the possibility of prejudice based on individual traits.

Government Surveillance

Using social media might spark worries about government surveillance. There are significant concerns regarding privacy and free expression when governments in some nations utilize social media platforms to follow and monitor residents.

In conclusion, social media use raises significant concerns regarding data collecting and privacy. While these platforms make it easy to interact with people and exchange information, they also gather a lot of personal information, which raises questions about who may access it and how it will be used. Users should be aware of these privacy issues and take precautions to safeguard their personal information, such as exercising caution when choosing what details to disclose on social media and keeping their information sharing with other firms to a minimum.

The Ethical and Privacy Concerns Surrounding Social Media Use And Data Collection

Our use of social media to communicate with loved ones, acquire information, and even conduct business has become a crucial part of our everyday lives. The extensive use of social media does, however, raise some ethical and privacy issues that must be resolved. The influence of social media use and data collecting on user rights, the accountability of social media businesses, and the need for improved regulation are all topics that will be covered in this article.

Effect on Individual Privacy:

Social networking sites gather tons of personal data from their users, including delicate information like search history, location data, and even health data. Each user's detailed profile may be created with this data and sold to advertising or used for other reasons. Concerns regarding the privacy of personal information might arise because social media businesses can use this data to target users with customized adverts.

Additionally, individuals might need to know how much their personal information is being gathered and exploited. Data breaches or the unauthorized sharing of personal information with other parties may result in instances where sensitive information is exposed. Users should be aware of the privacy rules of social media firms and take precautions to secure their data.

Responsibility of Social Media Companies:

Social media firms should ensure that they responsibly and ethically gather and use user information. This entails establishing strong security measures to safeguard sensitive information and ensuring users are informed of what information is being collected and how it is used.

Many social media businesses, nevertheless, have come under fire for not upholding these obligations. For instance, the Cambridge Analytica incident highlighted how Facebook users' personal information was exploited for political objectives without their knowledge. This demonstrates the necessity of social media corporations being held responsible for their deeds and ensuring that they are safeguarding the security and privacy of their users.

Better Regulation Is Needed

There is a need for tighter regulation in this field, given the effect, social media has on individual privacy as well as the obligations of social media firms. The creation of laws and regulations that ensure social media companies are gathering and using user information ethically and responsibly, as well as making sure users are aware of their rights and have the ability to control the information that is being collected about them, are all part of this.

Additionally, legislation should ensure that social media businesses are held responsible for their behavior, for example, by levying fines for data breaches or the unauthorized use of personal data. This will provide social media businesses with a significant incentive to prioritize their users' privacy and security and ensure they are upholding their obligations.

In conclusion, social media has fundamentally changed how we engage and communicate with one another, but this increased convenience also raises several ethical and privacy issues. Essential concerns that need to be addressed include the effect of social media on individual privacy, the accountability of social media businesses, and the requirement for greater regulation to safeguard user rights. We can make everyone's online experience safer and more secure by looking more closely at these issues.

In conclusion, social media is a complex and multifaceted topic that has recently captured the world's attention. With its ever-growing influence on our lives, it's no surprise that it has become a popular subject for students to explore in their writing. Whether you are writing an argumentative essay on the impact of social media on privacy, a persuasive essay on the role of social media in politics, or a descriptive essay on the changes social media has brought to the way we communicate, there are countless angles to approach this subject.

However, writing a comprehensive and well-researched essay on social media can be daunting. It requires a thorough understanding of the topic and the ability to articulate your ideas clearly and concisely. This is where Jenni.ai comes in. Our AI-powered tool is designed to help students like you save time and energy and focus on what truly matters - your education. With Jenni.ai , you'll have access to a wealth of examples and receive personalized writing suggestions and feedback.

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Social media affects people’s views on mental illness

Subtle differences in messages have impact, study finds.

Even subtle differences in the wording of social media messages may be enough to sway young people’s beliefs about depression and anxiety and their treatment.

In a new study, researchers found that college students were more optimistic about the possibility of successfully treating mental health problems after they read social media messages conveying what is called a “growth mindset.”

But social media posts written with a “fixed mindset” led young people to feel that depression and anxiety were more stable and innate, and not so easy to treat.

Growth mindset is the belief that a feature, such as mental health, can be improved with effort.  A fixed mindset is the belief that a feature can’t change, no matter how hard you try.

The results are important because young people spend a lot of time on social media and those with depression and anxiety may be encountering a lot of messages about their condition, said Whitney Whitted , lead author of the study and a doctoral student in psychology at The Ohio State University .

