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To biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment - of nature and nurture. Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them -one twin having younger looking skin, for example - must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun.

Alternatively, by comparing the experiences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who come from separate eggs and share on average half their DNA, researchers can quantify  the extent to which our genes affect our lives. If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment  than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability  to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity .

These two lines of research - studying the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance - have been crucial to understanding the interplay of nature and  nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, and vulnerability to disease.

The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875,   when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase 'nature and nurture') . But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard's lab in what became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Numerous tests were carried out on the twins, and they were each asked more than 15,000 questions.

Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. in broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among members of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics. And wherever Bouchard and other scientists looked, it seemed, they found the invisible hand of genetic influence helping to shape our lives.

-->  Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth: NOT GIVEN  

Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, and in others operates on its own to shape who we are.

Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a 'third component' . These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all the other parts of our bodies.

If you think of our DNA as an immense piano keyboard and our genes as the keys - each key symbolizing a segment of DNA responsible for a particular note, or trait, and all the keys combining to make us who we are - then epigenetic processes determine when and how each key can be struck, changing the tune being played.

One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes . Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to  behavioral problems as the rodent grows up. Other epigenetic processes appear to occur randomly, while others are normal, such as those that guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, or liver cells , for example.

Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins over the years and thought deeply about what twin studies have taught us. 'It's very clear when you look at twins that much of what they share is hardwired,' she says. 'Many things about them are absolutely the same and unalterable. But it's also clear, when you get to know them, that other things about them are different. Epigenetics is the origin of a lot of those differences, in my view.'

Reed credits Thomas Bouchard's work for today's surge in twin studies . ' He was the trailblazer ,' she says. 'We forget that 50 years ago things like heart disease were thought to be caused entirely by lifestyle. Schizophrenia was thought to be due to poor mothering. Twin studies have allowed us to be more reflective about what people are actually born with and what's caused by experience.'

Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further . 'What I like to say is that nature writes some things in pencil and some things in pen,' she says. 'Things written in pen you can't change. That's DNA. But things written in pencil you can. That's epigenetics. Now that we're actually able to look at the DNA and see where the pencil writings are, it's sort of a whole new world.'

--> Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins: NOT GIVEN

Questions 1-4

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE    if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE    if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN    There may be genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks. Answer: FALSE      Locate

2 TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN    Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins. Answer: NOT GIVEN      Locate

3 TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN    Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth. Answer: NOT GIVEN      Locate

4 TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN    Epigenetic processes are different from both genetic and environmental processes. Answer: TRUE      Locate

Questions 5-9

Look at the following statements (Questions 5-9 ) and the list of researchers below.

Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C.

Write the correct letter, A, B or C , in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

List of Researchers

A Francis Galton

B Thomas Bouchard

C Danielie Reed    

5 A B C     invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting human characteristics Answer: A      Locate

6 A B C    expressed the view that the study of epigenetics will increase our knowledge Answer: C      Locate

7 A B C    developed a mathematical method of measuring genetic influences Answer: A      Locate

8 A B C    pioneered research into genetics using twins Answer: B      Locate

9 A B C    carried out research into twins who had lived apart Answer: B      Locate

Questions 10-13

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-F , below.

Write the correct letter, A-F , in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

Epigenetic processes

In epigenetic processes, 10 A B C D E F influence the activity of our genes, for example in creating our internal 11 A B C D E F Answer: B      Locate

The study of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genes can be affected by our 12 A B C D E F Answer: E      Locate

One example is that if a pregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may later show problems in its 13 A B C D E F Answer: F      Locate

D chemicals

E environment

F behaviour

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IELTS Academic Reading: Cambridge 11 Test 4; Reading passage 1: Research using twins; with best solutions and explanations

This IELTS Reading post focuses on the best solutions and detailed explanations of IELTS Cambridge 11 Reading Test 4 Passage 1. The title of the passage is Research using twins. This post aims at those IELTS candidates who have major difficulties in locating and selecting Reading Answers. This post can be the best channel for you to understand every Reading answer easily and without trouble because all the answers have easy and clear explanations. Finding IELTS Reading answers is a step-by-step process and I hope this post can help you in this respect.

Reading Passage 1 :

The headline of the passage: research using twins.

Questions 1-4:            (TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN):

[In this type of question, candidates are asked to find out whether:

The statement in the question matches with the account in the text- TRUE The statement in the question contradicts the account in the text- FALSE The statement in the question has no clear connection with the account in the text- NOT GIVEN

For this type of question, you can divide each statement into three independent pieces and make your way through with the answer.]

Question 1: There may be genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks.

Keywords for the question: may be, genetic cause, differences, young, skin,

The answer can be found in lines 8-11 of the first paragraph. Here, the writer says, “Any differences between them – one twin having younger looking skin , for example – must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun.” It means the differences are because of the environment, not for genetic causes.

So, the answer is: FALSE

Question 2: Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins.

Keywords for the question: greater risk, developing certain illnesses,

Many of you might think the answer is in the second paragraph because of these lines, “If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity. Unfortunately, the sentence starts with ‘if’, which means the writer only compares identical twins with fraternal twins, he doesn’t make a comparison between twins and non-twins.

So, the answer is: NOT GIVEN                    

Question 3: Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth.

Keywords for the question: Bouchard, advertised, newspapers,

In paragraph no. 3 and 4, we find reference to the groundbreaking research on twins. However, nowhere in the paragraph we find any reference to advertisement in newspapers.

Question 4: Epigenetic processes are different from both genetic and environmental processes.

Keywords for the question: Epigenetic, different from, genetic and environmental,

In paragraph no. 6, the writer mentions, “… .. .nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to a recent field called  epigenetics , there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes.” In the previous paragraphs, genetic and environmental processes (nature and nurture) have been explained. Now, in paragraph 6 this line means that the epigenetic process works as a bridge between those two processes. It means it is neither a genetic process nor an environmental process.

So , the answer is: TRUE       

Questions 5-9: (Matching statements with a list of researchers)

[In this kind of questions, the candidates have to match the statements which are stated by different researchers given in the list.]

Question 5: invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting human characteristics

Keywords for the question: invented a term, distinguish, characteristics

It is quite easy to find this answer because there is a trick that works here perfectly.

Special Tips:

The phrase “invented a term” is synonymous to ‘coined the phrase’. It means saying something special that no one used this way before. Remember the saying, “ Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee ” by the greatest boxer Mohammad Ali. He coined the phrase. 🙂

So, for this question, we need to find ‘coined the phrase’ and we find it in paragraph no. 4. Here, the writer says, “The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’.)”

So, the answer is: A (Francis Galton)

Question 6: expressed the view that the study of epigenetics will increase our knowledge

Keywords for the question: study of epigenetics, will increase, knowledge

The answer can be found at the end of paragraph 12 lines 1-3. Here, we find the comments or views of Geneticist Danielle Reed. “Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further”. This means that Reed is hopeful that the study of epigenetics will give us a better understanding or knowledge.

So, the answer is: C (Danielle Reed)     

Question 7: developed a mathematical method of measuring genetic influences.

Keywords for the question: developed, mathematical method, measuring genetic influences

In paragraph 5, the author mentions, “Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. In broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among members of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics”.

Here, statistical concept = mathematical method

So, the answer is: B (Thomas Bouchard)

Question 8: pioneered research into genetics using twins

Keywords for the question: pioneered, research, genetics, twins

Answer to this question can be found in paragraph no. 4 lines 1-4, “The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach. .. . . .”. Here, the phrase “ first suggested” means that Francis Galton was the first person or the pioneer to use twins to measure the influence of heredity.

Question 9: carried out research into twins who had lived apart

Keywords for the question: carried out, research, twins who had lived apart,  

To find the answer to this question, we need to locate the key phrase ‘ twins who had lived apart’ which can be found in paragraph no. 4. Here, the writer says in lines 6-10, “… .. twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard’s lab….”

Question 10 -13:  (Summary completion using the list of words)

(In this kind of question candidates are given a summary for one, two, or three paragraphs with some fill-in-the-blanks questions. As these are fill-in-the-blanks or gaps, there is a condition of writing ONE, TWO, or THREE words for each answer or, for this kind of question, choose words from a given list. Candidates need to find out the related paragraphs by correctly studying the keywords from the questions. Then, they should follow the steps of finding answers to fill in the gaps.)

Question 10 and 11: In epigenetic processes, 10 __________ influence the activity of our genes, for example in creating our internal 11 ____________.

Keywords for the question: epigenetic process, influence, activity of our genes, creating, our internal,

The answer lies in paragraph 7. You need to read the whole paragraph. First, the writer says, in line 1 and 2, what epigenetic processes are. “Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions .. .. . ..” Then in the last few lines of the paragraph, the writer explains what these chemical reactions influence, “These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened; even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all other parts of our bodies .”

So, it can be deduced or realized from these lines that ‘chemical’ reactions influence how our internal body parts are created such as ‘ our bones, brains’ etc.

So, the answers are:

• D (chemicals)

Question 12 : The study of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genes can be affected by our  ________.

Keywords for the question: uncovering a way, our genes can be affected,   

In paragraph 9, the writer mentions in lines 1-5, “One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts our genes.”

Here, the word ‘impact’ is synonymous to ‘affected’, ‘revealing’ is synonymous to ‘uncovering a way’.

So the answer is: E (environment)

Question 13: One example is that if a pregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may show problems in its ____________.

Keywords for the question: pregnant rat, suffers stress,

The answer to this question can also be found in  paragraph  9, where the  writer  says  in lines 5-9, “Studies  of  animals,  for  example,  have  shown  that  when  a  rat   experiences  stress  during   pregnancy ,  it  can  cause  epigenetic  changes  in  a  fetus  that  lead  to  behavioral  problems as the rodent grows up.”

So the answer is: F (behavior/ behavior)

If this post helps you, please leave a comment and let me know how I can help you in a better way. You can always reach me at [email protected] .

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Research Using Twins: Reading Answers & PDF

IELTS Academic Test – Passage 10: Research using twins reading with answers explanation, location and pdf summary. This reading paragraph has been taken from our huge collection of Academic & General Training (GT) Reading practice test PDFs.

Research using twins

To biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment – of nature and nurture. Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them -one twin having younger looking skin, for example – must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun. Alternatively, by comparing the experiences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who come from separate eggs and share on average half their DNA, researchers can quantify the extent to which our genes affect our lives. If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity. These two lines of research – studying the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance – have been crucial to understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, and vulnerability to disease. The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’). But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard’s lab in what became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Numerous tests were carried out on the twins, and they were each asked more than 15,000 questions. Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. in broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among members of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics. And wherever Bouchard and other scientists looked, it seemed, they found the invisible hand of genetic influence helping to shape our lives. Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, and in others operates on its own to shape who we are. Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a ‘third component’. These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all the other parts of our bodies. If you think of our DNA as an immense piano keyboard and our genes as the keys – each key symbolizing a segment of DNA responsible for a particular note, or trait, and all the keys combining to make us who we are – then epigenetic processes determine when and how each key can be struck, changing the tune being played. One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes. Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up. Other epigenetic processes appear to occur randomly, while others are normal, such as those that guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, or liver cells, for example. Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins over the years and thought deeply about what twin studies have taught us. ‘It’s very clear when you look at twins that much of what they share is hardwired,’ she says. ‘Many things about them are absolutely the same and unalterable. But it’s also clear, when you get to know them, that other things about them are different. Epigenetics is the origin of a lot of those differences, in my view.’ Reed credits Thomas Bouchard’s work for today’s surge in twin studies. ‘He was the trailblazer,’ she says. ‘We forget that 50 years ago things like heart disease were thought to be caused entirely by lifestyle. Schizophrenia was thought to be due to poor mothering. Twin studies have allowed us to be more reflective about what people are actually born with and what’s caused by experience.’ Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further. ‘What I like to say is that nature writes some things in pencil and some things in pen,’ she says. ‘Things written in pen you can’t change. That’s DNA. But things written in pencil you can. That’s epigenetics. Now that we’re actually able to look at the DNA and see where the pencil writings are, it’s sort of a whole new world.’

