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Publications

IEEE publications on IoT include:

IEEE Internet of Things Journal (IoT-J)

Launched in 2014, the IEEE IoT-J publishes papers on the latest advances, as well as review articles, on the various aspects of IoT from open call and special issues. Topics include IoT system architecture, IoT enabling technologies, IoT communication and networking protocols, IoT services and applications, and the social implications of IoT. The current issue is available in IEEE Xplore .

The IEEE IoT-J solicits original work that must not be currently under consideration for publication in other venues. For more information, view the Call for Papers .

IEEE Communications Magazine - This award-winning magazine brings you the latest international coverage of current issues and advances in key areas of wireless, optical and wired communications. Written in tutorial applications-driven style by the industry's leading experts, IEEE Communications Magazine delivers practical, current information on hot topics, implementations, and best industry practices.

IEEE Transactions on Communications - The IEEE Transactions on Communications (TCOM) publishes high-quality papers reporting theoretical and experimental advances in the general area of communications. TCOM has a broad scope spanning several areas such as wireless communications, wired communications, and optical communications.

IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications - The IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications is a major archival journal that is committed to the timely publication of very high-quality, peer-reviewed, original papers that advance the theory and applications of wireless communication systems and networks.

IEEE Communications Letters - IEEE Communications Letters provides researchers with an ideal venue for sharing their newest results in a timely manner. Every month this journal publishes 20-25 short (up to 4 pages) high-quality contributions on the theory and practice of communications.

IEEE Wireless Communications Letters - Publishes timely, novel and high-quality recent results on Wireless Communications in letter format. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters have a 4-page limit. The journal's goal is rapid dissemination of original, cutting-edge ideas and timely, significant contributions in the theory and applications of wireless communications.

IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking - The IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 's high-level objective is to publish high-quality, original research results derived from theoretical or experimental exploration of the area of communication/computer networking, covering all sorts of information transport networks over all sorts of physical layer technologies, both wireline (all kinds of guided media: e.g., copper, optical) and wireless (e.g., radio-frequency, acoustic (e.g., underwater), infra-red), or hybrids of these.

IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management - IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management (IEEE TNSM) is a journal for timely publication of archival research on the management of networks, systems, services and applications, as well as on issues in communications software, service engineering, policies and business processes for network and service management.

IEEE Pervasive Computing - IEEE Pervasive Computing explores the many facets of pervasive and ubiquitous computing with research articles, case studies, product reviews, conference reports, departments covering wearable and mobile technologies, and more.

IEEE Sensors Journal - The IEEE Sensors Journal is a peer-reviewed, semi-monthly online journal devoted to sensors and sensing phenomena.

IEEE Calls for Papers

IEEE Internet of Things Journal IEEE Communications Magazine IEEE Communications Standard Magazine IEEE Internet of Things Magazine IEEE Network IEEE Wireless Communications

IEEE Talks IoT

Check out our ongoing series of Q&A articles with the IEEE experts! Read more

Selected Articles from IEEE Xplore

The IEEE Xplore digital library is a powerful resource for scientific and technical content on a vast breadth of topics including the Internet of Things (IoT). Each month IEEE IoT will select articles from this influential repository of information published by the IEEE and its publishing partners, and make them available to the IEEE IoT Technical Community members on a complimentary basis. Read more

Search IEEE Xplore for more articles on IoT

IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) Conference Proceedings

2018 IEEE WF-IoT, 5-8 February 2018, Singapore

2016 IEEE WF-IoT, 12-14 December 2016, Virginia, USA

2015 IEEE WF-IoT, 14-16 December 2015, Milan, Italy

2014 IEEE WF-IoT, 6-8 March 2014, Seoul, Korea

IEEE IoT Brain Trust Blog (ECN Magzine)

The IEEE IoT Brain Trust series is a collection of blogs exploring IoT in the industry.

Meeting Cloud Challenges May Pave Way for IoT - 28 July 2016

The Increasingly Concerning Carbon Footprint of Information and Telecommunication Technologies - 29 April 2016

Standardizing 3D Body Processing Technology - 8 March 2016

IoT’s Special Gift to Big Data - 22 January 2016

IoT and the Cloud - 22 December 2015

IEEE 802.11’s Role in Enabling the Internet of Things - 1 December 2015

Defining the Internet of Things: A Work in Progress - 3 November 2015

How the Smart Grid Will Impact IoT - 19 June 2015

What Does IoT + Big Data Mean to You? - 27 April 2015

How IoT Will Affect Telecom (Part II) - 31 March 2015

In June 2016, IEEE-USA, along with the IEEE Internet Initiative, had the opportunity to comment on the National Telecommunication and Information Administration's role in promoting and regulating the IoT.

News Articles

Connected Tech at CES IEEE Transmitter - December 2016

With smart home devices now owned by 15% of households, IoT products for the home are catching on. At the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), you can expect to see the latest in IoT smart home gadgets, smart tech partnerships, and advancements in voice-activated technologies. Additional tech on display includes facial recognition, thermal imaging, and connected luggage.

Internet of Things is a revolutionary approach for future technology enhancement: a review

Sachin Kumar ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3949-0302 1 ,
Prayag Tiwari 2 &
Mikhail Zymbler 1

Journal of Big Data volume 6 , Article number: 111 ( 2019 ) Cite this article

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Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that has changed the traditional way of living into a high tech life style. Smart city, smart homes, pollution control, energy saving, smart transportation, smart industries are such transformations due to IoT. A lot of crucial research studies and investigations have been done in order to enhance the technology through IoT. However, there are still a lot of challenges and issues that need to be addressed to achieve the full potential of IoT. These challenges and issues must be considered from various aspects of IoT such as applications, challenges, enabling technologies, social and environmental impacts etc. The main goal of this review article is to provide a detailed discussion from both technological and social perspective. The article discusses different challenges and key issues of IoT, architecture and important application domains. Also, the article bring into light the existing literature and illustrated their contribution in different aspects of IoT. Moreover, the importance of big data and its analysis with respect to IoT has been discussed. This article would help the readers and researcher to understand the IoT and its applicability to the real world.

Introduction

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm that enables the communication between electronic devices and sensors through the internet in order to facilitate our lives. IoT use smart devices and internet to provide innovative solutions to various challenges and issues related to various business, governmental and public/private industries across the world [ 1 ]. IoT is progressively becoming an important aspect of our life that can be sensed everywhere around us. In whole, IoT is an innovation that puts together extensive variety of smart systems, frameworks and intelligent devices and sensors (Fig. 1 ). Moreover, it takes advantage of quantum and nanotechnology in terms of storage, sensing and processing speed which were not conceivable beforehand [ 2 ]. Extensive research studies have been done and available in terms of scientific articles, press reports both on internet and in the form of printed materials to illustrate the potential effectiveness and applicability of IoT transformations. It could be utilized as a preparatory work before making novel innovative business plans while considering the security, assurance and interoperability.

General architecture of IoT

A great transformation can be observed in our daily routine life along with the increasing involvement of IoT devices and technology. One such development of IoT is the concept of Smart Home Systems (SHS) and appliances that consist of internet based devices, automation system for homes and reliable energy management system [ 3 ]. Besides, another important achievement of IoT is Smart Health Sensing system (SHSS). SHSS incorporates small intelligent equipment and devices to support the health of the human being. These devices can be used both indoors and outdoors to check and monitor the different health issues and fitness level or the amount of calories burned in the fitness center etc. Also, it is being used to monitor the critical health conditions in the hospitals and trauma centers as well. Hence, it has changed the entire scenario of the medical domain by facilitating it with high technology and smart devices [ 4 , 5 ]. Moreover, IoT developers and researchers are actively involved to uplift the life style of the disabled and senior age group people. IoT has shown a drastic performance in this area and has provided a new direction for the normal life of such people. As these devices and equipment are very cost effective in terms of development cost and easily available within a normal price range, hence most of the people are availing them [ 6 ]. Thanks to IoT, as they can live a normal life. Another important aspect of our life is transportation. IoT has brought up some new advancements to make it more efficient, comfortable and reliable. Intelligent sensors, drone devices are now controlling the traffic at different signalized intersections across major cities. In addition, vehicles are being launched in markets with pre-installed sensing devices that are able to sense the upcoming heavy traffic congestions on the map and may suggest you another route with low traffic congestion [ 7 ]. Therefore IoT has a lot to serve in various aspects of life and technology. We may conclude that IoT has a lot of scope both in terms of technology enhancement and facilitate the humankind.

IoT has also shown its importance and potential in the economic and industrial growth of a developing region. Also, in trade and stock exchange market, it is being considered as a revolutionary step. However, security of data and information is an important concern and highly desirable, which is a major challenging issue to deal with [ 5 ]. Internet being a largest source of security threats and cyber-attacks has opened the various doors for hackers and thus made the data and information insecure. However, IoT is committed to provide the best possible solutions to deal with security issues of data and information. Hence, the most important concern of IoT in trade and economy is security. Therefore, the development of a secure path for collaboration between social networks and privacy concerns is a hot topic in IoT and IoT developers are working hard for this.

The remaining part of the article is organized as follows: “ Literature survey ” section will provide state of art on important studies that addressed various challenges and issues in IoT. “ IoT architecture and technologies ” section discussed the IoT functional blocks, architecture in detail. In “ Major key issues and challenges of IoT ” section, important key issues and challenges of IoT is discussed. “ Major IoT applications ” section provides emerging application domains of IoT. In “ Importance of big data analytics in IoT ” section, the role and importance of big data and its analysis is discussed. Finally, the article concluded in “ Conclusions ” section.

Literature survey

IoT has a multidisciplinary vision to provide its benefit to several domains such as environmental, industrial, public/private, medical, transportation etc. Different researchers have explained the IoT differently with respect to specific interests and aspects. The potential and power of IoT can be seen in several application domains. Figure 2 illustrates few of the application domains of IoTs potentials.

Some of the potential application domains of IoT

Various important IoT projects have taken charge over the market in last few years. Some of the important IoT projects that have captured most of the market are shown in Fig. 3 . In Fig. 3 , a global distribution of these IoT projects is shown among American, European and Asia/Pacific region. It can be seen that American continent are contributing more in the health care and smart supply chain projects whereas contribution of European continent is more in the smart city projects [ 8 ].

Global distribution of IoT projects among America (USA, South America and Canada), Europe and APAC (Asia and Pacific region) [ 8 ]

Figure 4 , illustrates the global market share of IoT projects worldwide [ 8 ]. It is evident that industry, smart city, smart energy and smart vehicle based IoT projects have a big market share in comparison to others.

Global share of IoT projects across the world [ 8 ]

Smart city is one of the trendy application areas of IoT that incorporates smart homes as well. Smart home consists of IoT enabled home appliances, air-conditioning/heating system, television, audio/video streaming devices, and security systems which are communicating with each other in order to provide best comfort, security and reduced energy consumption. All this communication takes place through IoT based central control unit using Internet. The concept of smart city gained popularity in the last decade and attracted a lot of research activities [ 9 ]. The smart home business economy is about to cross the 100 billion dollars by 2022 [ 10 ]. Smart home does not only provide the in-house comfort but also benefits the house owner in cost cutting in several aspects i.e. low energy consumption will results in comparatively lower electricity bill. Besides smart homes, another category that comes within smart city is smart vehicles. Modern cars are equipped with intelligent devices and sensors that control most of the components from the headlights of the car to the engine [ 11 ]. The IoT is committed towards developing a new smart car systems that incorporates wireless communication between car-to-car and car-to-driver to ensure predictive maintenance with comfortable and safe driving experience [ 12 ].

Khajenasiri et al. [ 10 ] performed a survey on the IoT solutions for smart energy control to benefit the smart city applications. They stated that at present IoT has been deployed in very few application areas to serve the technology and people. The scope of IoT is very wide and in near future IoT is able to capture almost all application areas. They mentioned that energy saving is one of the important part of the society and IoT can assist in developing a smart energy control system that will save both energy and money. They described an IoT architecture with respect to smart city concept. The authors also discussed that one of the challenging task in achieving this is the immaturity of IoT hardware and software. They suggested that these issues must be resolved to ensure a reliable, efficient and user friendly IoT system.

