important speech synonyms

Synonyms of 'speech' in American English

Synonyms of 'speech' in british english, additional synonyms, video: pronunciation of speech.

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• Literary Terms
• Definition & Examples
• When & How to Use Synonyms

  I. What is a Synonym?

A synonym ( sin – uh -nim) is a word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word. When words or phrases have the same meaning, we say that they are synonymous  of each other. The term synonym comes from a combination of the Ancient Greek syn , meaning with, and onoma , meaning “name.” Synonyms are regular and essential parts of everyday language that we use almost without thinking. They come in all parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and so on. What’s more, synonyms are so important that there is a whole reference work dedicated to them, called a thesaurus— it’s a dictionary of synonyms!

II. Examples of Synonyms

Here are some synonyms of words you use every day:

• Bad: awful, terrible, horrible
• Good: fine, excellent, great
• Hot: burning, fiery, boiling
• Cold: chilly, freezing, frosty
• Easy: Simple, effortless, straightforward
• Hard: difficult, challenging, tough
• Big: large, huge, giant
• Small: tiny, little, mini

Now, read the three sentences below:

• The small child was quickly eating a cold ice cream cone, which gave him a bad headache.
• The little kid was rapidly gobbling a frosty ice cream cone, which gave him an awful headache.
• The youngster was speedily consuming a freezing ice cream cone, which gave him a terrible headache.

As you can see, the three sentences above share the same situation, but, Sentences 2 and 3 paint a better picture because they use synonyms for some of the dull words in Sentence 1. Words like “rapidly,” “gobbling,” “awful,” and “terrible” are much more descriptive than “quickly,” “eating,” and “bad”—they have the same meanings as Sentence 1, but stronger connotations .

III. Types of Synonyms

Synonyms exist as parts of speech. Here are some examples:

• Teach, instruct, educate
• Seek, search, look for
• Teacher, instructor, educator
• Test, exam, assessment
• Smart, intelligent, clever
• Dumb, stupid, slow
• Very, really, extremely
• Quietly, silently, without a sound  

IV. Importance of Synonyms

Since word choice is everything in language (probably the most crucial part!), the importance of synonyms is beyond measure. Synonyms make language more interesting, more meaningful, and more relevant. They have a huge, central role in word choice for both prose and poetry. In fact, you could argue that poetry wouldn’t even exist without synonyms—one of the main reasons we use them is to be descriptive, creative, and expressive, and poetry relies on those three things. Imagine what writing, reading, and speaking would be like if there were only one word for everything! Language would be boring, and would have no room for creativity.

The way words are chosen and used is often what defines a piece of literature; so, synonyms allow all authors to develop their own styles and voices when creating their works. Another main reason we use synonyms is because words often share the same meanings but have different connotations (a word’s implied meaning). For example, you might say “the soup’s aroma was in the air,” which makes it sound delicious, but “the soup’s odor was in the air” makes it sound terrible. So, an author chooses a synonym based on its positive, negative, or neutral connotation. This helps writers say what they mean, and how they mean it.

V.  Examples of Synonyms in Literature

As mentioned, poetry probably wouldn’t exist without synonyms. In the poem “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,” William Wordsworth describes an afternoon walk that was particularly special for him. In the selection below, he uses synonyms to help his readers imagine the scene that he saw:

I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o’er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd , A host , of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Here, Wordsworth uses the synonyms “crowd” and “host” to express that he saw a large number of daffodils, which made them much more magnificent. It’s a technique he is using to emphasize the beauty of his experience. By using two different words with the same meaning, he is able to paint a better picture with his words.

Synonyms are very important for creative, descriptive writing because authors choose certain words to fit their style and tone. In the poem “The Eagle,” Lord Tennyson uses synonyms for common words to create this detailed imagery:

He clasps the crag with crooked hands; Close to the sun in lonely lands, Ring’d with the azure world, he stands.   The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls.

Tennyson’s descriptive words paint a picture for the audience. But, if you remove the synonyms he uses, it would be much less picturesque. For example, he uses “azure” instead of “blue” to give you a better idea of the color of the sky, and “crag” which sounds rougher than “cliff.” Synonyms also make the poem more expressive; for instance, he uses “lonely” instead of “isolated”—both words have almost the same meaning, but “lonely” usually describes a human feeling, and “isolated” usually describes a place. As you can see, Tennyson carefully chose his words with purpose.

VI. Examples of Synonyms in Pop Culture

  example 1.