The study, published recently in the Journal of Clinical Psychology , involved 322 undergraduate students.

Participants viewed a series of messages (tweets) from the social media site X, formerly Twitter. They were randomly assigned to view tweets about mental health with a growth mindset or a fixed mindset, or a control condition in which the tweets did not involve mental health at all.

In the fixed mindset condition, the tweets portrayed mental health as a fixed condition that does not change. (For example, one tweet said, “I can’t wait for my seasonal depression to be over so that I can get back to my regular depression.”)

Participants in the growth mindset condition read tweets that emphasized the fluid nature of mental health and the ability to recover from and take control of mental illness. (In one tweet, the user captioned “I got this” to a meme that read “telling those anxious thoughts who’s really in control.”)

After reading the tweets, participants completed a survey assessing their beliefs about how long depression and anxiety normally last and whether they ever go away; the effectiveness of treatment for depression and anxiety; and beliefs about how much control people have in recovering from mental illness.

Results showed that participants who read the growth mindset tweets were more likely than others to say depression and anxiety don’t have to be permanent conditions and that people can take steps to alleviate the symptoms.

In contrast, those who read the fixed mindset tweets had less optimistic views about the permanence of mental illness and the ability of people to treat it.

It is notable that this short intervention had an impact, said study co-author Jennifer Cheavens , professor of psychology at The Ohio State University.

Of course, it is not known how long the changes connected to reading the social media messages will last. But the results could be encouraging for several reasons.

For one, it suggests that growth mindset social media messages may help persuade people with depression or anxiety that it is worthwhile to seek help, the researchers said.

It can also help with people who are already in therapy.

“We want our clients to put in the hard work necessary to overcome their problems – but they have to believe it is possible,” Cheavens said.

“This study suggests there may be ways to give them a boost, to help persuade them that working hard in therapy can pay off in the end.”

Whitted said the findings are especially important now, given how much time young people spend on social media. Participants in this study reported using social media one to three hours a day.

“What we found is that what young adult college students view on social media has the potential to impact what they believe about mental illness,” Whitted said.

“It is important that the messages they receive accurately reflect what we know about mental illness, especially the fact that it is treatable.”

Other co-authors were Matthew Southward of the University of Kentucky; Kristen Howard of the Milwaukee VA Medical Center/Medical College of Wisconsin; Samantha Wick of Miami University; and Daniel Strunk of Ohio State.

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Home — Essay Samples — Sociology — Sociology of Media and Communication — Social Media

Argumentative Essays About Social Media

This is a comprehensive resource to help you find the perfect social media essay topic. Whether you're navigating the complexities of digital communication, exploring the impact of social media on society, or examining its effects on personal identity, the right topic can transform your essay into a captivating and insightful exploration. Remember, selecting a topic that resonates with your personal interests and academic goals not only makes the writing process more enjoyable but also enriches your learning experience. Let's dive into a world of creativity and critical thinking!

Essay Types and Topics

Below, you'll find a curated list of essay topics organized by type. Each section includes diverse topics that touch on technology, society, personal growth, and academic interests, along with introduction and conclusion paragraph examples to get you started.

Argumentative Essays

Introduction Example: "In the digital age, social media platforms have become central to our daily interactions and self-perception, particularly among teenagers. This essay explores the impact of social media on teen self-esteem, arguing that while it offers a space for expression and connection, it also presents significant challenges to self-image. "

Conclusion Example: "Having delved into the complex relationship between social media and teen self-esteem, it is clear that the digital landscape holds profound effects on individual self-perception. This essay reaffirms the thesis that social media can both uplift and undermine teen self-esteem, calling for a balanced approach to digital engagement."

Introduction Example: "As political landscapes evolve, social media has emerged as a powerful tool for political mobilization and engagement. This essay investigates the role of social media in shaping political movements, positing that it significantly enhances communication and organizational capabilities, yet raises questions about information authenticity. "

Conclusion Example: "Through examining the dual facets of social media in political mobilization, the essay concludes that while social media is a pivotal tool for engagement, it necessitates critical scrutiny of information to ensure a well-informed public discourse."

Compare and Contrast Essays

Introduction Example: "In the competitive realm of digital marketing, Instagram and Twitter stand out as leading platforms for brand promotion. This essay compares and contrasts their effectiveness, revealing that each platform caters to unique marketing strengths due to its specific user engagement and content dissemination strategies. "

Conclusion Example: "The comparative analysis of Instagram and Twitter highlights distinct advantages for brands, with Instagram excelling in visual storytelling and Twitter in real-time engagement, underscoring the importance of strategic platform selection in digital marketing."