Alavi et al. [ 13 ] addressed the urbanization issue in the cities. The movement of people from rural to urban atmosphere resulting in growing population of the cities. Therefore, there is a need to provide smart solutions for mobility, energy, healthcare and infrastructure. Smart city is one of the important application areas for IoT developers. It explores several issues such as traffic management, air quality management, public safety solutions, smart parking, smart lightning and smart waste collection (Fig. 5 ). They mentioned that IoT is working hard to tackle these challenging issues. The need for improved smart city infrastructure with growing urbanization has opened the doors for entrepreneurs in the field of smart city technologies. The authors concluded that IoT enabled technology is very important for the development of sustainable smart cities.

Potential IoT application areas for smart cities

Another important issue of IoT that requires attention and a lot of research is security and privacy. Weber [ 14 ] focused on these issues and suggested that a private organization availing IoT must incorporate data authentication, access control, resilience to attacks and client privacy into their business activities that would be an additional advantage. Weber suggested that in order to define global security and privacy issues, IoT developers must take into account the geographical limitations of the different countries. A generic framework needs to be designed to fit the global needs in terms of privacy and security. It is highly recommended to investigate and recognize the issues and challenges in privacy and security before developing the full fledge working IoT framework.

Later, Heer et al. [ 15 ] came up with a security issue in IP based IoT system. They mentioned that internet is backbone for the communication among devices that takes place in an IoT system. Therefore, security issues in IP based IoT systems are an important concern. In addition, security architecture should be designed considering the life cycle and capabilities of any object in the IoT system. It also includes the involvement of the trusted third party and the security protocols. The security architecture with scalability potential to serve the small-scale to large-scale things in IoT is highly desirable. The study pointed out that IoT gave rise to a new way of communication among several things across the network therefore traditional end to end internet protocol are not able to provide required support to this communication. Therefore, new protocols must be designed considering the translations at the gateways to ensure end-to-end security. Moreover, all the layers responsible for communication has their own security issues and requirements. Therefore, satisfying the requirements for one particular layers will leave the system into a vulnerable state and security should be ensured for all the layers.

Authentication and access control is another issue in IoT that needs promising solutions to strengthen the security. Liu et al. [ 16 ] brought up a solution to handle authentication and access control. Authentication is very important to verify the communicating parties to prevent the loss of confidential information. Liu et al. [ 16 ] provided an authentication scheme based on Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem and verified it on different security threats i.e. eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attack, key control and replay attack. They claimed that there proposed schemes are able to provide better authentication and access control in IoT based communication. Later, Kothmayr et al. [ 17 ] proposed a two-way authentication scheme based of datagram transport layer security (DTLS) for IoT. The attackers over the internet are always active to steal the secured information. The proposed approach are able to provide message security, integrity, authenticity and confidentiality, memory overhead and end-to-end latency in the IoT based communication network.

Li et al. [ 18 ] proposed a dynamic approach for data centric IoT applications with respect to cloud platforms. The need of an appropriate device, software configuration and infrastructure requires efficient solutions to support massive amount of IoT applications that are running on cloud platforms. IoT developers and researchers are actively engaged in developing solutions considering both massive platforms and heterogeneous nature of IoT objects and devices. Olivier et al. [ 19 ] explained the concept of software defined networking (SDN) based architecture that performs well even if a well-defined architecture is not available. They proposed that SDN based security architecture is more flexible and efficient for IoT.

Luk et al. [ 20 ] stated that the main task of a secure sensor network (SSN) is to provide data privacy, protection from replay attacks and authentication. They discussed two popular SSN services namely TinySec [ 21 ] and ZigBee [ 22 ]. They mentioned that although both the SSN services are efficient and reliable, however, ZigBee is comparatively provides higher security but consumes high energy whereas TinySec consumes low energy but not as highly secured as ZigBee. They proposed another architecture MiniSec to support high security and low energy consumption and demonstrated its performance for the Telos platform. Yan et al. [ 23 ] stated that trust management is an important issue in IoT. Trust management helps people to understand and trust IoT services and applications without worrying about uncertainty issues and risks [ 24 ]. They investigated different issues in trust management and discussed its importance with respect to IoT developers and users.

Noura et al. [ 25 ] stated the importance of interoperability in IoT as it allows integration of devices, services from different heterogeneous platforms to provide the efficient and reliable service. Several other studies focused on the importance of interoperability and discussed several challenges that interoperability issue is facing in IoT [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Kim et al. [ 29 ] addressed the issue of climate change and proposed an IoT based ecological monitoring system. They mentioned that existing approaches are time consuming and required a lot of human intervention. Also, a routine visit is required to collect the information from the sensors installed at the site under investigation. Also, some information remained missing which leads to not highly accurate analysis. Therefore, IoT based framework is able to solve this problem and can provide high accuracy in analysis and prediction. Later, Wang et al. [ 30 ] shows their concern for domestic waste water treatment. They discussed several deficiencies in the process of waste water treatment and dynamic monitoring system and suggested effective solutions based on IoT. They stated that IoT can be very effective in the waste water treatment and process monitoring.

Agriculture is one of the important domain around the world. Agriculture depends on several factors i.e. geographical, ecological etc. Qiu et al. [ 31 ] stated that technology that is being used for ecosystem control is immature with low intelligence level. They mentioned that it could be a good application area for IoT developers and researchers.

Qiu et al. [ 31 ] proposed an intelligent monitoring platform framework for facility agriculture ecosystem based on IoT that consists of four layer mechanism to manage the agriculture ecosystem. Each layer is responsible for specific task and together the framework is able to achieve a better ecosystem with reduced human intervention.

Another important concern around the world is climate change due to global warming. Fang et al. [ 32 ] introduced an integrated information system (IIS) that integrates IoT, geo-informatics, cloud computing, global positioning system (GPS), geographical information system (GIS) and e-science in order to provide an effective environmental monitoring and control system. They mentioned that the proposed IIS provides improved data collection, analysis and decision making for climate control. Air pollution is another important concern worldwide. Various tools and techniques are available to air quality measures and control. Cheng et al. [ 33 ] proposed AirCloud which is a cloud based air quality and monitoring system. They deployed AirCloud and evaluated its performance using 5 months data for the continuous duration of 2 months.

Temglit et al. [ 34 ] considered Quality of Service (QoS) as an important challenge and a complex task in evaluation and selection of IoT devices, protocols and services. QoS is very important criteria to attract and gain trust of users towards IoT services and devices. They came up with an interesting distributed QoS selection approach. This approach was based on distributed constraint optimization problem and multi-agent paradigm. Further, the approach was evaluated based on several experiments under realistic distributed environments. Another important aspect of IoT is its applicability to the environmental and agriculture standards. Talavera et al. [ 35 ] focused in this direction and presented the fundamental efforts of IoT for agro-industrial and environmental aspects in a survey study. They mentioned that the efforts of IoT in these areas are noticeable. IoT is strengthening the current technology and benefiting the farmers and society. Jara et al. [ 36 ] discussed the importance of IoT based monitoring of patients health. They suggested that IoT devices and sensors with the help of internet can assist health monitoring of patients. They also proposed a framework and protocol to achieve their objective. Table 1 provides a summary of the important studies and the direction of research with a comparison of studies on certain evaluation parameters.

IoT architecture and technologies

The IoT architecture consists of five important layers that defines all the functionalities of IoT systems. These layers are perception layer, network layer, middleware layer, application layer, business layer. At the bottom of IoT architecture, perception layer exists that consists of physical devices i.e. sensors, RFID chips, barcodes etc. and other physical objects connected in IoT network. These devices collects information in order to deliver it to the network layer. Network layer works as a transmission medium to deliver the information from perception layer to the information processing system. This transmission of information may use any wired/wireless medium along with 3G/4G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth etc. Next level layer is known as middleware layer. The main task of this layer is to process the information received from the network layer and make decisions based on the results achieved from ubiquitous computing. Next, this processed information is used by application layer for global device management. On the top of the architecture, there is a business layer which control the overall IoT system, its applications and services. The business layer visualizes the information and statistics received from the application layer and further used this knowledge to plan future targets and strategies. Furthermore, the IoT architectures can be modified according to the need and application domain [ 19 , 20 , 37 ]. Besides layered framework, IoT system consists of several functional blocks that supports various IoT activities such as sensing mechanism, authentication and identification, control and management [ 38 ]. Figure 6 illustrates such functional blocks of IoT architecture.

A generic function module of IoT system

There are several important functional blocks responsible for I/O operations, connectivity issues, processing, audio/video monitoring and storage management. All these functional block together incorporates an efficient IoT system which are important for optimum performance. Although, there are several reference architectures proposed with the technical specifications, but these are still far from the standard architecture that is suitable for global IoT [ 39 ]. Therefore, a suitable architecture is still needsvk to be designed that could satisfy the global IoT needs. The generic working structure of IoT system is shown in Fig. 7 . Figure 7 shows a dependency of IoT on particular application parameters. IoT gateways have an important role in IoT communication as it allows connectivity between IoT servers and IoT devices related to several applications [ 40 ].

Working structure of IoT

Scalability, modularity, interoperability and openness are the key design issues for an efficient IoT architecture in a heterogenous environment. The IoT architecture must be designed with an objective to fulfil the requirements of cross domain interactions, multi-system integration with the potential of simple and scalable management functionalities, big data analytics and storage, and user friendly applications. Also, the architecture should be able to scaleup the functionality and add some intelligence and automation among the IoT devices in the system.

Moreover, increasing amount of massive data being generated through the communication between IoT sensors and devices is a new challenge. Therefore, an efficient architecture is required to deal with massive amount of streaming data in IoT system. Two popular IoT system architectures are cloud and fog/edge computing that supports with the handling, monitoring and analysis of huge amount of data in IoT systems. Therefore, a modern IoT architecture can be defined as a 4 stage architecture as shown in Fig. 8 .

Four stage IoT architecture to deal with massive data

In stage 1 of the architecture, sensors and actuators plays an important role. Real world is comprised of environment, humans, animals, electronic gadgets, smart vehicles, and buildings etc. Sensors detect the signals and data flow from these real world entities and transforms into data which could further be used for analysis. Moreover, actuators is able to intervene the reality i.e. to control the temperature of the room, to slow down the vehicle speed, to turn off the music and light etc. Therefore, stage 1 assist in collecting data from real world which could be useful for further analysis. Stage 2 is responsible to collaborate with sensors and actuators along with gateways and data acquisition systems. In this stage, massive amount of data generated in stage 1 is aggregated and optimized in a structured way suitable for processing. Once the massive amount of data is aggregated and structured then it is ready to be passed to stage 3 which is edge computing. Edge computing can be defined as an open architecture in distributed fashion which allows use of IoT technologies and massive computing power from different locations worldwide. It is very powerful approach for streaming data processing and thus suitable for IoT systems. In stage 3, edge computing technologies deals with massive amount of data and provides various functionalities such as visualization, integration of data from other sources, analysis using machine learning methods etc. The last stage comprises of several important activities such as in depth processing and analysis, sending feedback to improve the precision and accuracy of the entire system. Everything at this stage will be performed on cloud server or data centre. Big data framework such as Hadoop and Spark may be utilized to handle this large streaming data and machine learning approaches can be used to develop better prediction models which could help in a more accurate and reliable IoT system to meet the demand of present time.

Major key issues and challenges of IoT

The involvement of IoT based systems in all aspects of human lives and various technologies involved in data transfer between embedded devices made it complex and gave rise to several issues and challenges. These issues are also a challenge for the IoT developers in the advanced smart tech society. As technology is growing, challenges and need for advanced IoT system is also growing. Therefore, IoT developers need to think of new issues arising and should provide solutions for them.

