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Pass Laws in South Africa

The Pass Laws was a system used to control the movement of Black, Indian and Coloured people in South Africa. The pass said which areas a person was allowed to move through or be in and if a person was found outside of these areas they would be arrested.

A number of protest actions were held against these laws with the Apartheid State often responding with violence against the protestors.

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Women's Anti-Pass Law Campaigns in South Africa

What happened when the SA government tried to force women to carry passes.

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The first attempt to make Black women in South Africa carry passes was in 1913 when the Orange Free State introduced a new requirement that women, in addition to existing regulations for Black men, must carry reference documents. The resulting protest, by a multi-racial group of women, many of whom were professionals (a large number of teachers, for example) took the form of passive resistance - a refusal to carry the new passes. Many of these women were supporters of the recently formed South African Native National Congress (which became the African National Congress in 1923, although women were not allowed to become full members until 1943). The protest against passes spread through the Orange Free State, to the extent that when World War I broke out, the authorities agreed to relax the rule.

At the end of World War I, the authorities in the Orange Free State tried to re-instate the requirement, and again opposition built up. The Bantu Women's League (which became the ANC Woman's League in 1948 — a few years after membership of the ANC was opened to women), organized by its first president Charlotte Maxeke, coordinated further passive resistance during late 1918 and early 1919. By 1922 they had achieved success — the South African government agreed that women should not be obliged to carry passes. However, the government still managed to introduce legislation which curtailed the rights of women and the Native (Black) Urban Areas Act No 21 of 1923 extended the existing pass system such that the only Black women allowed to live in urban areas were domestic workers.

In 1930 local municipal attempts in Potchefstroom to regulate women's movement led to further resistance — this was the same year that white women obtained voting rights in South Africa. White women now had a public face and a political voice, of which activists such as Helen Joseph and Helen Suzman took full advantage.

Introduction of Passes for All Blacks

With the Blacks (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act No 67 of 1952 the South African government amended the pass laws, requiring all Black persons over the age of 16 in all provinces to carry a 'reference book' at all times — thereby inforcing influx control of Blacks from the homelands. The new 'reference book', which would now have to be carried by women, required an employer's signature to be renewed each month, authorization to be within particular areas, and certification of tax payments.

During the 1950s women within the Congress Alliance came together to combat the inherent sexism that existed within various anti-Aparthied groups, such as the ANC. Lilian Ngoyi (a trade unionist and political activist), Helen Joseph, Albertina Sisulu , Sophia Williams-De Bruyn, and others formed the Federation of South African Women. The prime focus of the FSAW soon changed, and in 1956, with the cooperation of the ANC's Women's League, they organized a mass demonstration against the new pass laws.

Women's Anti-Pass March on the Union Buildings, Pretoria

On 9 August 1956 over 20,000 women, of all races, marched through the streets of Pretoria to the Union Buildings to hand over a petition to JG Strijdom, South Africa's prime minister, over the introduction of the new pass laws and the Group Areas Act No 41 of 1950 . This act enforced different residential areas for different races and led to forced removals of people living in 'wrong' areas. Strijdom had arranged to be elsewhere, and the petition was eventually accepted by his Secretary.

During the march the women sang a freedom song: Wathint' abafazi , Strijdom!

wathint' abafazi, wathint' imbokodo, uza kufa!

[When] you strike the women, you strike a rock, you will be crushed [you will die]!

Although the 1950s proved to be the height of passive resistance against Apartheid in South Africa , it was largely ignored by the Apartheid government . Further protests against passes (for both men and women) culminated in the Sharpeville Massacre . Pass laws were finally repealed in 1986.

The phrase wathint' abafazi, wathint' imbokodo has come to represent women's courage and strength in South Africa.

• Pass Laws During Apartheid
• Grand Apartheid in South Africa
• What Was Apartheid in South Africa?
• South Africa's National Holidays
• Group Areas Act No. 41 of 1950
• Biography of Nontsikelelo Albertina Sisulu, South African Activist
• Understanding South Africa's Apartheid Era
• The End of South African Apartheid
• Geography and History of South Africa
• Chief Albert Luthuli
• The Origins of Apartheid in South Africa
• A Brief History of South African Apartheid
• Why Does South Africa Have Three Capital Cities?
• How South African Names of Places Have Changed
• The Freedom Charter in South Africa
• Biography of Martin Thembisile (Chris) Hani, South African Activist

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Journal articles on the topic "Pass laws":

&NA;. "Ohio, Massachusetts pass needle-safety laws." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 31, no. 10 (October 2000): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-200010000-00013.

