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Everything That You Need To About about Kathmandu The History, Culture, and Tourism

Learn about the fascinating city of kathmandu, nestled in the heart of the himalayas. explore its rich history, vibrant culture, and top tourist attractions in this comprehensive guide..

Introduction:

Nestled in the embrace of the Kathmandu Valley, Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, unfolds as a captivating destination enriched with a tapestry of history, culture, and natural beauty. As we embark on this journey to learn more "About Kathmandu", we will delve into its geography, climate, rich history, cultural gems, and renowned places that make it a must-visit destination for travelers seeking a truly immersive experience. From its ancient roots to the vibrant pulse of its present-day, Kathmandu beckons with a charm that resonates through its landscapes, landmarks, and the warmth of its people. Let's unravel the essence of this enchanting city and discover what sets it apart as a unique and compelling destination.

Geography and Climate:

Nestled in the embrace of the Kathmandu Valley, the geographical wonders of Kathmandu create an enchanting backdrop, inviting travelers to a city where nature and culture intertwine seamlessly.

Picture-perfect hills like Shivapuri, Phulchoki, Nagarjun, and Chandragiri cradle Kathmandu, providing not only breathtaking views but also shaping the city's cultural and spiritual identity. These hills, more than just scenic delights, play a role akin to guardians, influencing the city's weather and creating unique pockets of climate diversity.

Adding to the allure is the sacred Bagmati River, flowing through the heart of the city. Beyond being a mere geographical feature, this river is a lifeline of spirituality, woven into the cultural fabric of Kathmandu. Its holy waters and the rituals along its banks offer a captivating glimpse into the spiritual heartbeat of the city.

As the seasons change, so does the city's character. Kathmandu experiences a warm subtropical climate, where summers bring a touch of warmth and winters introduce a refreshing coolness. The magic happens between September and November when the weather is at its finest - dry, crisp, and inviting, creating the perfect canvas for exploration.

The hills surrounding Kathmandu not only frame the city but also serve as natural viewpoints. Imagine standing atop these vantage points, soaking in panoramic views of the Kathmandu Valley and the majestic Himalayan range – a visual treat that adds an extra layer of awe to the city's natural beauty.

In essence, Kathmandu's geography and climate are not just facets of the city; they are characters in a captivating story. The hills, the river, the changing seasons – each element engages visitors in a narrative that unfolds with every step, making Kathmandu not just a destination but an immersive experience waiting to be discovered.

Kathmandu, with a history spanning over 2,000 years, stands as the vibrant capital of Nepal. From its foundation by King Gunakama Dev in the 3rd century BC to its role as a cultural crossroads on the Silk Road, the city's history is a captivating tale of resilience and cultural fusion.

Dynastic Evolution:

Silk road nexus:, shah dynasty unification:, resilience through challenges:, living museum: durbar square:.

In essence, Kathmandu's history is a captivating narrative of resilience, cultural fusion, and the enduring spirit of a city that has stood the test of time, becoming a living chronicle of Nepal's rich heritage.

Kathmandu, with its rich cultural tapestry, stands as a testament to the harmonious coexistence of Hinduism and Buddhism, creating an atmosphere where ancient traditions seamlessly blend with contemporary life.

Swayambhunath Stupa: The Monkey Temple:

Pashupatinath temple:, boudhanath stupa:, durbar square:, living culture:.

In essence, Kathmandu's culture is a dynamic fusion of ancient rituals, spiritual practices, and the vivacity of daily life, making it a captivating destination for those seeking a profound cultural experience.

Famous Places:

Swayambhunath stupa (monkey temple):.

These famous places collectively narrate the tale of Kathmandu's rich heritage, providing visitors with a profound cultural and spiritual experience against the backdrop of breathtaking architecture and historical significance.

Kathmandu's culinary scene is a tantalizing journey through a fusion of Indian and Tibetan flavors, creating a unique gastronomic experience. The city's diverse and aromatic cuisine reflects not only its geographical location but also its cultural amalgamation. Here are some delightful aspects of Kathmandu's food culture:

Newari Cuisine:

Street food delights:, tea culture:, market exploration:, influence of himalayan ingredients:.

In essence, Kathmandu's food culture is a flavorful tapestry, weaving together tradition, innovation, and a vibrant street food scene. Exploring the diverse array of tastes and aromas becomes an integral part of the city's immersive experience, offering a culinary journey that mirrors the rich cultural heritage of Nepal's capital.

Kathmandu stands as a magnetic draw for tourists worldwide, enticing them with a plethora of historical, cultural, and natural wonders.

Swayambhunath Stupa:

Adventure tourism:, local markets:.

Kathmandu's tourism landscape is a vibrant tapestry woven with historical, spiritual, and adventurous threads. Whether one seeks cultural enrichment, spiritual exploration, or adrenaline-pumping adventures, Kathmandu unfolds as a multifaceted destination that leaves an indelible mark on every traveler's heart.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Kathmandu stands as a captivating city where history, culture, and natural wonders converge, inviting travelers on a journey of discovery and enlightenment in the heart of Nepal. Whether you are drawn to ancient temples, vibrant markets, or breathtaking landscapes, Kathmandu promises an unforgettable adventure that unveils the soul of this enchanting city.

capital city
monasteries
Swayambhunath
Pashupatinath
Durbar Square
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The City and the Writer: In Kathmandu with Manjushree Thapa

Special City Series/ Kathmandu, Nepal 2013

By Nathalie Handal

If each city is like a game of chess, the day when I have learned the rules, I shall finally possess my empire, even if I shall never succeed in knowing all the cities it contains.

— Italo Calvino, Invisible Cities

Can you describe the mood of Kathmandu as you feel/see it?

Kathmandu jostles and jangles; it’s always in a hurry; there’s hardly any time to stop and think here. It has an elegant and sophisticated medieval core built carefully, over centuries, by the Newar people, who settled the city as we live in it today. Laid upon this core is a more hurried, slapdash society, a society of migrants from the countryside driven here by need and aspiration and a pressing desire for a better life. This society grows more frenetic by the day. Kathmandu is also a city of power, a capital city that hoards resources, favoring the few and denying the rest. It has a very real ugliness on display. All of its human drama takes place in an ecologically fragile valley in the foothills of the Himalayan range. Every now and then I glimpse the natural beauty of the valley, and stop in wonder—but mostly I’m caught up in the jostling and jangling.