Questions 1-4

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 10? In boxes  1-4  on your answer sheet , write

TRUE     if the statement agrees with the information FALSE     if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN  if there is no information on this

1. There may be genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks. 2. Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins. 3. Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth. 4. Epigenetic processes are different from both genetic and environmental processes.

________________

1) IELTS 11 READING PASSAGE – HOW THE OTHER HALF THINKS ↗

2) IELTS 11 READING PASSAGE – GREAT MIGRATIONS ↗

3) IELTS 11 READING PASSAGE – THE STORY OF SILK ↗

Questions 5-9

Look at the following statements ( Questions 5-9 ) and the list of researchers below. Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C. Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes  5-9  on your answer sheet. NB  You may use any letter more than once.

List of Researchers A.  Francis Galton B.  Thomas Bouchard C.  Danielie Reed

5. invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting human characteristics 6. expressed the view that the study of epigenetics will increase our knowledge 7. developed a mathematical method of measuring genetic influences 8. pioneered research into genetics using twins 9. carried out research into twins who had lived apart

Questions 10-13

Complete the summary using the list of words,  A-F , below. Write the correct letter,  A-F , in boxes  10-13  on your answer sheet.

Epigenetic processes

In epigenetic processes,  10 ………………..  influence the activity of our genes, for example in creating our internal  11 ……………….. .  The study of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genes can be affected by our  12 ……………….. .  One example is that if a pregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may later show problems in its  13 ……………….. .

A. nurture B. organs C. code D. chemicals E. environment F. behaviour

Check out Research using twins reading answers below with explanations and locations given in the text.

1. FALSE 2. NOT GIVEN 3. NOT GIVEN 4. TRUE 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. D 11. B 12. E 13. F

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Question: There may be genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks.

Keywords: genetic causes, differences, young skin, identical twins

In the first paragraph, the writer argues that “ Any differences between them (identical twins) – one twin having younger looking skin , for example – must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun.” So, there are no genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks, only environmental factors.

2. NOT GIVEN

Question: Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins.

Keywords: greater risk, illnesses

In terms of the risk of developing certain illnesses, the writer only compares identical twins with fraternal twins (at the end of paragraph 2), he does not make a comparison between twins and non-twins. So, the statement is NOT GIVEN .

–  illnesses=ailments

3. NOT GIVEN

Question: Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth.

Keywords: Bouchard, advertised, newspapers, separated

In this passage, the writer does not mention whether Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth or not. In paragraph 4, we are only told that 137 sets of twins visited his laboratory. Therefore, the statement is NOT GIVEN .

Question: Epigenetic processes are different from both genetic and environmental processes

Keywords: Epigenetic processes, genetic, environmental

In paragraph 6, the writer states that “… nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to a recent field called epigenetics , there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes. ”

–  genetic and environmental processes ~ nature and nurture

Question: invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting human characteristics.

Keywords: term, distinguish, characteristics

In paragraph 4, the writer explains that “The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’)”

–  invented=coined

Question: expressed the view that the study of epigenetics will increase our knowledge

Keywords: study of epigenetics, increase our knowledge

In paragraph 12, the geneticist “ Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further ”.

–  study of epigenetics=work in epigenetics

–  increase our knowledge~take our understanding even further

Question: developed a mathematical method of measuring genetic influences.

Keywords: mathematical method, measuring

In paragraph 5, the writer says that “ Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup . The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability . In broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among embers of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics”.

–  mathematical method=statistical concept

Question: pioneered research into genetics using twins

Keywords: pioneered, twins

In paragraph 4, the writer indicates that “The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’).”

–  pioneered=first suggested

Question: carried out research into twins who had lived apart.

Keywords: research, lived apart

In paragraph 4, the writer says that “… twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults . Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard’s lab….”

–  lived apart= been separated at birth

10. D (chemicals)

Question: In epigenetic processes, 10………….. influence the activity of our genes, for example in creating our internal 11…………..

Keywords: influence, genes, creating internal

In paragraph 7, the writer says that “ Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a ‘third component’. These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off , to build our bones, brains and all other parts of our bodies”

–  the activity of our genes ~ how our genetic code is expressed

–  organs ~ brains and all other parts of our bodies

–  create=build

11. B (organs)

12. e (environment).

Question: The study of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genes can be affected by our……………

Keywords: uncovering a way, genes affected by

In paragraph 9, the writer says that “One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts our genes .”

–  uncover=reveal

–  affect=impact

13. F (behaviour)

Question: One example is that if a pregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may show problems in its…………..

Keywords: pregnant, new-born rat, problems

In paragraph 9, the writer says that “Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy , it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up .”

–  suffers=experiences

Question: In the first paragraph, the writer makes a point that

In this paragraph, the writer explains that “Though we might think of film as an essentially visual experience, we really cannot afford to underestimate the importance of film sound.” Then, the writer details how important film sound is. So, he makes a point that it would be wrong to overlook the contribution of sound to the artistry of films.

–  underestimate=overlook

Question: One reason that the writer refers to Humphrey Bogart is to exemplify

Keywords: Humphrey Bogart, exemplify

In the second paragraph, the writer argues that “As is the case with stage drama, dialogue serves to tell the story and expresses feelings and motivations of characters as well. Often with film characterization the audience perceives little or no difference between the character and the actor . Thus, for example, the actor Humphrey Bogart is the character Sam Spade; film personality and life personality seem to merge. ” This means that Humphrey Bogart is mentioned to exemplify the importance of the actor and the character appearing to have similar personalities.

–  appearing to have similar personalities ~ film personality and life personality seem to merge

Question: In the third paragraph, the writer suggests that

In this paragraph, the writer says that “It is interesting to note that how dialogue is used… varies widely among films. For example, in the highly successful science-fiction film 2001 , little dialogue was evident , and most of it was banal and of little intrinsic interest . In this way the film-maker was able to portray what Thomas Sobochack and Vivian Sobochack call, in An Introduction to Film , the ‘inadequacy of human responses when compared with the magnificent technology created by man and the visual beauties of the universe.” This means that the banal dialogue in this film has its own purpose.

–  dull=banal

Question: What does the writer suggest about Bringing Up Baby?

In paragraph 4, the writer argues that “The comedy Bringing Up Baby, on the other hand, presents practically non-stop dialogue delivered at breakneck speed. This use of dialogue underscores not only the dizzy quality of the character Katherine Hepburn, but also the absurdity of the film itself and thus its humor .” This means that the dialogue in this film emphasises key elements of the film.

–  key elements ~ the absurdity of the humor of the film

Question: The writer refers to the ‘click’ of a door to make the point that realistic sounds

Keywords: click, door, realistic sounds

In paragraph 5, the writer argues that “ Synchronous sounds contribute to the realism of film and also help to create a particular atmosphere . For example, the ‘click’ of a door being opened may simply serve to convince the audience that the image portrayed is real , and the audience may only subconsciously note the expected sound. However, if the ‘click’ of an opening door is part of an ominous action such as a burglary, the sound mixer may call attention to the ‘click’ with an increase in volume ; this helps to engage the audience in a moment of suspense.” This means that realistic sounds may be modified to engage the audience in a particular atmosphere or to convince them that something is really happening.

Question: Audiences are likely to be surprised if a film lacks background music.

Keywords: surprised, lacks background music

In paragraph 7, the writer says that “We are probably all familiar with background music in films , which has become so ubiquitous as to be noticeable in its absence .”

Question: Background music may anticipate a development in a film.

Keywords: background, anticipate, development

In paragraph 7, the writer argues that “In addition, background music often foreshadows a change in mood . For example, dissonant music may be used in film to indicate an approaching (but not yet visible) menace or disaster.”

–  anticipate=foreshadow

21. NOT GIVEN

Question: Background music has more effect on some people than on others.

Keywords: background, more effect

Background music is referred to in paragraphs 7 and 8, and its effects are discussed, but not in terms of comparing some people with others. So, the statement is NOT GIVEN .

Question: Background music may help the audience to make certain connections within the film

Keywords: connections, within, film

In paragraph 8, the writer indicates that “Background music may aid viewer understanding by linking scenes.”

–  help=aid

–  audience=viewer

–  make connections within a film ~ linking scenes

Question: Audiences tend to be aware of how the background music is affecting them

Keywords: audiences, aware, background, affecting

In the last paragraph, the writer says that “The effects of sound are often largely subtle and often are noted by only our subconscious minds . We need to foster an awareness of film sound as well as film space so as to truly appreciate an art form that sprang to life during the twentieth century – the modern film.” This means that audiences have not been aware/have not been conscious of how background music is affecting them. Therefore, the writer adds, audiences should be made aware of the effect of background music.

Question: The audience’s response to different parts of a film can be controlled

Keywords: response, different parts, controlled

In paragraph 1, the writer states that “The entire sound track consists of three essential ingredients: the human voice , sound effects and music . These three tracks must be mixed and balanced so as to produce the necessary emphases which in turn create desired effects ”. So, the reaction of the audience can be influenced if voice, sound and music are combined appropriately.

–  combined appropriately ~ mixed and balanced.

Question: The feelings and motivations of characters become clear

Keywords: feelings, motivations, clear

In paragraph 2, the writer says that: “… dialogue serves to tell the story and expresses feelings and motivations of characters as well. Often with film characterization the audience perceives little or no difference between the character and the actor. Thus, the dialogue makes the character and the actor seem to be the same person, and so the audience have no difficulty in understanding the feelings and motivations of the characters in films.

Question: A character seems to be a real person rather than an actor

Keywords: real person, actor

In paragraph 3, the writer says that “When voice textures fit the performer’s physiognomy and gestures, a whole and very realistic person emerges.” This means that a character seems to be a real person rather than an actor when the audience listens to the voice, looks at the appearance of the character and watches how he/she moves.

–  actor=performer

–  appearance=physiognomy

–  moves=gestures

–  consistent with=fit

Paragraph A

In paragraph A, the writer emphasizes the importance of the invention of language compared to other inventions. “Of all mankind’s manifold creations, language must take pride of place… Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance , since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it.” So, the correct heading for this paragraph is why language is the most important invention of all.

–  language is the most important invention ~ language must take pride of place

Paragraph B

In this paragraph, the writer says that “In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication , yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity .” Then, at the end of this passage, the writer concludes that “Language is mankind’s greatest invention – except, of course, that it was never invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets.” So, this paragraph is all about incompatible characteristics of language.