A popular advertising technique in today’s culture is to imply that a brand’s product is synonymous with the product itself. For example, we might say bleach is synonymous with Clorox, cola is synonymous with Coca-Cola, or Scotch tape is synonymous with adhesive tape. Foster’s beer uses this type of advertising in their campaign called “How to Speak Australian,” as in the following commercial:

Foster’s main tagline is “Foster’s: Australian for Beer.” They are “teaching” the audience that in the Australian language, “Foster’s” and “beer” have the same meaning. But, the joke is that “Australian” is just English, which already has a word for beer. So, Foster’s advertising method is to suggest to viewers that in Australia, the words “beer” and “Foster’s” are synonyms that can be used interchangeably.

VII. Related Terms

An antonym is a word or phrase’s opposite meaning, and the opposite of a synonym.

VIII. Conclusion

In conclusion, synonyms are an essential part of the English language that we could not live without, in writing or speaking. They are the most powerful type of descriptive tool, making them an important part of both prose and poetry alike. Synonyms provide freedom for word choice and allow authors to choose words with the right connotation to fit their style and serve their purpose.

List of Terms

• Alliteration
• Amplification
• Anachronism
• Anthropomorphism
• Antonomasia
• APA Citation
• Aposiopesis
• Autobiography
• Bildungsroman
• Characterization
• Circumlocution
• Cliffhanger
• Comic Relief
• Connotation
• Deus ex machina
• Deuteragonist
• Doppelganger
• Double Entendre
• Dramatic irony
• Equivocation
• Extended Metaphor
• Figures of Speech
• Flash-forward
• Foreshadowing
• Intertextuality
• Juxtaposition
• Literary Device
• Malapropism
• Onomatopoeia
• Parallelism
• Pathetic Fallacy
• Personification
• Point of View
• Polysyndeton
• Protagonist
• Red Herring
• Rhetorical Device
• Rhetorical Question
• Science Fiction
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
• Synesthesia
• Turning Point
• Understatement
• Urban Legend
• Verisimilitude
• Essay Guide
• Cite This Website

• Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Explore the English Thesaurus

Get clear explanations and examples of the differences between thousands of synonyms and antonyms, in both British and American English. Search for a word in the search bar, try one of the most popular articles, or browse the thesaurus A-Z.

Popular articles

• 01 to behave well
• 02 a mark on something
• 03 an achievement
• 04 a calm person
• 05 always becoming different
• 06 costing less money than expected
• 07 intelligent
• 08 interesting
• 09 to shout
• 10 greater than the average size or amount

Browse all Thesaurus articles

Or, browse the Cambridge Dictionary index

Browse synonyms and antonyms

Key features.

Expand your vocabulary two ways with the Cambridge English Thesaurus: look up thousands of synonyms and antonyms quickly, or go in-depth with hundreds of articles that explain the differences between words and phrases. You’ll get real-world examples of how they are used in both British and American English, in formal and informal language. Based on expert, original research on the unique Cambridge English Corpus , it’s ideal for anyone preparing for Cambridge Exams or IELTS .

Acknowledgements

Author Colin McIntosh

Chief Editor Kory Stamper

Editors Jessica Rundell Laura Wedgeworth

Content Architect Lewis C. Lawyer

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• 40 Useful Words and Phrases for Top-Notch Essays

To be truly brilliant, an essay needs to utilise the right language. You could make a great point, but if it’s not intelligently articulated, you almost needn’t have bothered.

Developing the language skills to build an argument and to write persuasively is crucial if you’re to write outstanding essays every time. In this article, we’re going to equip you with the words and phrases you need to write a top-notch essay, along with examples of how to utilise them.

It’s by no means an exhaustive list, and there will often be other ways of using the words and phrases we describe that we won’t have room to include, but there should be more than enough below to help you make an instant improvement to your essay-writing skills.

If you’re interested in developing your language and persuasive skills, Oxford Royale offers summer courses at its Oxford Summer School , Cambridge Summer School , London Summer School , San Francisco Summer School and Yale Summer School . You can study courses to learn english , prepare for careers in law , medicine , business , engineering and leadership.

General explaining

Let’s start by looking at language for general explanations of complex points.

1. In order to

Usage: “In order to” can be used to introduce an explanation for the purpose of an argument. Example: “In order to understand X, we need first to understand Y.”