What is your most heartbreaking memory in this city?

When I was growing up, my cousins and I would have picnics in the paddy fields and wade in the streams. There wasn’t much wilderness here—this was always an urban environment—but there was plenty of greenery: we could always rest in the shade of a poplar tree. Now the rivers are dead, the open spaces are given to construction, and even the fiercest west winds can’t rid the air of toxic particulates. I don’t yearn for what’s gone. Kathmandu’s growth since 1990, when we became a democracy, represents the increased prosperity of Nepal’s citizenry. This matters. I do, however, miss the natural world in my daily life, and wish we could live in a more habitable environment.

What is the most extraordinary detail, one that goes unnoticed by most, of the city?

It’s very easy to forget that the wilderness is close at hand. A half-hour ride out of the city center, and I’m hiking through a rhododendron forest on one of the hills that ring the valley. I couldn’t live in Kathmandu without getting out every so often. Every time I go on one of these hikes, I wonder why I don’t do this more often. I vow to come back soon. Then, back in the city, I get caught up.

What writer(s) from here should we read?

I’ve translated the works of 49 Nepali writers in The Country is Yours: Contemporary Nepali Literature —and this gives only the briefest glimpse into Nepal’s contemporary literary scene.

There’s a very active literary scene here. Most of the literature is written in Nepali or one of Nepal’s over-a-hundred other languages.

In the generation that preceded the present one, Parijat is a must-read. She moved from Darjeeling, India, to Kathmandu in the 1960’s, and in her writings captured the hard intellectual edge of modern Nepal. And though he’s from Darjeeling, India, Nepal likes to claim Indra Bahadur Rai as one of its own, as he writes in the Nepali language. He’s certainly one of India’s best writers.

Among younger writers, I’m very partial to the poems of Bimal Nibha. He’s part of the generation that struggled to bring democracy to Nepal in 1990, and then had to watch so many rights erode over the next fifteen years, as the country suffered through bad governance and a Maoist insurgency. In one of Bimal Nibha’s most iconic poems he challenged the Maoists at the height of their war against the state: I’m an ordinary person / who writes the news who writes poems / who drinks tea and rushes off / a worker who delights and weeps / (Nothing exceptional about me) / Am I not also engaged in a People’s War, Comrade?

But this is just one example. Hundreds of writers and poets produce thousands of new books every year here: it’s difficult for even the most ardent literature-lover to keep up.

One of my favorite poets from here also includes the American expatriate Wayne Amtzis, who writes haunting poems of witness, what he calls “a gathering of evidence.” Some of his work is at www.photo-poems.com.

Is there a place here you return to often?

I find myself always longing for silence here—not just the absence of noise, but the kind of profound silence in which thoughts and emotions clarify. I’ve been able to find this kind of silence in the monasteries of Kathmandu, monasteries in the Tibetan neighborhood of Buddha and on the hills that ring the valley.

Is there an iconic literary place we should know?

There’s a peepal bot, or bodhi tree, growing by the side of the shops in New Road, which is Kathmandu’s bustling commercial district. Till the 1900s, writers and poets and intellectuals would gather around this tree in the evenings, over a cup of tea. The tree was next to the best newsstand in town, where all the international papers and magazines were available. The American library (which closed as part of the budget cuts of the Reagan administration) was nearby. So many Nepali writers learned about American literature—Whitman, and Poe, and the Beat Generation—at that library, and shared their views with each other at the peepal bot.

After 1990, the literary scene grew larger, and also more diffuse and scattered. The peepal bot lost its significance, but it still stands, a memorial of what used to be a site of real intellectual ferment.

Are there hidden cities within this city that have intrigued or seduced you?

Kathmandu is a maze. It’s possible to lose yourself in its circles, which are many, and sometimes interlocked and at other times not. We live side by side with others whose lives are completely closed off to us. As the city grows, new neighborhoods crop up, new societies form—different parts of the city are inhabited by migrants from various parts of the country. The city keeps changing and becoming something other than what I thought it was. Every few years I feel like I have to discover it anew.

Where does passion live here?

There’s a lot of passion here in the public arena—this is most evident in our politics—but ultimately, I think Kathmandu’s passion really lives in the family life. The petit-bourgeois concerns—for slightly sturdier shelter, somewhat tastier food, clothing that’s just a bit more stylish—really predominate. This is very civilizing. It keeps us from allowing political ideology to dominate.

What is the title of one of your stories about Kathmandu and what inspired it exactly?

“Friends” is inspired by my own confusions after I returned to a socially conservative Kathmandu after completing my college education in the US. This was in 1989. I was an America-educated bohemian, a misfit, and I was intensely miserable most of the time.

“Friends” is the story of a friendship between a hippy Nepali-American man and a staid, duty-bound Nepali man who has never left Nepal. They strike up a friendship in Kathmandu’s low-budget tourist district, Thamel, where East and West mingle effortlessly. I spent so much time as a twenty-something in Thamel, where it was possible to meet friends (even boyfriends!) without attracting the censure of Kathmandu society. The story is really my tribute to Thamel.

Inspired by Levi, “Outside Kathmandu does an outside exist?”

Outside Kathmandu is all of Nepal: of that I’m certain. I’m not certain, though, if an outside exists outside Nepal, at least not for me. I tend to bring Nepal along with me everywhere I go.

Other installments in the City and the Writer/Kathmandu special series:

In Kathmandu with Rabi Thapa

In Kathmandu with Samrat Upadhyay

Manjushree Thapa was born in Kathmandu in 1968, and she grew up in Nepal, Canada, and the United States. She was trained as a photographer at the Rhode Island School of Design, and later studied creative writing as a Fulbright fellow at the University of Washington. She is the author of two novels, The Tutor of History and Seasons of Flight, and a short-story collection, Tilled Earth . Her nonfiction books include Forget Kathmandu , on Nepal’s political upheavals, as well as a biography, A Boy from Siklis: The Life and Times of Chandra Gurung and The Lives We Have Lost , a collection of her essays on Nepal’s Maoist insurgency and peace process. Her stories have appeared in literary magazines in the US, and her essays have appeared in the New York Times , the London Review of Books , and in the print media in South Asia. She also translates Nepali literature into English, some of her translations can be found in The Country is Yours: Contemporary Nepali Literature . She lives in Kathmandu and Toronto.