–  incompatible characteristics=paradox

Paragraph C

In this paragraph, the writer refers to “…barely three dozen measly morsels of sound”. “In themselves, these configurations of mouth – p, f, b, v, t, d, k, sh, a, e and so on – amount to nothing […] But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine , let it arrange them in some very special orders , and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do : from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe.” This means that if these sounds are organised, they can convey a huge range of meaning.

–  organised ~ let it arrange them in some very special orders

Paragraph D

In this paragraph, the writer states that “The language machine allows just about everybody […] to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion. ” So, the correct heading of this paragraph is the universal ability to use language.

–  universal=just about everybody

Paragraph E

In this paragraph, the writer says that “Often, it is the only estrangement of foreign tongues , with their many exotic and outlandish features , that brings home the wonder of language’s design .” Then the writer takes an example of a Turkish word of breath-breaking length which English takes a whole sentence to say. So, the correct heading of this paragraph is differences between languages highlight their impressiveness.

Paragraph F

In this paragraph, the writer discusses Sumerian, which was the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago. But the most important point he makes in this paragraph is “even the absence of a sound has been enlisted to express something specific .”… “The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when carefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specific function.” So, the correct heading of this paragraph is even silence can be meaningful.

–  silence=absence of a sound

33. E (material)

Question: The wheel is one invention that has had a major impact on 33……………. aspects of life, but no impact has been as 34……………. as that of language.

Keywords: wheel, invention, impact, aspects

In the first paragraph, the writer states that “Other inventions – the wheel , agriculture, sliced bread – may have transformed our material existence , but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it .” This means that the wheel has had a major impact on material aspects of life, but no impact has been as important (fundamental) as that of language, because every other invention owes its origin to language – language is fundamental.

–  had a major impact on=transformed

–  aspects of life=existence

34. G (fundamental)

35. b (complex).

Question: Language is very 35……………., yet composed of just a small number of sounds.

In paragraph B, the writer argues that “In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication , yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity.” He refers to it as: “this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions…. ’ This means that language is very sophisticated , or complex.

–  a small number ~ twenty-five or thirty

–  complex ~ an infinite variety of expressions

36. F (easy)

Question: Language appears to be 36…………… to use. However, its sophistication is often overlooked.

Keywords: appears, sophistication, overlooked

In paragraph D, the writer claims that “The most extraordinary thing about language is that one doesn’t have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody […] to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion. ” This means that language appears to be easy to use.

Question: Human beings might have achieved their present position without language.

Keywords: present position, without language

In the first paragraph, the writer argues that “Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself .” So, the statement is false.

Question: The Port-Royal grammarians did justice to the nature of language.

Keywords: Port-Royal grammarians, justice

In paragraph B, the writer says that “This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language , and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement.” By summarising in beautiful words what language has enabled us to achieve, these grammarians did justice to its importance. So, the statement is true.

–  nature=essence

39. NOT GIVEN

Question: A complex idea can be explained more clearly in a sentence than in a single word.

Keywords: complex idea, clearly, sentence

In this passage, the writer does not mention whether a complex idea can be explained more clearly in a sentence than in a single word. Sentences are mentioned in paragraph E, but only to note that one word in Turkish requires a whole sentence in English to explain it. So, the statement is NOT GIVEN .

Question: The Sumerians were responsible for starting the recording of events.

Keywords: Sumerians, recording events

In paragraph F, the writer says that “And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history .” So, the statement is true.

–  recording of events=documentation of history

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Research Using Twins Ielts Answers and Questions

The Blog post contains the following IELTS Reading Questions :

• IELTS Reading Short Answers Questions
• IELTS Reading Matching Sentence Endings
• IELTS Reading Flowchart Completion

Stay informed and prepared for success – Explore our comprehensive Reading Test Info page to get valuable insights, exam format details, and expert tips for mastering the IELTS Reading section .

IELTS Reading Passage – Research Using Twins

Research Using Twins

Researchers in the biomedical field across the globe consider twins as a golden opportunity to unearth the interconnection between genes and the environment – of nature and nurture. It may be the genetic cause or differences between the young skin. However, since identical twins happen from a single fertilised egg that diverts it into two separate parts, they will have the exact same code of genetics. They might have any variations, like one of the twins having younger-looking skin. For instance, it must have been because of environmental aspects like absorbing fewer sun rays.

On the other hand, when we compare the experiences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who are from different eggs and have almost half of their DNA, it is quantifiable by researchers to what extent our genes impact our entire lives. When the identical twins are more similar compared to fraternal twins in terms of an ailment, they become more vulnerable to any disease as it becomes a part of their heredity.

These two different research – understanding the differences between identical twins to highlight the impact of environment, and making comparison of identical twins and fraternal ones to determine the influence of inheritance – being critical to know the inter-relation between nature and nurture in order to find out our personalities, illness, behaviour, and amount of vulnerability to any infection or disease.

The concept behind using twins to determine the impact of heredity goes back to 1875 when the English scientist Francis Galton first recommended that idea (and invented a term or the phrase ‘nature and nurture’) and considered a greater risk. However studies on twins lead to an astonishing twist during the 1980s, after introducing various studies into identical twins who were living separately after birth and reunited when they reached adulthood. For more than two decades, almost 137 twin people visited Thomas Bouchard’s research place that is advertised in newspapers. which later became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Besides that, many experiments were conducted on the twins, and each of them were asked more than 15,000 questions.

Bouchard and his associates made use of these tons of information to examine how far twins were impacted due to their genetic conditions. They handled a statistical concept known as heritability for their approach. Generally, the heritability trait calculates the differences between the population members and differences in their genetic background and illustrates it accordingly. At last, Bouchard and his coworkers found the unseen side of genetic influence that is useful for us to shape our lives genetically.

Twin studies have been a fortune for famous scientists to a radical new concept: that nature and nurture are not the only sources during the work. Recently, a research study called epigenetics found that there’s another factor that comes into play. Previously, one found that in some cases it serves as a connecting bridge between our genes and the environment. The second is that it performs on its own to be who we are.

In this epigenetic process, chemical reactions lead to neither nature nor nurture, but it reflects as a ‘third component’ as mentioned by researchers. Such reactions impact how our human genetics is represented: how each gene is enhanced or weakened, sometimes becoming on or off, to develop our brains, bones and other vital parts of the body.

If you imagine our DNA system as a piano keyboard, while the genes are keys, then each key will assign a separate segment of DNA in charge of a particular note, or trait, and all the keys join to get to know who we are all about. Based on that, epigenetic work helps us determine how and when each assigned key can be struck, and alter the rhythm that has been playing for a long time.

On one hand, the research on epigenetics has newly evolved our basic understanding of science, especially Biology by exhibiting a system through which the environment has a direct consequence on genes. Similarly, further study on animals, for instance, revealed that when a rat feels stressed at the time of pregnancy, it can lead to epigenetic changes in a foetus that causes behavioural issues since the mice develop. Interestingly, twins who had lived apart had similar traits. There are also other epigenetic processes that come at any time, whereas others have been normal, like those that guide embryonic cells as they later develop into different parts like a heart, brain, liver cells, etc. 

There was a famous geneticist, Danielle Reed who conducted research with more twin people to understand the epigenetic process, the genes activity, the internal influence and analysed deeply based on the inferences. However, it’s crystal clear when you learn what twins have shared with us until now. It was observed that numerous things are similar in nature and cannot be changed. Moreover, it’s clear that when you understand deeper, certain things are different between them. Epigenetics is pioneered for a lot of these contradictions, according to the researcher.  

Another distinguished researcher Reed with certain characteristics gives credit to Thomas Bouchard’s contribution to the present rise in studies related to twins. ‘He was the trailblazer’, she said. We did not remember 50 years ago components like various diseases were caused by poor lifestyle for measuring genetic influences. Likewise, Schizophrenia was due to poor mothering and lack of knowledge about nurturing. Twin studies opened new horizons mathematically that are more reflective of what people have inherently and what is developed based on experience. 

In addition to that, Reed explains the recent work in epigenetics guarantees to take our capacity of understanding to the next level. She said that nature determines some things in pencil and some things in pen. Whatever is written in pen can’t be changed. And that’s our DNA. But whatever is written in pencil can be changed. And that’s called epigenetics. Now we can review the DNA and find out where the pencil writings are, that seems to be a whole new entity.

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Research Using Twins Reading Questions

Questions 1 – 5

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

• Identical twins come from? 
• Who was the famous geneticist conducting research with many twins? 
• What Reed said about Thomas Bouchard? 
• With twins, many things were similar and whether it is changeable or not? 
• Schizophrenia is due to? 

Questions 6 – 10

Complete each sentence with the correct ending

Write the correct letter A – E in boxes

6. Twin studies opened new horizons that are  7. Bouchard and his coworkers found the unseen side of genetic  8. 137 twins visited Thomas Bouchard’s place  9. In this epigenetic process 10. If you imagine our DNA system as a piano keyboard

•  known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart.
• Chemical reactions lead to neither nature nor nurture.
• genes are keys.
• More reflective of what people have inherently.
• Useful for us to shape our lives genetically.

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Questions 11 – 13

Complete the flowchart below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

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Research Using Twins Reading Answers

1. Answer: Same fertilised-egg  2. Answer: Danielle Reed 3. Answer: Trailblazer 4. Answer: Not changed 5. Answer: Poor mothering 6. Answer: D 7. Answer: E 8. Answer: A 9. Answer: B 10. Answer: C 11. Answer: Heart 12. Answer: Lifestyle 13. Answer: Epigenetics

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Research Using Twins Reading Answers: Let’s Practice the IELTS Reading Answers for the IELTS Exam!

If you are an aspirant for the IELTS exam, read the passage given in this article and try to answer the questions given below to get perfect in this section. Check the IELTS reading answers on research using twins’ reading answers.

Also Read: Of Ducks and Duck Eggs IELTS Reading Answers: Reading Passages that Will Help You Crack IELTS

Research Using Twins Reading Answers: IELTS Reading Answers Sample

To biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment – of nature and nurture. Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them -one twin having younger-looking skin, for example – must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun. Alternatively, by comparing the experiences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who come from separate eggs and share on average half their DNA, researchers can quantify the extent to which our genes affect our lives. If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.

These two lines of research – studying the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of the environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance – have been crucial to understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, and vulnerability to disease. The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875 when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’). But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard’s lab in what became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Numerous tests were carried out on the twins, and they were each asked more than 15,000 questions. Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. In broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among members of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics. And wherever Bouchard and other scientists looked, it seemed, they found the invisible hand of genetic influence helping to shape our lives. –> Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth.

Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, and in others operates on its own to shape who we are. Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but represent what researchers have called a ‘third component’. These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains, and all the other parts of our bodies.

Also Read: Rapid Police Response IELTS Reading Answers: Let’s Learn about the Reading Section in IELTS!

If you think of our DNA as an immense piano keyboard and our genes as the keys – each key symbolizing a segment of DNA responsible for a particular note, or trait, and all the keys combining to make us who we are – then epigenetic processes determine when and how each key can be struck, changing the tune being played. One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts genes. Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioural problems as the rodent grows up. Other epigenetic processes appear to occur randomly, while others are normal, such as those that guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, or liver cells, for example. Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins over the years and thought deeply about what twin studies have taught us. ‘It’s very clear when you look at twins that much of what they share is hardwired,’ she says. ‘Many things about them are absolutely the same and unalterable. But it’s also clear when you get to know them, that other things about them are different. Epigenetics is the origin of a lot of those differences, in my view.’