2. In other words

Usage: Use “in other words” when you want to express something in a different way (more simply), to make it easier to understand, or to emphasise or expand on a point. Example: “Frogs are amphibians. In other words, they live on the land and in the water.”

3. To put it another way

Usage: This phrase is another way of saying “in other words”, and can be used in particularly complex points, when you feel that an alternative way of wording a problem may help the reader achieve a better understanding of its significance. Example: “Plants rely on photosynthesis. To put it another way, they will die without the sun.”

4. That is to say

Usage: “That is” and “that is to say” can be used to add further detail to your explanation, or to be more precise. Example: “Whales are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe air.”

5. To that end

Usage: Use “to that end” or “to this end” in a similar way to “in order to” or “so”. Example: “Zoologists have long sought to understand how animals communicate with each other. To that end, a new study has been launched that looks at elephant sounds and their possible meanings.”

Adding additional information to support a point

Students often make the mistake of using synonyms of “and” each time they want to add further information in support of a point they’re making, or to build an argument . Here are some cleverer ways of doing this.

6. Moreover

Usage: Employ “moreover” at the start of a sentence to add extra information in support of a point you’re making. Example: “Moreover, the results of a recent piece of research provide compelling evidence in support of…”

7. Furthermore

Usage:This is also generally used at the start of a sentence, to add extra information. Example: “Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that…”

8. What’s more

Usage: This is used in the same way as “moreover” and “furthermore”. Example: “What’s more, this isn’t the only evidence that supports this hypothesis.”

9. Likewise

Usage: Use “likewise” when you want to talk about something that agrees with what you’ve just mentioned. Example: “Scholar A believes X. Likewise, Scholar B argues compellingly in favour of this point of view.”

10. Similarly

Usage: Use “similarly” in the same way as “likewise”. Example: “Audiences at the time reacted with shock to Beethoven’s new work, because it was very different to what they were used to. Similarly, we have a tendency to react with surprise to the unfamiliar.”

11. Another key thing to remember

Usage: Use the phrase “another key point to remember” or “another key fact to remember” to introduce additional facts without using the word “also”. Example: “As a Romantic, Blake was a proponent of a closer relationship between humans and nature. Another key point to remember is that Blake was writing during the Industrial Revolution, which had a major impact on the world around him.”

12. As well as

Usage: Use “as well as” instead of “also” or “and”. Example: “Scholar A argued that this was due to X, as well as Y.”

13. Not only… but also

Usage: This wording is used to add an extra piece of information, often something that’s in some way more surprising or unexpected than the first piece of information. Example: “Not only did Edmund Hillary have the honour of being the first to reach the summit of Everest, but he was also appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.”

14. Coupled with

Usage: Used when considering two or more arguments at a time. Example: “Coupled with the literary evidence, the statistics paint a compelling view of…”

15. Firstly, secondly, thirdly…

Usage: This can be used to structure an argument, presenting facts clearly one after the other. Example: “There are many points in support of this view. Firstly, X. Secondly, Y. And thirdly, Z.

16. Not to mention/to say nothing of

Usage: “Not to mention” and “to say nothing of” can be used to add extra information with a bit of emphasis. Example: “The war caused unprecedented suffering to millions of people, not to mention its impact on the country’s economy.”

Words and phrases for demonstrating contrast

When you’re developing an argument, you will often need to present contrasting or opposing opinions or evidence – “it could show this, but it could also show this”, or “X says this, but Y disagrees”. This section covers words you can use instead of the “but” in these examples, to make your writing sound more intelligent and interesting.

17. However

Usage: Use “however” to introduce a point that disagrees with what you’ve just said. Example: “Scholar A thinks this. However, Scholar B reached a different conclusion.”

18. On the other hand

Usage: Usage of this phrase includes introducing a contrasting interpretation of the same piece of evidence, a different piece of evidence that suggests something else, or an opposing opinion. Example: “The historical evidence appears to suggest a clear-cut situation. On the other hand, the archaeological evidence presents a somewhat less straightforward picture of what happened that day.”

19. Having said that

Usage: Used in a similar manner to “on the other hand” or “but”. Example: “The historians are unanimous in telling us X, an agreement that suggests that this version of events must be an accurate account. Having said that, the archaeology tells a different story.”

20. By contrast/in comparison

Usage: Use “by contrast” or “in comparison” when you’re comparing and contrasting pieces of evidence. Example: “Scholar A’s opinion, then, is based on insufficient evidence. By contrast, Scholar B’s opinion seems more plausible.”

