dissertation topics in sociology in zimbabwe

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Chapter 1-3 Dissertation 3 copy

Dissertation (hct470), university of zimbabwe.

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University of zimbabwe, faculty of social and behavioral sciences, department of social work, implications of unregistered children’s homes onchildren, under their custody case study of one, unregistered foster home in shurugwi., cynthia ropafadzo rice, superviser mr. t chikombe, a dissertation submitted to the university of zimbabwe in partial, fulfiment of the requirements for the bachelor of, social work honors degree, declaration.

I Cynthia Ropafadzo Rice declare that the work submitted is my own and that appropriate credit has been given where necessary and reference has been made to the work of others.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank God who is the giver of knowledge and understanding. I would like also to thank my supervisor Mr Chikombe, without his continuous guidance and motivation this study could not have been a success. The researcher would also like to thank participants who took part in this research for opening doors for the conduction of this research. I want to thank my friends and family members for their great support.

The aim of the study was to investigate on the implications of unregistered children’s homes on children under their custody. The study also looked at factors that are contributing to the functioning of unregistered children’s homes without being licenced. The objectives of the study were to examine the factors that contribute to unregistered children’s homes to remain unregistered, to identify the challenges that can come as a result of living in unregistered children’s homes on children under their custody and to investigate the possible solutions in helping children living in unregistered children’s homes and also helping unregistered children’s homes become registered. The study adopted a qualitative approach to investigate the implications of unregistered children’s homes on children under their custody. Focus group discussions were used to capture dataamong other things. Data Captured revealed that

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements, abstract.............................................................................................................., list of tables......................................................................................................., list of figures......................................................................................................, acronyms and abbreviations, introduction, 1. introduction, 1. background to the study, 1. statement of the problem, 1. justification of the study.

1.3. Contribution to the proffession 1.3. Contribution to Policy Making 1.3 Contribution to Literature

• AIM OF THE STUDY

DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS

STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION.................................................................

CHAPTER SUMMARY.........................................................................................

LITERATURE REVIEW

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2. LEGAL FRAMEWORK

2 child institutionalisation, 2. reasons behind the operation of unregistered children’s homes, unregistered children’s homes, 2. challenges encountered by unregistered children’s homes, 2. possible solutions to address the challenges faced by children in, unregistered children’s homes and help the institutions to register, 2. chapter summary, methodology, 3. introduction, 3. research approach...................................................................................., 3. research design, 3. study setting, 3. target population, 3. sampling, 3. data collection tools and techniques.

3.6. Key Informant Interviews 3.6. in-depth Interviews 3.6. Focus Group Discussion 3.6. Field Observations

DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER SUMMARY

CHAPTER FOUR

4 SOCIAL WORK ROLES IN PROMOTING UNIVERSAL ACCESS AND INDEPENDENT

Living for persons with disabilities, 4. chapter summary, chapter five, summary, conclusions and recommendations, 5. introduction, 5. summary of findings, 5. conclusions, 5. implications to social work practice...................................................., 5. recommendations, 5. areas of further study, 5. reccommended intervention model......................................................, consent form for participants and key informants.

Interview Schedule for Participants

INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR KEY INFORMANTS/ PWDs WITH ACCESSIBLE HOMES

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR KEY INFORMANTS IN THE HOUSING INDUSTRY

CHAPTER 1R 1

This chapter serves to introduce the study and give a synopsis of the implications of unregistered children’s homes to children under their custody. The problem that gave rise to the research will be proffered, the central concern being that the unregistered foster homes operating as children’s homes still exist. The chapter will also outline the aim and objectives of the study, as well as the justification of this study.

1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Children are the most vulnerable group of the society as compare to adults. Children are mostly vulnerable to poor living conditions such as poor access to health care, nutrition, poverty and abuse (George, 2022). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) was formulated to protect children as they are one of the vulnerable groups of the society. The problem of the operation of unregistered institutions and often inadequate accommodation stems from lack of proper provision in the country of the clinical, residential and other support services so desperately needed by the children (George, 2022).

While various issues may call for a young person to be placed in insecure accommodation, most involve serious risks (George, 2022). According to George (2022), rarely secure accommodation places are available, the court can usually make use of its statutory powers to authorise the placement of a vulnerable child or young person. However, the statutory scheme allows the functioning of these places after thy have been authorised. With rising cases of vulnerable children around the world authorised secure accommodation becomes scarce which creates the lack of proper provision and the violation of children’s rights. George (2022) alluded that, the use of unregistered foster homes deprives children under their custody protection and safeguard.

Child protection and the protection of their rights is the responsibility of every society since children are regarded as the most vulnerable members of the society (Carter, 2019). However, despite the efforts made by governments and non-governmental organizations to protect children's rights, there are still many cases where children are subjected to abuse and neglect. One of the areas where children's rights are often violated is in unregistered children's homes (George, 2022). According to George (2022), these homes operate outside the legal framework and as such they are not subject to any regulation or oversight by the government.