Descriptive Essays

Introduction Example: "Today's social media landscape is a vibrant tapestry of platforms, each contributing to the digital era's social fabric. This essay describes the characteristics and cultural significance of current social media trends, illustrating that they reflect and shape our societal values and interactions. "

Conclusion Example: "In portraying the dynamic and diverse nature of today's social media landscape, this essay underscores its role in molding contemporary cultural and social paradigms, inviting readers to reflect on their digital footprints."

Persuasive Essays

Introduction Example: "In an era where digital presence is ubiquitous, fostering positive social media habits is essential for mental and emotional well-being. This essay advocates for mindful social media use, arguing that intentional engagement can enhance our life experiences rather than detract from them. "

Conclusion Example: "This essay has championed the cause for positive social media habits, reinforcing the thesis that through mindful engagement, individuals can navigate the digital world in a way that promotes personal growth and well-being."

Narrative Essays

Introduction Example: "Embarking on a personal journey with social media has been both enlightening and challenging. This narrative essay delves into my experiences, highlighting how social media has influenced my perception of self and community. "

Conclusion Example: "Reflecting on my social media journey, this essay concludes that while it has significantly shaped my interactions and self-view, it has also offered invaluable lessons on connectivity and self-awareness, affirming the nuanced role of digital platforms in our lives."

Engagement and Creativity

As you explore these topics, remember to approach your essay with an open mind and creative spirit. The purpose of academic writing is not just to inform but to engage and provoke thought. Use this opportunity to delve deep into your topic, analyze different perspectives, and articulate your own insights.

Educational Value

Each essay type offers unique learning outcomes. Argumentative essays enhance your analytical thinking and ability to construct well-founded arguments. Compare and contrast essays develop your skills in identifying similarities and differences. Descriptive essays improve your ability to paint vivid pictures through words, while persuasive essays refine your ability to influence and convince. Finally, narrative essays offer a platform for personal expression and storytelling. Embrace these opportunities to grow academically and personally.

Some Easy Argumentative Essay Topics on Social Media

• The Impact of Social Media: Advantages and Disadvantages
• Is Social Media Enhancing or Eroding Our Real-Life Social Skills?
• Should There Be Stricter Regulations on Social Media Content to Protect Youth?
• Social Media's Role in Relationships: Communication Enhancer or Barrier
• Does Social Media Contribute to Political Polarization?
• The Role of Social Media in Shaping Perceptions of Divorce
• The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health: Benefit or Harm?
• Can Social Media Be Considered a Reliable Source of News and Information?
• Is Social Media Responsible for the Rise in Cyberbullying?
• Impact of Social Media on Mental Health
• Does Social Media Promote Narcissism and Self-Centered Behaviors?
• The Role of Social Media in Business Marketing: Is It Indispensable?

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Social Media Cons and Prons: Evaluating Its Advantages and Disadvantage

The importance of staying safe on social media, impact of social media on our lives, social media: negative effects and addiction, discussion on whether is social media beneficial or harmful for society, negative effects of social media: relationships and communication, social media pros and cons, social media - good and bad sides, a study of the role of social media concerning confidentiality of personal data, how social media causes stereotyping, social media addiction: consequences and strategies for recovery, the role of social media in making us more narcissistic, the effect social media is having on today's society and political atmosphere, digital/social media, censorship in social media, why teenagers are addicted to social media and how it affects them, advantages and disadvantages of social media for society, enormous impact of mass media on children, the role of social media in the current business world, social media is the reason for many of the world’s problems and solutions.

Social media refers to dynamic online platforms that enable individuals to actively engage in the generation and dissemination of various forms of content, including information, ideas, and personal interests. These interactive digital channels foster virtual communities and networks, allowing users to connect, communicate, and express themselves. By harnessing the power of technology, social media platforms provide a space for individuals to share and exchange content, fostering connections and facilitating the flow of information in an increasingly digital world.

In a peculiar manner, the inception of social media can be traced back to May 24, 1844, when a sequence of electronic dots and dashes was manually tapped on a telegraph machine. Although the origins of digital communication have deep historical roots, most contemporary narratives regarding the modern beginnings of the internet and social media often point to the emergence of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in 1969. The year 1987 witnessed the establishment of the direct precursor to today's internet, as the National Science Foundation introduced the more robust and expansive NSFNET, a nationwide digital network. A significant milestone occurred in 1997 when Six Degrees, the first genuine social media platform, was launched.