21. Then again

Usage: Use this to cast doubt on an assertion. Example: “Writer A asserts that this was the reason for what happened. Then again, it’s possible that he was being paid to say this.”

22. That said

Usage: This is used in the same way as “then again”. Example: “The evidence ostensibly appears to point to this conclusion. That said, much of the evidence is unreliable at best.”

Usage: Use this when you want to introduce a contrasting idea. Example: “Much of scholarship has focused on this evidence. Yet not everyone agrees that this is the most important aspect of the situation.”

Adding a proviso or acknowledging reservations

Sometimes, you may need to acknowledge a shortfalling in a piece of evidence, or add a proviso. Here are some ways of doing so.

24. Despite this

Usage: Use “despite this” or “in spite of this” when you want to outline a point that stands regardless of a shortfalling in the evidence. Example: “The sample size was small, but the results were important despite this.”

25. With this in mind

Usage: Use this when you want your reader to consider a point in the knowledge of something else. Example: “We’ve seen that the methods used in the 19th century study did not always live up to the rigorous standards expected in scientific research today, which makes it difficult to draw definite conclusions. With this in mind, let’s look at a more recent study to see how the results compare.”

26. Provided that

Usage: This means “on condition that”. You can also say “providing that” or just “providing” to mean the same thing. Example: “We may use this as evidence to support our argument, provided that we bear in mind the limitations of the methods used to obtain it.”

27. In view of/in light of

Usage: These phrases are used when something has shed light on something else. Example: “In light of the evidence from the 2013 study, we have a better understanding of…”

28. Nonetheless

Usage: This is similar to “despite this”. Example: “The study had its limitations, but it was nonetheless groundbreaking for its day.”

29. Nevertheless

Usage: This is the same as “nonetheless”. Example: “The study was flawed, but it was important nevertheless.”

30. Notwithstanding

Usage: This is another way of saying “nonetheless”. Example: “Notwithstanding the limitations of the methodology used, it was an important study in the development of how we view the workings of the human mind.”

Giving examples

Good essays always back up points with examples, but it’s going to get boring if you use the expression “for example” every time. Here are a couple of other ways of saying the same thing.

31. For instance

Example: “Some birds migrate to avoid harsher winter climates. Swallows, for instance, leave the UK in early winter and fly south…”

32. To give an illustration

Example: “To give an illustration of what I mean, let’s look at the case of…”

Signifying importance

When you want to demonstrate that a point is particularly important, there are several ways of highlighting it as such.

33. Significantly

Usage: Used to introduce a point that is loaded with meaning that might not be immediately apparent. Example: “Significantly, Tacitus omits to tell us the kind of gossip prevalent in Suetonius’ accounts of the same period.”

34. Notably

Usage: This can be used to mean “significantly” (as above), and it can also be used interchangeably with “in particular” (the example below demonstrates the first of these ways of using it). Example: “Actual figures are notably absent from Scholar A’s analysis.”

35. Importantly

Usage: Use “importantly” interchangeably with “significantly”. Example: “Importantly, Scholar A was being employed by X when he wrote this work, and was presumably therefore under pressure to portray the situation more favourably than he perhaps might otherwise have done.”

Summarising

You’ve almost made it to the end of the essay, but your work isn’t over yet. You need to end by wrapping up everything you’ve talked about, showing that you’ve considered the arguments on both sides and reached the most likely conclusion. Here are some words and phrases to help you.

36. In conclusion

Usage: Typically used to introduce the concluding paragraph or sentence of an essay, summarising what you’ve discussed in a broad overview. Example: “In conclusion, the evidence points almost exclusively to Argument A.”

37. Above all

Usage: Used to signify what you believe to be the most significant point, and the main takeaway from the essay. Example: “Above all, it seems pertinent to remember that…”

38. Persuasive

Usage: This is a useful word to use when summarising which argument you find most convincing. Example: “Scholar A’s point – that Constanze Mozart was motivated by financial gain – seems to me to be the most persuasive argument for her actions following Mozart’s death.”

39. Compelling

Usage: Use in the same way as “persuasive” above. Example: “The most compelling argument is presented by Scholar A.”

40. All things considered

Usage: This means “taking everything into account”. Example: “All things considered, it seems reasonable to assume that…”

How many of these words and phrases will you get into your next essay? And are any of your favourite essay terms missing from our list? Let us know in the comments below, or get in touch here to find out more about courses that can help you with your essays.