Security and privacy issues

One of the most important and challenging issues in the IoT is the security and privacy due to several threats, cyber attacks, risks and vulnerabilities [ 41 ]. The issues that give rise to device level privacy are insufficient authorization and authentication, insecure software, firmware, web interface and poor transport layer encryption [ 42 ]. Security and privacy issues are very important parameters to develop confidence in IoT Systems with respect to various aspects [ 43 ]. Security mechanisms must be embedded at every layer of IoT architecture to prevent security threats and attacks [ 23 ]. Several protocols are developed and efficiently deployed on every layer of communication channel to ensure the security and privacy in IoT based systems [ 44 , 45 ]. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) are one of the cryptographic protocols that are implemented between transport and application layer to provide security solutions in various IoT systems [ 44 ]. However, some IoT applications require different methods to ensure the security in communication between IoT devices. Besides this, if communication takes place using wireless technologies within the IoT system, it becomes more vulnerable to security risks. Therefore, certain methods should be deployed to detect malicious actions and for self healing or recovery. Privacy on the other hand is another important concern which allows users to feel secure and comfortable while using IoT solutions. Therefore, it is required to maintain the authorization and authentication over a secure network to establish the communication between trusted parties [ 46 ]. Another issue is the different privacy policies for different objects communicating within the IoT system. Therefore, each object should be able to verify the privacy policies of other objects in IoT system before transmitting the data.

Interoperability/standard issues

Interoperability is the feasibility to exchange the information among different IoT devices and systems. This exchange of information does not rely on the deployed software and hardware. The interoperability issue arises due to the heterogeneous nature of different technology and solutions used for IoT development. The four interoperability levels are technical, semantic, syntactic and organizational [ 47 ]. Various functionalities are being provided by IoT systems to improve the interoperability that ensures communication between different objects in a heterogeneous environment. Additionally, it is possible to merge different IoT platforms based on their functionalities to provide various solutions for IoT users [ 48 ]. Considering interoperability an important issue, researchers approved several solutions that are also know as interoperability handling approaches [ 49 ]. These solutions could be adapaters/gateways based, virtual networks/overlay based, service oriented architecture based etc. Although interoperability handling approaches ease some pressure on IoT systems but there are still certain challenges remain with interoperability that could be a scope for future studies [ 25 ].

Ethics, law and regulatory rights

Another issue for IoT developers is the ethics, law and regulatory rights. There are certain rules and regulations to maintain the standard, moral values and to prevent the people from violating them. Ethics and law are very similar term with the only difference is that ethics are standards that people believes and laws are certain restrictions decided by the government. However, both ethics and laws are designed to maintain the standard, quality and prevent people from illegal use. With the development of IoT, several real life problems are solved but it has also given rise to critical ethical and legal challenges [ 50 ]. Data security, privacy protection, trust and safety, data usability are some of those challenges. It has also been observed that majority of IoT users are supporting government norms and regulations with respect to data protection, privacy and safety due to the lack of trust in IoT devices. Therefore, this issue must be taken into consideration to maintain and improve the trust among people for the use of IoT devices and systems.

Scalability, availability and reliability

A system is scalable if it is possible to add new services, equipments and devices without degrading its performance. The main issue with IoT is to support a large number of devices with different memory, processing, storage power and bandwidth [ 28 ]. Another important issue that must be taken into consideration is the availability. Scalability and availability both should be deployed together in the layered framework of IoT. A great example of scalability is cloud based IoT systems which provide sufficient support to scale the IoT network by adding up new devices, storage and processing power as required.

However, this global distributed IoT network gives rise to a new research paradigm to develop a smooth IoT framework that satisfy global needs [ 51 ]. Another key challenge is the availability of resources to the authentic objects regardless of their location and time of the requirement. In a distributed fashion, several small IoT networks are timely attached to the global IoT platforms to utilize their resources and services. Therefore, availability is an important concern [ 52 ]. Due to the use of different data transmission channels i.e. satellite communication, some services and availability of resources may be interrupted. Therefore, an independent and reliable data transmission channel is required for uninterrupted availability of resources and services.

Quality of Service (QoS)

Quality of Service (QoS) is another important factor for IoT. QoS can be defined as a measure to evaluate the quality, efficiency and performance of IoT devices, systems and architecture [ 34 ]. The important and required QoS metrics for IoT applications are reliability, cost, energy consumption, security, availability and service time [ 53 ]. A smarter IoT ecosystem must fulfill the requirements of QoS standards. Also, to ensure the reliability of any IoT service and device, its QoS metrics must be defined first. Further, users may also be able to specifiy their needs and requirements accordingly. Several approaches can be deployed for QoS assessment, however as mentioned by White et al. [ 54 ] there is a trade-off between quality factors and approaches. Therefore, good quality models must be deployed to overcome this trade-off. There are certain good quality models available in literature such as ISO/IEC25010 [ 55 ] and OASIS-WSQM [ 56 ] which can be used to evaluate the approaches used for QoS assessment. These models provides a wide range of quality factors that is quite sufficient for QoS assessment for IoT services. Table 2 summarizes the different studies with respect to IoT key challenges and issues discussed above.

Major IoT applications

Emerging economy, environmental and health-care.

IoT is completely devoted to provide emerging public and financial benefits and development to the society and people. This includes a wide range of public facilities i.e. economic development, water quality maintenance, well-being, industrialization etc. Overall, IoT is working hard to accomplish the social, health and economic goals of United Nations advancement step. Environmental sustainability is another important concern. IoT developers must be concerned about environmental impact of the IoT systems and devices to overcome the negative impact [ 48 ]. Energy consumption by IoT devices is one of the challenges related to environmental impact. Energy consumption is increasing at a high rate due to internet enabled services and edge cutting devices. This area needs research for the development of high quality materials in order to create new IoT devices with lower energy consumption rate. Also, green technologies can be adopted to create efficient energy efficient devices for future use. It is not only environmental friendly but also advantageous for human health. Researchers and engineers are engaged in developing highly efficient IoT devices to monitor several health issues such as diabetes, obesity or depression [ 57 ]. Several issues related to environment, energy and healthcare are considered by several studies.

Smart city, transport and vehicles

IoT is transforming the traditional civil structure of the society into high tech structure with the concept of smart city, smart home and smart vehicles and transport. Rapid improvements are being done with the help of supporting technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing to understand the need and use of technology at home [ 58 ]. Various technologies such as cloud server technology, wireless sensor networks that must be used with IoT servers to provide an efficient smart city. Another important issue is to think about environmental aspect of smart city. Therefore, energy efficient technologies and Green technologies should also be considered for the design and planning of smart city infrastructure. Further, smart devices which are being incorporated into newly launched vehicles are able to detect traffic congestions on the road and thus can suggest an optimum alternate route to the driver. This can help to lower down the congestion in the city. Furthermore, smart devices with optimum cost should be designed to be incorporated in all range vehicles to monitor the activity of engine. IoT is also very effective in maintaining the vehicle’s health. Self driving cars have the potential to communicate with other self driving vehicles by the means of intelligent sensors. This would make the traffic flow smoother than human-driven cars who used to drive in a stop and go manner. This procedure will take time to be implemented all over the world. Till the time, IoT devices can help by sensing traffic congestion ahead and can take appropriate actions. Therefore, a transport manufacturing company should incorporate IoT devices into their manufactured vehicles to provide its advantage to the society.

Agriculture and industry automation

The world’s growing population is estimated to reach approximate 10 billion by 2050. Agriculture plays an important role in our lives. In order to feed such a massive population, we need to advance the current agriculture approaches. Therefore, there is a need to combine agriculture with technology so that the production can be improved in an efficient way. Greenhouse technology is one of the possible approaches in this direction. It provides a way to control the environmental parameters in order to improve the production. However, manual control of this technology is less effective, need manual efforts and cost, and results in energy loss and less production. With the advancement of IoT, smart devices and sensors makes it easier to control the climate inside the chamber and monitor the process which results in energy saving and improved production (Fig. 9 ). Automatization of industries is another advantage of IoT. IoT has been providing game changing solutions for factory digitalization, inventory management, quality control, logistics and supply chain optimization and management.

A working structure of IoT system in agriculture production

Importance of big data analytics in IoT

An IoT system comprises of a huge number of devices and sensors that communicates with each other. With the extensive growth and expansion of IoT network, the number of these sensors and devices are increasing rapidly. These devices communicate with each other and transfer a massive amount of data over internet. This data is very huge and streaming every second and thus qualified to be called as big data. Continuous expansion of IoT based networks gives rise to complex issue such as management and collection of data, storage and processing and analytics. IoT big data framework for smart buildings is very useful to deal with several issues of smart buildings such as managing oxygen level, to measure the smoke/hazardous gases and luminosity [ 59 ]. Such framework is capable to collect the data from the sensors installed in the buildings and performs data analytics for decision making. Moreover, industrial production can be improved using an IoT based cyber physical system that is equipped with an information analysis and knowledge acquisition techniques [ 60 ]. Traffic congestion is an important issue with smart cities. The real time traffic information can be collected through IoT devices and sensors installed in traffic signals and this information can be analyzed in an IoT based traffic management system [ 61 ]. In healthcare analysis, the IoT sensors used with patients generate a lot of information about the health condition of patients every second. This large amount of information needs to be integrated at one database and must be processed in real time to take quick decision with high accuracy and big data technology is the best solution for this job [ 62 ]. IoT along with big data analytics can also help to transform the traditional approaches used in manufacturing industries into the modern one [ 63 ]. The sensing devices generates information which can be analyzed using big data approaches and may help in various decision making tasks. Furthermore, use of cloud computing and analytics can benefit the energy development and conservation with reduced cost and customer satisfaction [ 64 ]. IoT devices generate a huge amount of streaming data which needs to be stored effectively and needs further analysis for decision making in real time. Deep learning is very effective to deal with such a large information and can provide results with high accuracy [ 65 ]. Therefore, IoT, Big data analytics and Deep learning together is very important to develop a high tech society.

Conclusions

Recent advancements in IoT have drawn attention of researchers and developers worldwide. IoT developers and researchers are working together to extend the technology on large scale and to benefit the society to the highest possible level. However, improvements are possible only if we consider the various issues and shortcomings in the present technical approaches. In this survey article, we presented several issues and challenges that IoT developer must take into account to develop an improved model. Also, important application areas of IoT is also discussed where IoT developers and researchers are engaged. As IoT is not only providing services but also generates a huge amount of data. Hence, the importance of big data analytics is also discussed which can provide accurate decisions that could be utilized to develop an improved IoT system.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

Internet of Things

Quality of Service

Web of Things

Cloud of Things

Smart Home System

Smart Health Sensing System

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This work was financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russian Federation (government order 2.7905.2017/8.9).

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Kumar, S., Tiwari, P. & Zymbler, M. Internet of Things is a revolutionary approach for future technology enhancement: a review. J Big Data 6 , 111 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-019-0268-2

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Internet of Things (IoT), Applications and Challenges: A Comprehensive Review

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During recent years, one of the most familiar names scaling new heights and creating a benchmark in the world is the Internet of Things (IoT). It is indeed the future of communication that has transformed things (objects) of the real-world into smart objects. The functional aspect of IoT is to unite every object of the world under one common infrastructure; in such a manner that humans not only have the ability to control those objects; but to provide regular and timely updates on the current status. IoT concepts were proposed a couple of years ago and it may not be incorrect to quote that this term has become a benchmark for establishing communication among objects. In context to the present standings of IoT, a comprehensive review of literature has been undertaken on various aspects of IoT, i.e., technologies, applications, challenges, etc. This paper evaluates various contributions of researchers in different areas of applications. These papers were investigated on various parameters identified in each application domain. Furthermore, existing challenges in these areas are highlighted. Future research directions in the field of IoT have also been highlighted in the study to equip novel researchers in this area to assess the current standings of IoT and to improve upon them with innovative ideas.

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A Review of Applications, Approaches, and Challenges in Internet of Things (IoT)

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Internet of Things: A Survey on IoT Protocol Standards

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for funding grants vide No. 38(1464)/18/EMIR-II for carrying out research work.

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Khanna, A., Kaur, S. Internet of Things (IoT), Applications and Challenges: A Comprehensive Review. Wireless Pers Commun 114 , 1687–1762 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07446-4

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Charting an integrated future: IoT and 5G research papers

The fifth-generation cellular network (5G) represents a major step forward for technology. In particular, it offers benefits for the network of interrelated devices reliant on wireless technology for communication and data transfer, otherwise known as the Internet of Things (IoT).