Mark Zuckerberg is a notable figure in the realm of social media as the co-founder and CEO of Facebook. Zuckerberg played a pivotal role in transforming Facebook from a small networking platform for college students into a global social media giant with billions of users. His innovative ideas and strategic decisions have reshaped the way people connect and share information online, making him one of the most influential individuals in the digital age. Jack Dorsey is recognized as one of the key pioneers of social media, notably for co-founding Twitter. Dorsey's creation revolutionized online communication by introducing the concept of microblogging, allowing users to share short messages in real-time. Twitter quickly gained popularity, becoming a powerful platform for news dissemination, public conversations, and social movements. Dorsey's entrepreneurial spirit and vision have contributed significantly to the evolution of social media and its impact on society. Sheryl Sandberg is a prominent figure in the social media landscape, known for her influential role as the Chief Operating Officer (COO) of Facebook.Sandberg played a crucial part in scaling and monetizing Facebook's operations, transforming it into a global advertising powerhouse. She is also recognized for her advocacy of women's empowerment and leadership in the tech industry, inspiring countless individuals and promoting diversity and inclusion within the social media sphere. Sandberg's contributions have left an indelible mark on the growth and development of social media platforms worldwide.

Social Networking Sites: Facebook, LinkedIn, and MySpace. Microblogging Platforms: Twitter. Media Sharing Networks: Instagram, YouTube, and Snapchat. Discussion Forums and Community-Based Platforms: Reddit and Quora. Blogging Platforms: WordPress and Blogger. Social Bookmarking and Content Curation Platforms: Pinterest and Flipboard. Messaging Apps: WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, and WeChat.

Facebook (2004), Reddit (2005), Twitter (2006), Instagram (2010), Pinterest (2010), Snapchat (2011), TikTok (2016)

1. Increased Connectivity 2. Information Sharing and Awareness 3. Networking and Professional Opportunities 4. Creativity and Self-Expression 5. Supportive Communities and Causes

1. Privacy Concerns 2. Cyberbullying and Online Harassment 3. Information Overload and Misinformation 4. Time and Productivity Drain 5. Comparison and Self-Esteem Issues

The topic of social media holds significant importance for students as it plays a prominent role in their lives, both academically and socially. Social media platforms provide students with opportunities to connect, collaborate, and share knowledge with peers, expanding their learning networks beyond the confines of the classroom. It facilitates communication and access to educational resources, allowing students to stay updated on academic trends and research. Additionally, social media enhances digital literacy and prepares students for the realities of the digital age. However, it is crucial for students to develop critical thinking skills to navigate the potential pitfalls of social media, such as misinformation and online safety, ensuring a responsible and balanced use of these platforms.

The topic of social media is worthy of being explored in an essay due to its profound impact on various aspects of society. Writing an essay on social media allows for an in-depth examination of its influence on communication, relationships, information sharing, and societal dynamics. It offers an opportunity to analyze the advantages and disadvantages, exploring topics such as privacy, online identities, social activism, and the role of social media in shaping cultural norms. Additionally, studying social media enables a critical evaluation of its effects on mental health, politics, and business. By delving into this subject, one can gain a comprehensive understanding of the complex and ever-evolving digital landscape we inhabit.

1. Social media users spend an average of 2 hours and 25 minutes per day on social networking platforms. This amounts to over 7 years of an individual's lifetime spent on social media, highlighting its significant presence in our daily lives. 2. Instagram has over 1 billion monthly active users, with more than 500 million of them using the platform on a daily basis. 3. YouTube has over 2 billion logged-in monthly active users. On average, users spend over 1 billion hours watching YouTube videos every day, emphasizing the platform's extensive reach and the power of video content. 4. Social media has become a major news source, with 48% of people getting their news from social media platforms. This shift in news consumption highlights the role of social media in shaping public opinion and disseminating information in real-time. 5. Influencer marketing has grown exponentially, with 63% of marketers planning to increase their influencer marketing budget in the coming year. This showcases the effectiveness of influencers in reaching and engaging with target audiences, and the value brands place on leveraging social media personalities to promote their products or services.