Nathalie Handal

Nathalie Handal is the author of eight plays and the editor of two anthologies.

The City and the Writer: In Zürich with Dana Grigorcea

The city and the writer: isabel fargo cole in berlin, the city and the writer: wallis wilde-menozzi in parma.

Short Essay: Kathmandu

A couple of short essay examples about Kathmandu.

Table of Contents

Kathmandu Essay Example 1

Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, is a vibrant and bustling metropolis located in the central part of the country. It is a city that is steeped in rich cultural and historical heritage, and is known for its ancient temples, palaces, and traditional architecture. Kathmandu is also a popular hub for tourism, offering a gateway to the majestic Himalayan region and opportunities for trekking, mountaineering, and exploring the natural beauty of Nepal. In this essay, we will explore the various facets of Kathmandu, from its cultural and historical landmarks to its modern-day attractions and tourism industry.

Kathmandu is a city that is deeply rooted in Nepal’s rich cultural heritage. The city boasts an impressive array of ancient temples, palaces, and shrines that are testament to its long and illustrious history. One of the most iconic landmarks of Kathmandu is the Pashupatinath Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that is revered as one of the most sacred Hindu shrines in the world. The temple is located on the banks of the Bagmati River and is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Another popular temple in Kathmandu is the Swayambhunath Stupa, also known as the Monkey Temple, which is a Buddhist shrine that dates back to the 5th century. Other notable landmarks in Kathmandu include the Durbar Squares, which are ancient palaces that served as the seat of power for the Nepalese monarchy. These palaces are renowned for their stunning architecture and intricate carvings, and are a must-visit for anyone interested in Nepal’s cultural heritage.

Kathmandu is also a hub for tourism, offering a wide range of activities and attractions for visitors. One of the most popular tourist activities in Kathmandu is trekking in the Himalayan region. The city serves as a gateway to the Himalayas, and many treks begin from here. The most popular trek in Nepal is the Everest Base Camp Trek, which takes trekkers through the stunning Khumbu Valley and offers spectacular views of Mount Everest. Other popular treks in the region include the Annapurna Circuit and the Langtang Trek. In addition to trekking, Kathmandu also offers opportunities for mountaineering, rock climbing, and white-water rafting. For those interested in history and culture, the city has a number of museums, art galleries, and cultural centers where visitors can learn about Nepal’s diverse cultural heritage.

Kathmandu is a city that is constantly evolving, with new developments and modern-day attractions being added to its landscape. One of the most notable modern-day attractions in the city is the Garden of Dreams, a neo-classical garden that was built in the early 20th century. The garden is a peaceful oasis in the midst of the bustling city, and is a popular spot for locals and tourists alike. Another popular modern-day attraction in Kathmandu is the Thamel neighborhood, a vibrant area that is home to a number of restaurants, bars, and shops. Thamel is a popular spot for backpackers and travelers, and is a great place to meet fellow travelers and explore the city’s nightlife. Finally, Kathmandu is also known for its festivals and celebrations, which are an integral part of Nepalese culture. The most popular festival in Kathmandu is the Dashain festival, which celebrates the victory of good over evil and is marked by feasting, dancing, and the exchange of gifts.

In conclusion, Kathmandu is a city that offers a unique blend of ancient cultural heritage and modern-day attractions. Its temples, palaces, and shrines are a testament to its rich history, while its thriving tourism industry offers opportunities for adventure and exploration. Whether you’re interested in trekking in the Himalayas, learning about Nepal’s cultural heritage, or simply exploring the city’s modern-day attractions, Kathmandu is a city that has something for everyone.

Kathmandu Essay Example 2

Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, is a fascinating destination that attracts visitors from across the globe. The city is known for its rich cultural heritage, stunning temples, and palaces that have stood the test of time. Besides being a cultural hub, Kathmandu is also a popular destination for adventure tourism, with the Himalayas located just a short distance away. In this essay, we will explore the various aspects of Kathmandu that make it a must-visit destination.

Kathmandu is a vibrant city situated in the central part of Nepal. The city is dotted with ancient temples, historic palaces, and bustling markets that give visitors a glimpse into the country’s rich cultural heritage. The most famous landmark in Kathmandu is the Swayambhunath Stupa, also known as the Monkey Temple, which is located on a hilltop and offers stunning views of the city. Other famous temples in Kathmandu include the Pashupatinath Temple, Boudhanath Stupa, and the Kathmandu Durbar Square. These temples are not only religious sites but also offer a glimpse into the city’s rich history and architecture.

Kathmandu is also a hub for trekking and adventure tourism. The city is located near the foothills of the Himalayas and offers a range of trekking options, from short hikes to multi-day treks that take visitors through scenic mountain trails. The most popular trekking routes near Kathmandu include the Langtang Valley Trek, Helambu Trek, and the Everest Base Camp Trek. Besides trekking, visitors can also indulge in other adventure activities like mountain biking, paragliding, and rafting.

Kathmandu is a city that offers something for everyone. Whether you are a history buff, an adventure seeker, or a foodie, the city has it all. The city is known for its delicious food, which includes momos, dal bhat, and Newari cuisine. The bustling streets of Thamel and Asan offer a range of shopping options, from traditional handicrafts to modern clothing. Visitors can also explore the city’s museums and art galleries, which showcase the country’s rich cultural heritage.

In conclusion, Kathmandu is a city that offers visitors a unique cultural experience combined with adventure tourism. The city’s rich history, stunning temples, and palaces make it a must-visit destination for those interested in history and architecture. For adventure seekers, the city’s proximity to the Himalayas offers a range of trekking and adventure options. The city’s vibrant street life, delicious food, and shopping options make it a destination that should be on every traveler’s bucket list.

Kathmandu Essay Example 3

Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, is a cultural hub located in the central part of the country. With its rich cultural heritage, bustling streets, and growing tourism industry, it is a city that has a lot to offer. In this essay, we will delve into the different aspects of Kathmandu that make it a unique and fascinating city.

Kathmandu is a city rich in cultural heritage, with many temples and historic sites. One of the most famous of these is Swayambhunath Stupa, also known as the Monkey Temple. This temple is located on a hilltop and is surrounded by beautiful views of the city. The temple is home to many monkeys, which are considered sacred by the locals. Another significant historic site in Kathmandu is the Pashupatinath Temple, which is an important pilgrimage site for Hindus. The temple is located on the banks of the Bagmati River and is known for its beautiful architecture and intricate carvings.