The 5G wireless network uses Internet Protocol (IP) for all communications, including voice and short message service (SMS) data. Compared to earlier networks, such as 3G and 4G, it will have higher response speeds (lower latency), greater bandwidth, and support for many more devices.

Every sector is using some form of wireless-enabled technology. Low latency plays a critical role in many IoT applications where a lag in data transfer to an IoT device can mean a disruption in the manufacturing process, a crashed car, or a disrupted power grid. Increased capacity to support IoT devices means more of the world’s population will be able to access the global digital economy.

Yet with more capability comes more complexity, and there are challenges to making 5G connection a full reality. There is global interest in realizing the potential of 5G and IoT integration. Research papers on a wide array of topics are helping to advance the field and bring the vision of 5G technology and IoT connectivity into focus.

Realizing the potential of 5G and IoT through research

The 5G network represents the best chance for an ever-growing array of wirelessly connected devices to realize their full potential .

Making the case for 5G technology

Using millimeter wave technology, 5G connectivity offers increased speed, bandwidth, and reliability of data transfers. These improvements mean that more computing power can be pushed to the cloud, clearing the way for smaller, cheaper, and simpler devices that can do more. Smartphones are a great example of how increased wireless network capacity has allowed devices to get smaller while increasing the range of a user’s cloud-based activities.

The 5G mobile network also has social justice implications. As Brookings Institute senior fellow Nicol Turner Lee discusses in her research paper “ Enabling Opportunities: 5G, the Internet of Things, and Communities of Color ,” the development of wireless networks will factor heavily in whether mobile-only users can fully participate in the global digital economy.

Universal benefits, inspired innovations

The 5G network could spur additional IoT innovations such as the following:

Advancements in edge computing
Creation of smart cities, smart power grids, and expanded functionality of smart homes
Improvements in health-care monitoring and delivery of services
Retail improvements
Real-time remote control of robots that could improve farming efficiency
Automated manufacturing
Supply chain improvements
Improved transportation and self-driving cars
Expanded use of artificial intelligence reliant on machine learning
More cloud computing
Expansion of virtual reality and augmented reality

While work to build out 5G has begun, many of the challenges and logistics of completing this vast network still need to be resolved. Some of the challenges include the following:

Managing disruption to the radio transmission
Network and wireless security
Connectivity issues from the network to the internet (known as “backhaul”)
Assuaging concerns over health impacts of increased high-speed electromagnetic energy
Cost and logistics of building a vast network of towers across different governmental jurisdictions

Those with a stake in making 5G a reality are investing in researching solutions that explore the possibilities and challenges of 5G deployment and IoT integration. Research is also emerging on how 5G and IoT technology can be utilized to respond and fight the COVID-19 pandemic.

Two halves of a whole—the relationship between IoT and 5G

5G is revolutionary in that it replaces hardware components of wireless networks with software components that offer increased system flexibility. In doing so, it delivers more power to wireless devices that rely upon fast, uninterrupted data transmission.

Making IoT smarter

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology, which plays heavily in many IoT applications, relies on smooth and frequent transmission of data. Every disruption in the data transfer process interrupts the feedback loop that facilitates machine learning. 5G’s lower latency eliminates these data hiccups, which translates to better performance over time.

The 2019 paper “ AI Management System to Prevent Accidents in Construction Zones Using 4K Cameras Based on 5G Network ,” published in the IEEE Xplore digital library, examines how workplace safety can be improved through AI technologies running on the 5G wireless platform.

Critical and massive IoT

There are two types of IoT devices: Critical IoT devices offer low latency, high uptime benefits. They facilitate bandwidth-hungry applications that include telemedicine, first responder applications, and factory automation. Massive IoT refers to a network of lots of devices using little bandwidth or speed. These devices find use in applications such as wearables, smart agriculture, smart homes, and smart cities.

5G technology also allows a service provider to dedicate portions of their networks for specific IoT applications. Known as network slicing, the ability to segment a set of optimized resources further improves the ability of 5G to respond to the varying data and bandwidth needs of critical and massive IoT applications.

The recent paper “ Secure Healthcare: 5G-enabled Network Slicing for Elderly Care,” published in the IEEE Xplore digital library, provides insight into the existing limitations in elder care and discusses a solution that encompasses 5G network slicing techniques and innovations.

Cybersecurity on the 5G

One fundamental difference between 5G and its predecessors is the shift from a hardware-based system to a software-based system. This shift presents new security challenges as software is more vulnerable to hacking—the same wireless pathways over the 5G that enable IoT can be used to breach it, whereas to hack hardware you need direct physical access.

Technical solutions to expanding capacity while increasing IoT security, such as those that the IEEE paper “ Wideband Antennas and Phased Arrays for Enhancing Cybersecurity in 5G Mobile Wireless ” discusses, are being researched and discussed worldwide. In addition, the Brookings Institute’s 2019 research paper “ Why 5G Requires a New Approach to Cybersecurity ,” discusses why developing coordinated cybersecurity public policies is of paramount importance.

Investing in the future—top research projects on IoT and 5G integration

Governments and the private sector, including trade associations, service providers, and major tech players are funding research at academic institutions. For example, the University of Texas at Austin’s Wireless Network and Communications Group has an Industrial Affiliates Program that allows companies like Huawei to become stakeholders in the center and to participate in the growth and direction of its research on millimeter waves. Similarly, New York University’s Brooklyn engineering program partners with Nokia, Intel, and AT&T to support its research.

In the US, the National Science Foundation is supporting advanced wireless research. Research England’s UK Research Partnership Investment Fund (UKRPIF) supports 5G research, including that being done at the University of Surrey’s 5G Innovation Centre . Nonprofit organizations, such as the Brookings Institute , are also conducting research on the logistics and impacts of 5G and IoT.

Universities, companies, and organizations such as IEEE regularly team up to host conferences around the world that showcase all aspects of 5G. IEEE’s Future Networks is dedicated to enabling 5G and regularly calls for papers related to 5G.

Opportunities for 5G and IoT—building a sustainable future

The ultimate goal of 5G and IoT integration is for everything to be connected more simply on smaller, less expensive devices. The 5G network has the potential to drive advancements in IoT and to fundamentally change the way humankind operates around the globe with long-term positive impacts possible with respect to sustainability.

In practical terms, the 5G network provides better efficiency through increased control. At the local level, a smart city would be better able to monitor, through IoT applications, public safety and utilities. This would mean greater conservation and a reduction in their overall carbon impact while improving the lives of its residents.

As Darrel M. West examines in his paper “ Achieving Sustainability in a 5G World ,” IoT innovation in the energy, manufacturing, agriculture and land use, buildings, and transportation sectors coupled with full 5G deployment could allow the global community to meet our long-term sustainability goals.

Want to learn more about the latest IoT and 5G research? Participate in the 2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF'20). The virtual conference, which will be available from September 10–12, aims to bring together experts from industry, academia, and research to exchange their vision as well as their achieved advances towards 5G. In addition, it aims to encourage innovative cross-domain studies, research, early deployment, and large-scale pilot showcases that address the challenges of 5G.

Interested in becoming an IEEE member ? Joining this community of over 420,000 technology and engineering professionals will give you access to the resources and opportunities you need to keep on top of changes in technology, as well as help you get involved in standards development, network with other professionals in your local area or within a specific technical interest, mentor the next generation of engineers and technologists, and so much more.

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Internet of Things for the Future of Smart Agriculture: A Comprehensive Survey of Emerging Technologies

Doi: 10.1109/jas.2021.1003925.

Othmane Friha 1 , ,
Mohamed Amine Ferrag 2 , ,
Lei Shu 3, 4 , , ,
Leandros Maglaras 5 , ,
Xiaochan Wang 6 ,

Networks and Systems Laboratory, University of Badji Mokhtar-Annaba, Annaba 23000, Algeria

Department of Computer Science, Guelma University, Gulema 24000, Algeria

College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

School of Engineering, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN67TS, UK

School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK

Department of Electrical Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

Othmane Friha received the master degree in computer science from Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, Algeria, in 2018. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the University of Badji Mokhtar-Annaba, Algeria. His current research interests include network and computer security, internet of things (IoT), and applied cryptography

Mohamed Amine Ferrag received the bachelor degree (June, 2008), master degree (June, 2010), Ph.D. degree (June, 2014), HDR degree (April, 2019) from Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, Algeria, all in computer science. Since October 2014, he is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Computer Science, Guelma University, Algeria. Since July 2019, he is a Visiting Senior Researcher, NAULincoln Joint Research Center of Intelligent Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University. His research interests include wireless network security, network coding security, and applied cryptography. He is featured in Stanford University’s list of the world’s Top 2% Scientists for the year 2019. He has been conducting several research projects with international collaborations on these topics. He has published more than 60 papers in international journals and conferences in the above areas. Some of his research findings are published in top-cited journals, such as the IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials , IEEE Internet of Things Journal , IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management , IEEE Access , Journal of Information Security and Applications (Elsevier), Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies (Wiley), Telecommunication Systems (Springer), International Journal of Communication Systems (Wiley), Sustainable Cities and Society (Elsevier), Security and Communication Networks (Wiley), and Journal of Network and Computer Applications (Elsevier). He has participated in many international conferences worldwide, and has been granted short-term research visitor internships to many renowned universities including, De Montfort University, UK, and Istanbul Technical University, Turkey. He is currently serving on various editorial positions such as Editorial Board Member in Journals (Indexed SCI and Scopus) such as, IET Networks and International Journal of Internet Technology and Secured Transactions (Inderscience Publishers)

Lei Shu (M’07–SM’15) received the B.S. degree in computer science from South Central University for Nationalities in 2002, and the M.S. degree in computer engineering from Kyung Hee University, South Korea, in 2005, and the Ph.D. degree from the Digital Enterprise Research Institute, National University of Ireland, Ireland, in 2010. Until 2012, he was a Specially Assigned Researcher with the Department of Multimedia Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Japan. He is currently a Distinguished Professor with Nanjing Agricultural University and a Lincoln Professor with the University of Lincoln, U.K. He is also the Director of the NAU-Lincoln Joint Research Center of Intelligent Engineering. He has published over 400 papers in related conferences, journals, and books in the areas of sensor networks and internet of things (IoT). His current H-index is 54 and i10-index is 197 in Google Scholar Citation. His current research interests include wireless sensor networks and IoT. He has also served as a TPC Member for more than 150 conferences, such as ICDCS, DCOSS, MASS, ICC, GLOBECOM, ICCCN, WCNC, and ISCC. He was a Recipient of the 2014 Top Level Talents in Sailing Plan of Guangdong Province, China, the 2015 Outstanding Young Professor of Guangdong Province, and the GLOBECOM 2010, ICC 2013, ComManTel 2014, WICON 2016, SigTelCom 2017 Best Paper Awards, the 2017 and 2018 IEEE Systems Journal Best Paper Awards, the 2017 Journal of Network and Computer Applications Best Research Paper Award, and the Outstanding Associate Editor Award of 2017, and the 2018 IEEE ACCESS. He has also served over 50 various Co-Chair for international conferences/workshops, such as IWCMC, ICC, ISCC, ICNC, Chinacom, especially the Symposium Co-Chair for IWCMC 2012, ICC 2012, the General Co-Chair for Chinacom 2014, Qshine 2015, Collaboratecom 2017, DependSys 2018, and SCI 2019, the TPC Chair for InisCom 2015, NCCA 2015, WICON 2016, NCCA 2016, Chinacom 2017, InisCom 2017, WMNC 2017, and NCCA 2018

Leandros Maglaras (SM’15) received the B.Sc. degree from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, in 1998, M.Sc. in industrial production and management from University of Thessaly in 2004, and M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical & computer engineering from University of Volos in 2008 and 2014, respectively. He is the Head of the National Cyber Security Authority of Greece and a Visiting Lecturer in the School of Computer Science and Informatics at the De Montfort University, U.K. He serves on the Editorial Board of several International peer-reviewed journals such as IEEE Access , Wiley Journal on Security & Communication Networks , EAI Transactions on e-Learning and EAI Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems . He is an author of more than 80 papers in scientific magazines and conferences and is a Senior Member of IEEE. His research interests include wireless sensor networks and vehicular ad hoc networks