FRIEDEN, JOYCE. "Some States Pass Disclosure Laws Ahead of Feds." Internal Medicine News 42, no. 7 (April 2009): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(09)70261-6.

Pelley, Janet. "Several states pass laws to regulate animal waste." Environmental Science & Technology 32, no. 13 (July 1998): 305A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es983595v.

Avellaneda, Claudia N., Felipe Botero, and Maria Escobar-Lemmon. "Policymaking in Parochial Legislatures: What Laws Pass the Colombian Legislature?" Latin Americanist 56, no. 2 (June 2012): 7–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-203x.2012.01148.x.

MACPHAIL, C. L. "POETRY AND PASS LAWS: HUMANISTIC GEOGRAPHY IN URBAN SOUTH AFRICa." South African Geographical Journal 79, no. 1 (April 1997): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.1997.9713620.

Gratton, Gabriele, Luigi Guiso, Claudio Michelacci, and Massimo Morelli. "From Weber to Kafka: Political Instability and the Overproduction of Laws." American Economic Review 111, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 2964–3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190672.

Shen, Bin, Song He Zhu, and Heng Hua Zhang. "Microstructure Evolution in Nb-Ti Micro-Alloyed Steel during Hot Compression and Hot Rolling Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.342.

Hou, Hai-Gang, Shahid Hussain, Hai-Cheng Shao, Gui-Wu Liu, Ming-Song Wang, Guan-Jun Qiao, and Asma Shaheen. "Experimental Insights on Factors Influencing Sensitivity of Thin Film Narrow Band-Pass Filters." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 14, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2019.2663.

Cichy, B., P. Augusta, E. Rogers, K. Gałkowski, and Z. Hurák. "Robust control of distributed parameter mechanical systems using a multidimensional systems approach." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10175-010-0007-5.

Curry, James M. "Congressional Processes and Public Approval of New Laws." Political Research Quarterly 72, no. 4 (December 21, 2018): 878–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912918819860.

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pass laws":

Zobell, Anne Catherine. "The Impact of Advocacy Groups in Facilitating Policy Diffusion to Pass Paid Sick Leave Laws in New Jersey." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104561.

TEILEE, Kuong. "Trying the Past Atrocities in Cambodia: Another Pass to the Implementation of International Criminal Law." 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10649.

Muller, Cornelis Hermanus. "Coercive agrarian work in South Africa, 1948 - 1965 : 'farm labour scandals'?" Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30300.

Wheeler, David R. "Student Press Law: Past, Present, and Future." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/comm_etds/33.

Zantout, Mida R. "Khul' : between past and present." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99400.

Aguilar, Llanos Benjamín. "Legitimate, ¿Pars hereditatis o pars bonorum?" IUS ET VERITAS, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122390.

Darr, Amber. "Parallel pasts, divergent destinies : a comparative analysis of transferring and implementing competition laws in India and Pakistan." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10043349/.

Trubek, David M. "The “Rule of Law” in Development Assistance: Past, Present, and Future." Center for Asian Legal Exchange, Graduate School of Law , Nagoya University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20109.

Källén, Anna. "And through flows the river : archaeology and the pasts of Lao Pako /." Uppsala : Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4676.

English, Penelope Jane. "Sites of dispute : owning the physical remains of the past." Thesis, Keele University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269300.

Books on the topic "Pass laws":

USA, Amnesty International. South Africa, imprisonment under the pass laws . New York, N.Y: Amnesty International USA, 1986.

Boyle, Kevin. The crime of movement in South Africa: The pass laws . [Ottawa]: Carleton University Information Services, 1986.

Wells, Julia. We now demand!: The history of women's resistance to pass laws in South Africa. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1993.