Kathmandu is also a bustling city that offers a range of accommodations, restaurants, and shopping opportunities. The city has a growing tourism industry, and there are many different types of accommodations available to suit all budgets. From budget hostels to luxury hotels, there is something for everyone. In terms of food, Kathmandu is known for its delicious Nepali cuisine. There are many restaurants that serve traditional Nepali dishes such as momos, dal bhat, and chow mein. The city is also home to many markets and shopping areas where visitors can purchase traditional Nepali handicrafts, souvenirs, and clothing.

In addition to its cultural heritage and bustling city life, Kathmandu also has many natural attractions. The city is surrounded by beautiful mountains, and there are many hiking trails and trekking opportunities nearby. One of the most popular trekking routes is the Everest Base Camp Trek, which takes visitors through the stunning Khumbu Valley. Another popular natural attraction in the area is the Chitwan National Park, which is home to a variety of wildlife, including tigers, rhinoceros, and elephants.

Kathmandu is a city that has something for everyone. Whether you are interested in exploring its rich cultural heritage, the bustling city life, or the stunning natural beauty that surrounds it, there is always something to do and see in Kathmandu. It is a city that is sure to leave a lasting impression on all who visit.

About Mr. Greg

Mr. Greg is an English teacher from Edinburgh, Scotland, currently based in Hong Kong. He has over 5 years teaching experience and recently completed his PGCE at the University of Essex Online. In 2013, he graduated from Edinburgh Napier University with a BEng(Hons) in Computing, with a focus on social media.

Mr. Greg’s English Cloud was created in 2020 during the pandemic, aiming to provide students and parents with resources to help facilitate their learning at home.

Whatsapp: +85259609792

[email protected]

essay about kathmandu in nepali language

Writing journeys

13 MIN READ

Excellent essays and outstanding op-eds

Tom Robertson, September 29, 2021, Kathmandu

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Writing Journeys series editor Tom Robertson provides a list of easy tips on how to write better argumentative essays and opinion pieces for newspapers.

At first, I was surprised that, of the many Nepali-language Youtube videos that I’ve made about writing, the most popular was also the longest — a video called Easy Excellent Essays . Once I thought more, though, it became less surprising; writing essays is important and hard. And in schools, most Nepalis don’t get much hands-on essay writing practice. Fortunately, there are several easy-to-learn principles that make writing excellent essays much easier.

Here are some common questions that people ask me about essays.

How did you learn to write argument essays?

I got a lot of practice in my 11th-grade social studies class. All year, we never faced regular tests, only essay exams. I probably wrote 8 or 10 essays that year and prepared to write three times as many. That gave me a lot of practice with the concise five-paragraph essay: introduction, three body paragraphs, and conclusion.

That model works well with short articles. But I’ve found that the same writing concepts help with longer articles, journal articles, and even whole books (and also with presentations .) My PhD dissertation, which eventually became a published book, is nothing more than a whole lot of five- , six- , and seven-paragraph essays woven together into nine chapters.

What is the best way to start an opinion essay?

The first one or two paragraphs are crucial. With short articles, such as an opinion article for the newspaper, I often read just one or two paragraphs and then ask myself, “Is it worth reading this article?” I’m busy and picky. If I can’t tell what the essay is about, or if I think it’s saying something obvious or not new, or if I think the author is not careful with words, I give up partway and move to another article.

Do you start with your main point right away?

That is one effective approach, either right away or at the end of a paragraph that introduces the main topic. In fact, that’s the classic way to start a short argumentative essay such as an op-ed article — with an intro paragraph highlighting the main argument.

The US military has a term for this: BLUF, or Bottom Line Up Front. Putting the main argument — what you are trying to prove — early makes it much easier for readers. One of the most common mistakes in newspaper op-ed articles is to not make the argument clear early on. Similarly, in an academic article, a big blunder is to jump to the evidence without setting up the question and clarifying the overall argument in an introductory paragraph. For both, I recommend summarizing the main point in a single crystal-clear sentence such as “While X and Y have argued Z, I will argue A and B.”

What about a hook?

I also often start an essay with a ‘hook’ — something to pull in readers — usually an interesting story or a startling statistic or really engaging quotation. But if I do, I’m careful to be concise. Tell your story quickly and clearly, then give the essay’s main topic and your main argument. There’s nothing worse than a long-winded opening to an essay that attempts to be interesting but fails because it doesn’t get to the topic or main argument quickly enough. Unless you are an exceptionally skilled storyteller, hooks must be very clear and very quick. Readers want to know where they are going.

Some people suggest ending the essay similarly to the way you start. What do you think?

That’s effective and easy to do. You can start a personal essay for a college or graduate essay about some life-altering, near-fatal experience you had, move on to other topics in the middle of the essay, and then in the essay’s last sentences, quickly remind readers of the life-altering, near-fatal story again. Doing this can be very powerful. It brings things full circle. It shows how far we’ve come in the essay. It feels elegant. That’s why you see the method often. It works well in op-eds too.

This long-form opinion piece by Sarita Pariyar uses this technique very well: ‘ The old weight of caste ’.

For another example in a long essay, see how I start and end my 5,000-word essay in Nepali Times , ‘ The monsoon, and nature’s arithmetic ’.

This easy and effective writing technique shows a defining feature of essays — that the material in them “holds together.” Everything — the beginning, middle, and end — is somehow connected to a single question or theme. The fancy name for this is ‘coherence’. An essay is not a list — a loosely connected collection of info — but a more focused set of interlinked facts, info, and opinion. The key concept is interconnection. Starting and ending with the same story or theme shows this concept well.

Ok, you’ve got us through the introduction. What then?

Next come body paragraphs or body sections. Generally two-to-four of each but sometimes more. Here, my advice is short paragraphs with the main point at the beginning. A new paragraph signals to readers that a new idea is coming. Don’t keep them guessing what it is. Bottom Line Up Front. BLUF.

When you say short, how short do you mean?

One-to-four sentences for newspaper articles. A little longer for academic writing. Most academic articles have paragraphs that are way too long. Most readers get lost or bored or both. Nothing helped my writing more than learning to write focused paragraphs. One paragraph equals one idea.

How do you order the body paragraphs?