Xiaochan Wang is currently a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Nanjing Agricultural University. His main research fields include intelligent equipment for horticulture and intelligent measurement and control. He is an ASABE Member, and the Vice Director of CSAM (Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery), and also the Senior Member of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. He was awarded the Second Prize of Science and Technology Invention by the Ministry of Education (2016) and the Advanced Worker for Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (2012), and he also gotten the “Blue Project” in Jiangsu province young and middle-aged academic leaders (2010)

Corresponding author: Lei Shu, e-mail: [email protected]
Revised Date: 2020-11-25
Accepted Date: 2020-12-30
Agricultural internet of things (IoT) ,
internet of things (IoT) ,
smart agriculture ,
smart farming ,
sustainable agriculture

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We review the emerging technologies used by the Internet of Things for the future of smart agriculture.
We provide a classification of IoT applications for smart agriculture into seven categories, including, smart monitoring, smart water management, agrochemicals applications, disease management, smart harvesting, supply chain management, and smart agricultural practices.
We provide a taxonomy and a side-by-side comparison of the state-of-the-art methods toward supply chain management based on the blockchain technology for agricultural IoTs.
We highlight open research challenges and discuss possible future research directions for agricultural IoTs.
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Figure 1. The four agricultural revolutions
Figure 2. Survey structure
Figure 3. IoT-connected smart agriculture sensors enable the IoT
Figure 4. The architecture of a typical IoT sensor node
Figure 5. Fog computing-based agricultural IoT
Figure 6. SDN/NFV architecture for smart agriculture
Figure 7. Classification of IoT applications for smart agriculture
Figure 8. Greenhouse system [ 101 ]
Figure 9. Aerial-ground robotics system [ 67 ]
Figure 10. Photovoltaic agri-IoT schematic diagram [ 251 ]
Figure 11. Smart dairy farming system [ 254 ]
Figure 12. IoT-based solar insecticidal lamp [ 256 ], [ 257 ]

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Embark on an exploration of the future with our meticulously curated collection of M.Tech project topics in Internet of Things (IoT) for 2024, thoughtfully paired with trending IEEE base papers. These projects encapsulate the forefront of IoT innovations, providing an indispensable resource for M.Tech students eager to dive into the transformative landscape of interconnected devices and intelligent systems. Our comprehensive compilation encompasses a diverse range of IoT project topics, each thoughtfully complemented by an associated base paper and a concise abstract. From smart cities and industrial IoT to healthcare applications and edge computing, these projects mirror the latest trends in the rapidly evolving field of IoT. Stay at the cutting edge of technological advancements by exploring projects aligned with industry demands and challenges. Whether you’re a student, researcher, or industry enthusiast, our collection serves as a gateway to the forefront of IoT developments. The project titles are strategically chosen to incorporate keywords that resonate with current trends, ensuring adherence to the latest IEEE standards and technological breakthroughs. Delve into the abstracts to quickly grasp the scope, methodologies, and potential impacts of each project.

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Top 20 Internet of Things (IoT) Journals – 2024

IoT Journals List 2024

Top 20 iot journals 2024, top iot journals, 1. ieee – internet of things journal, 2. elsevier – internet of things, 3. inderscience – international journal of internet of things and cyber-assurance.

4. IEEE – Wireless Communications
5. IEEE – Transactions on Wireless Communications

6. Springer – Wireless Networks (SpringerNature)

7. wiley – information systems journal, 8. igi global – international journal of hyperconnectivity and the internet of things (ijhiot), 9. igi global – protocols and applications for the industrial internet of things.

10. MDPI – Sensors — Open Access Journal

The Internet of Things(IoT) is an emerging technology, which got huge attention among new business model creators and researchers. As part of ilovephd ‘s research, future technology, and innovative idea recommendation, this article finds out the top 10 SCI-indexed Internet of Things Journals with a high impact factor to pursue ongoing groundbreaking research.

IEEE Internet of Things Journal
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics
IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking
IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing
IEEE Transactions on Big Data
IEEE Internet of Things Magazine
IEEE Communications Magazine
IEEE Access
IEEE Systems Journal
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing
IEEE Transactions on Services Computing
IEEE Transactions on Computers
IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering
IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing
IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems

IEEE Internet of Things (IoT) Journal publishes articles on the latest advances and review articles on the various aspects of IoT. Topics include IoT system architecture, IoT enabling technologies, IoT communication and networking protocols such as network coding, and IoT services and applications. Examples are IoT demands, impacts, and implications on sensor technologies, big data management, and future Internet design for various IoT use cases, such as smart cities, smart environments, smart homes, etc.

The fields of interest include IoT architecture such as things-centric, data-centric, and service-oriented IoT architectures, IoT enabling technologies and systems integration such as sensor technologies, big sensor data management, and future Internet design for IoT; IoT services, applications, and test-beds such as IoT service middleware, IoT application programming interface (API), IoT application design, and IoT trials/experiments, IoT standardization activities and technology development in different standard development organizations (SDO) such as IEEE, IETF, ITU, 3GPP, ETSI, etc.

Internet of Things; Engineering Cyber-Physical Human Systems is a comprehensive journal encouraging cross-collaboration between researchers, engineers, and practitioners in the field of IoT and cyber-physical Human Systems. The journal offers a unique platform to exchange scientific information on the entire breadth of technology, science, and societal applications of the IoT.

The Internet of Things must address the reliable and timely delivery of information, regardless of cyber threats, using secure automatic processes over distributed and heterogeneous computing systems.

IJITCA provides an embedded security, information assurance, and cyber-security research perspective, illustrating how cyber-assurance must integrate with IoT devices and networks to understand how these individual components interact in ways to resist and avoid intentional attempts to compromise normal operations. IJITCA addresses the protection of IoT networks from mobile devices to complex processing systems.

4. IEEE – Wireless Communications

IEEE Wireless Communications is designed for audiences working in wireless communications and networking communities. It covers technical, policy, and standard issues relating to wireless communications in all media (and combinations of media), and at all protocol layers.

All wireless/mobile communications, networking, computing, and services will be covered. Each issue of this interdisciplinary magazine provides tutorial articles of high quality and depth concerning the revolutionary technological advances in wireless/mobile communications, networking, and computing.

5. IEEE – Transactions on Wireless Communications

The IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications is a major archival journal that is committed to the timely publication of very high-quality, peer-reviewed, original papers that advance the theory and applications of wireless communication systems and networks.

The wireless communication revolution is bringing fundamental changes to data networking, and telecommunication, making integrated networks a reality.

By freeing the user from the cord, personal communications networks, wireless LANs, mobile radio networks, and cellular systems, harbor the promise of fully distributed mobile computing and communications, anytime, anywhere.

The Information Systems Journal (ISJ) is an international journal promoting the study of, and interest in, information systems. Articles are welcome on research, practice, experience, current issues, and debates.

The ISJ encourages submissions that reflect the wide and interdisciplinary nature of the subject and articles that integrate technological disciplines with social, contextual, and management issues, based on research using appropriate research methods.

The International Journal of Hyperconnectivity and the Internet of Things (IJHIoT) promotes innovative, interesting, and rigorously developed conceptual and empirical contributions and encourages theory-based multi- or inter-disciplinary research.

This journal covers topics relating to IoT and the current age of hyperconnectivity including security concerns, applications of IoT, development, and management of the IoT, wearable computing, IoT for home automation, smart cities, and other environments.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a major influence on developing new technologies and innovations. When utilized properly, these applications can enhance business functions and make them easier to perform. Protocols and Applications for the Industrial Internet of Things discuss and address the difficulties, challenges, and applications of IoT in industrial processes and production and work life.

Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as industrial process control, machine learning, and data mining, this book is geared toward academicians, computer engineers, students, researchers, and professionals seeking current and relevant research on applications of the IoT.

10. MDPI – Sensors — Open Access Journal

“Sensors” is the leading international peer-reviewed open-access journal on the science and technology of sensors and biosensors. Sensors are published monthly online by MDPI.

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Service Provisioning for Multi-source IoT Applications in Mobile Edge Computing

We are embracing an era of Internet of Things (IoT). The latency brought by unstable wireless networks caused by limited resources of IoT devices seriously impacts the quality of services of users, particularly the service delay they experienced. Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) technology provides promising solutions to delay-sensitive IoT applications, where cloudlets (edge servers) are co-located with wireless access points in the proximity of IoT devices. The service response latency for IoT applications can be significantly shortened due to that their data processing can be performed in a local MEC network. Meanwhile, most IoT applications usually impose Service Function Chain (SFC) enforcement on their data transmission, where each data packet from its source gateway of an IoT device to the destination (a cloudlet) of the IoT application must pass through each Virtual Network Function (VNF) in the SFC in an MEC network. However, little attention has been paid on such a service provisioning of multi-source IoT applications in an MEC network with SFC enforcement. In this article, we study service provisioning in an MEC network for multi-source IoT applications with SFC requirements and aiming at minimizing the cost of such service provisioning, where each IoT application has multiple data streams from different sources to be uploaded to a location (cloudlet) in the MEC network for aggregation, processing, and storage purposes. To this end, we first formulate two novel optimization problems: the cost minimization problem of service provisioning for a single multi-source IoT application, and the service provisioning problem for a set of multi-source IoT applications, respectively, and show that both problems are NP-hard. Second, we propose a service provisioning framework in the MEC network for multi-source IoT applications that consists of uploading stream data from multiple sources of the IoT application to the MEC network, data stream aggregation and routing through the VNF instance placement and sharing, and workload balancing among cloudlets. Third, we devise an efficient algorithm for the cost minimization problem built upon the proposed service provisioning framework, and further extend the solution for the service provisioning problem of a set of multi-source IoT applications. We finally evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms through experimental simulations. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms are promising.

Design and Analysis of a RFID Reader Microstrip Array antenna for IoT Applications in Smart Cities

This paper presents the design of 2*1 and 4*1 RFID reader microstrip array antenna at 2.4GHz for the Internet of things (IoT) networks which are Zigbee, Bluetooth and WIFI. The proposed antenna is composed of identical circular shapes radiating patches printed in FR4 substrate. The dielectric constant εr and substrate thickness h are 4.4 and 1.6mm, respectively. The 2*1 and 4*1 array antennas present a gain improvement of 27.3% and 61.9%, respectively. The single,2*1 and 4*1 array antennas were performed with CADFEKO.

A Survey on Privacy Preservation in Fog-Enabled Internet of Things

Despite the rapid growth and advancement in the Internet of Things (IoT ), there are critical challenges that need to be addressed before the full adoption of the IoT. Data privacy is one of the hurdles towards the adoption of IoT as there might be potential misuse of users’ data and their identity in IoT applications. Several researchers have proposed different approaches to reduce privacy risks. However, most of the existing solutions still suffer from various drawbacks, such as huge bandwidth utilization and network latency, heavyweight cryptosystems, and policies that are applied on sensor devices and in the cloud. To address these issues, fog computing has been introduced for IoT network edges providing low latency, computation, and storage services. In this survey, we comprehensively review and classify privacy requirements for an in-depth understanding of privacy implications in IoT applications. Based on the classification, we highlight ongoing research efforts and limitations of the existing privacy-preservation techniques and map the existing IoT schemes with Fog-enabled IoT schemes to elaborate on the benefits and improvements that Fog-enabled IoT can bring to preserve data privacy in IoT applications. Lastly, we enumerate key research challenges and point out future research directions.

Design and Deployment of Expressive and Correct Web of Things Applications

Consumer Internet of Things (IoT) applications are largely built through end-user programming in the form of event-action rules. Although end-user tools help simplify the building of IoT applications to a large extent, there are still challenges in developing expressive applications in a simple yet correct fashion. In this context, we propose a formal development framework based on the Web of Things specification. An application is defined using a composition language that allows users to compose the basic event-action rules to express complex scenarios. It is transformed into a formal specification that serves as the input for formal analysis, where the application is checked for functional and quantitative properties at design time using model checking techniques. Once the application is validated, it can be deployed and the rules are executed following the composition language semantics. We have implemented these proposals in a tool built on top of the Mozilla WebThings platform. The steps from design to deployment were validated on real-world applications.