At Oxford Royale Academy, we offer a number of  summer school courses for young people who are keen to improve their essay writing skills. Click here to apply for one of our courses today, including law , business , medicine  and engineering .

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Synonyms of speaking

• as in talking
• as in communication
• as in saying
• as in lecturing
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Thesaurus Definition of speaking

 (Entry 1 of 3)

Synonyms & Similar Words

• communicative
• well - spoken
• silver - tongued
• smooth - tongued

Antonyms & Near Antonyms

• uncommunicative
• inarticulate
• tongue - tied

Thesaurus Definition of speaking  (Entry 2 of 3)

• communication
• talkativeness
• loquaciousness
• garrulousness
• verboseness
• speechlessness
• voicelessness
• inarticulateness
• taciturnity
• inarticulacy

Thesaurus Definition of speaking  (Entry 3 of 3)

• articulating
• verbalizing
• enunciating
• bringing out
• putting into words
• proclaiming
• broadcasting
• ventilating
• publicizing
• promulgating
• advertising
• getting off
• formulating
• spluttering
• ripping (out)
• formulizing
• piping up (with)
• suppressing
• discoursing
• expatiating
• holding forth
• taking the floor
• soliloquizing
• pontificating
• sermonizing
• filibustering

Phrases Containing speaking

• public speaking

Thesaurus Entries Near speaking

speak (for)

speaking (about)

Cite this Entry

“Speaking.” Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/speaking. Accessed 28 Apr. 2024.

More from Merriam-Webster on speaking

Nglish: Translation of speaking for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of speaking for Arabic Speakers

Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about speaking

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IMPORTANT Synonym: 40 Useful Words to Use Instead of IMPORTANT

By: Author English Study Online

Posted on Last updated: October 12, 2023

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Important synonyms! The following lesson will provide the list of 40 alternative ways to say “Important” with useful example sentences and ESL printable infographic.

Table of Contents

IMPORTANT Synonyms

List of important synonyms in English with ESL picture:

“Important” Synonyms List

Here is the list of 40 common synonyms for the word “Important” in English:

Significant

Substantial

Considerable

• Consequential

Influential

Fundamental

Indispensable

Earthshaking

Synonyms for “Important” with Examples

• Penicillin was an extremely  significant  medical discovery.
• Careful preparation for the exam is  essential .
• The public has a crucial  role to play in detecting crime.
• There is a  major  problem with parking in London.
• The inquiry was  critical  of her work.
• His support is  vital  for our project.
• Her contribution to the discussion was  substantial .
• The  momentous  news was that war had begun.
• I admired his  considerable  mental agility.
• A child is recovering in hospital after a  serious  attack by a stray dog.
• The most  noteworthy  feature of the list is that there are no women on it.
• A  great  man can dominate others by force of character.
• This is a  notable  event.
• The  core  of regular contributors is essential to the magazine.
• She was  prominent  in the fashion industry.
• He is a very  influential  man in the government.
• She seems to find it difficult to form  meaningful  relationships.
• Many  famous  people have stayed in the hotel.
• The two most  powerful  warriors are patience and time.
• The avocado is a  valuable  food.
• It is  necessary  to get the youth to have a high ethical concept.
• He’d like to see a  fundamental  reappraisal of the way unions operate.
• He showed  remarkable  endurance throughout his illness.
• Unemployment will be a  dominant  issue at the next election.
• Our  main  objective was the recovery of the child safe and well.
• He was set free and rehabilitated as  chief  engineer.
• His  principal  reason for making the journey was to visit his family.
• Confidence is the  key  to success.
• He summarized the  salient  points.
• My  prime  concern is to protect my property.
• The decisive attack took off from the foremost  position.
• Soldiers who die for their country have made the  supreme  sacrifice.
• In our work, quality is  paramount .
• It is of  overriding  importance to finish the project this week.
• This is a matter of  cardinal  significance.
• She’s quite  indispensable  to the company.
• I must post this letter; it’s  urgent .
• That was an  earthshaking  event.
• It is an  exigent  problem to solve the dry deep screening of moist fine coal.
•  A  decisive  person acts quickly and often succeeds.
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The Importance of Using Synonyms in Speech in English Language

This article provides detailed information on synonyms, its types, uses and other similar topics. Analogs of words enrich the language, enliven and diversify speech. With their help, the monotony of presentation and repetition of the same lexemes are diluted. Despite the fact that the lexical meaning of synonyms is very similar, each word still has its own connotation. Based on the foregoing, we understand how important it is to take into account the nuances of using synonyms, since some of them can be used only in a specific speech situation.