Wells, Julia C. We now demand!: The history of women's resistance to pass laws in South Africa . Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1993.

Gladstone, John. Contractor's exam book: How to pass the examination for master builder and general contractor . 3rd ed. Coral Gables: Engineer's Press, 1985.

Kreis, Georg. Der Pass mit dem Judenstempel: Eine Familiengeschichte in einem Stück Weltgeschichte 1925-1975 . Weitra: Bibliothek der Provinz, 2001.

Court, Jamie. The progressive's guide to raising hell: How to win grassroots campaigns, pass ballot box laws, and get the change we voted for . White River Junction, Vt: Chelsea Green Pub., 2010.

Assembly, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill: An act to render wills, made in conformity with the laws of either Upper or Lower Canada, effectual to pass real estate in the other section of the province. Quebec: Hunter, Rose & Lemieux, 2003.

Assembly, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill: An act to render wills, made in conformity with the laws of either Upper or Lower Canada, effectual to pass real estate in the other section ot [sic] the province. Quebec: Hunter, Rose & Lemieux, 2003.

Mécary, Caroline. Le PACS . Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2000.

Book chapters on the topic "Pass laws":

Cichy, Błażej, Krzysztof Gałkowski, and Eric Rogers. "Control Laws for Discrete Linear Repetitive Processes with Smoothed Previous Pass Dynamics." In Topics in Operator Theory , 175–93. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0161-0_8.

Jochelson, Karen. "From Paupers to Pass Laws: Control of VD in the Cape and Transvaal, 1880–1910." In The Colour of Disease , 34–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333992661_3.

Alston, Julian M., Jennifer S. James, Matthew A. Andersen, and Philip G. Pardey. "Research Lags and Spillovers." In Persistence Pays , 239–69. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0658-8_8.

Rumi, Raza. "Unpacking the Blasphemy Laws of Pakistan." In Ghosts from the Past? , 123–43. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003054771-8.

Simon, Zoltán Boldizsár. "Judging the Past, Blaming the Past, Hailing the Past." In A Dialogue Between Law and History , 129–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9685-8_8.

East, Robert. "Reform — Past and Present." In Social Security Law , 279–308. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14610-9_14.

Higgins, Mark. "The exam it is impossible to pass." In Disability, Care and Family Law , 139–55. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429328015-11.

Hertogh, Marc. "Nobody’s Law: Past, Present and Future." In Nobody's Law , 175–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60397-5_9.

"Repeal the Pass Laws!" In The South Africa Reader , 298–300. Duke University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv125jpdf.59.

"Repeal the Pass Laws!" In The South Africa Reader , 298–300. Duke University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9780822377450-053.

Conference papers on the topic "Pass laws":

Bozza, Fabio, and Raffaele Tuccillo. "Transient Operation Analysis of a Cogenerating Micro-Gas Turbine." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis . ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58079.

Nyquist, Roger, Mike Andrews, Andrew Hunter, and Oyuna Myagmar. "Acceptance Testing of Liquefied Natural Gas Compressors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition . American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43711.

Farsi, H., K. Azzouz, D. Leducq, H. Macchi, and J. Guilpart. "An Optimized Design of the Refrigerating Systems Using a Small Channel Heat Exchanger." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels . ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2004-2388.

Elinskiy, Valeriy. "DISCLOSURE OF PAST CRIMES." In Law and law: problems of theory and practice . ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02033-3/212-217.

Cui, Michael M. "Comparative Study of Unsteady Flows in a Transonic Centrifugal Compressor With Vaneless and Vaned Diffusers." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air . American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0297.

Mitrović, Ljubinko, and Predrag Raosavljević. "CHALLENGES IN PRE-ACCESSION HARMONIZATION OF ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAWS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA." In EU 2020 – lessons from the past and solutions for the future . Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/11942.

Stacey, Robert. "Multi-band, multi-radio wireless LANs and PANs." In 2009 Conference Record of the Forty-Third Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers . IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acssc.2009.5470088.

Dong Heon Lee, Wha Sook Jeon, Dong Geun Jeong, and Gwangzeen Ko. "Self-coexistence techniques for cognitive radio LANs/PANs." In 2010 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - (PIMRC 2010) . IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2010.5671963.