Design and Analysis of a RFID Reader Microstrip Array Antenna for IoT Applications in Smart Cities

Blockchain technology - based solutions for iot security.

Blockchain innovation has picked up expanding consideration from investigating and industry over the later a long time. It permits actualizing in its environment the smart-contracts innovation which is utilized to robotize and execute deals between clients. Blockchain is proposed nowadays as the unused specialized foundation for a few sorts of IT applications. Blockchain would aid avoid the duplication of information because it right now does with Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. Since of the numerous hundreds of thousands of servers putting away the Bitcoin record, it’s impossible to assault and alter. An aggressor would need to change the record of 51 percent of all the servers, at the precise same time. The budgetary fetched of such an assault would distantly exceed the potential picks up. The same cannot be said for our private data that lives on single servers possessed by Google and Amazon. In this paper, we outline major Blockchain technology that based as solutions for IOT security. We survey and categorize prevalent security issues with respect to IoT data privacy, in expansion to conventions utilized for organizing, communication, and administration. We diagram security necessities for IoT together with the existing scenarios for using blockchain in IoT applications.

Energy-Aware Security Adaptation for Low-Power IoT Applications

The constant evolution in communication infrastructures will enable new Internet of Things (IoT) applications, particularly in areas that, up to today, have been mostly enabled by closed or proprietary technologies. Such applications will be enabled by a myriad of wireless communication technologies designed for all types of IoT devices, among which are the Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) or other Low-power and Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN) communication technologies. This applies to many critical environments, such as industrial control and healthcare, where wireless communications are yet to be broadly adopted. Two fundamental requirements to effectively support upcoming critical IoT applications are those of energy management and security. We may note that those are, in fact, contradictory goals. On the one hand, many IoT devices depend on the usage of batteries while, on the other hand, adequate security mechanisms need to be in place to protect devices and communications from threats against their stability and security. With thismotivation in mind, we propose a solution to address the management, in tandem, of security and energy in LoRaWAN IoT communication environments. We propose and evaluate an architecture in the context of which adaptation logic is used to manage security and energy dynamically, with the goal of guaranteeing appropriate security, while promoting the lifetime of constrained sensing devices. The proposed solution was implemented and experimentally evaluated and was observed to successfully manage security and energy. Security and energy are managed in line with the requirements of the application at hand, the characteristics of the constrained sensing devices employed and the detection, as well as the threat, of particular types of attacks.

Motivating Users to Manage Privacy Concerns in Cyber-Physical Settings—A Design Science Approach Considering Self-Determination Theory

Connectivity is key to the latest technologies propagating into everyday life. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications enable users, machines, and technologically enriched objects (‘Things’) to sense, communicate, and interact with their environment. Albeit making human beings’ lives more comfortable, these systems collect huge quantities of data that may affect human privacy and their digital sovereignty. Engaging in control over individuals by digital means, the data and the artefacts that process privacy-relevant data can be addressed by Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and its established instruments. In this paper, we discuss how the theory and its methodological knowledge can be considered for user-centric privacy management. We set the stage for studying motivational factors to improve user engagement in identifying privacy needs and preserving privacy when utilizing or aiming to adapt CPS or IoT applications according to their privacy needs. SDT considers user autonomy, self-perceived competence, and social relatedness relevant for human engagement. Embodying these factors into a Design Science-based CPS development framework could help to motivate users to articulate privacy needs and adopt cyber-physical technologies for personal task accomplishment.

Preventing MQTT Vulnerabilities Using IoT-Enabled Intrusion Detection System

The advancement in the domain of IoT accelerated the development of new communication technologies such as the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. Although MQTT servers/brokers are considered the main component of all MQTT-based IoT applications, their openness makes them vulnerable to potential cyber-attacks such as DoS, DDoS, or buffer overflow. As a result of this, an efficient intrusion detection system for MQTT-based applications is still a missing piece of the IoT security context. Unfortunately, existing IDSs do not provide IoT communication protocol support such as MQTT or CoAP to validate crafted or malformed packets for protecting the protocol implementation vulnerabilities of IoT devices. In this paper, we have designed and developed an MQTT parsing engine that can be integrated with network-based IDS as an initial layer for extensive checking against IoT protocol vulnerabilities and improper usage through a rigorous validation of packet fields during the packet-parsing stage. In addition, we evaluate the performance of the proposed solution across different reported vulnerabilities. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution for detecting and preventing the exploitation of vulnerabilities on IoT protocols.

Proposed RPL routing protocol in the IoT applications

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List of IOT Internet of Things Research Topics Areas

Research Topics Areas on IOT Internet of Things.