Related Papers

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis

Durdona Rashidova

This article discusses the formation and analysis of synonyms in English. For the implementation of the communicative and expressive functions of language, accuracy, expressiveness, a large semantic variety of vocabulary, the ability to strictly differentiate concepts, convey more and more subtle shades of thought and feeling are necessary. The need to differentiate the concept, to express the shades of thoughts and feelings, brings synonyms to life.

American Journal of Applied Linguistics

American Journals Publishing Center- Publish Articles in the United States

Published by American Journals Publishing Center, USA (Website: https://www.american-journals.com/americanjournals). The study entitled "Synonyms and Antonyms" aims to show an understanding of synonyms and antonyms to ELT students through context. On the one hand, synonyms are found in absolute synonyms, full synonyms, cognitive synonyms, and plesionymes. On the other hand, synonyms are "a study aimed at investigating how important synonyms and antonyms are to educate learners about the meaning and use of terms. Therefore, synonyms are a bonus item for education. Also, synonyms (smart) are terms that have the same or similar meaning as another word. If two words or phrases have the same meaning, they are called synonyms. Synonyms are derived from the ancient Greek synonym for "with" and "onoma" for "name". Synonyms are our common and necessary aspects of everyday language that are not thought of. They are included in nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and other parts of speech. In addition, synonyms are so important that a complete reference book called Thesaurus Dictionary is devoted to them.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Malika Tilavova

International Journal of English Studies

International Journal of English Studies (IJES)

This paper discusses what the methods of conversation analysis (CA) might have to offer the study of linguistic synonymy. It takes as a case study two items commonly held to be synonyms -'actually' and 'in fact'- and shows considerable differences between the two in their interactional implementation: they are implicated in the prosecution of differing courses of action. Such cases argue that it is analytically more profitable to consider what a lexical item does in the context of talk than what it means.

International Journal of Lexicography

Fredric Dolezal

Chu-Ren Huang , Lian-cheng Chief

Lexicographica

Rufus H. Gouws

Watcharaporn Phitayakorn

Knowledge of vocabulary is vital for effective English communication and “synonyms” should be used to avoid repeated usage. Most English synonyms are near-synonyms rather than strict synonyms. Near-synonyms cannot substitute for each other because of differences in meaning. This study examined the similarities and differences of three synonymous verbs, i.e. advise, recommend, and suggest, focusing on grammatical patterns and collocation usage within British English. The data was drawn from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 6th edition (2014) and one corpus, namely, the British National Corpus (BNC). Taking a corpus of 450 concordance lines from one corpus, the data was put into an Excel worksheet. It was searched and analyzed manually using the aforementioned two criteria. The results showed that three synonymous verbs cannot be used interchangeably in every context due to the differences in grammatical patterns and collocations. Therefore, they should be considered as...

Re-thinking synonymy: semantic sameness and …

Irina Khoutyz

Facta Universitatis Series: Linguistics and Literature

Maja Stanojevic

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Academic Freedom Is More Important Now Than Ever

A t least since the 1800s, colleges and universities in the United States have emphasized their civic missions. American college students weren’t just supposed to get better at exams and recitations, they were supposed to develop character traits that would make them better citizens . In the last fifty years, whether one attended a large public university or a small private college, chances are the mission statement of your school included language that emphasized the institution’s contribution to the public good. So why today is there a chorus of critics urging higher education leaders to cultivate neutrality , to cede the public sphere to others?

I suppose that in these days of social polarization and hyper-partisanship, some see campus life as a retreat from the bruising realities of political life. You can pursue theater or biology, religion or economics, without worrying too much what the person sitting next to you thinks of the political issue of the day. And if your institution has no political commitments, so the thinking seems to go, you may feel more inclined to form your own, or just not to have any at all. Whether one weds this to a monastic view of higher education, or skills-based vocational one, one can feel that university life provides a respite from the take-a-stand demands of the political. While there is certainly freedom in that, it should be remembered that we only have that freedom because of guarantees established by generations of political struggle.