It also has the responsibility for the registration and monitoring of all residential child care facilities for compliance with regulations regarding child care, protection and development, while in the care facilities. According to standard one of National Residential Child Care Standards (NRCCS), the establishment of the Residential child Care Facility shall be registered in compliance with Section 28 of the Children’s Act (Chapter 5:06) and all other relevant legislation which include local authority by-laws. The Standards have a compliance clause which notes that all facilities to be established after the promulgation of these standards need to comply with the provisions thereof. All the residential care facilities are supposed to be registered by the Department of Social Development (DSD).

In addition, the applicant needs to seek approval from the local authorities to build a residential child care facility. Thereafter a decision will be made in consultation with the Social Development Officer (SDO) of the area. In some instances, the application may not be approved by the city council due to the location where the care facility is to be built. If all conditions are met, the local DSD office makes recommendations for the registration of the residential child care facility. It is imperative to note that for registration to be approved, the facility has to meet the provisions of the NRCCS. The requirement to register helps to prevent unsuitable people from owning, operating, managing or working within children’s homes (Ofsted, 2023). Ofsted (2012) states that, it remains an offence to provide or manage children’s home without registration and is liable for prosecution they by protecting the rights of the children.

Kurevakwesu (2020) postulates that, the use of the extended family which is part of the six-tier system has been limited since the nuclear family is now the order of the day. Families have adapted the western values of individualism. Powel et al (2004) states that due to the high number of children who are in need of care, those well-wishers who are not formally recognized as children’s homes end up living with children providing them with basic services without being registered through the DSD there by operating as unregistered children’s homes. According to Csaky (2009), governments and donors place children in institutional care as their first option living out other options such as the extended family, foster care, the community and adoption which gives a chance to other people to operate children’s homes without being registered due to the number of vulnerable children who are in need of care and do not fit in licensed homes. Placing children in institutional care is taken as a way of sweeping out of sight the poorest and most discriminated against children with the biggest problems (Csaky, 2009). Encouraging parents to place their children in care is used as a means to make easy money by unregistered children’s homes. However the rights of children may not be fully addressed in those institutions. The operation of

unregistered children’s homes helps unsuitable people to own, operate, manage or work within children’s homes

Chibwana and Gumbo (2014), alluded that most vulnerable children are catered for by the traditional community structures, faith based organisations and other non-governmental organisations. However they further state that, there are those children who will slip through all the existing safety nets. According to Chibwana and Gumbo (2014) the exact numbers of these children are not known as no official research has been done. This means therefore that there is heavy reliance on unreliable evidence when developing interventions for this group of children who end up in unregistered children’s homes (Chibwana and Gumbo, 2014). Some of the vulnerable children have not been able to access basic social services since the government caters for those children in licensed children’s homes. The National Action Plan for Orphans and Vulnerable Children III (NAP for OVC III) program have provisions for regular monitoring of the state of these child care facilities however this does not cater for unregistered children’s homes as they are unknown to the authorities which places the children under their custody at risk (Chibwana and Gumbo, 2014).

The risks faced by children under the custody of unregistered children’s homes include, the lack of proper care and supervision, limited access to social services, lack of legal protection, stigmatization and discrimination, lack of family support and they may also face a problem of inadequate preparation for independent living. Research in Zimbabwe mostly focuses on the challenges that are being faced by children living in institutional care and not further investigating on the implications of unregistered children’s homes in particular. Therefore the study will help in the protection of the rights of children that are living in unregistered children’s homes. According to Muchenje (2021), the rights of children in Zimbabwe are written into the Constitution but however, the laws are hardly enforced, and as a result, children end up in dangerous and unhealthy living conditions where their rights are not respected or protected.

1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

developmental outcomes in areas such as language, motor skills, and social-emotional development compared to children living with their families. However these studies do not look at the implications of unregistered children’s homes to children under their custody.

Researchers such as Mupfumira, Madungwe & Chindedza (2013), looked at challenges faced by children’s homes such as underfunding of children’s homes, inadequate staffing, poor infrastructure and limited access to health care. However there have been limited researches challanges faced by unregistered children’s homes in Zimbabwe to children under their custody. In 2019, the Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZimVAC) released a report on the state of child protection services in the country (Kanhutu et al, 2020). The study were done just in passing without fully investigating on the implications of unregistered children’s on children under their custody.

There has been little research on the unregistered children's homes and their implications on children under their custody. This is despite the fact that there has been a rising trend in the number of unregistered children's homes in Zimbabwe and beyond (Kanhutu et al, 2020). This study, therefore, sought to; firstly, illuminate on the causes of the increase in the number of unregistered children's homes; identify the challenges that the children in unregistered children's homes face, and; lastly, propose possible solutions to the problems encountered by the children in unregistered children's homes and also helping unregistered children's homes to be registered in Zimbabwe.