Generally, either thematically or chronologically. Follow the same order as in the introduction — or fix the introduction so it mimics the order of paragraphs. That makes it much easier for readers. Otherwise, it’s like light switches that don’t align with the lights they turn on — it’s counterintuitive and confusing.

The key thing is that there needs to be a logical order and you need to show it to the readers. If your structure is logical but the readers can’t actually see the logic, that’s not very helpful. You want to build your argument, step by step. It’s often effective to use numbers to organize your paragraphs.

I hear you have a good metaphor for thinking about the essay writer’s role.

I find it helpful to think about an essay as a journey or trip for the readers. Readers start in one location and move to three or four other places. Then they arrive at a final location.

Your job, as author, is to be the tour guide. At the beginning, explain where you are going and why. That’s the essay’s introduction. Why should readers care? Then actually take them to several locations and explain what they should be looking at and why. Each stopping point is a body paragraph. Make sure readers don’t get lost. Make sure they know what they are looking at.

The best tour guides know where readers might get confused and so they make the right path very clear. But once readers know where they are, the best tour guides get out of the way, so as not to distract from or block what’s important.

At the end of the trip, the tour guide helps readers make sense of the trip, to find meaning in what they saw. That’s the essay’s conclusion. After a journey, it is often useful to look back to where you started and remind readers of what you talked about at the beginning of the journey, and each step of the way.

What is your approach to transitions?

The most effective transitions involve no special transition words. Instead, they rely upon logic that is so clear that even without help readers can easily see the necessary jumps from topic to topic. Sometimes all they need is the paragraph break that says ‘Hey reader, here comes a new idea’.

But, and this is crucial, especially when there’s a change in time or place or argument, readers need more help. The best transitions provide clarity about the new context and do so quickly: “In nineteenth century France, …” Or, “In India in the 1970s,…” What a great transition! Clear and quick, right at the beginning. Along these lines, I love using the word “but” or “yet” at a paragraph’s beginning as a signpost. One short word says so much.

How do you make an essay interesting? How do you keep readers wanting to read on?

In each and every paragraph I ask myself this question. I’m always thinking about the reader and how to keep him or her interested.

One thing that helps far more than you might realize is keeping things concise. Keep paragraphs short and focused. Cut the unnecessary words. Most first and second drafts are way too loooooong. [See my tips on writing concisely ‘ Less is more ’.]

For content: Don’t state the obvious. Pay attention to what surprises you. If you find it surprising, your readers probably will too. Ask a probing question. Create a mystery or puzzle to solve. Collect startling statistics and powerful quotations. Build paragraphs around them. I often think of my essays as a trip from one juicy quotation to another, from one interesting person’s views to another. My essay is really not much more than several great quotes strung together.

One final note: It’s helpful to pay attention to what makes engaging writing engaging. I love Roy Peter Clark’s advice on this: Whenever you can’t put a book down, put it down and analyze what makes it so interesting.

Is it ok to repeat things?

Except in one situation, repetition is boring, and deadening. Weed it out of every sentence. Adding words that don’t add much — what is called ‘wordiness’ — makes reading your sentences a chore. Inexperienced writers sometimes use two words when one is actually more powerful. Same for sentences. In some drafts, I cut every other sentence because all they do is repeat the previous sentences.

The exception is when you’ve gone on for a while and readers might get confused by all the details and lose track of the larger argument. In those moments, a little repetition from the author — Hey forgetful reader, again, here’s why this long story is so important — can be a lifesaver. I think of this as ‘strategic repetition’. The best writers can do this orienting, reminding work with just a word or two or quick list.

When you sit down to write, do you actually write the way you describe here? Do you really write that way?

No, not at all. What I describe here is how I re-write and re-re-write. When I write, I often have a rough outline, a narrative arc, and several juicy quotes and startling statistics in mind. I turn each quotation or two into a paragraph, then decide the most logical order. Often, it’s not until the end that I realize my overall argument — often, it comes out most clearly in the last few paragraphs. And only then do I go back and write my introduction, making sure my topic and my main argument is clear from the beginning. I usually can’t write that introduction until I’ve done at least a first draft.

After a draft is complete I look at everything I’ve got again and again from the perspective of the imagined reader to see if it’s clear. I value clarity above all else. I make a new outline (a ‘reverse’ outline) to make sure that what I’m trying to say is clear and where I want it. I always do several drafts and, if it’s important, I always show it to someone else for feedback.

What is your favorite tip for essays?

I think I’ve given most of them: hook, BLUF, short paragraphs, great quotes, remember the reader, cut, cut, cut, and, of course, strategic repetition.

How should you conclude an argument essay?

Because newspaper articles often follow different rules than essays, they often end with a reminder or gesture toward the article’s main point but try to end with a bang — what they call a ‘kicker’ — a powerful quotation or witty line.

But classic essays, op-ed articles, and academic articles need to spotlight the argument. In the conclusion, the main goal is to clearly re-iterate the main argument and show how things fit together. You don’t want readers to leave the article with some confusion about exactly what your main point is. That is the biggest possible blunder.

In my view, with the conclusion, it’s much better to be clear even if a little repetitive. That’s much better than being elegant but confusing. That said, there are ways to remind of your main argument and its importance in artful, elegant, memorable ways.

I recommend studying how authors end their articles and essays in different contexts. Collect and study the best strategies for ending effectively.

Resources and links

See Mitho Lekhai Youtube video: Easy Excellent Essays ( Full and Short versions)
See Mitho Lekhai Youtube video: Juicy Wild Dogs (Analysis of an excellent article)
‘ Man’s Best Friend ’ (Sample 5-paragraph essay)
Macalester College one-minute videos on writing

Recommended Essays

Sarita Pariyar, ‘ The media’s portrayal of Dalits is incomplete ’, The Kathmandu Post , 2020.
Sujeev Shakya, ‘ Change begins at home: The way the government functions is a reflection on Nepali society ’, The Kathmandu Post , 2020.
Kunti Adhikary, ‘ Multiple realities ’, The Kathmandu Post , 2018.
Shradha Ghale, ‘ Men in green ’, The Kathmandu Post , 2018.
Prashanta Khanal, ‘ Rethinking Kathmandu ’, The Record , 2020.
Deepak Thapa, ‘ The eternal dream of self-government ’, The Kathmandu Post, 2020.

Footnote. This article was first published as part of a book.