Processing distributed internet of things data in clouds
Internet of things (IoT): Present state and future prospects
Internet of things: Vision, applications and challenges
Blockchain with internet of things: Benefits, challenges, and future directions
Reference architectures for the internet of things
The security issues of the Internet of Things
Internet of Things in arable farming: Implementation, applications, challenges and potential
Three questions about the Internet of things and children
Mobile internet of things under data physical fusion technology
Sensing as a service model for smart cities supported by internet of things
A framework for automating security analysis of the internet of things
Supply chain management in the era of the internet of things
Re-thingifying the Internet of Things
Emerging wireless technologies in the internet of things: a comparative study
Authentication and access control in the internet of things
The internet of things promoting higher education revolution
Internet of things and big data analytics for smart and connected communities
A survey of internet of things (IoT) authentication schemes
Fog computing and the internet of things: A review
Application of Internet of Things in logistics–current challenges
Internet of Things (IOT): An overview and its applications
Study on the architecture and associated technologies for internet of things
Enchanted objects: Design, human desire, and the Internet of things
Machine learning for security and the internet of things: the good, the bad, and the ugly
Internet of Things: Energy boon or bane?
Internet of things: features, challenges, and vulnerabilities
On the security and privacy of Internet of Things architectures and systems
Thoughts on reliability in the internet of things
Fear and logging in the internet of things
A blockchain future for internet of things security: a position paper
Agentification of the Internet of Things: A systematic literature review
Remote monitoring information system and its applications based on the Internet of Things
Everything you wanted to know about smart cities: The internet of things is the backbone
Social behaviometrics for personalized devices in the internet of things era
A survey on security and privacy issues in Internet-of-Things
Reliability in Internet of Things: Current status and future perspectives
Convergence of utility computing with the internet-of-things
COMPOSE–A Journey from the Internet of Things to the Internet of Services
On security challenges and open issues in Internet of Things
Big data analysis of Internet of Things system
Internet of things forensics–challenges and a case study
The internet of things
Software engineering for the internet of things
Interoperability of security-enabled internet of things
The internet of things: Industrie 4.0 unleashed
Wearable devices in medical internet of things: scientific research and commercially available devices
Ubiquitous ID: standards for ubiquitous computing and the internet of things
Tracking the evolution of the internet of things concept across different application domains
Security testbed for Internet-of-Things devices
Spectrum sharing for Internet of Things: A survey
Systems computing challenges in the internet of things
Internet entrepreneurship and “the sharing of information” in an Internet-of-Things context
Control systems and the internet of things [technical activities]
Smart, autonomous and reliable Internet of Things
The internet of things: Opportunities, issues, and challenges
Survey on multi-access edge computing for internet of things realization
Distributed ledger technology and the internet of things: A feasibility study
Internet of things for sustainable community development
Evolving privacy: From sensors to the Internet of Things
Internet of things: Opportunities and challenges to business, society, and is research
SecIoT: a security framework for the Internet of Things
Prototyping connected devices for the internet of things
A performance evaluation of container technologies on internet of things devices
[DOC][DOC] How the internet of things changes everything
Use of Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare: A survey
Comparison of the device lifetime in wireless networks for the internet of things
Internet of Things and M2M Communications
Internet of things: a new paradigm
Reliability for emergency applications in internet of things
Internet of things security and privacy
Virtual reality in the context of Internet of Things
Security challenges of the Internet of Things
A reliable communication framework and its use in internet of things (IoT)
Study on application modes of military Internet of Things (MIOT)
Low-energy security: Limits and opportunities in the internet of things
A lightweight authentication protocol for internet of things
An intelligent self-organization scheme for the internet of things
Mobile digcovery: discovering and interacting with the world through the internet of things
Toward efficient smartification of the Internet of Things (IoT) services
From” smart objects” to” social objects”: The next evolutionary step of the internet of things
A decentralized approach for security and privacy challenges in the internet of things
Access control in Internet-of-Things: A survey
Towards application development for the internet of things
State-of-the-art and developing strategies of agricultural internet of things.
Maritime internet of things: challenges and solutions
LEO satellite constellation for Internet of Things
Internet of things and big data technologies for next generation healthcare
Internet of Things: A Review on Technologies, Architecture, Challenges, Applications, Future Trends.
A study on cloud based Internet of Things: CloudIoT
Internet of things for water sustainability
Service oriented middleware for the internet of things: A perspective
Internet of things in marine environment monitoring: A review
Internet of things
Bitbarista: exploring perceptions of data transactions in the Internet of Things
A review on internet of things for defense and public safety
A survey on the Internet of Things security
Internet of things (IoT) overview
The nebulastream platform: Data and application management for the internet of things
The things of the internet of things in BPMN
Networking protocols and standards for internet of things
Internet of things for environmental sustainability and climate change
A review of security concerns in Internet of Things
An intelligent robust networking mechanism for the Internet of Things
Multimodal representation learning for recommendation in Internet of Things
Internet of things: part 2
Wireless energy harvesting for the Internet of Things
WebIoT: A web application framework for the internet of things
Iot gateway: Bridgingwireless sensor networks into internet of things
Internet of things driven connected healthcare
Compressed sensing signal and data acquisition in wireless sensor networks and internet of things
Evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) and its significant impact in the field of Precision Agriculture
Knowledge representation in the internet of things: semantic modelling and its applications
A survey on access control in the age of internet of things
Research on data security technology in internet of things
A survey on visual programming languages in internet of things
An architecture based on internet of things to support mobility and security in medical environments
Will the internet of things transform healthcare
Narrowband internet of things: Simulation and modeling
Security challenges for the internet of things
Internet of Things (IoT) cybersecurity research: A review of current research topics
Internet of Things: security and privacy implications
Do objects dream of an Internet of Things?
As objects go online; the promise (and pitfalls) of the internet of things
Blockchain platform for industrial internet of things
The internet of things: Opportunities and challenges for distributed data analysis
Securing the Internet of Things in a quantum world
Creating values out of internet of things: an industrial perspective
Data quality in internet of things: A state-of-the-art survey
Lightweight cryptography for the internet of things
Connecting agriculture to the internet of things through sensor networks
A novel secure architecture for the internet of things
Internet of things in smart grid: Architecture, applications, services, key technologies, and challenges
When cognitive radio meets the Internet of Things?
Curriculum considerations for the internet of things
Key management systems for sensor networks in the context of the Internet of Things
Enabling qos in the internet of things
The research of access control based on UCON in the internet of things
A decade of Internet of Things: Analysis in the light of healthcare applications
The internet of things in manufacturing: Key issues and potential applications
Privacy-preserving content-oriented wireless communication in internet-of-things
Internet of Things with ESP8266
Unlocking opportunities in the internet of things
A collaborative internet of things architecture for smart cities and environmental monitoring
Middleware support for the” Internet of Things”
Privacy in internet of things: from principles to technologies
A capability-based security approach to manage access control in the internet of things
Opportunistic IoT: Exploring the harmonious interaction between human and the internet of things
The role of edge computing in internet of things
Internet of things: architectures, protocols and standards
New advances in the internet of things
Role of internet of things in the smart grid technology
Application study on internet of things in environment protection field
Leveraging the internet of things for a more efficient and effective military
Internet of things in the 5G era: Enablers, architecture, and business models
The emerging enernet: Convergence of the smart grid with the internet of things
Internet of Things in agriculture: A survey
Internet of Things: Application and prospect
A comprehensive survey on Internet of Things (IoT) toward 5G wireless systems
Consumer and object experience in the internet of things: An assemblage theory approach
Understanding the internet of things: A conceptualisation of business-to-thing (B2T) interactions
Internet of Things: A survey on the security of IoT frameworks
The Internet of Things: First International Conference, IOT 2008, Zurich, Switzerland, March 26-28, 2008, Proceedings
A survey on Internet of Things: Applications and challenges
The research and implement of smart home system based on internet of things
Agent-based Internet of Things: State-of-the-art and research challenges
Internet of Things (IoT) for building smart home system
Sensor search techniques for sensing as a service architecture for the internet of things
Examining potential benefits and challenges associated with the Internet of Things integration in supply chains
Sprintz: Time series compression for the internet of things
Internet of things for smart railway: feasibility and applications
Growing opportunities in the Internet of Things
Internet of things and big data analytics toward next-generation intelligence
Future edge cloud and edge computing for internet of things applications
Internet of things for sustainable mining
Internet-of-things-based smart environments: state of the art, taxonomy, and open research challenges
A survey study on internet of things resource management
SIoT: Securing Internet of Things through distributed systems analysis
Internet of things for sustainable human health
A tutorial on the internet of things: from a heterogeneous network integration perspective
SDN and virtualization solutions for the Internet of Things: A survey
Internet of things: Genesis, challenges and applications
Internet of things laboratory test bed
A survey on energy efficient narrowband internet of things (NBIoT): Architecture, application and challenges
Raspberry Pi as Internet of things hardware: performances and constraints
The “Internet of Things”: What it is and what it means for libraries
Wireless connectivity for the Internet of Things
The relation of artificial intelligence with internet of things: A survey
The visions, technologies, applications and security issues of Internet of Things
A progressive search paradigm for the internet of things
Privacy and security in internet of things and wearable devices
The Internet of Things—A comprehensive survey
Trust management techniques for the Internet of Things: A survey
Architecture and measured characteristics of a cloud based internet of things
Intelligent device-to-device communication in the internet of things
Internet of Things-enabled smart cities: State-of-the-art and future trends
Taxonomy and analysis of security protocols for Internet of Things
Internet of things based on smart objects: Technology, middleware and applications
A DTLS-based security architecture for the Internet of Things
Secure mqtt for internet of things (iot)
Towards security on internet of things: applications and challenges in technology
Block chain enabled internet of things
The Role of the Internet of Things in the Improvement and Expansion of Business
Health care service delivery based on the Internet of things: A systematic and comprehensive study
Challenges to securing the Internet of Things
A system based on the internet of things for real-time particle monitoring in buildings
Internet of Things: A survey on architecture, technologies, protocols and challenges
Embedded system design: embedded systems foundations of cyber-physical systems, and the internet of things
Security risk assessment in Internet of Things systems
Guidelines for internet of things deployment approaches–the thing commandments
A security framework for the internet of things in the future internet architecture
Pax Technica: How the Internet of things may set us free or lock us up
Internet of things (IoT) applications to fight against COVID-19 pandemic
Internet of things: A review of surveys based on context aware intelligent services
Internet of things in agricultural innovation and security
Black SDN for the Internet of Things
Future developments in cyber risk assessment for the internet of things
Internet of things for sensing: A case study in the healthcare system
Intrusion detection systems in the Internet of things: A comprehensive investigation
Living with internet of things: The emergence of embedded intelligence
Microlocation for internet-of-things-equipped smart buildings
Software-defined industrial internet of things in the context of industry 4.0
Security model and key technologies for the Internet of things
The internet of things: new interoperability, management and security challenges
The implementation of the Internet of Things: What impact on organizations?
Internet of Things: Visions, technologies, and areas of application
Internet of things: A comparative study
Big data on the internet of things: An example for the e-health
Study on the architecture and key technologies for Internet of Things
A novel report on architecture, protocols and applications in Internet of Things (IoT)
When blockchain meets Internet of Things: Characteristics, challenges, and business opportunities
Internet of Things (IoT) and new computing paradigms
Mobile fog: A programming model for large-scale applications on the internet of things
Fog computing for the internet of things: A survey
Estimating the impact of the Internet of Things on productivity in Europe
A platform for integrating physical devices in the Internet of Things
Experimental environments for the Internet of Things: A review
DTLS based security and two-way authentication for the Internet of Things
The role of big data analytics in industrial Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (Iot): a scalable approach to connecting everything
The application of internet of things in healthcare: a systematic literature review and classification
Mapping the internet of things
Smart cities and internet of things
Internet of things security research: A rehash of old ideas or new intellectual challenges?
The virtual object as a major element of the internet of things: a survey
Data management for the internet of things: Design primitives and solution
On perspective of security and privacy-preserving solutions in the internet of things
Fog computing for the internet of things: Security and privacy issues
Research on Global Internet of Things’ Developments and It’ s Lonstruction in China [J]
Internet of Things (IoT) operating systems management: Opportunities, challenges, and solution
Commodifying Consumer Data in the Era of the Internet of Things
A business model type for the internet of things
The software fabric for the internet of things
Internet of things in industries: A survey for sustainable development
Challenges of securing Internet of Things devices: A survey
Advances onto the Internet of Things
SDN-based data transfer security for Internet of Things
A cooperative Internet of Things (IoT) for rural healthcare monitoring and control
Technology classification, industry, and education for Future Internet of Things
Analysis of eight data mining algorithms for smarter Internet of Things (IoT)
Machine learning ddos detection for consumer internet of things devices
Context information sharing for the Internet of Things: A survey
Security challenges in internet of things: survey
Internet of things forensics: Recent advances, taxonomy, requirements, and open challenges
Security of the Internet of Things: Vulnerabilities, attacks, and countermeasures
Internet of Things: A survey on machine learning-based intrusion detection approaches
Internet of things and cloud computing for future internet
Almanac: Internet of things for smart cities
Internet of Things (IoT) for smart precision agriculture and farming in rural areas
A study of LoRa: Long range & low power networks for the internet of things
IoT platforms: enabling the Internet of Things
Internet of Things for e-Health: An approach to medical applications
A survey on authentication techniques for the internet of things
Internet of Things–the future of managing supply chain risks
Assessment of the Suitability of Fog Computing in the Context of Internet of Things
Internet of Things (IoT) in 5G mobile technologies
Internet of things: Survey on security
An Internet of Things (IoT) architecture for embedded appliances
Future internet of things architecture: like mankind neural system or social organization framework?
A state of the art review on the Internet of Things (IoT) history, technology and fields of deployment
Securing fog computing for internet of things applications: Challenges and solutions
Internet of things: a survey
Design architectures for energy harvesting in the Internet of Things
Positioning for the internet of things: A 3GPP perspective
The Internet of Things: Enabling technologies, platforms, and use cases
Smart cities and the Internet of Things
MySQL for the Internet of Things
An Internet of things approach for motion detection using Raspberry Pi
OSCAR: Object security architecture for the Internet of Things
Energy management based on Internet of Things: practices and framework for adoption in production management
A framework for evaluating Internet-of-Things platforms: Application provider viewpoint
Building Arduino Projects for the Internet of Things
The monitoring and managing application of cloud computing based on Internet of Things
Securing real-time internet-of-things
Scanning for vulnerable devices in the Internet of Things
The internet of things in manufacturing innovation processes: development and application of a conceptual framework
Information-centric networking for the internet of things: challenges and opportunities
Internet of Things and data mining: From applications to techniques and systems
The zero marginal cost society: The internet of things, the collaborative commons, and the eclipse of capitalism
An integrated approach to common problems in the Internet of Things
RFID security in the context of” internet of things”
Business development in the Internet of Things: A matter of vertical cooperation
Middleware solutions for the Internet of Things
Integration of cloud computing with internet of things: challenges and open issues
A survey on the internet of things (IoT) forensics: challenges, approaches, and open issues
Toward edge-assisted Internet of Things: From security and efficiency perspectives
A comprehensive review on usage of Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare system
Internet of things (iot): Research, simulators, and testbeds
Sensing for the Internet of Things and its applications
Internet of things for smart agriculture: Technologies, practices and future direction
Influence of characteristics of the Internet of Things on consumer purchase intention
Internet of Things (IoT): Taxonomy of security attacks
Security considerations for Internet of Things
Communication in internet of things
Resource allocation mechanisms and approaches on the Internet of Things
Management platforms and protocols for internet of things: A survey
The Internet of Things (IoT) and its application domains
Internet of Things and edge cloud computing roadmap for manufacturing
Health monitoring and management using Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensing with cloud-based processing: Opportunities and challenges
The Internet of Things and the Fourth Amendment of effects
Entropy theory of distributed energy for internet of things
Perception layer security in Internet of Things
A survey based on Smart Homes system using Internet-of-Things
Developing Mobile Workflow Support in the Internet of Things.
On the authentication of devices in the Internet of Things
A novel scheme for an energy efficient Internet of Things based on wireless sensor networks
An internet-of-things (IoT) network system for connected safety and health monitoring applications
Internet of Things (IoT) enabled water monitoring system
Machine learning in the Internet of Things: Designed techniques for smart cities
Ble beacons for internet of things applications: Survey, challenges, and opportunities
Internet of things (IoT): Operating system, applications and protocols design, and validation techniques
A framework for modeling and assessing security of the internet of things
Internet of Things—Architecture, applications, security and other major challenges
A survey of Internet of Things (IoT) for geohazard prevention: Applications, technologies, and challenges
Building the Internet of Things with bluetooth smart
Research prospect of Internet of Things geography
The application of cloud computing and the internet of things in agriculture and forestry
Iotabench: an internet of things analytics benchmark
Authentication techniques for the internet of things: A survey
Any thing for anyone? A new digital divide in internet-of-things skills
Scalable cloud–sensor architecture for the Internet of Things
Wide-area wireless communication challenges for the Internet of Things
Industrial internet of things
A review of Internet of Things (IoT) embedded sustainable supply chain for industry 4.0 requirements
Dynamic gesture recognition in the internet of things
Urban planning and building smart cities based on the internet of things using big data analytics
Security in internet of things: Opportunities and challenges
Survey on security in Internet of Things: State of the art and challenges
Challenges of the internet of things: Technique, use, ethics
LEGIoT: A lightweight edge gateway for the Internet of Things
Distributed attack detection scheme using deep learning approach for Internet of Things
Modeling of information processing in the internet of things at agricultural enterprises
A survey on role of internet of things in education
The internet of things for smart cities: Technologies and applications
Internet of things enabled manufacturing: a review
The economics of the Internet of Things in the Global South
Microservices approach for the internet of things
The Internet of things: from RFID to the next-generation pervasive networked systems
Health Internet of Things: Metrics and methods for efficient data transfer
The Internet of Things (IoT): A study of architectural elements
COMFIT: A development environment for the Internet of Things
Ownership of personal data in the Internet of Things
Internet-of-Things and big data for smarter healthcare: From device to architecture, applications and analytics
The internet of things: Limitless opportunities for business and society
Research directions on the adoption, usage, and impact of the internet of things through the use of big data analytics
Smart home: Integrating internet of things with web services and cloud computing
The impact of the hybrid platform of internet of things and cloud computing on healthcare systems: opportunities, challenges, and open problems
Market and Technical Trends of internet of things
Internet of Things (IoT) security: Current status, challenges and countermeasures
Understanding the factors affecting the adoption of the Internet of Things
The Internet of Things—A problem statement
Trust management mechanism for Internet of Things
A novel secure data transmission scheme in industrial internet of things
Adopting Internet of Things for the development of smart buildings: A review of enabling technologies and applications
Design THINGS for the Internet of Things—An EDA perspective
Optimization of Routes in the Internet of Things
Internet of Things: An exploration study of opportunities and challenges
Low-power wide area network technologies for internet-of-things: A comparative review
Making internet of things real
Low-power wireless for the Internet of Things: Standards and applications
From the Internet of things to the Internet of the physical world
Internet of Things (IoT): Security challenges, business opportunities & reference architecture for E-commerce
A survey: DDOS attack on Internet of Things
Internet of things platform for smart farming: Experiences and lessons learnt
IDIoT: Securing the Internet of Things like it’s 1994
Internet of things: Survey on security and privacy
A categorization of discovery technologies for the internet of things
Internet of things in smart agriculture: Enabling technologies
Towards a practical architecture for the next generation internet of things
Intelligent traffic information system based on integration of Internet of Things and Agent technology
Regulation and governance of the Internet of Things in India
The extreme edge at the bottom of the Internet of Things: A review
Trustworthiness management in the social internet of things
An internet of things
Preserving privacy in internet of things: a survey
Guest Editorial-Special issue on internet of things (IoT): Architecture, protocols and services
Value co-creation with Internet of things technology in the retail industry
Toward the Internet of Things application and management: A practical approach
An internet of things based intelligent transportation system
QoS-aware scheduling of services-oriented internet of things
Security analysis of the constrained application protocol in the Internet of Things
Trust architecture and reputation evaluation for internet of things
Internet of things for smart ports: Technologies and challenges
The internet of things for smart manufacturing: A review
Context-aware computing, learning, and big data in internet of things: a survey
Application of blockchain in collaborative Internet-of-Things services
Architecture design of the internet of things based on cloud computing
Machine learning for wireless communications in the Internet of Things: A comprehensive survey
Internet of Things architecture and applications: a survey
Internet-of-Things security and vulnerabilities: Taxonomy, challenges, and practice
Optimization processes in the internet of things system at agricultural enterprises
A survey on fog computing for the Internet of Things
The cooperative internet of things enabled smart grid
The applications of wifi-based wireless sensor network in internet of things and smart grid
Create Your Own Internet of Things: A survey of IoT platforms.
The Internet of Things (IoT) in retail: Bridging supply and demand
An internet of things for healthcare
Efficient energy management for the internet of things in smart cities
A unified design of massive access for cellular Internet of Things
A study on Internet of Things in IT Convergence Period
A dependability evaluation tool for the Internet of Things
The internet of things: The role of reconfigurable platforms
Internet of Things (IoT): definitions, challenges and recent research directions
A review on Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare
A survey on the internet-of-things: standards, challenges and future prospects
A green and reliable internet of things
An adaptive method for data reduction in the internet of things
English interactive teaching model which based upon Internet of Things
Internet of Things (IoT) and its impact on supply chain: A framework for building smart, secure and efficient systems
When things matter: A data-centric view of the internet of things
Trends in the Internet of Things?
Securing the Internet of Things a military perspective
Blockchain and its Role in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Internet of things: architecture, security issues and countermeasures
The internet of things (iot)
Thing relation modeling in the Internet of Things
Privacy-by-design framework for assessing internet of things applications and platforms
Enabling technologies for green internet of things
Internet of Things: Security challenges for next generation networks
The Internet of Things (IoT) and its impact on individual privacy: An Australian perspective
Mobile unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for energy-efficient Internet of Things communications
Autonomic schemes for threat mitigation in Internet of Things
Middleware for the internet of things, design goals and challenges
Understanding business ecosystem using a 6C framework in Internet-of-Things-based sectors
Internet of Things: information security challenges and solutions
Internet of things support for marketing activities
Internet-of-Things (IoT)-based smart agriculture: Toward making the fields talk
Notice of Removal: Internet of things: Survey and case studies
A literature survey on Internet of Things (IoT)
A survey on technological, business and societal aspects of Internet of Things by Q3, 2017
SDIoT: a software defined based internet of things framework
Security and privacy on internet of things
Process-aware internet of things: A conceptual extension of the internet of things framework and architecture
Green internet of things for smart world
Internet of Things and Co-creation of Value
Securing internet of things with software defined networking
The internet of things as a global policy frontier
FairAccess: a new Blockchain-based access control framework for the Internet of Things
Synthetic knowing: The politics of the internet of things
The emergence of Internet of Things (IoT): Connecting anything, anywhere