Reed credits Thomas Bouchard’s work for today’s surge in twin studies. ‘He was the trailblazer,’ she says. “We forget that 50 years ago things like heart disease were thought to be caused entirely by lifestyle. Schizophrenia was thought to be due to poor mothering. Twin studies have allowed us to be more reflective about what people are actually born with and what’s caused by experience.’ Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further. ‘What I like to say is that nature writes some things in pencil and some things in pen,’ she says. ‘Things are written in pen you can’t change. That’s DNA. But things are written in pencil you can. That’s epigenetics. Now that we’re actually able to look at the DNA and see where the pencil writings are, it’s sort of a whole new world.’ Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins.

Also Read: The Mozart Effect Reading Answer: IELTS Reading Answers with Preparation and Tips

Questions Related to IELTS Reading Passage

Question number one.

Following are a few statements given from the passage above . You have to check the answers from the passage and write them correctly.

#1. Twin studies took a surprising twist in the ________, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults.

Answer: 1980s

#2. The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to ________.

Answer: 1875

#3. ____________ was thought to be due to poor mothering.

Answer: Schizophrenia

#4. ________________ are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a ‘third component’.

Answer: Epigenetic processes

Question Number Two

Look at the statements below and after reading them, write TRUE or FALSE in front of them.

TRUE – If the statement agrees with the information that is given above in the passage.

FALSE – If the statement disagrees with the information that is given above in the passage.

#1. Geneticist John Daniel has worked with many twins over the years and thought deeply about what twin studies have taught us.

Answer: FALSE

#2. Reed credits Thomas Bouchard’s work for today’s surge in twin studies.

Answer: TRUE

#3. According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes

#4. Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins.

Also Read: Intelligence and Giftedness IELTS Reading Answers Topic: Practise Questions & Answers for IELTS 2022

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‘Research using twins’- Reading Answer Explanation- CAM – 11

Here are explanations of the Questions of passage named, ‘Research using twins’ which is from the Cambridge 11 book. The Questions that have been asked are ‘True/False/Not Given’ and ‘Blanks’. You will find the locations of the Reading Answers, Keywords( highlighted and underlined) and justifications.

READING PASSAGE 1: Research using twins

Questions 1-4

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

In boxes  1-4  on your answer sheet, write

TRUE                 if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE                if the statement contradicts the information

NOT   GIVEN      if there is no information on this

1.   There may be genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks.

Location: 1 st paragraph

Explanation: The main keyword is ‘skin’ and it is there in the last line of the paragraph. ‘Any differences between them -one twin having younger looking skin, for example – must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun…’Here, the question statement contradicts the passage statement. There are environmental factors responsible for differences not genetic factors. Thus, the answer is False.

Answer: False

2.   Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins.

Location: 2 nd paragraph

Explanation: Though the writer states the comparison between identical and fraternal twins in the second paragraph. ‘Alternatively, by comparing the experiences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who come from separate eggs and share on average half their DNA…’ But there is no comparison between twins and non- twins. Thus, no information available.

Answer: Not Given

3.    Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth.

Location: 4 th paragraph

Explanation: The main keyword ‘Bouchard’ helps to locate an answer in the second line of the paragraph. ‘But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults…’Though the writer states about the twins who had been separated. But there is no information regarding advertisement in newspaper. Thus, no information available.

4.    Epigenetic processes are different from both genetic and environmental processes.

Location: 6 th paragraph

Explanation: The main keyword ‘epigenetic’ helps to find an answer in the second line of the paragraph. ‘According to a recent field called epigenetic, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes… Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture…’Here, the writer means that epigenetic processes are neither genetic nor environmental. Thus, it acts as a bridge between the environment and genes.

Answer: True

Questions 5-9

Look at the following statements (Questions  5-9 ) and the list of researchers below.

Match each statement with the correct researcher,  A ,  B  or  C .

Write the correct letter,  A ,  B  or  C , in boxes  5-9  on your answer sheet.

NB     You may use any letter more than once.

List of Researchers

A      Francis Galton

B      Thomas Bouchard

C      Danielie Reed

5.   invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting human characteristics

Explanation: The answer to this question is in the beginning of the paragraph. ‘The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’)…’ Here, ‘invented a term’ and ‘coined the phrase’ means the same. Thus, the answer is very clear.

6.   expressed the view that the study of epigenetics will increase our knowledge

Location: Last paragraph

Explanation: The location of the answer is in the first line of the paragraph. ‘Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further…’Here, ‘understanding’ and ‘knowledge’ means the same. Moreover, ‘further’ and ‘increase’ are synonyms.

7.  developed a mathematical method of measuring genetic influences

Location: 5 th paragraph

Explanation: The answer to this question is in the second line of the paragraph. ‘The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. in broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among members of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics…’Here, ‘statistical concept’ refers to ‘mathematical method’. Furthermore, the writer states about the measuring genetic influences in the give statement.

8.    pioneered research into genetics using twins

Location:  4 th paragraph

Explanation: The answer to this question is in the first line of the paragraph. ‘The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’)…’Here, scientist ‘first suggested’ means that was the pioneer (first person) to measure the influence of heredity using twins. Here, ‘heredity’ is related to ‘genetics’. Thus, the answer is A.

9.  carried out research into twins who had lived apart

Location: 4 th paragraph (Second line)

Explanation: The location of the answer is again in the same paragraph. ‘with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults…’ Here, ‘carried out research’ has been written as ‘arrival of studies’ in the paragraph. Moreover, ‘lived apart’ and ‘separated at birth’ means the same.

Questions 10-13

Complete the summary using the list of words,  A-F , below.

Write the correct letter,  A-F , in boxes  10-13  on your answer sheet.

Epigenetic processes

In epigenetic processes,  10 ……………. influence the activity of our genes, for example in creating our internal  11 …………..

Location: 7 th paragraph

Explanation: The answer to this question lies in the whole paragraph. ‘Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture…how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all the other parts of our bodies…’Here, chemical reactions influence the creation of internal body parts. Thus, ‘parts of our bodies’ means ‘organs’.

Answer: (10) D (Chemicals)

              (11)  B (Organs)

The study of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genes can be affected by our  12 …………….

Location: 9 th paragraph (First line)

Explanation: The writer states, ‘One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes…’ Here, ‘uncovering way’ = ‘revealing’ ; ‘affected= ‘impact’. Hence, the answer is E.

Answer: E (environment)

One example is that if a pregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may later show problems in its  13 ……………….

Location: 9 th paragraph

Explanation: The main keyword ‘pregnant rat’ helps to locate an answer in the second line of the paragraph. ‘Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up…’Here, this statement clarifies that rat may later lead to behavioral problems.

A      nurture                 B      organs                   C      code

D      chemicals             E      environment         F      behaviour/behavior

‘Preface to ‘How the other half think: Adventures in mathematical reasoning’’- Reading Answer Explanation – CAM – 11 

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Research Using Twins Reading Answers

Updated On Mar 08, 2022

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Research Using Twins Reading Answers: IELTS Reading Practice Test

Updated on Apr 11, 2024, 09:58

Research using twins is a fascinating area of study that has gained significant attention in recent years. In this IELTS reading practice test, you will encounter a passage that delves into how twins are used in research.

From exploring the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to certain traits and conditions to investigating the impact of upbringing on behaviour and personality, the passage provides a thought-provoking look at the power of twin studies. So, prepare to dive in and sharpen your reading skills with this engaging practice test!

On This Page

1. Research Using Twins Reading Passage

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 based on Reading Passage 1 below.

2. Research Using Twins Reading Questions & Answers

Have you read the passage? Now, take the test and find Research Using Twins Reading answers! Try to answer these questions by yourself before you sneak a peek at the answers given below. 

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Research Using Twins Reading Passage

• Pay attention to the instructions given before the questions. Read it carefully and understand what’s being asked of you.
• The reading passages are typically ordered with slightly increasing difficulty levels. To save time, try to answer the most challenging parts first.
• Keep an eye on the clock. Every IELTS Exam centre has a clock on the wall. Watch it to stay ahead of your time limit.
• Use skimming and scanning techniques and scan for keywords to answer questions.

Research Using Twins

Paragraph 1

Researchers in the biomedical field across the globe consider twins as a golden opportunity to unearth the interconnection between genes and the environment - of nature and nurture. It may be the genetic cause or differences between the young skin. However, since identical twins happen from a single fertilised egg that diverts it into two separate parts, they will have the exact same code of genetics. They might have any variations, like one of the twins having younger-looking skin. For instance, it must have been because of environmental aspects like absorbing fewer sun rays.  

Paragraph 2

On the other hand, when we compare the experiences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who are from different eggs and have almost half of their DNA, it is quantifiable by researchers to what extent our genes impact our entire lives. When the identical twins are more similar compared to fraternal twins in terms of an ailment, they become more vulnerable to any disease as it becomes a part of their heredity.  

Paragraph 3

These two different research - understanding the differences between identical twins to highlight the impact of environment, and making comparison of identical twins and fraternal ones to determine the influence of inheritance - being critical to know the inter-relation between nature and nurture in order to find out our personalities, illness, behaviour, and amount of vulnerability to any infection or disease.

Paragraph 4

The concept behind using twins to determine the impact of heredity goes back to 1875 when the English scientist Francis Galton first recommended that idea (and invented a term or the phrase 'nature and nurture') and considered a greater risk. However studies on twins lead to an astonishing twist during the 1980s, after introducing various studies into identical twins who were living separately after birth and reunited when they reached adulthood. For more than two decades, almost 137 twin people visited Thomas Bouchard's research place that is advertised in newspapers. which later became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Besides that, many experiments were conducted on the twins, and each of them were asked more than 15,000 questions.

Paragraph 5

Bouchard and his associates made use of these tons of information to examine how far twins were impacted due to their genetic conditions. They handled a statistical concept known as heritability for their approach. Generally, the heritability trait calculates the differences between the population members and differences in their genetic background and illustrates it accordingly. At last, Bouchard and his coworkers found the unseen side of genetic influence that is useful for us to shape our lives genetically.  

Paragraph 6

Twin studies have been a fortune for famous scientists to a radical new concept: that nature and nurture are not the only sources during the work. Recently, a research study called epigenetics found that there's another factor that comes into play. Previously, one found that in some cases it serves as a connecting bridge between our genes and the environment. The second is that it performs on its own to be who we are.

Paragraph 7

In this epigenetic process, chemical reactions lead to neither nature nor nurture, but it reflects as a 'third component' as mentioned by researchers. Such reactions impact how our human genetics is represented: how each gene is enhanced or weakened, sometimes becoming on or off, to develop our brains, bones and other vital parts of the body.  

Paragraph 8

If you imagine our DNA system as a piano keyboard, while the genes are keys, then each key will assign a separate segment of DNA in charge of a particular note, or trait, and all the keys join to get to know who we are all about. Based on that, epigenetic work helps us determine how and when each assigned key can be struck, and alter the rhythm that has been playing for a long time.  