Argote, Christopher, Brian K. Kestner, and Dimitri N. Mavris. "NPSS Volume Dynamic Capability for Real-Time Physics Based Engine Modeling." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition . ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45374.

Terry J. Siebenmorgen. "EFFECTS OF DRYING AND TEMPERING RICE USING A SINGLE PASS DRYING PROCEDURE." In 2003, Las Vegas, NV July 27-30, 2003 . St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.13906.

Reports on the topic "Pass laws":

Kopczuk, Wojciech, Justin Marion, Erich Muehlegger, and Joel Slemrod. Do the Laws of Tax Incidence Hold? Point of Collection and the Pass-through of State Diesel Taxes . Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19410.

Pérez Dasilva, Jesús A., and Teresa Santos Díez. Las televisiones locales del País Vasco en Internet . Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-64-2009-816-192-202.

Betancourt-García, Yanneth Rocío, Martha Misas A., and Leonardo Bonilla-Mejía. "Pass-through" de las tasas de ínterés en Colombia: un enfoque multivariado con cambio de régimen . Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.535.

Thayer, Colette, and Angela Houghton. Las Latinas y la belleza con el paso del tiempo: Una reflexión cultural . Washington, DC: AARP Research, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26419/res.00429.010.

Clavijo-Vergara, Sergio. Las multilaterales y la crisis asiática (1997-2000): la visión desde un país usuario (Colombia) . Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.142.

Zoido, Pablo, Emiliana Vegas, Maria Soledad Bos, and Adriana Viteri. Nota PISA #17 Ecuador: ¿Se pueden cerrar las brechas de aprendizaje que existen en el país? Inter-American Development Bank, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001630.

Miguel-Sáez de Urabain, A., A. Fernández de Arroyabe-Olaortua, and I. Lazkano-Arrillaga. La espectacularización de la información política. El caso de El País en las elecciones estadounidenses de 2016 . Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2017-1211.

Goirizelaia, M., and L. Iturregui. El impacto de los medios digitales en las relaciones entre la diáspora vasca y el País Vasco . Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2019-1382.

Plaza, JF, P. Rivas-Nieto, and P. Rey-García. La representación de las mujeres terroristas y víctimas del terrorismo en prensa española. El caso de El País . Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2017-1157.

Arias Ortiz, Elena, Cecilia Giambruno, Gonzalo Muñoz Stuardo, and Marcelo Pérez Alfaro. Camino hacia la inclusión educativa: 4 pasos para la construcción de sistemas de protección de trayectorias: Paso 1: Exclusión educativa en ALC: ¿cómo los sistemas de protección de trayectorias pueden ayudar? Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003455.

Lilian Ngoyi: an heroic South African woman whose story hasn’t been fully told

Senior Lecturer in Media Studies, University of Cape Town

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Despite her key role in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa, details about Lilian Ngoyi ’s life remain sparse. The short paragraphs on her legacy repeat a few well-worn phrases. South Africa’s “mother of the black resistance”, a widow and rumoured lover of Nelson Mandela , and the first woman member of the national executive committee – the core leadership of the African National Congress (ANC), the resistance movement that would later become the government of a democratic South Africa. She was also, of course, one of the leaders of the country’s famous Women’s March .

On 9 August 1956, now commemorated as Women’s Day in South Africa, Ngoyi and other woman leaders led an estimated 20,000 women to the Union Buildings in Pretoria, the seat of power of the white minority government. They were protesting extending the much-hated pass laws to women. These laws required black citizens to carry pass documents to better control their movement.

Beyond this, Ma-Ngoyi, as she was affectionately known, remains an often-mentioned but somewhat two-dimensional figure in history.

Perhaps because she was not the wife of a high-profile ANC leader and lived much of her life as a banned person, dying in penury, there is no Lilian Ngoyi Foundation and no substantive biography. Yet the pioneering role she played, and the sacrifices she made, extended well beyond the Women’s March.

Born Lilian Masediba Matabane in 1911, Ngoyi had a different life from other anti-apartheid struggle stalwarts. Not only was she an independent woman, but she was born into urban poverty. She did not hail from a royal or rural household like the Mandelas , Sisulus and other elite members of the ANC, whose role in the fight against apartheid is well documented.