One of those fundamental guarantees is the ability to choose one’s field of study, to conduct research without political intervention, and to openly discuss the results of one’s work. In his forthcoming book Academic Freedom: From Professional Norm to First Amendment Right , David Rabban argues convincingly that academic freedom is a distinctive first amendment right, one which protects teachers and researchers while enabling society as a whole to benefit from the production and dissemination of knowledge. The American Association of University Professors sketched out this foundational professional norm in 1915. Scholars are free to explore issues and to debate them; they should be able to take positions that might turn out to be very unpopular in the broader political realm. Rabban shows how these protections have been protected in a series of court decisions over the last hundred years. Whether teaching the Bible, a contemporary video, or evolutionary biology, professors should not have to worry that political pressures will force them away from a path of inquiry or a mode of expression.

Today, though, such worries abound. Libraries are banning books at alarming rates, faculty are being disciplined for their political views, and student rights to protest are being curtailed beyond appropriate “time and place” guidelines. Issues around the right to speak one’s mind are front and center on college campuses, thrust there in part because of protests around the war in Gaza and the spectacle of congressional hearings about antisemitism. Ivy League institutions have attracted the most attention for outbursts of Jew hatred even as scores of civilian hostages from Israel are subject to torture, rape, and brutal isolation. But rejecting the vicious tactics of the war in Gaza, doesn’t make one a supporter of terrorist violence; starving Palestinians in Gaza won’t secure freedom for the hostages. In these dire conditions, it’s no wonder that colleges are faced with legitimate protests as well as traditional expressions of prejudice and hate. On campuses across the country, Islamophobia and antisemitic harassment can destroy the conditions for learning, but mass arrests of peaceful protestors and the censorship of speakers for their political views only undermine academic freedom in the long run.

In recent years, some progressives have expressed doubts about free speech , describing it as a neo-liberal disguise of existing power relations. Now, however, as those aligned with pro-Palestinian movements are being censured or arrested, the old liberal approach to freedom of expression seems more attractive to many protestors. Historians Ahmna Khalid and Jeffrey Snyder have been writing about these issues , and recently they gave a powerful presentation to a packed house at Wesleyan. They began with a critical appraisal of Florida’s various attacks on academic freedom, which on my campus was preaching to the choir. But the speakers went on to discuss how many of efforts that fall under the popular rubric of inclusion are also aimed at suppressing speech ostensibly to protect so-called vulnerable communities. Protecting students against speech in the name of harm reduction is almost always a mistake, they argued. Here, the debate got interesting. And this was their point: debates are only interesting when people are free to disagree, listen to opposing views, change their minds. But they also seemed to agree that in some cases intimidation could be intense enough to warrant restrictions on expression. I call this a “safe enough space” approach to speech, but in the discussion following their talk it was clear that they thought my pragmatist position left too much room for unwarranted “ safetyism .” There was a real conversation; students and faculty were fully engaged.

Read More: The New Antisemitism

And that, of course, is when learning happens: when we are engaged in deep listening and in trying to think for ourselves in the company of others. This is what I argue in The Student: A Short History : being a student—at whatever age—means being open to others in ways that allow one to expand one’s thinking, to enhance one’s capacities for appreciation, for empathy and for civic participation. That participation energizes a virtuous circle because it’s by engaging with others that one multiplies possibilities for learning (and then for further engagement).

That virtuous circle depends on freedoms in a political context under direct threat from the populist authoritarianism movement led by Donald Trump. When Trump attacks his enemies, when he talks about them as thugs and vermin or proposes his own national university to replace the elites so despised by his base, he is telegraphing his intentions to remake higher education in the image of his MAGA movement. Many academics seem to shrug their shoulders, saying either that “other politicians aren’t so great either,” or to suggest (as elites often have when faced with growing fascist threats) that he doesn’t really mean what he says. This is a grave mistake, as we’ve seen before in history.

Neutrality, whether based on principle, apathy or cynicism, today feeds collaboration . The attack on democracy, the attack on the rule of law, will also sweep away the freedoms that higher education has won over the last 100 years.

We can fight back. Between now and November 5 th , many of our students, faculty, staff and alumni will be practicing freedom by participating in the electoral process. They will work on behalf of candidates and in regard to issues bearing on the future of academic freedom, free speech, and the possibilities for full engagement with others. This is challenging work. In the noise of contemporary politics, it’s hard to practice authentic listening; in the glare of the media’s campaign cameras, it’s hard to see things from someone else’s point of view.

But that is our task. If we are to strengthen our democracy and the educational institutions that depend on it, we must learn to practice freedom, better. We must learn to be better students. Our future depends on it .

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