Paragraph 9

On one hand, the research on epigenetics has newly evolved our basic understanding of science, especially Biology by exhibiting a system through which the environment has a direct consequence on genes. Similarly, further study on animals, for instance, revealed that when a rat feels stressed at the time of pregnancy, it can lead to epigenetic changes in a foetus that causes behavioural issues since the mice develop. Interestingly, twins who had lived apart had similar traits. There are also other epigenetic processes that come at any time, whereas others have been normal, like those that guide embryonic cells as they later develop into different parts like a heart, brain, liver cells, etc. 

Paragraph 10

There was a famous geneticist, Danielle Reed who conducted research with more twin people to understand the epigenetic process, the genes activity, the internal influence and analysed deeply based on the inferences. However, it's crystal clear when you learn what twins have shared with us until now. It was observed that numerous things are similar in nature and cannot be changed. Moreover, it's clear that when you understand deeper, certain things are different between them. Epigenetics is pioneered for a lot of these contradictions, according to the researcher.  

Paragraph 11

Another distinguished researcher Reed with certain characteristics gives credit to Thomas Bouchard's contribution to the present rise in studies related to twins. 'He was the trailblazer', she said. We did not remember 50 years ago components like various diseases were caused by poor lifestyle for measuring genetic influences. Likewise, Schizophrenia was due to poor mothering and lack of knowledge about nurturing. Twin studies opened new horizons mathematically that are more reflective of what people have inherently and what is developed based on experience. 

Paragraph 12

In addition to that, Reed explains the recent work in epigenetics guarantees to take our capacity of understanding to the next level. She said that nature determines some things in pencil and some things in pen. Whatever is written in pen can't be changed. And that's our DNA. But whatever is written in pencil can be changed. And that's called epigenetics. Now we can review the DNA and find out where the pencil writings are, that seems to be a whole new entity.

Research Using Twins Reading Questions & Answers

Have you read the passage? Now, take the test and find Research Using Twins Reading answers!   

Leap to Learn: Tip of the Moment!

Remember, most of these questions follow the order of the passage, so it’s easy to trace back if you look through the paragraphs sequentially.

Try to answer these questions by yourself before you sneak a peek at the answers given below.   

Good luck! 

Questions and Answers 1-5

• Answer the questions below.
• Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
• Identical twins come from? 
• Who was the famous geneticist conducting research with many twins? 
• What Reed said about Thomas Bouchard? 
• With twins, many things were similar and whether it is changeable or not? 
• Schizophrenia is due to?  

Research Using Twins Reading Answers with Explanations (1-5)

Type of question: Short answer 

In this task, you will be given a set of questions with missing information, typically sentences with blank spaces. You must complete each statement with one word or phrase (as instructed). 

How to answer:  

• Read the questions first to understand what information you need to look for in the passage
• Skim the passage and look for keywords 
• You may have to look for synonyms or paraphrases to locate the answer 
• Verify your answers and finalise them

From paragraph 1:  ‘However, since identical twins happen from a single fertilised egg that diverts it into two separate parts, they will have the exact same code of genetics.’  

Same fertilised egg, single, fertilised, egg  

Explanation

The fact that identical twins have the same genetic code is truly remarkable. It demonstrates the incredible complexity and precision of the human body. This knowledge can also be used for medical advancements, as identical twins can be studied to understand genetic disorders and diseases better. 

From paragraph 10:  ‘There was a famous geneticist, Danielle Reed who conducted research with more twin people to understand the epigenetic process, the genes activity, the internal influence and analysed deeply based on the inferences.’  

Danielle Reed, twins, medical  

Geneticist Danielle Reed has conducted groundbreaking research on twins, analysing their genetic code and drawing inferences from her findings. Her work has contributed greatly to our understanding of genetics and has the potential for medical breakthroughs.

From paragraph 11:  ‘'He was the trailblazer', she said. We did not remember 50 years ago components like various diseases were caused by poor lifestyle for measuring genetic influences.’  

Trailblazer, Thomas Bouchard, twins, genetics  

Danielle Reed credits Thomas Bouchard as a trailblazer in the study of twins, whose contributions have been instrumental in the current rise of twin studies. His work has paved the way for future research and has contributed significantly to our understanding of genetics and the human body.

From paragraph 10:  ‘However, it's crystal clear when you learn what twins have shared with us until now. It was observed that numerous things are similar in nature and cannot be changed.’  

Not changed, genetic, identical twins  

Many things in nature are inherently similar and cannot be changed . From the genetic makeup of identical twins to the laws of physics, these similarities remind us of the complexity and beauty of the natural world. 

From paragraph 11:  ‘Likewise, Schizophrenia was due to poor mothering and lack of knowledge about nurturing.’  

Poor mothering, schizophrenia, knowledge

In the past, schizophrenia was often blamed on poor mothering and lack of nurturing. However, this theory has been largely discredited, and we now understand that schizophrenia is a complex condition with a variety of causes, including genetic and environmental factors.

Questions and Answers 6-10

• Complete each sentence with the correct ending
• Write the correct letter A - E in boxes

6. Twin studies opened new horizons that are  7. Bouchard and his coworkers found the unseen side of genetic  8. 137 twins visited Thomas Bouchard's place  9. In this epigenetic process  10. If you imagine our DNA system as a piano keyboard

•  known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart.
• Chemical reactions lead to neither nature nor nurture.
• genes are keys.
• More reflective of what people have inherently.
• Useful for us to shape our lives genetically.

Research Using Twins Reading Answers with Explanations (6-10)

Type of question: Matching sentence endings

In this question type, you will be given incomplete sentences, and you will have to complete the end of the sentence by selecting suitable words or phrases from the given list. 

• Skim through the incomplete sentences to get an idea of the context
• Recognise keywords in each sentence
• Scan your list of options and look for the keywords
• Verify the context and check if the word flows with the rest of the sentence 
• Finalise your answers

From paragraph 11:  ‘ Twin studies opened new horizons mathematically that are more reflective of what people have inherently and what is developed based on experience. ‘

Twin studies, genetics, development  

Twin studies have revealed the interplay between genetics and experience in human development. This has led to a more nuanced understanding of various traits and behaviours and has the potential to inform fields from psychology to medicine.

From paragraph 5:  ‘At last, Bouchard and his coworkers found the unseen side of genetic influence that is useful for us to shape our lives genetically.’  

Thomas Bouchard, genetic, shedding, genes  

Thomas Bouchard and his coworkers have uncovered the hidden side of genetic influence, shedding light on how our genes shape our lives. By understanding the genetic basis of various traits and behaviours, we can make more informed decisions about our lives and better understand the factors contributing to our differences.

From paragraph 4:  ‘For more than two decades, almost 137 twin people visited Thomas Bouchard's research place that is advertised in newspapers.’  

137 twins, Thomas Bouchard’s, advertise  

The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, with nearly 137 twin individuals, has been a landmark study in twin research. It has advanced our understanding of the interplay between genetics and environment in human development.  

From paragraph 7:  ‘In this epigenetic process, chemical reactions lead to neither nature nor nurture, but it reflects as a 'third component' as mentioned by researchers.’  

Epigenetic, process, chemical reactions   

Epigenetics is considered a 'third component' beyond nature vs. nurture. Chemical reactions can influence gene expression without changing the DNA sequence, revealing the complex interplay between genetics and the environment.

From paragraph 8:  ‘If you imagine our DNA system as a piano keyboard, while the genes are keys, then each key will assign a separate segment of DNA in charge of a particular note, or trait, and all the keys join to get to know who we are all about.’

DNA system, piano keyboard, separate, segment

Our DNA can be compared to a piano keyboard, with each key representing a segment responsible for a particular trait. Together, they determine who we are. The interplay of genes and environment results in the beautiful diversity of humanity.

Questions and Answers 11-13

• Complete the flowchart below.
• Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Research Using Twins Reading Answers with Explanations (11-13)

Type of question: Flowchart completion

In flow-chart completion tasks, you must complete the diagram or flow chart by filling in the missing information.   

• Break the flowchart structure into segments and analyse what it’s trying to say
• Read the questions 
• Skim the passage and look for key phrases from the flowchart
• Once you identify the missing information, refer back to the question to check if it’s right

From paragraph 9:  ‘ There are also other epigenetic processes that come at any time, whereas others have been normal, like those that guide embryonic cells as they later develop into different parts like a heart, brain, liver cells, etc.’

Heart, Embryonic cells, genetic  

Embryonic cells can differentiate into various cell types essential for proper human development. Genetic and environmental factors influence this complex process.

From paragraph 11:  ‘We did not remember 50 years ago components like various diseases were caused by poor lifestyle for measuring genetic influences.’  

Lifestyle, 50 years, genetics  

Fifty years ago, the link between poor lifestyle choices and diseases was poorly understood. Today, we recognise the importance of adopting healthy habits to reduce disease risk and improve our quality of life.

From paragraph 6:  ‘Recently, a research study called epigenetics found that there's another factor that comes into play.’  

Epigenetics, research, DNA sequence, environmental factors  

Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. This means environmental factors and lifestyle choices can influence genetic expression, giving us the power to change our health through healthy habits positively.

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Q. What is an IELTS Reading test?

Ans.  The IELTS Reading test is a component of the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) exam, designed to assess a person's proficiency in the English language. The Reading test evaluates a candidate's reading comprehension skills and consists of passages from academic and general interest texts. The test taker must answer questions about the passages' content, structure, and vocabulary. The test is typically 60 minutes long and includes 40 questions.

Q. How long is the IELTS Reading test?

Ans.  The IELTS Reading test is typically 60 minutes long. During this time, you must read passages from academic and general interest texts and answer 40 questions about the passages' content, structure, and vocabulary. It is essential to manage your time effectively during the test to ensure that you have enough time to read each passage and answer all the questions.

Q. How many passages are there in the IELTS Reading test?

Ans.  The IELTS Reading test typically consists of three passages, each with its own questions. The passages are taken from academic and general interest texts, and the questions are designed to test a candidate's reading comprehension skills. Each passage is followed by 13 to 14 questions, totalling 40 questions for the entire test.

Q. What types of questions are included in the IELTS Reading test?

Ans.  The IELTS Reading test includes 40 questions about three passages from academic and general interest texts. The test consists of various question types, such as multiple choice, matching, sentence completion, summary completion, note completion, diagram labelling, and short answer questions. The questions are designed to test a candidate's reading comprehension skills, including their ability to understand the passages' content, structure, and vocabulary.

Q. How is the IELTS Reading test scored?

Ans.  The IELTS Reading test is scored on a scale of 0 to 9 based on a candidate's overall performance. Each correct answer is awarded one point, and there is no penalty for incorrect answers. The band score reflects a candidate's ability to read and understand complex texts in English, and it is used by universities, colleges, and other organisations to assess a candidate's English language proficiency.

Q. Are spelling mistakes penalised for the IELTS Reading test?

Ans.  Spelling mistakes are penalised in the IELTS Reading test. If you spell a word incorrectly, you will lose marks for that question, even if your answer is correct. Therefore, it is important to double-check your spelling before moving on to the next question. If you are unsure of the spelling of a word, try to write it in a way that looks correct or use synonyms to avoid spelling errors.