Ngoyi was the granddaughter of a trailblazing Methodist minister, a historical figure in his own right. But his extraordinary contribution to the missionaries’ endeavours in southern Africa did not translate into any significant upward mobility for the family.

Her mother, though literate, worked as a washerwoman and domestic worker and her father was a miner and labourer, who died of mining-related lung disease. As the only girl in a family of four, she was the last in line when it came to education. Still, Ngoyi’s family rallied to keep her in Kilnerton , a leading black Methodist school, even though she was only able to complete her junior schooling. She moved to Johannesburg to take up a short-lived position as one of the country’s first black female trainee nurses at City Deep Mine Hospital.

Her youth typified the contemporary experience of many black women in urban South Africa. She fell pregnant at 19, married at 23, but was widowed at 26. She took on the care of her newborn cousin when her brother’s wife died, and was the primary carer for her elderly parents.

The family spent a miserable decade living in The Shelters, the site of the country’s first urban land invasion under the charismatic James Mpanza , who encouraged backyarders to occupy open land in Orlando, Soweto. Here, Ngoyi experienced the indignity of poverty first hand.

Politics changed everything for her. In 1953, at the tail end of the Defiance Campaign , a mass non-violent resistance protest, Ngoyi risked a three-year prison sentence by walking into the whites-only section of a Johannesburg post office. Apartheid laws created and policed racially segregated spaces and to defy them took great bravery.

Ngoyi became an ANC member and rose rapidly through its ranks. She joined the newly formed Federation of South African Women ( Fedsaw ), forging a lifelong friendship with trade unionist and activist Helen Joseph . A broad-based coalition of women’s organisations, Fedsaw was the organiser of the 1956 march, with Ngoyi and Joseph leading the way.

Ngoyi had the skill to inspire mass mobilisation and bring people together, especially women. By all accounts, she was an exceptional orator. In a 1956 profile in the leading black magazine of the day, Drum , author and activist Ezekiel Mphahlele wrote :

She can toss an audience on her little finger, get men grunting with shame and a feeling of smallness.

Anti-apartheid activist and wife of Nelson Mandela, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela recalled :

She spoke the language of the worker, and she was herself an ordinary factory worker. When she said what she stood for, she evoked emotions no other person could evoke.

In 1955 Ngoyi was sponsored for an overseas trip by the Women’s International Democratic Federation, regarded as a Soviet Front organisation. She attended conferences and propaganda tours in Europe, China and the USSR.

She returned home to the government’s plans to extend the pass system to women. The experience abroad, of being treated like a human being for the first time, had invigorated her. Ngoyi set about canvassing support for the famous march. The largest gathering of women in the country’s history, it was the kind of mass mobilisation the ANC men had only dreamed of.

In 1956 Ngoyi was among 156 dissidents arrested in a swoop by security police. Charged with treason, they became known as the Treason Trialists . She was finally acquitted in 1960, but had lost her job as a factory machinist. She was soon arrested again and detained for five months, 19 days of which she spent in solitary confinement. In a 1963 arrest, she spent 71 days in solitary, an experience which affected her ability to focus.

Thereafter, Ngoyi drops out of history. She was subjected to three five-year banning orders, living in a state of permanent lockdown. For most of the remainder of her life she was forbidden from interacting with other banned persons. She was unable to meet with more than three people at a time and could not attend a lecture, go to the cinema or accept invitations to weddings, funerals or parties of any sort.

The banning orders ended her political career and gradually eroded her ability to earn a living as a seamstress, unable to travel into town to purchase fabrics. Security police frequently raided her home, chasing away potential customers. Ngoyi was forced to rely on sporadic donations. In a letter of gratitude to a sponsor, she expressed the humiliation of her position:

We feel small to say thanks all the time.

Not the wife of an elite ANC leader, she received no financial contributions from exiled men, nor was she supported by the International Defence and Aid Fund, which helped the families of political prisoners. She did not lose hope, however, and like Mandela, took solace in gardening, planting seeds sent to her by her overseas friends. Her small yard was full of blooms.