1. Schober, M. F., Pasek, J., Guggenheim, L., Lampe, C., & Conrad, F. G. (2016). Social media analyses for social measurement. Public opinion quarterly, 80(1), 180-211. (https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-abstract/80/1/180/2593846) 2. Appel, G., Grewal, L., Hadi, R., & Stephen, A. T. (2020). The future of social media in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing science, 48(1), 79-95. (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11747-019-00695-1?error=cookies_not_support) 3. Aichner, T., Grünfelder, M., Maurer, O., & Jegeni, D. (2021). Twenty-five years of social media: a review of social media applications and definitions from 1994 to 2019. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 24(4), 215-222. (https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/cyber.2020.0134) 4. Ruths, D., & Pfeffer, J. (2014). Social media for large studies of behavior. Science, 346(6213), 1063-1064. (https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.346.6213.1063) 5. Hou, Y., Xiong, D., Jiang, T., Song, L., & Wang, Q. (2019). Social media addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention. Cyberpsychology: Journal of psychosocial research on cyberspace, 13(1). (https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/11562) 6. Auxier, B., & Anderson, M. (2021). Social media use in 2021. Pew Research Center, 1, 1-4. (https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/04/PI_2021.04.07_Social-Media-Use_FINAL.pdf) 7. Al-Samarraie, H., Bello, K. A., Alzahrani, A. I., Smith, A. P., & Emele, C. (2021). Young users' social media addiction: causes, consequences and preventions. Information Technology & People, 35(7), 2314-2343. (https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITP-11-2020-0753/full/html) 8. Bhargava, V. R., & Velasquez, M. (2021). Ethics of the attention economy: The problem of social media addiction. Business Ethics Quarterly, 31(3), 321-359. (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-ethics-quarterly/article/ethics-of-the-attention-economy-the-problem-of-social-mediaaddiction/1CC67609A12E9A912BB8A291FDFFE799)

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Social media affects people's views on mental illness, study finds

by Jeff Grabmeier, The Ohio State University

Even subtle differences in the wording of social media messages may be enough to sway young people's beliefs about depression and anxiety and their treatment.

In a new study, researchers found that college students were more optimistic about the possibility of successfully treating mental health problems after they read social media messages conveying what is called a " growth mindset ."

But social media posts written with a "fixed mindset" led young people to feel that depression and anxiety were more stable and innate, and not so easy to treat.

Growth mindset is the belief that a feature, such as mental health, can be improved with effort. A fixed mindset is the belief that a feature can't change, no matter how hard you try.

The results are important because young people spend a lot of time on social media and those with depression and anxiety may be encountering a lot of messages about their condition, said Whitney Whitted, lead author of the study and a doctoral student in psychology at The Ohio State University.

"These relatively subtle messages may be influencing whether they believe they have any possibility of working through their depression and anxiety and getting better," Whitted said.

The study, published recently in the Journal of Clinical Psychology , involved 322 undergraduate students.

Participants viewed a series of messages (tweets) from the social media site X, formerly Twitter. They were randomly assigned to view tweets about mental health with a growth mindset or a fixed mindset, or a control condition in which the tweets did not involve mental health at all.

In the fixed mindset condition, the tweets portrayed mental health as a fixed condition that does not change. (For example, one tweet said, "I can't wait for my seasonal depression to be over so that I can get back to my regular depression.")

Participants in the growth mindset condition read tweets that emphasized the fluid nature of mental health and the ability to recover from and take control of mental illness. (In one tweet, the user captioned "I got this" to a meme that read "telling those anxious thoughts who's really in control.")

After reading the tweets, participants completed a survey assessing their beliefs about how long depression and anxiety normally last and whether they ever go away; the effectiveness of treatment for depression and anxiety; and beliefs about how much control people have in recovering from mental illness.

Results showed that participants who read the growth mindset tweets were more likely than others to say depression and anxiety don't have to be permanent conditions and that people can take steps to alleviate the symptoms.

In contrast, those who read the fixed mindset tweets had less optimistic views about the permanence of mental illness and the ability of people to treat it.

It is notable that this short intervention had an impact, said study co-author Jennifer Cheavens, professor of psychology at The Ohio State University.

"It was just a few minutes of people reading these tweets with small variations in how the messages about mental illness were framed," Cheavens said. "But it made a difference in what these participants reported they believed."

Of course, it is not known how long the changes connected to reading the social media messages will last. But the results could be encouraging for several reasons.

For one, it suggests that growth mindset social media messages may help persuade people with depression or anxiety that it is worthwhile to seek help, the researchers said.

It can also help with people who are already in therapy.

"We want our clients to put in the hard work necessary to overcome their problems—but they have to believe it is possible," Cheavens said.

"This study suggests there may be ways to give them a boost, to help persuade them that working hard in therapy can pay off in the end."