Tom Robertson Tom Robertson, PhD, is an environmental historian who writes about Kathmandu and Nepali history. His Nepali-language video series on writing, 'Mitho Lekhai', is available on Youtube. His most recent article, 'No smoke without fire in Kathmandu’, appeared on March 5 in Nepali Times.

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Kathmandu in Nepal: an Examination of Their Origin, Religion, Kingdom Instability and Their Environment

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Swayambhunath Stupa

Swayamhunath stupa, find peace and prayers on the little hillock of swaymbhunath northwest of kathmandu valley..

Find peace and prayers on the little hillock of Swaymbhunath in the northwest of Kathmandu Valley . Visitors for whom the name was a tongue twister have called it "Monkey Temple" from the 1970s. Swayambhu, overlooks most parts of the valley giving visitors a panoramic view of the city. The stupa has stood as a hallmark of faith and harmony for centuries with Hindu temples and deities incorporated in this Buddhist site. The glory of Kathmandu Valley is said to have started from this point.

Resting on a hillock 3 km west of Kathmandu, Swayambhu is one of the holiest Buddhist stupas in Nepal. It is said to have evolved spontaneously when the valley was created out of a primordial lake more than 2,000 years ago. This stupa is the oldest of its kind in Nepal and has numerous shrines and monasteries on its premises.

Swayambhu literally means "self-existent one". Believed to date back to 460 A.D., it was built by King Manadeva and by the 13th century, it had become an important center of Buddhism. Legend has it that Swayambhu was born out of a lotus flower that bloomed in the middle of a lake that once spread across the Kathmandu Valley once was. The largest image of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Nepal sits on a high pedestal on the western boundary of Swayambhu beside the Ring Road. Behind the hilltop is a temple dedicated to Manjusri or Saraswati - the Goddess of learning. Chaityas, statues and shrines of Buddhist and Hindu deities fill the stupa complex. The base of the hill is almost entirely surrounded by prayer wheels and deities. Devotees can be seen circumambulating the stupa at all times.

Exceedingly steep stone steps that lead up to the shrine is quite a challenge. However, there is also a motor road going up almost to the top from where it is a short walk. A large number of Buddhists and Hindus alike visit Swayambhu throughout the day. This shrine is perhaps the best place to observe religious harmony in Nepal. The largest crowds of people are seen here on Buddha's birthday which usually falls in May each year.

Some important monuments to see in this area

The huge gold plated Vajra ‘thunderbolt’ set in the east side of the stupa.

Buddha statue on the west side of Swayambhu.

The Sleeping Buddha.

The Dewa Dharma Monastery, noted for a bronze icon of Buddha and traditional Tibetan paintings.

The temple dedicated to Harati, the goddess of all children. It is said that she was an ogress before Lord Buddha converted her to be the caretaker of all children.

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Pashupatinath.

Nepal Tourism Board is a national tourism organization of Nepal established in 1998 by an Act of Parliament in the form of partnership between the Government of Nepal and private sector tourism industry to develop and market Nepal as an attractive tourist destination. The Board provides platform for vision-drawn leadership for Nepal’s tourism sector by integrating Government commitment with the dynamism of private sector.

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Vitality of language and religion among the Newars in the Kathmandu Valley

RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS Questions: Is Newar language (Nepalbhasa) decreasing and why? Is Buddhism decreasing among Newars and why? Is there an interdependence between these two processes?

Hypothesis: Newar language is decreasing, due to State language policy; Vajrayana Buddhism is decreasing, due to lack of competencies of its proponents, and is thus rivaled by Theravada Buddhism. The interaction between language and religion in this case is that Newar language and Buddhism have suffered and resisted together the oppression from the State policy of Nepal throughout the 20 th century, and this solidarity continues today.

METHODOLOGY

To evaluate the vitality and interdependence of language vitality and religion vitality, I have built up questionnaires and conducted interviews for field work on the basis of the approaches of three researchers: EDWARDS, J. 1992, « Sociopolitical aspects of language maintenance and loss: towards a typology of minority language situation » in FASE, W., JASPAERT, K., KRONE, S. (éd.), 1992, Maintenance and loss of minority languages , John Benjamins, Amsterdam FISHMAN, J., 2006, “A Decalogue of Basic Theoretical Perspectives for a Sociology of Language and Religion”, in OMONIYI, T., FISHMAN, J. (eds.), 2006, Exploration in the Sociology of Language and Religion, pp.13-25. PANDHARIPANDE, R., 2006, “Ideology, authority and language choice – language and religion in Southa Asia”, in OMONIYI, T., FISHMAN, J. (éds), 2006, Explorations in the Sociology of Language and Religion , Amsterdam, Philadelphia, J. Benjamins, chap.11

As for the understanding of the Newar cultural field itself, the obvious sources are Gerard TOFFIN and David GELLNER.

III. OUTLINE Introduction: research questions and hypothesis; methodology. The vitality of Newar language (Nepalbhasa) in the Valley. The vitality of Buddhism among Newars. Awareness and reactions: where language and religion meet. Perspectives for research, and perspectives for Newar policies of language and religion.

Newari, the indigenous language of the Kathmandu valley, is considered by the UNESCO as an endangered language, and anthropologists like David Gellner observe the decline of the religious tradition professed by the Buddhist part of that people. These facts prompt us to wonder why and to which extent both the mother tongue and Buddhism are decreasing among Newars, and what, if any, is the causal relationship linking the evolution of these two cultural features. Our hypotheses are that the State policies are to be held responsible of the situation, and that revitalization actions in language and religion build on each other. For the purpose of our research, we have adopted the theoretical frame of what Omoniyi and Fishman wish to become a Sociology of language and religion , and we have resorted to typologies of minority languages, applying them to the religious domain as well. In order to verify these hypotheses, qualitative and quantitative data have been collected through questionnaires and field investigations, targeting a sample of speakers, believers, and actors of language and religion revitalization of the Buddhist Newar community.