Research Topics Computer Science

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Data Structures Research Topics Areas
Research Topics ideas and Areas of communication protocols
Past Papers Applied Areas of Psychology
MCQs - India Wildlife conservation and protected areas
Internet Protocols MCQs
Internet MCQs Quizlet bank

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Top 12 Research Challenges of IoT
(PDF) A REVIEW PAPER ON “IOT” & IT’s SMART APPLICATIONS
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(PDF) An Overview of Opportunities and Challenges of 5G in IoT

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COMMENTS

Internet of Things (Iot): an Overview on Research Challenges and Future Applications
This paper presents the recent development of IoT technologies and discusses future applications and research challenges. Discover the world's research 25+ million members
IoT based Smart Applications and Recent Research Trends
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a unique and prominent technology of the recent era which is in full swing and will have a phenomenal role in the market going onward. In this technology the devices which contain sensors, actuators and processors can communicate with each other and help us to work for our day to day actions which in result therefore reducing human effort. IoT is helping human ...
Publications
Publications. IEEE publications on IoT include: IEEE Internet of Things Journal (IoT-J) Launched in 2014, the IEEE IoT-J publishes papers on the latest advances, as well as review articles, on the various aspects of IoT from open call and special issues. Topics include IoT system architecture, IoT enabling technologies, IoT communication and ...
A Comprehensive Review of Internet of Things: Technology Stack ...
In addition, we investigated leading research and survey papers on IoT, its application scenarios, implementation details, and the open challenges in the technology stack that are impeding its growth. ... This illustrates a rare chance that data mining, artificial learning, and business analytics have become key topics, mostly in the field of ...
Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Internet of Things (IoT
This review paper compiles information from several other surveys and research papers regarding IoT, AI, and attacks with and against AI and explores the relationship between these three topics with the purpose of comprehensively presenting and summarizing relevant literature in these fields.
Internet of Things is a revolutionary approach for future technology
Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that has changed the traditional way of living into a high tech life style. Smart city, smart homes, pollution control, energy saving, smart transportation, smart industries are such transformations due to IoT. A lot of crucial research studies and investigations have been done in order to enhance the technology through IoT. However, there are still a ...
Internet of Things (IoT), Applications and Challenges: A ...
During recent years, one of the most familiar names scaling new heights and creating a benchmark in the world is the Internet of Things (IoT). It is indeed the future of communication that has transformed things (objects) of the real-world into smart objects. The functional aspect of IoT is to unite every object of the world under one common infrastructure; in such a manner that humans not ...
Charting an integrated future: IoT and 5G research papers
The fifth-generation cellular network (5G) represents a major step forward for technology. In particular, it offers benefits for the network of interrelated devices reliant on wireless technology for communication and data transfer, otherwise known as the Internet of Things (IoT). The 5G wireless network uses Internet Protocol (IP) for all ...
Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an interconnected network of objects which range from simple sensors to smartphones and tablets ... The fifth generation (5G) of cellular networks will bring 10 Gb/s user speeds, 1000-fold increase in system capacity, and 100 times higher connection density. In response to these requirements, the 5G networks will ...
Current Research Trends in IoT Security: A Systematic Mapping Study
The smart mobile Internet-of-things (IoT) network lays the foundation of the fourth industrial revolution, the era of hyperconnectivity, hyperintelligence, and hyperconvergence. As this revolution gains momentum, the security of smart mobile IoT networks becomes an essential research topic. This study aimed to provide comprehensive insights on IoT security. To this end, we conducted a ...
iThings-2024
The 2024 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things is held in Copenhagen, Denmark, August 19-22, 2024. As an emerged promising networking model, the Internet-of-Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm to interconnect a multitude of heterogeneous physical objects and devices. The IoT significantly provides an umbrella for a series of critical ...
Review Papers List
Tutorial Papers Tutorial PAPER TITLE YEAR Digital Object Identifier Mobile Big Data: The Fuel for Data-Driven Wireless 2017 10.1109/JIOT.2017.2714189 IoT Considerations, Requirements, and Architectures for Smart Buildings—Energy Optimization and Next-Generation Building Management Systems 2017 10.1109/JIOT.2017.2647881 A Survey of Emerging M2M Systems: Context, Task, and Objective 2016 10. ...
Internet of Things for the Future of Smart Agriculture: A Comprehensive
This paper presents a comprehensive review of emerging technologies for the internet of things (IoT)-based smart agriculture. We begin by summarizing the existing surveys and describing emergent technologies for the agricultural IoT, such as unmanned aerial vehicles, wireless technologies, open-source IoT platforms, software defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV ...
INTERNET OF THINKS (IOT) Project Topics With Abstracts and Base Papers
Explore the latest M.Tech project topics in Internet of Things (IoT) for 2024, featuring trending IEEE base papers. Elevate your research with cutting-edge projects covering diverse applications in IoT, from smart cities to healthcare. Discover innovative titles, abstracts, and base papers to stay ahead in the dynamic field of Internet of Things.
Internet of Things for Smart Healthcare: Technologies, Challenges, and
Internet of Things (IoT) technology has attracted much attention in recent years for its potential to alleviate the strain on healthcare systems caused by an aging population and a rise in chronic illness. Standardization is a key issue limiting progress in this area, and thus this paper proposes a standard model for application in future IoT healthcare systems. This survey paper then presents ...
PDF Internet of Things (IOT): Research Challenges and Future Applications
research topic for studies in various related fields such as information technology and computer science. Thus, IoT is paving the way for new dimensions of research to be carried out. This paper presents the recent development of IoT technologies and discusses future applications and research challenges.
Top 20 Internet of Things (IoT) Journals
The Internet of Things(IoT) is an emerging technology, which got huge attention among new business model creators and researchers. As part of ilovephd's research, future technology, and innovative idea recommendation, this article finds out the top 10 SCI-indexed Internet of Things Journals with a high impact factor to pursue ongoing groundbreaking research.
iot applications Latest Research Papers
This paper presents the design of 2*1 and 4*1 RFID reader microstrip array antenna at 2.4GHz for the Internet of things (IoT) networks which are Zigbee, Bluetooth and WIFI. The proposed antenna is composed of identical circular shapes radiating patches printed in FR4 substrate.
Full article: Internet of Medical Things (IoMT): Overview, Emerging
Introduction. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is the blend of medical devices with the Internet of Things (IoT). IoMTs are the future of current healthcare systems where every medical device will be connected and monitored over the Internet via healthcare professionals. This offers a faster and lower cost of health care as it evolves.
A Review Paper on Internet of Things(IoT) and its Applications
Abstract - Internet, a revolutionary invention, is always transforming into some new kind of hardware and software making it. unpreventable for anyone. The type of communication that we see today ...
(PDF) IoT in Smart Cities: A Survey of Technologies ...
The IoT for Smart Cities has many different domains and draws upon various underlying systems for its operation. In this paper, we provide a holistic coverage of the Internet of Things in Smart ...
(PDF) Impact of Internet of Things (IoT) on 5G
Impact of Internet of Things (IoT) on 5G. Mitrabinda Khuntia, Debabrata Singh, and Sipra Sahoo. Abstract Currently, a disconnected system makes a major challenge for IoT tech-. nologies. The ...
List of IOT Internet of Things Research Topics Areas
Research Topics Areas on IOT Internet of Things. Processing distributed internet of things data in clouds. Internet of things (IoT): Present state and future prospects. Internet of things: Vision, applications and challenges. Blockchain with internet of things: Benefits, challenges, and future directions.

IEEE Internet of Things

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Internet of Things is a revolutionary approach for future technology enhancement: a review

Introduction

Literature survey

IoT architecture and technologies

Major key issues and challenges of IoT

Security and privacy issues

Interoperability/standard issues

Ethics, law and regulatory rights

Scalability, availability and reliability

Quality of Service (QoS)

Major IoT applications

Smart city, transport and vehicles

Agriculture and industry automation

Importance of big data analytics in IoT

Conclusions

Availability of data and materials

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Charting an integrated future: IoT and 5G research papers

Realizing the potential of 5G and IoT through research

Making the case for 5G technology

Universal benefits, inspired innovations

Two halves of a whole—the relationship between IoT and 5G

Making IoT smarter

Critical and massive IoT

Cybersecurity on the 5G

Investing in the future—top research projects on IoT and 5G integration

Opportunities for 5G and IoT—building a sustainable future

Internet of Things - Open Access Research

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Top 20 Internet of Things (IoT) Journals – 2024

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6. Springer – Wireless Networks (SpringerNature)

4. IEEE – Wireless Communications

5. IEEE – Transactions on Wireless Communications

10. MDPI – Sensors — Open Access Journal

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