Whitted said the findings are especially important now, given how much time young people spend on social media. Participants in this study reported using social media one to three hours a day.

"What we found is that what young adult college students view on social media has the potential to impact what they believe about mental illness," Whitted said.

"It is important that the messages they receive accurately reflect what we know about mental illness, especially the fact that it is treatable."

Other co-authors were Matthew Southward of the University of Kentucky; Kristen Howard of the Milwaukee VA Medical Center/Medical College of Wisconsin; Samantha Wick of Miami University; and Daniel Strunk of Ohio State.

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Social Media

Can a break from social media improve mental health, a 3-7 day break from social media can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression..

Updated April 19, 2024 | Reviewed by Ray Parker

• A break from social media can improve stress, anxiety, depression, and body image concerns.
• Limiting social media use to 15-30 minutes per day also reduces depression, anxiety, and fear of missing out.
• Strategies to limit social media use include deleting apps, switching to grayscale, or turning off your phone.

My friend Alli, a woman in her 20s, described an interesting emotional arc to her Instagram use. As she scrolled, she found some of the posts inspiring, but after a while, she noticed that spending time on the app left her feeling “bummed.” Alli decided to delete Instagram for a month. She reflected that during that month, she felt “10 times better.”

I was curious. Was Alli’s experience typical? Is there research evidence demonstrating that a break from social media makes people feel meaningfully better?

Research Shows Social Media Breaks Can Benefit Mental Health

A 2022 research study asked 154 participants (average age of 29.6 years) to either stop using social media for one week (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok) or to continue using it as usual. The group who took a break from social media experienced significantly reduced anxiety and depression , along with greater well-being.

Among university students, one study of 555 participants showed that a one-week break from social media meaningfully decreased stress levels, especially for people who used social media excessively.

A 2022 r esearch study of girls ages 10-19 demonstrated that a three-day social media break significantly lowered their body surveillance (for instance, worrying about whether their clothes were flattering to their bodies) and body shame and increased their self-compassion.

Why Social Media Breaks Boost Mental Health

Using social media often involves comparing yourself to others, and it can generate appearance comparisons , career frustration , and envy . One reason that decreasing social media use can improve mental health involves self-criticism. Social media use can increase self-criticism, a common mental habit that is linked with many mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, substance use, eating disorders, and self-harm .

Strategies to Decrease Social Media Use

Both "software" and "hardware" strategies can help people manage their social media use. For instance, one "software" approach would be to delete the apps on your phone but keep them on a laptop or desktop computer. Similarly, switching your phone to grayscale can reduce use.

A hardware approach could involve keeping your phone further away from your body (for instance, in a specific spot in your house, as with old-timey phones) rather than in your pocket or trying a flip phone for a month.

I‘ve found that when I have social media apps on my phone, I check them several times throughout the day and perhaps spend more time on them than I would like. I decided to remove access to those accounts on my phone so that I now only access those through my laptop. I still check the accounts a couple of times a week, but much less frequently than if they were on my phone. If you have more than one device, this option might reduce social media use.

I've also been fortunate to attend a meditation retreat where I turned off my phone (and laptop) for eight days (there are shorter retreats available as well). My family had the number of the meditation center if they needed to reach me. Although there were times that I felt the familiar tug of wanting to check my phone, mostly, it felt quite liberating to have given myself permission to just be in one place, doing one thing at a time, without feeling my mind pulled in so many different directions. Others’ accounts of a break from social media and smartphones also reflect several benefits, including more time for other activities and enhanced mental clarity.

Is a Full Break Necessary?

Research shows that limiting social media use can indeed improve well-being and productivity , with heavy users experiencing the most pronounced benefits . One study of 230 undergraduate students reported that participants who limited social media use daily to 30 minutes for a two-week period experienced significantly less depression, loneliness , anxiety, and fear of missing out, whereas their positive feelings increased.

Other research shows that reducing smartphone (and presumably social media) use by one hour for a week was linked to increases in well-being and life satisfaction that were maintained four months later . Taken together, the evidence indicates that either reducing social media use or taking a break can have meaningful benefits that may endure over time.