Q. Is grammar necessary for the IELTS Reading test?

Ans.  While the IELTS Reading test primarily assesses your reading comprehension skills, grammar is still an important aspect of the test. The test assesses your ability to understand and use grammar structures in context and communicate effectively in writing. In addition, the Grammatical Range and Accuracy criterion is one of the four criteria used to determine your overall score in the IELTS Reading test.

Q. Can I retake the IELTS Reading test alone?

Ans.  No, you cannot retake the IELTS Reading test alone. The IELTS test assesses all four language skills (listening, reading, writing, and speaking), and you must take all four tests together. If you want to retake the Reading test, you must retake the entire IELTS test. It is important to note that your scores are valid for two years from your test date, and you cannot choose to retake only one section of the test to improve your score.

Q. What are good tips/practices for IELTS Reading preparation?

Ans.  Good tips for IELTS Reading preparation include familiarising yourself with the test format, reading widely, practising regularly, using a timer, building vocabulary, taking notes, reviewing grammar rules, focusing on main ideas, and double-checking your answers.

Q. What is a good score for my IELTS Reading module?

Ans.  A good score for the IELTS Reading module depends on the institution or organisation you are applying to. Generally, a score of 6.5 or higher is considered a good score. However, some institutions may require a higher score, such as 7.0 or 7.5. It is important to check the requirements of the institution or organisation you are applying to and aim to achieve the score they require.

Q. What is the average score for the IELTS Reading test?

Ans.  The average score for the IELTS Reading test varies depending on the region and the purpose for which it is being taken. Generally, a score of 6.0 is considered an average score. However, remember that the average score can vary depending on the institution or organisation you are applying to, as some may require a higher score.

Cambridge IELTS 11 Academic Reading Test 4 with Answers

Cambridge ielts 11 academic reading test 4, reading passage 1.

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13  which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Research using twins

To biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment – of nature and nurture. Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them -one twin having younger looking skin, for example – must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun.

Alternatively, by comparing the experiences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who come from separate eggs and share on average half their DNA, researchers can quantify the extent to which our genes affect our lives. If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.

These two lines of research – studying the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance – have been crucial to understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, and vulnerability to disease.

The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’). But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard’s lab in what became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Numerous tests were carried out on the twins, and they were each asked more than 15,000 questions.

Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. in broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among members of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics. And wherever Bouchard and other scientists looked, it seemed, they found the invisible hand of genetic influence helping to shape our lives.

Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, and in others operates on its own to shape who we are.

Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a ‘third component’. These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all the other parts of our bodies.

If you think of our DNA as an immense piano keyboard and our genes as the keys – each key symbolizing a segment of DNA responsible for a particular note, or trait, and all the keys combining to make us who we are – then epigenetic processes determine when and how each key can be struck, changing the tune being played.

One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes. Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up. Other epigenetic processes appear to occur randomly, while others are normal, such as those that guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, or liver cells, for example.

Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins over the years and thought deeply about what twin studies have taught us. ‘It’s very clear when you look at twins that much of what they share is hardwired,’ she says. ‘Many things about them are absolutely the same and unalterable. But it’s also clear, when you get to know them, that other things about them are different. Epigenetics is the origin of a lot of those differences, in my view.’

Reed credits Thomas Bouchard’s work for today’s surge in twin studies. ‘He was the trailblazer,’ she says. ‘We forget that 50 years ago things like heart disease were thought to be caused entirely by lifestyle. Schizophrenia was thought to be due to poor mothering. Twin studies have allowed us to be more reflective about what people are actually born with and what’s caused by experience.’

Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further. ‘What I like to say is that nature writes some things in pencil and some things in pen,’ she says. ‘Things written in pen you can’t change. That’s DNA. But things written in pencil you can. That’s epigenetics. Now that we’re actually able to look at the DNA and see where the pencil writings are, it’s sort of a whole new world.’

Questions 1-4

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE                 if the statement agrees with the information FALSE                if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN     if there is no information on this

1    There may be genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks.

2    Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins.

3    Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth.

4    Epigenetic processes are different from both genetic and environmental processes.

Questions 5-9

Look at the following statements (Questions 5-9 ) and the list of researchers below.

Match each statement with the correct researcher, A , B or C .

Write the correct letter, A , B or C , in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.

NB    You may use any letter more than once.

List of Researchers

A     Francis Galton

B     Thomas Bouchard

C     Danielie Reed

5    invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting human characteristics

6    expressed the view that the study of epigenetics will increase our knowledge

7    developed a mathematical method of measuring genetic influences

8    pioneered research into genetics using twins

9    carried out research into twins who had lived apart

Questions 10-13

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-F , below.

Write the correct letter, A-F , in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

Epigenetic processes

In epigenetic processes, 10 ……………. influence the activity of our genes, for example in creating our internal 11 ………….. The study of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genes can be affected by our 12 ……………. One example is that if a pregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may later show problems in its 13 ……………….

A     nurture                B     organs                  C     code

D      chemicals             E     environment        F     behaviour/behavior

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26  which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

An Introduction to Film Sound

Though we might think of film as an essentially visual experience, we really cannot afford to underestimate the importance of film sound. A meaningful sound track is often as complicated as the image on the screen, and is ultimately just as much the responsibility of the director. The entire sound track consists of three essential ingredients: the human voice, sound effects and music. These three tracks must be mixed and balanced so as to produce the necessary emphases which in turn create desired effects. Topics which essentially refer to the three previously mentioned tracks are discussed below. They include dialogue, synchronous and asynchronous sound effects, and music.

Let us start with dialogue. As is the case with stage drama, dialogue serves to tell the story and expresses feelings and motivations of characters as well. Often with film characterization the audience perceives little or no difference between the character and the actor. Thus, for example, the actor Humphrey Bogart is the character Sam Spade; film personality and life personality seem to merge. Perhaps this is because the very texture of a performer’s voice supplies an element of character.

When voice textures fit the performer’s physiognomy and gestures, a whole and very realistic persona emerges. The viewer sees not an actor working at his craft, but another human being struggling with life. It is interesting to note that how dialogue is used and the very amount of dialogue used varies widely among films. For example, in the highly successful science-fiction film 2001, little dialogue was evident, and most of it was banal and of little intrinsic interest. In this way the film-maker was able to portray what Thomas Sobochack and Vivian Sobochack call, in An Introduction to Film , the ‘inadequacy of human responses when compared with the magnificent technology created by man and the visual beauties of the universe’.

The comedy Bringing Up Baby , on the other hand, presents practically non-stop dialogue delivered at breakneck speed. This use of dialogue underscores not only the dizzy quality of the character played by Katherine Hepburn, but also the absurdity of the film itself and thus its humor. The audience is bounced from gag to gag and conversation to conversation; there is no time for audience reflection. The audience is caught up in a whirlwind of activity in simply managing to follow the plot. This film presents pure escapism – largely due to its frenetic dialogue.

Synchronous sound effects are those sounds which are synchronized or matched with what is viewed. For example, if the film portrays a character playing the piano, the sounds of the piano are projected. Synchronous sounds contribute to the realism of film and also help to create a particular atmosphere. For example, the ‘click’ of a door being opened may simply serve to convince the audience that the image portrayed is real, and the audience may only subconsciously note the expected sound. However, if the ‘click’ of an opening door is part of an ominous action such as a burglary, the sound mixer may call attention to the ‘click’ with an increase in volume; this helps to engage the audience in a moment of suspense.

Asynchronous sound effects, on the other hand, are not matched with a visible source of the sound on screen. Such sounds are included so as to provide an appropriate emotional nuance, and they may also add to the realism of the film. For example, a film-maker might opt to include the background sound of an ambulance’s siren while the foreground sound and image portrays an arguing couple. The asynchronous ambulance siren underscores the psychic injury incurred in the argument; at the same time the noise of the siren adds to the realism of the film by acknowledging the film’s city setting.

We are probably all familiar with background music in films, which has become so ubiquitous as to be noticeable in its absence. We are aware that it is used to add emotion and rhythm. Usually not meant to be noticeable, it often provides a tone or an emotional attitude toward the story and /or the characters depicted. In addition, background music often foreshadows a change in mood. For example, dissonant music may be used in film to indicate an approaching (but not yet visible) menace or disaster.

Background music may aid viewer understanding by linking scenes. For example, a particular musical theme associated with an individual character or situation may be repeated at various points in a film in order to remind the audience of salient motifs or ideas.

Film sound comprises conventions and innovations. We have come to expect an acceleration of music during car chases and creaky doors in horror films. Yet, it is important to note as well that sound is often brilliantly conceived. The effects of sound are often largely subtle and often are noted by only our subconscious minds. We need to foster an awareness of film sound as well as film space so as to truly appreciate an art form that sprang to life during the twentieth century – the modern film.

Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter, A , B , C or D .

Write the correct letter in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

14     In the first paragraph, the writer makes a point that

A   the director should plan the sound track at an early stage in filming. B   it would be wrong to overlook the contribution of sound to the artistry of films. C   the music industry can have a beneficial influence on sound in film. D    it is important for those working on the sound in a film to have sole responsibility for it.

15     One reason that the writer refers to Humphrey Bogart is to exemplify

A    the importance of the actor and the character appearing to have similar personalities. B    the audience’s wish that actors are visually appropriate for their roles. C    the value of the actor having had similar feelings to the character. D    the audience’s preference for dialogue to be as authentic as possible.

16     In the third paragraph, the writer suggests that

A    audiences are likely to be critical of film dialogue that does not reflect their own experience. B    film dialogue that appears to be dull may have a specific purpose. C    filmmakers vary considerably in the skill with which they handle dialogue. D    the most successful films are those with dialogue of a high Quality.

17     What does the writer suggest about Bringing Up

A    The plot suffers from the filmmaker’s wish to focus on humorous dialogue. B   The dialogue helps to make it one of the best comedy films ever produced. C   There is a mismatch between the speed of the dialogue and the speed of actions. D   The nature of the dialogue emphasises key elements of the film.

18     The writer refers to the ‘click’ of a door to make the point that realistic sounds

A   are often used to give the audience a false impression of events in the film. B    may be interpreted in different ways by different members of the audience. C   may be modified in order to manipulate the audience’s response to the film. D    tend to be more significant in films presenting realistic situations.

Questions 19-23

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE                if the statement agrees with the information FALSE              if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN     if there is no information on this

19    Audiences are likely to be surprised if a film lacks background music.

20    Background music may anticipate a development in a film.

21    Background music has more effect on some people than on others.

22    Background music may help the audience to make certain connections within the film.

23    Audiences tend to be aware of how the background music is affecting them.

Questions 24-26

Complete each sentence with the correct letter below.

Write the correct letter, A-E , in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

24     The audience’s response to different parts of a film can be controlled

25     The feelings and motivations of characters become clear

26     A character seems to be a real person rather than an actor

A     when the audience listens to the dialogue.

B      if the film reflects the audience’s own concerns.

C     if voice, sound and music are combined appropriately.

D     when the director is aware of how the audience will respond.

E     when the actor s appearance, voice and moves are consistent with each other.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

‘This Marvellous Invention’

Of all mankind’s manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions -the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread – may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself.

But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: ‘this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul’ This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement. Even so, there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to languages unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity. Language is mankind s greatest invention – except, of course, that it was never invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets.

Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations of mouth p,f,b,v,t,d,k,g,sh,a,e and so on – amount to nothing more than a few haphazard spits and splutters, random noises with no meaning, no ability to express, no power to explain. But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe.

The most extraordinary thing about language, however, is that one doesn’t have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody from pre-modern foragers in the subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl – to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion. Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success, since in everyday life its triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that must have gone into making it tick. Language conceals art.

Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, with their many exotic and outlandish features, that brings home the wonder of languages design. One of the showiest stunts that some languages can pull off is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking length, and thus express in one word what English takes a whole sentence to say. The Turkish word çehirliliçtiremediklerimizdensiniz , to take one example, means nothing less than ‘you are one of those whom we can’t turn into a town-dweller’. (In case you were wondering, this monstrosity really is one word, not merely many different words squashed together – most ol its components cannot even stand up on their own.)

And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history. A Sumerian word like munintuma’a (‘when he had made it suitable for her’) might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish colossus above. What is so impressive about it, however, is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse – the thrifty compactness of its construction. The word is made up of different slots, each corresponding to a particular portion of meaning. This sleek design allows single sounds to convey useful information, and in fact even the absence of a sound has been enlisted to express something specific. If you were to ask which bit in the Sumerian word corresponds to the pronoun ‘it’ in the English translation ‘when he had made it suitable for her’, then the answer would have to be nothing. Mind you, a very particular kind of nothing: the nothing that stands in the empty slot in the middle. The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when carefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specific function. Who could possibly have come up with such a nifty contraption?

Questions 27-32

Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F .

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-vii , in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i    Differences between languages highlight their impressiveness

ii     The way in which a few sounds are organised to convey a huge range of meaning

iii     Why the sounds used in different languages are not identical

iv     Apparently incompatible characteristics of language

v     Even silence can be meaningful

vi     Why language is the most important invention of all

vii     The universal ability to use language

27     Paragraph A 28     Paragraph B 29     Paragraph C 30     Paragraph D 31     Paragraph E 32     Paragraph F

Questions 33-36

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-G , below.

Write the correct letter, A-G , in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.

The importance of language

The wheel is one invention that has had a major impact on 33 ……………… aspects of life, but no impact has been as 34 ………………. as that of language. Language is very 35 …………………, yet composed of just a small number of sounds.

Language appears to be 36 ………………… to use. However, its sophistication is often overlooked.

A     difficult                B     complex               C     original

D     admired               E      material                F     easy

G     fundamental

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write

YES                   if the statement agrees with the views of the writer NO                    if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN     if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37    Human beings might have achieved their present position without language.

38    The Port-Royal grammarians did justice to the nature of language.

39    A complex idea can be explained more clearly in a sentence than in a single word.

40   The Sumerians were responsible for starting the recording of events.

Cambridge IELTS 11 Academic Reading Test 4 Answers

1. FALSE 2. NOT GIVEN 3. NOT GIVEN 4. TRUE 5. A 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. D 11. B 12. E 13. F 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. D 18. C 19. TRUE 20. TRUE

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Academic Reading # 200 - Research using twins

Research using twins.

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Research Using Twins: IELTS Reading Passage with Questions & Answers

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Updated on 09 February, 2024

Akansha Semwal

Study abroad expert.

Introduction:

Twin studies have long fascinated researchers, offering a unique lens through which to understand the complex interplay between genetics and environment. This IELTS reading passage delves into how twins have contributed to scientific knowledge, enabling learners to practice their comprehension skills through a series of questions.

Table of Contents

Questions & answers:, tips for cracking the ielts reading exam:, download e-books for ielts preparation.

Research utilizing twins has been instrumental in unraveling the mysteries of human genetics and behavior. Identical twins, or monozygotic twins, are natural clones, having split from the same fertilized egg. They share nearly all their DNA. Fraternal twins, or dizygotic twins, are no more genetically similar than regular siblings, sharing only about 50% of their DNA. This genetic distinction is pivotal for studies aiming to dissect the contributions of heredity and environment.

Twins provide a unique opportunity to explore the effects of different environments on individuals with the same genetic makeup. For instance, if one identical twin develops a condition that the other does not, researchers can reasonably infer that the condition may be influenced more by environmental factors than genetics.

In the realm of behavioral science, twin studies have shed light on the 'nature versus nurture' debate. By comparing the similarities and differences of identical twins raised apart with those raised together, scientists gain insights into how much a trait is influenced by genetics versus environment.

The Minnesota Twin Study is one of the most notable twin studies, which followed a cohort of separated twins over 20 years. The findings revealed striking similarities in personality, interests, and habits between twins, even when they had been raised in completely different family settings.

However, twin studies are not without limitations. Critics argue that the environments of twins, even when raised apart, are not entirely dissimilar, as they often share similar socio-economic statuses or cultural backgrounds. Furthermore, the unique bond between twins may lead to shared experiences that can skew results.

Despite these challenges, twin research continues to be a valuable asset in understanding human development. It paves the way for questions about the balance of predetermined genetics and the shaping hand of our environments.

Q1: What are identical twins also known as?

A. Fraternal twins

B. Monozygotic twins

C. Dizygotic twins

D. Non-identical twins

A1: B. Monozygotic twins

Explanation: Identical twins are referred to as monozygotic because they originate from a single (mono) fertilized egg that splits (zygote).

Q2: Fill in the blank: Fraternal twins share about ______% of their DNA.

Explanation: Fraternal twins are dizygotic, meaning they come from two separate eggs and sperm, making them genetically similar to regular siblings with a 50% DNA overlap.

Q3: True or False: The Minnesota Twin Study lasted for 10 years.

A3: B. False

Explanation: The Minnesota Twin Study lasted over 20 years, not 10, making it one of the most extensive and informative twin studies in the realm of behavioral science.

Q4: What can be inferred if one identical twin develops a condition that the other does not?

A. The condition is entirely genetic.

B. The condition is due to the environment.

C. Twins do not share any similarities.

D. The condition is neither genetic nor environmental.

A4: B. The condition is due to the environment.

Explanation: Since identical twins share almost all their DNA, differences in conditions suggest environmental rather than genetic influences.

Q5: Fill in the blank: Twin studies have helped in understanding the '________ versus nurture' debate.

D. Structure

A5: A. Nature

Explanation: Twin studies are essential for dissecting the 'nature versus nurture' debate, which looks into the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development.

Q6: How much DNA do identical twins share?

A. About 25%

B. About 50%

C. Nearly 100%

D. None of the above

A6: C. Nearly 100%

Explanation: Identical twins, or monozygotic twins, originate from a single fertilized egg that splits, meaning they share nearly all of their DNA, which is as close to 100% as possible for any two individuals.

Q7: Fill in the blank: Critics of twin studies argue that the environments of twins are not entirely dissimilar due to often shared _______ statuses or cultural backgrounds.

A. Socio-economic

C. Educational

D. Environmental

A7: A. Socio-economic

Explanation: Critics point out that even when raised apart, twins may still experience similar environments in terms of socio-economic status and cultural backgrounds, which can influence the outcomes of the studies.

Q8: True or False: Twin studies have conclusively resolved the nature versus nurture debate.

A8: B. False

Explanation: While twin studies have provided significant insights into the nature versus nurture debate, they have not conclusively resolved it. This debate remains ongoing as both elements play complex and interactive roles in human development.

Q9: What does the 'unique bond' between twins potentially affect in twin studies?

A. The genetic makeup

B. The accuracy of the studies

C. The environmental impact

D. The development of twins

A9: B. The accuracy of the studies

Explanation: The unique bond between twins may lead to shared experiences and interactions that can influence the results of the studies, potentially affecting their accuracy.

Q10: Multiple-choice: The Minnesota Twin Study contributed to our understanding of which of the following?

A. Genetic similarities in twins

B. Personality and habits

C. Only physical characteristics

D. Only intellectual abilities

A10: B. Personality and habits

Explanation: The Minnesota Twin Study followed separated twins over 20 years and found striking similarities in personality, interests, and habits between twins, even when raised apart, thereby contributing significantly to our understanding of these aspects beyond just physical or intellectual traits.

Tip 1: Always read the passage thoroughly before attempting the questions. This ensures you understand the context and can identify where the answers may be located.

Tip 2: For multiple-choice questions, eliminate options that you are certain are incorrect to improve your chances of choosing the right answer.

Tip 3: Pay attention to details that may seem minor but could be crucial for fill-in-the-blank questions.

Tip 4: Understand the difference between 'true', 'false', and 'not given' in the IELTS reading context. 'True' means the statement agrees with the information, 'false' means it contradicts the information, and 'not given' means there is no information on this.

Tip 5: Practice skimming and scanning techniques to locate information quickly and manage your time effectively during the exam.

Akansha Semwal is a content marketer at upGrad and has also worked as a social media marketer & sub-editor. Experienced in creating impressive Statement of Purpose, Essays, and LOR, she knows how to captivate the attention of Admissions Committee. Her research-driven;study-abroad articles helps aspirants to make the prudent decision. She holds a bachelor's & master's degree in Literature from the University of Delhi.

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More ielts reading passage, important resource for ielts reading, unlock ielts success by scoring 6+ band in reading. learn how.

The above tips are the Author's experiences. upGrad does not guarantee scores or admissions.

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Research using twins Answer | Ielts Reading Cambridge 11 Test 4 Answers

by Navita Thakur | May 31, 2021 | 0 comments

This is an IELTS Cambridge 11 Test 4 Reading test Answers. In this post, you will check Research using twins reading answers, An introduction to film sound reading answers, This marvellous invention reading answers. The user can check the answers for reading and analyze their mistakes.

Ielts Reading passage 1 Research using twins , Ielts Reading passage 2 An introduction to film sound , Ielts Reading passage 3 This marvellous invention .| Cambridge 11 Test 4 Answers

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Research Using Twins Reading Answers-IELTS

The Academic passage & Research Using Twins is a reading passage that appeared in an IELTS Test. Since questions get repeated in the IELTS exam, this...

Definition-

A reading section from the IELTS test was the academic passage "Research Using Twins." 

These passages are perfect for practice because the IELTS exam includes repeated questions. Try taking an IELTS reading practice exam if you need additional practice.

Questions and Answers-

• Explanation- In the final sentence of paragraph 1, the author claims that there are no hereditary elements at play and that any differences between "them" (identical twins), such as "one twin having younger appearing skin," are caused by "environmental factors" such less time spent in the sun. The assertion goes against the facts, hence the response is FALSE.
• Explanation- According to the author's claim in paragraph 2, "vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity" if identical twins and fraternal twins are more similar to each other than they are in terms of a disease. The answer is "NOT GIVEN" because there is no information about extent (higher risk) in this section.
• Explanation- 137 sets of twins finally "visited Thomas Bouchard's lab" over the course of two decades, according to paragraph 4 of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. The answer is "NOT GIVEN" because there is no information in this section on how the twins found Bouchard's lab (which was promoted in newspapers).
• Explanation- According to the statement in paragraph 6, "nature" (the environment) and "nurture" (genetics) "are not the only elemental factors at work." The third component mentioned in the second phrase is a "recent field, termed epigenetics," which at times "bridges the gap between our DNA and our environment" and at other times "operates on its own to shape who we are" (different from environment and genes). As a result, the assertion and the data are consistent, and the answer is TRUE.
• Explanation- According to the first sentence of paragraph 4, "the notion of employing twins to study the influence of genetics" was first "proposed" and the term "nature and nurture" was "created" by English scientist Francis Galton in 1875. (two factors affecting human characteristic). The solution is therefore A.