On 13 March 1980, two months before her third banning order was due to expire, Ngoyi passed away, aged 69. She never saw freedom in her lifetime, nor did she receive the recognition she deserved for her efforts to achieve it. At her funeral, activist and church leader Desmond Tutu said that when the true history of South Africa was written Ngoyi’s name would be in “letters of gold”.

This has manifested to some extent – a few clinics and roads bear her name. But the true nature of her accomplishments and challenges, and those of other banned and banished persons in South Africa, should never be forgotten.

• Nelson Mandela
• African women
• Women's Day
• Desmond Tutu
• Women's rights
• Women and girls
• Winnie Mandela
• Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
• South African women
• Apartheid laws
• African National Congress (ANC)
• Women leaders
• Defiance campaign
• WomenSA2022
• Lilian Ngoyi
• Political prisoners

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Legal Contract: Bibliography of Pass Laws

This contract is entered into on this [Date] day of [Month, Year], between [Party A] and [Party B], hereinafter referred to as the “Parties”.

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Bibliography of Pass Laws: Your Legal Questions Answered

Essay About The Pass Laws 300 Words

let’s explore a piece of history that’s like a puzzle from the past – the Pass Laws. It’s a chapter of our world’s history filled with struggle, injustice, and the courage of those who fought against it. So, grab your time-traveling hats, and let’s dive into this important journey!

Table of Contents

What Were the Pass Laws? – A Glimpse into a Challenging Past

The Pass Laws were like a set of rules and regulations in South Africa during a time when things were not equal for everyone. They started way back in the 18th century but became more serious in the 20th century. These laws required people of color, mainly Black South Africans, to carry a special passbook with them at all times. It’s like carrying around a ticket just to prove who you are.

Apartheid – The Dark Background

To understand the Pass Laws, we need to talk about apartheid. Apartheid was like a big dark cloud that hung over South Africa for many years. It was a system of racial segregation that separated people based on the color of their skin. The Pass Laws were one of the tools used to enforce apartheid and control the movement of Black South Africans.

The Different Types of Passes

There were different types of passes for different purposes. It’s like having a bunch of keys, each unlocking a different door. There were work passes, travel passes, and even passbooks for children. These passes controlled where people could live, work, and travel.

The Struggles and Hardships

Living under the Pass Laws was like walking through a maze filled with obstacles. Black South Africans had to deal with constant police checks, arrests, and harassment. It was difficult to find work or move to different areas without the right passes. Families were often separated because of these laws.

Heroes Who Fought Back

Even in the darkest times, there were heroes who stood up against the Pass Laws. People like Nelson Mandela, Steve Biko, and many others were like beacons of hope. They organized protests, spoke out against injustice, and worked tirelessly to bring about change.

International Pressure

The Pass Laws didn’t just affect South Africa; they caught the attention of the world. Other countries imposed sanctions and boycotts to pressure South Africa to end apartheid and the Pass Laws. It’s like a global chorus of voices demanding justice.

The End of Apartheid

Finally, in the early 1990s, the world witnessed a remarkable change. It was like a bright dawn breaking after a long night. South Africa started to dismantle apartheid and the Pass Laws. Nelson Mandela was released from prison, and negotiations for a more equal society began.

Lessons Learned

The Pass Laws and apartheid are like reminders of the importance of equality, justice, and the power of people coming together to make a change. We must remember this part of history so that we can prevent such injustices from happening again.

Our Role in History

As young people, we also play a role in history. It’s like adding our own brushstrokes to a painting. We must learn about the past, stand up against injustice, and work towards a more equal world. Our actions today shape the future.

A Brighter Future

Today, South Africa has made progress towards equality, but the wounds of the past still linger. It’s like a healing process that takes time. By learning about the Pass Laws and understanding their impact, we can be part of a brighter future where all people are treated with fairness and respect.

Conclusion: Remembering and Learning

The Pass Laws were a dark chapter in South Africa’s history, but they also serve as a reminder of the strength of the human spirit and the power of change. By understanding this history and working towards a more just world, we can honor the heroes who fought against injustice and ensure that such laws are never repeated.