Faulhaber, M. E., Lee, J. E., & Gentile, D. A. (2023). The Effect of Self-Monitoring Limited Social Media Use on Psychological Well-Being. Technology, Mind, and Behavior , 4 (2: Summer 2023). https://doi.org/10.1037/tmb0000111

Brailovskaia, J., Delveaux, J., John, J., Wicker, V., Noveski, A., Kim, S., Schillack, H., & Margraf, J. (2023). Finding the "sweet spot" of smartphone use: Reduction or abstinence to increase well-being and healthy lifestyle?! An experimental intervention study. Journal of experimental psychology. Applied , 29 (1), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000430

Lambert, J., Barnstable, G., Minter, E., Cooper, J., & McEwan, D. (2022). Taking a One-Week Break from Social Media Improves Well-Being, Depression, and Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking , 25 (5), 287–293. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2021.0324

https://www.wired.com/story/grayscale-ios-android-smartphone-addiction/

Rachel Goldsmith Turow, Ph.D. , is a psychotherapist, research scientist, mindfulness teacher, and an adjunct faculty member at Seattle University and at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Her current work emphasizes evidence-based techniques to decrease self-criticism and cultivate self-encouragement and self-compassion.

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Argumentative Essay on Social Media

Today our world is full of a whole lot of opinionated people. Everyone loves to share what they think about almost any topic. Whether the topic is very important or completely irrelevant. Although everyone has opinions on things that are somewhat unimportant, some topics are worth discussing our opinions on. One of which that most definitely has some of the most diverse opinions on is social media. Many people think that social media is distracting, negative, and harmful, while others think it is one of the best things that has ever happened and are addicted to it. Some people love to scroll through Instagram or talk to people on Snapchat; However, they still think that the majority of the time social media is much more harmful than helpful. While Social media can provide a place to catch up with friends and things going on in the world, it also has the ability to completely tear lives apart and in some cases lead to depression or anxiety. People with social media should limit their time on these apps or even in some cases, delete the apps altogether due to the negative effects and all of the drama. 

How It Really Is

In contrast to what some people think, Social media is far more harmful than helpful. There are numerous reasons as to why social media is harmful, to start with, there is entirely too much drama and false information that spreads quickly all over social media apps. As a result of this, a whole lot of people are substantially more unhappy with themselves and with their lives. In some cases, social media is even likely to encourage people to do things they should not do and will regret later on in their lives. 

One example of this could be whenever somebody is bullying someone through Instagram and the pressure of being like everyone else could possibly make someone go along with it just because everyone else is doing it. Although a great deal of people claim they would never bully anyone, it is surprising how quickly social media can change a person and cause them to do things they wouldn’t expect to ever do. In the article “Social media websites can harm and help kids” by Nanci Hellmich, she states that “Facebook and other social media websites can enrich children’s lives, but they could also be hazardous to their mental and physical health” (Hellmich). 

This statement is completely agreeable because at first social media can be fun, but eventually it can become addictive and affect people negatively without them even realizing it. In quite a few instances, social media gets so awful to the point where people should delete it, however, it can be remarkably addicting, so people want to stay on it just to continue to see the drama and negative things happening instead of simply deleting the apps.

Not only does social media cause unhappiness and even depression in some cases, it can also be extremely distracting. For many people, social media is the most distracting out of everything in their lives. Not only does it prevent several important things, like doing chores or homework, it can even prevent spending time with friends and family, or even getting enough sleep at night. To start out, being on social media is mostly fun, however, the more time spent on it the more it gets to the point of taking over a tremendous part of people's lives. One example of this being a distraction is stated in the article “Social Networking: Helpful or Harmful”, “A lot of my friends and I spend a lot of time on Facebook, and it is often a big distraction from our work.” (Winkler), This is one of the various instances of somebody being distracted by and affected negatively by social media apps. This shows that social media being distracting is a problem many people with the apps face. 

Social media is quite a controversial topic in the world today. Some people believe it truly does have a negative impact on the world, while others may argue that social media is very entertaining and allows an opportunity to maintain connections with friends and family. Reports even say these sites and other technology can be useful to kids for staying in touch, socializing, entertainment, and even doing homework and that they can enhance kids’ creativity and help them develop technical skills (Hellmich). Although technology can be useful in some ways like for homework, it is more common that people will become distracted and end up on some other app while trying to do homework, which can lead to too much time spent online can squeeze out other important activities (Hellmich).

In conclusion, people with social media who believe that it is good for them should look around and see all of the various other ways it negatively affects others. Maybe if people who think social media is good and are not addicted to it start to encourage others to limit their time on the apps, our world today could become somewhat better with the relief of a little less negative effects caused by social media. With social media being as big of a deal as it is in our society, it is obvious that it is in all probability not going to come to an end. Although this will not happen, our society can prevent things like bullying and drama caused by social media by limiting our time on apps such as Instagram, Snapchat, and Twitter. 