Conclusion-

To prepare for this exam all you have to do is work hard and gather as many resources as possible. For future information you can visit SpeakoClub and receive a lot of information regarding IELTS.

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Research Using Twins: IELTS Reading Passage with Questions & Answers

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Updated on 09 February, 2024

Akansha Semwal

Study abroad expert.

Introduction:

Twin studies have long fascinated researchers, offering a unique lens through which to understand the complex interplay between genetics and environment. This IELTS reading passage delves into how twins have contributed to scientific knowledge, enabling learners to practice their comprehension skills through a series of questions.

Table of Contents

Questions & answers:, tips for cracking the ielts reading exam:, download e-books for ielts preparation.

Research utilizing twins has been instrumental in unraveling the mysteries of human genetics and behavior. Identical twins, or monozygotic twins, are natural clones, having split from the same fertilized egg. They share nearly all their DNA. Fraternal twins, or dizygotic twins, are no more genetically similar than regular siblings, sharing only about 50% of their DNA. This genetic distinction is pivotal for studies aiming to dissect the contributions of heredity and environment.

Twins provide a unique opportunity to explore the effects of different environments on individuals with the same genetic makeup. For instance, if one identical twin develops a condition that the other does not, researchers can reasonably infer that the condition may be influenced more by environmental factors than genetics.

In the realm of behavioral science, twin studies have shed light on the 'nature versus nurture' debate. By comparing the similarities and differences of identical twins raised apart with those raised together, scientists gain insights into how much a trait is influenced by genetics versus environment.

The Minnesota Twin Study is one of the most notable twin studies, which followed a cohort of separated twins over 20 years. The findings revealed striking similarities in personality, interests, and habits between twins, even when they had been raised in completely different family settings.

However, twin studies are not without limitations. Critics argue that the environments of twins, even when raised apart, are not entirely dissimilar, as they often share similar socio-economic statuses or cultural backgrounds. Furthermore, the unique bond between twins may lead to shared experiences that can skew results.

Despite these challenges, twin research continues to be a valuable asset in understanding human development. It paves the way for questions about the balance of predetermined genetics and the shaping hand of our environments.

Q1: What are identical twins also known as?

A. Fraternal twins

B. Monozygotic twins

C. Dizygotic twins

D. Non-identical twins

A1: B. Monozygotic twins

Explanation: Identical twins are referred to as monozygotic because they originate from a single (mono) fertilized egg that splits (zygote).

Q2: Fill in the blank: Fraternal twins share about ______% of their DNA.

Explanation: Fraternal twins are dizygotic, meaning they come from two separate eggs and sperm, making them genetically similar to regular siblings with a 50% DNA overlap.

Q3: True or False: The Minnesota Twin Study lasted for 10 years.

A3: B. False

Explanation: The Minnesota Twin Study lasted over 20 years, not 10, making it one of the most extensive and informative twin studies in the realm of behavioral science.

Q4: What can be inferred if one identical twin develops a condition that the other does not?

A. The condition is entirely genetic.

B. The condition is due to the environment.

C. Twins do not share any similarities.

D. The condition is neither genetic nor environmental.

A4: B. The condition is due to the environment.

Explanation: Since identical twins share almost all their DNA, differences in conditions suggest environmental rather than genetic influences.

Q5: Fill in the blank: Twin studies have helped in understanding the '________ versus nurture' debate.

D. Structure

A5: A. Nature

Explanation: Twin studies are essential for dissecting the 'nature versus nurture' debate, which looks into the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development.

Q6: How much DNA do identical twins share?

A. About 25%

B. About 50%

C. Nearly 100%

D. None of the above

A6: C. Nearly 100%

Explanation: Identical twins, or monozygotic twins, originate from a single fertilized egg that splits, meaning they share nearly all of their DNA, which is as close to 100% as possible for any two individuals.

Q7: Fill in the blank: Critics of twin studies argue that the environments of twins are not entirely dissimilar due to often shared _______ statuses or cultural backgrounds.

A. Socio-economic

C. Educational

D. Environmental

A7: A. Socio-economic

Explanation: Critics point out that even when raised apart, twins may still experience similar environments in terms of socio-economic status and cultural backgrounds, which can influence the outcomes of the studies.

Q8: True or False: Twin studies have conclusively resolved the nature versus nurture debate.

A8: B. False

Explanation: While twin studies have provided significant insights into the nature versus nurture debate, they have not conclusively resolved it. This debate remains ongoing as both elements play complex and interactive roles in human development.

Q9: What does the 'unique bond' between twins potentially affect in twin studies?

A. The genetic makeup

B. The accuracy of the studies

C. The environmental impact

D. The development of twins

A9: B. The accuracy of the studies

Explanation: The unique bond between twins may lead to shared experiences and interactions that can influence the results of the studies, potentially affecting their accuracy.

Q10: Multiple-choice: The Minnesota Twin Study contributed to our understanding of which of the following?

A. Genetic similarities in twins

B. Personality and habits

C. Only physical characteristics

D. Only intellectual abilities

A10: B. Personality and habits

Explanation: The Minnesota Twin Study followed separated twins over 20 years and found striking similarities in personality, interests, and habits between twins, even when raised apart, thereby contributing significantly to our understanding of these aspects beyond just physical or intellectual traits.

Tip 1: Always read the passage thoroughly before attempting the questions. This ensures you understand the context and can identify where the answers may be located.

Tip 2: For multiple-choice questions, eliminate options that you are certain are incorrect to improve your chances of choosing the right answer.

Tip 3: Pay attention to details that may seem minor but could be crucial for fill-in-the-blank questions.

Tip 4: Understand the difference between 'true', 'false', and 'not given' in the IELTS reading context. 'True' means the statement agrees with the information, 'false' means it contradicts the information, and 'not given' means there is no information on this.

Tip 5: Practice skimming and scanning techniques to locate information quickly and manage your time effectively during the exam.

Akansha Semwal is a content marketer at upGrad and has also worked as a social media marketer & sub-editor. Experienced in creating impressive Statement of Purpose, Essays, and LOR, she knows how to captivate the attention of Admissions Committee. Her research-driven;study-abroad articles helps aspirants to make the prudent decision. She holds a bachelor's & master's degree in Literature from the University of Delhi.

Exams to Study Abroad

More ielts reading passage, important resource for ielts reading, unlock ielts success by scoring 6+ band in reading. learn how.

The above tips are the Author's experiences. upGrad does not guarantee scores or admissions.

Research using twins – IELTS Academic Reading Passage

You should spend about 20 minutes on  Questions 1-13,  which are based on the Reading Passage below.

Research using twins

To biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment – of nature and nurture. Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them – one twin having younger looking skin, for example – must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun. Alternatively, by comparing the experiences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who come from separate eggs and share on average half their DNA, researchers can quantify the extent to which our genes affect our lives. If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity. These two lines of research – studying the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance – have been crucial to understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, and vulnerability to disease. The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’). But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard’s lab in what became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Numerous tests were carried out on the twins, and they were each asked more than 15,000 questions. Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. in broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among members of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics. And wherever Bouchard and other scientists looked, it seemed, they found the invisible hand of genetic influence helping to shape our lives. Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, and in others operates on its own to shape who we are. Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a ‘third component’. These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all the other parts of our bodies. If you think of our DNA as an immense piano keyboard and our genes as the keys – each key symbolizing a segment of DNA responsible for a particular note, or trait, and all the keys combining to make us who we are – then epigenetic processes determine when and how each key can be struck, changing the tune being played. One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes. Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up. Other epigenetic processes appear to occur randomly, while others are normal, such as those that guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, or liver cells, for example. Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins over the years and thought deeply about what twin studies have taught us. ‘It’s very clear when you look at twins that much of what they share is hardwired,’ she says. ‘Many things about them are absolutely the same and unalterable. But it’s also clear, when you get to know them, that other things about them are different. Epigenetics is the origin of a lot of those differences, in my view.’ Reed credits Thomas Bouchard’s work for today’s surge in twin studies. ‘He was the trailblazer,’ she says. ‘We forget that 50 years ago things like heart disease were thought to be caused entirely by lifestyle. Schizophrenia was thought to be due to poor mothering. Twin studies have allowed us to be more reflective about what people are actually born with and what’s caused by experience.’ Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further. ‘What I like to say is that nature writes some things in pencil and some things in pen,’ she says. ‘Things written in pen you can’t change. That’s DNA. But things written in pencil you can. That’s epigenetics. Now that we’re actually able to look at the DNA and see where the pencil writings are, it’s sort of a whole new world.’

Questions 1-4 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage? In boxes  1-4  on your answer sheet, write    TRUE     if the statement agrees with the information    FALSE     if the statement contradicts the information    NOT GIVEN  if there is no information on this 1.  There may be genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks. 2.  Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins. 3.  Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth. 4.  Epigenetic processes are different from both genetic and environmental processes.

Questions 5-9 Look at the following statements ( Questions 5-9 ) and the list of researchers below. Match each statement with the correct researcher,  A, B  or  C . Write the correct letter,  A, B  or  C , in boxes  5-9  on your answer sheet. NB  You may use any letter more than once.

List of Researchers A.  Francis Galton B.  Thomas Bouchard C.  Danielie Reed

5.  invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting human characteristics 6.  expressed the view that the study of epigenetics will increase our knowledge 7.  developed a mathematical method of measuring genetic influences 8.  pioneered research into genetics using twins 9.  carried out research into twins who had lived apart

Questions 10-13 Complete the summary using the list of words,  A-F , below. Write the correct letter,  A-F , in boxes  10-13  on your answer sheet.

Epigenetic processes

In epigenetic processes,  10 ………………..  influence the activity of our genes, for example in creating our internal  11 ………………..  .  The study of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genes can be affected by our  12 ……………….. .  One example is that if a pregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may later show problems in its  13 ……………….. .

A. nurture B. organs C. code D. chemicals E. environment F. behaviour

Answer: 1. FALSE 2. NOT GIVEN 3. NOT GIVEN 4. TRUE 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. D 11. B 12. E 13. F

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Research Using Twins Reading Answers: IELTS Reading Answers Sample

To biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment – of nature and nurture. Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them -one twin having younger-looking skin, for example – must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun. Alternatively, by comparing the experiences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who come from separate eggs and share on average half their DNA, researchers can quantify the extent to which our genes affect our lives. If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.

These two lines of research – studying the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of the environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance – have been crucial to understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, and vulnerability to disease. The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875 when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’). But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard’s lab in what became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Numerous tests were carried out on the twins, and they were each asked more than 15,000 questions. Related Articles Reading Questions for IELTS, all types explained December 20, 2023 1 hour Video Lesson: Making IELTS Reading Easy November 1, 2023 Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. In broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among members of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics. And wherever Bouchard and other scientists looked, it seemed, they found the invisible hand of genetic influence helping to shape our lives. –> Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth.

Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, and in others operates on its own to shape who we are. Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but represent what researchers have called a ‘third component’. These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains, and all the other parts of our bodies.

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