Author’s Note:

I hope you found this journey through history insightful. It’s like a window into a challenging time, but it also shows us the resilience of the human spirit. If you want to talk more about this or any other topic, just let me know!

Hello! Welcome to my Blog StudyParagraphs.co. My name is Angelina. I am a college professor. I love reading writing for kids students. This blog is full with valuable knowledge for all class students. Thank you for reading my articles.

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Q. What is the format for the bibliography for Law coursework and dissertations? (OSCOLA)

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Answered By: Claire Mazer Last Updated: 16 Oct, 2023     Views: 23061

**Please check for current guidance from Brunel Law School**

In academic work more generally, a bibliography is typically used to show everything you have cited and anything else you have read, even if not cited. Recent advice from the Law School suggests that academic colleagues only wished for cited works to appear in the bibliography and not anything else. So, if you have read a source (book, article etc) , but not cited it in your footnotes, then don't include it in your bibliography.

Bibliography format for law coursework: The key points to note are that sources need to be in categories, with primary sources (cases, legislation) listed first, followed by secondary sources (books, journals, websites) all in alphabetical and then chronological order. Note that case names appear in plain text and not italics.

Note that authors names are inverted. Surname appears first followed by the initial of the first name and then a comma, i.e. Choo A, or Natile S, This does not apply to company, departmental or organisational names (including law firms and barristers chambers), i.e. European Commission, Ministry of Justice, British Red Cross, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, which remain as they are in both footnotes and the bibliography.

Electronic versions of cases and journal articles: Many cases and journal articles can be found in legal databases such as Westlaw, Lexis+ etc. However, it is not necessary to cite databases as the source. Almost all law reports and journals are available in printed form. The citation itself is sufficient since it includes the law report or journal in which the case was reported or journal article was published. There are a few journals where only an electronic version is available, usually the clue is in the title: The Internet Journal of Criminology. For these titles it is necessary to add the URL in triangular brackets and the date it was accessed.

Here is a sample bibliography:

Bibliography

Pepper v Hart [1993] AC 593 (HL)

Mastercard Inc v Merricks [2021] Bus LR 25

R v Brockway (Andrew Robert) (2008) 2 Cr App R (S) 4

R v Edwards (John) (1991) 93 Cr App R 48

Legislation

Crime and Disorder Act 1998

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984

Dembour M-B, Who believes in human rights?: reflections on the European Convention (Cambridge University Press 2006)

Herring J, Criminal Law: Text and Materials (9th edn, OUP 2020)

Norrie A, Crime, Reason and History (3rd edn, Cambridge University Press 2014)

Ashworth A, ‘Social Control and “Anti-Social Behaviour”: the Subversion of Human Rights’ (2004) 120 LQR 263

Behan C and O'Donnell I, 'Prisoners, Politics and the Polls: Enfranchisement and the Burden of Responsibility' (2008) 48(3) Brit J Criminol 31

Stephens-Chu G, ‘Is it Always All About the Money? The Appropriateness of Non-Pecuniary Remedies in Investment Treaty Arbitration’ (2014) 30(4) Arbitration International 661

Gazard B, ‘What’s happened to crime during the pandemic? How ONS has responded to the measurement challenge’ ( Office for National Statistics , 25 August 2020) <https://blog.ons.gov.uk/2020/08/25/whats-happened-to-crime-during-the-pandemic-how-ons-has-responded-to-the-measurement-challenge/> accessed 16 December 2020

Gowin J, ‘Can We Predict Crime Using Brain Scans?’ ( You, Illuminated. Psychology Today, 2013)  <https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/you-illuminated/201304/can-we-predict-crime-using-brain-scans> accessed 20 October 2020

Metropolitan Police, ‘What is hate crime?’ ( Metropolitan Police, 2021) < https://www.met.police.uk/advice/advice-and-information/hco/hate-crime/what-is-hate-crime/ > accessed 26 February 2021

Bibliography format for law dissertations: Broadly the same as above except that separate tables of cases / legislation / EU or International legal materials (as applicable) should appear between the end of the dissertation and the beginning of the bibliography. The purpose of the bibliography at dissertation level is to provide a list of secondary sources, i.e. books, journals, online documents, websites, blogs.

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