Works cited

Hellmich, Nanci. “Social Media Websites Can Help and Harm Kids.” USA Today 

28 March 2011, pg. 1.

Winkler, Travis. “Social Networking: Helpful or Harmful.” The Daily 

Pennsylvania, 17 March 2009, pg. 2.

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Social media affects views on mental illness: Study

Messages could be key to helping or hurting those who struggle.

By Lois M. Collins

Older teens and young adults spend a lot of time on social media. And the messages they encounter there could be key to helping or hurting those who struggle with anxiety and depression. Even subtle messages could make a difference, according to a study in the Journal of Clinical Psychology .

Researchers from Ohio State University found that college students approached managing their depression and anxiety differently depending on whether the messages they saw had a “growth mindset” or a “fixed mindset.” A growth mindset creates optimism because it suggests mental health can get better with effort or treatment or by taking proactive steps. The condition is not set in stone.

A fixed mindset suggests that being set in stone is the reality. What is simply is, and would be difficult to change. So if you have anxiety and depression, that’s just the way things are.

Because young adults spend so much time on social media — the 322 undergraduate students who participated in the study said they used social media one to three hours a day — the messages they encounter regarding mental health there can be life-giving or sapping.

“These relatively subtle messages may be influencing whether they believe they have any possibility of working through their depression and anxiety and getting better,” Whitney Whitted, study lead author and a doctoral student at Ohio State University, said in a written statement.

Finding ways to tackle mental health is tremendously important, experts agree. The National Institute of Mental Health believes as many as 19.1% of all adults have anxiety.

Among college students, numbers are startling. In an annual survey of 96,000 U.S. students on 133 college campuses during the 2021-22 academic year, 44% had symptoms of depression, 37% said they had anxiety and 15% said they have seriously contemplated suicide. That was the highest share in the 15-year history of the Healthy Minds survey .

As Jean Twenge, author of the books “Generations” and “iGen,” wrote this week on her Substack, young adults are now more likely to die by suicide than are middle-aged adults, which is a significant change in a longstanding trend. Mental health is a major challenge for young people.

Influential messages

In the study, participants saw a series of messages about mental health on the social media site X. Each was randomly assigned to view tweets about mental health through the lens of a growth mindset, a fixed mindset or the control, in which tweets said nothing about mental health.

For the growth mindset, the tweets focused on how fluid mental health can be and one’s ability to take control of mental health. For example, one message was “I got this” on a meme that said “telling those anxious thoughts who’s really in control.”

An example of a fixed mindset message was a tweet that read, “I can’t wait for my seasonal depression to be over so that I can get back to my regular depression.”

After they read the tweets, the undergrads were surveyed about how long depression and anxiety normally last and if they will ever go away, as well as about the effectiveness of treatment for depression and anxiety and whether study subjects thought they could take control of their own mental health and recover or relieve their symptoms.

Participants who read the growth mindset messages were more likely to believe that the two conditions are not necessarily permanent and there are things they could do to help themselves. Those with the fixed mindset tweet “had less optimistic views about the permanence of mental illness and the ability of people to treat it,” the news release said.

Even such a short intervention mattered, according to Jennifer Cheavens, a professor of psychology at the university and a study co-author. “It was just a few minutes of people reading these tweets with small variation in how the messages about mental illness were framed,” she said. “But it made a difference in what these participants reported they believed.”

“Social media communication that characterizes psychopathology from a growth mindset perspective may be a viable intervention for improving beliefs around mental health self-efficacy and the malleable nature of mental illness, particularly depression and anxiety. Clinicians may be able to use social media platforms to promote functional beliefs around mental illness,” the researchers concluded.

The researchers noted they could not say how long the changes would last. But they are hopeful that growth-mindset social media messages will encourage people with depression or anxiety to seek help. And it could be a boon to those who are in therapy, to bolster their confidence that they will get better.

“We want our clients to put in the hard work necessary to overcome their problems, but they have to believe it is possible,” Cheavens said. “This study suggests there may be ways to give them a boost, to help persuade them that working hard in therapy can pay off in the end.”

“It is important that the messages they receive accurately reflect what we know about mental illness, especially the fact that it is treatable,” Whitted said.

Study co-authors include Matthew Southward, of the University of Kentucky; Kristen Howard, of the Milwaukee VA Medical Center/Medical College of Wisconsin; Samantha Wick, of Miami University; and Daniel Strunk, of Ohio State.