It has been thus been confirmed that Newari language has suffered from the State former language policies. The generalization of the official language, Nepali, as the general language of education, has much contributed to the decrease of proficiency in Newari as a mother tongue among the three currently observable generations. On the other hand, the recent change in the political regime allows the manifestation of the interest in the transmission of mother languages, especially among Newars. As for Buddhism, it has entered a mutation process. Traditional Newar Buddhism has to operate its own mutation in order to synchronize with the changes of society and thus survive, but the process is slowed down by the weight of traditions. By contrast, since a century the Theravada Buddhist tradition from South-East Asia is taking roots in Nepal, and above all among Newars. Far from being seen as an exotic product, it fulfills a wish to get back to a Buddhist practice accessible to all and a philosophy taught indiscriminately, and to revive the long lost monastic institution. Moreover, Newari language and Buddhism having been prosecuted together during the first half of the 20th century, the memory of this shared fate is kept alive and sustains solidarity until today. Field investigations have revealed that most of Newari language promoters are Buddhists; reciprocally, among Newars the Buddhists are more concerned by the endangered situation of Newari, more willing to improve it, and to actually take action to that aim.

This comparison of language and religion vitalities in the Buddhist Newar group reveals the solidarity uniting these two phenomenons. This contributes to documenting the research on relations between language and religion. At the same time, it shows that it is relevant to apply evaluation tools of language vitality to the evaluation of religious vitality. Furthermore, it confirms the necessity we are facing to explore and conceptualize more the links between language and the social dynamics it often sustains but also depends on.

Keywords : Nepal, Newar, Newari, Buddhism, minority languages, revitalization.

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The culture of Nepal is unique. It is rich in music, dance, arts, literature, religion, festivals and food. Temples and monasteries are the foundations of Nepali architecture and dominate the important cultural and historical places.

There are 125 caste / ethnic groups in Nepal and these have developed their own religion, language, and music. Folk music is very popular. When travelling in Nepal it is a delight to see the different traditional clothing, taste the different varieties of traditional food and learn about the different cultures of the various ethnic groups.

The main language spoken in Nepal is Nepali with 45% of people using it as their primary language. There are however 123 different languages spoken in Nepal. Travel-trade people understand and speak English as well.

The most common greeting in Nepal is “Namaste” with both palms pressed together across the chest. Translated it means “The god in me greets the god in you”.

Nepal is a secular state according to the constitution of Nepal with a predominance of Hindu and Buddhist population. According to the 2011 census, 81.3% of the Nepalese population was Hindu, 9.0% was Buddhist, 4.4% was Muslim, 3.0% was Kiratist (indigenous ethnic religion), 1.4% was Christian, 0.2% was Sikhs, 0.1% was Jains and 0.6% follow other religions or no religion. There is also a lot of “fusion” elements of both that is commonly seen in Nepal. In the mountain areas, Buddhism is more predominant while in the cities, mid hills and flatlands Hinduism predominates. Nepalese people are very religious by nature and hold close to their beliefs and culture. There is also a strong belief in spirits, ghosts and Shamanism and Shamans are often consulted for treatment of illnesses.

The biggest festival of the year is Dashain which is held for 15 days in late September or early October. There are many other festivals and celebrations held in Nepal and most months are host to different celebrations.

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My writings blend Nepali heritage with diasporic flavour

Anish Ghimire

Krishna Bajgai, a Nepali writer residing in the UK, has been writing Nepali language literature for the past 21 years while living outside Nepal. He is the founding president of a contemporary literary organisation in the UK, Samakalin Literary Academy and the chief editor of an international journal focusing on migration research, Prawasan Research Journal of Nepalese Literature and has been editing and publishing a literary web magazine named Samakalin sahitya for the past decade.

Apart from this, he has also published 18 literary works in the Nepali language.

In an interview with the Post ’s Anish Ghimire , Bajgai discusses why he got into writing, his role as the president of a Nepali literary organisation in the UK and the challenges Nepali writers face abroad.

What inspired you to pursue writing and how has your Nepali heritage influenced your literary journey?

My poem was first published in 1984 in a magazine, which inspired me to write more. As time went on, my interest in literature grew and I started searching for like-minded friends and forming groups. I also participated in various literary events and sometimes even organised them. Active involvement in literary organisations increased my interest in reading and writing literature. I began writing mostly to express myself.

Since 1984 until today, I have been involved in various literary organisations. I continue to write in multiple genres such as novels, stories, short stories, children’s stories, poems and haikus. So far, 18 of my literary works have been published. The main element that inspires my writing is my readers. Readers’ feedback on my writing encourages me to keep writing.

As the president of Samakalin Literary Academy, what initiatives or programmes do you prioritise to support aspiring writers and promote Nepali literature?

Samakalin Literary Academy has consistently supported contemporary Nepali language literature through its web magazine for the past seventeen years. In addition to this, the organisation also publishes the Prawasan Research Journal of Nepalese Literature . To foster the growth of Nepali literature, we regularly organise discussions and poetry events. Furthermore, there are plans to translate outstanding Nepali literary works into English to reach the global market in the future.

In the Prawasan Research Journal of Nepalese Literature, what criteria have you set for the selection of pieces?

This journal is dedicated to publishing articles that delve deep into topics such as language, literature and literary theories. We prioritise submissions that explore new or less explored subjects through rigorous research. Each article undergoes a thorough review process by experts in the field, who may suggest revisions to ensure quality and relevance. Articles that do not meet our criteria may be rejected. Our mission is to promote Nepali literature and advance literary research in our community.

How do you think being part of the Nepali diaspora in the UK has impacted your writing style or themes?

For 24 years, I’ve called Europe home. Even during my time in Nepal, I wrote and shared literature. While I’m known as a diasporic writer, not all my works fall under that label. Many simply hint at the diasporic flavour. Having experienced both societies and cultures, my writings offer insights into Nepal from afar and the lives of migrants like me. It’s a blend of my experiences in both countries, shaping my stories and poems in unique ways.

What challenges do Nepali writers face in the UK?

Nepali authors living in the UK do not primarily make a living from writing literature. Most people write in their hours of leisure. Creating profound literary works takes a lot of time. Due to everyday work, family and social responsibilities, not everyone finds the environment conducive to writing.

The main challenge for Nepali writers living in the UK is time management. Additionally, most books published in Nepal are not easily accessible here. As a result, Nepali authors who are employed overseas don’t fully get the trend of writing in Nepal. Due to the lack of direct or indirect dialogue and interaction with readers, Nepali authors who write books abroad may not receive suggestions or feedback from readers. The absence of opportunities for writing and self-improvement is also a challenge for authors here.

Krishna Bajgai’s book recommendations

Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind

Author: Yuval Noah Harari

Publisher: Penguin

‘Sapiens’ provides an intriguing description of the development of modern humankind from prehistoric times. Along with insights into humanity’s history, the book discusses what the world’s future might look like.