1.3. Contribution to the profession

The social work profession rely on the availability of evidence based interventions. In the absence of such literature, the profession can only be groping in the dark. This study seeks to provide a point of reference for social workers in ensuring that meaningful attention is rendered to the registration of unregistered children’s homes and the protection of the rights of children under their custody. The study will help social workers to be aware of the risks and type of risks that children living in unregistered children’s homes are facing and to take the appropriate action to protect the children from further harm.

1.3. Contribution to Policy Making

The mentioned gap in literature on the challenges being faced by children living in unregistered children’s homes results in problems in developing policies aimed at protecting the rights and welfare of children. This shortage of information renders child rights and welfare interventions in that no new policies and acts are formulated. This study will contribute to the development of child welfare policies in Zimbabwe and beyond. In Africa many children are unaccounted for in

unregistered facilities some of which are run by non-governmental organisations therefore the study will help in the crafting of policies that account for those children (NGOs) (Breda and Manso, 2020). Also, the study findings will be of great importance to the non- governmental organizations and the responsible government ministries because it will give them primary experiences of Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) that can help to make informed policies and informed interventions that helps the affected group. The qualitative study will enable policy makers to craft policies which reflect perception of the society, home grown policies which are sustainable and have buy-in of the people. The study will also influence policy makers to come up with policies that will influence the proper registration of unregistered children’s homes and the protection of children living under their custody.

1.3. Contribution to Literature.

Given that this study finding will be useful to the academics because it will provide them with new knowledge that can be used to address the knowledge gaps within the area. The findings will also be used by researchers as reference for further studies. The study will shade more light on the negative consequences of unregistered children’s homes which have been previously over looked in the literature. The study will highlight how the unregistered children’s homes can be detrimental to the rights and well-being of children living under their custody.

To explore, the implications of unregistered children’s homes on children under their custody in Zimbabwe.

To examine the factors that contribute to unregistered children’s homes to remain unregistered.

To identify the challenges that can come as a result of living in unregistered children’s homes on children under their custody.

To investigate the possible solutions in helping children living in unregistered children’s homes and also helping unregistered children’s homes to be registered.

DEFINATION OF KEY TERMS 1.6. Child The Children’s Act defines a child as a person under the age of sixteen years (Children's act chapter 5). The ACRWC defines a child as every human being below the age of eighteen years

CHAPTER 5: Summary, conclusion and recommendation

The chapter attempted to look at the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations. All conclusions were made basing on findings of the research. Areas for future studies were outlined.

• CHAPTER SUMMARY This Chapter introduced the study and gave background on the implications of unregistered children’s homes on children under their custody. Chapter One also outlined the statement of the problem, aim and objectives as well as the justification of the study. Key concepts informing this research were also introduced. The next Chapter will present the theoretical framework and review global, regional and local literature on unregistered children’s homes and the implications they have on children under their custody.

2 Introduction

It is in this chapter that the relevant literature is reviewed, and the theoretical framework guiding the study outlined. According to The University of Edinburgh (2021) literature review refers to a piece of academic writing demonstrating knowledge and understanding of the academic literature on a specific topic placed in context. This study sought to investigate the implications of unregistered children's home on children under their custody. Various scholarly works related to the subject under study was reviewed from global, regional and local levels. The rationale behind the reviewing of the relevant literature is that: it allows the researcher to get acquainted with the current and emerging issues around the topic; it provides an understanding of what is already known about the topic and identify the missing gaps in literature. Literature reviewed was presented in such a way that it responded to the objectives of the study.

2 THEORATICAL FRAMEWORK

A theoretical framework provides a sense of structure that guides the research. This study was influenced by the Child Rights Based Approach.

2.1.1 Child Rights Based Approach

A child rights-based approach could be seen as a subset of Human Rights Based Approach that focuses on children's rights and is based on the UNCRC (Seitz 2012). On the one hand, a child rights-based approach can be seen as a subset of a broader human rights-based approach, referring to "a holistic analysis through the prism of children's rights" (Vandenhole 2013), with CRBA principles built by incorporating child-specific perspectives into HRBA principles. On the other hand, because children's capacities evolve during their developmental phases, certain children- specific principles drawn from the UNCRC must be respected in a CRBA. Furthermore, whereas the state is regarded as the principal responsibility bearer in a regular HRBA, in a CRBA, parents or children's guardians have primary responsibilities and obligations in the implementation of children's rights (Seitz 2012). Communities and civil society are examples of other task bearers.

The child rights based approach (CRBA) entails the recognition of the UNCRC as the comprehensive and holistic framework governing all actions relating to children. The child rights approach is one that advances the implementation of child rights as outlined in the UNCRC and other international human rights instruments (Ball, 2012). The method guides behaviour, activities, policies, and programs (particularly non-discrimination) by using child rights standards and

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