Atomic Habits

Author: James Clear

Publisher: Penguin Books

‘Atomic Habits’ teaches the practice of breaking down tasks into small chunks and regulating them consistently to achieve goals. It’s a practical guide that teaches how to change habits and gradually improve every day.

Long Walk to Freedom

Author: Nelson Mandela

Publisher: Abacus

‘Long Walk to Freedom’ is an autobiography written by Nelson Mandela, the first black president of South Africa. It depicts his early life, struggles against apartheid and imprisonment.

The Alchemist

Author: Paulo Coelho

Publisher: HarperCollins

This book is a simple yet intellectually inspiring story of a young boy. It is an example of how at any point in life, one can turn their dreams into reality. Coelho writes brilliantly about adventure and self-discovery.

The Kite Runner

Author: Khaled Hosseini

Publisher: Riverhead Books

In this novel by an Afghan-American author based in America, themes of friendship, family, betrayal, war, redemption and liberation are explored. ‘The Kite Runner’ delivers a powerful message of human freedom.

Anish Ghimire Ghimire is a Culture and Lifestyle reporter. He is also the author of 'A Walk Away From Home' and 'The Stardust In Us'.

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Kathmandu - The Capital City of Nepal

Updated 30 August 2022

Subject Geography

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Topic Kathmandu

Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal. It is a huge metropolitan city and a center of business and worship. You can visit the city by flight, train or car. You should spend at least a day in Kathmandu to explore its many attractions. It is also an ideal place to stay if you're on a short visit. kathmandu is the capital of Nepal Nepal's capital city is Kathmandu, also known as Katmandu. It is located in a hilly region near the confluence of the Baghmati and Vishnumati rivers at an elevation of 1,324 meters. The city was founded in 723 by Raja Gunakamadeva. The name Kathmandu comes from a wooden temple built by Raja Lachmina Singh in 1596. The original wooden temple still stands in the center square, and the building is still used for sadhus. From 1768 until 2008, Kathmandu was the seat of the Gurkha people's Shah family. The city is home to a variety of ethnic groups. The population is predominantly Hindu, but there are also significant populations of Buddhists. Because of this, there are many opportunities to see and experience the culture of other communities while you're visiting Kathmandu. It is a large metropolis While visiting Kathmandu, you can enjoy a wide range of cultural experiences. The city is a hub for Nepali cinema and theatre. Several theatres are located in the city, including the Nepali Dance Theatre on the Kanti Path and the Ganga and Himalayan Theatre. The Aarohan Theater Group, established in 1982, also has a location in the city. It also hosts the Kathmandu International Theatre Festival. The city also boasts an internationally standard cinema theatre. Ancient monuments and buildings are common in Kathmandu. Visitors can visit the National Library and Kaiser Library, which contain thousands of books. The National Library contains rare scholarly works dating back to the 17th century. In addition, the Kaiser Library is located on the ground floor of the Ministry of Education building. The collection of the Kaiser Library consists of ancient books and documents from Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana's personal library. Its collection includes a Sanskrit manual on the Tantra, which is believed to be over 1,000 years old. It is a place of worship Kathmandu is an important city for Hindus, Buddhists and Muslims alike. Its historic and cultural significance has made it a UNESCO World Heritage site. However, it is also at risk of being destroyed by urban sprawl. The city has been listed on UNESCO's World Heritage in Danger list since 2003. Despite this, many buildings have been restored, and many others are under construction. Among the religious practices in Kathmandu, the most popular is tantric ritual. While the western conception of tantra focuses on sexual practices, in Nepal the word tantra refers to a form of ritual worship. The time and place of tantric rites are influenced by the seasons, moon phase and astrological calculation. Additionally, the location must be geomantically sound and possess a powerful energy. Furthermore, it must be free of negative omens. It is a place of business There are many businesses in Kathmandu. There are some that have been around for a long time and have grown with the city. Many of these businesses are in the Thamel area of the city, which is the main tourist neighbourhood. You'll find restaurants, shops, and guest houses here. Others are newer and are growing in popularity, such as Jhamel, or Jhamsikhel. Some of these businesses are a bit off the beaten path, and will give you an idea of what to expect. You can find many businesses in Kathmandu, including small local businesses and multinational companies. There are also several tech companies in the area. For instance, there is GInnovation, which is involved in building warehouses and has developed a portable rocket stove. There's also Aji's, a local company that sells hand-made products by elderly people and is available in the U.S.

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It is a place of culture Kathmandu is home to an astonishing range of arts and crafts. From butter tea churns to yak felt slippers, the valley is awash with intricate craftwork. To find the best crafts, shop in neighborhoods where they are made. The best places to buy crafts in Kathmandu are outside the tourist areas, such as in the nearby streets. The oldest part of Kathmandu is Bhaktapur. Bhaktapur's Durbar Square is less commercialized than Kathmandu's, but it has many fine Newari crafts. This area was severely damaged in the 2015 earthquake, but remains a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

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Essay on Dashain (दशैं) in English and Nepali Language in 200-300 Words

April 26, 2023

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Essay on Dashain in english language

Dashain, also known as Vijaya Dashami, is the biggest and most important festival celebrated in Nepal. It is a fifteen-day-long festival that falls in the months of September and October, and it is celebrated with great enthusiasm and fervor by people of all age groups and social backgrounds in Nepal.

Dashain is a festival that symbolizes the victory of good over evil. The festival is dedicated to the goddess Durga, who is believed to have defeated the demon Mahishasura. The festival also marks the end of the harvesting season and the beginning of the winter season in Nepal.

The first day of the festival, known as Ghatasthapana , is dedicated to planting a pot of barley seeds. The pot is kept in a sacred room, and it is watered every day until the tenth day of the festival, which is known as Vijaya Dashami . On this day, the barley shoots are about six inches tall, and they are used in various religious ceremonies.

The festival is celebrated with great pomp and show, and people prepare themselves for the occasion weeks in advance. Houses are cleaned and decorated with colorful lights, and people buy new clothes and jewelry for themselves and their loved ones. Special foods and sweets are prepared for the festival, and people exchange gifts and greetings with their friends and family.

One of the most important aspects of the festival is the tika ceremony, which takes place on the tenth day of the festival. It is a ritual where elders put a red vermillion paste on the forehead of their younger relatives as a blessing for their well-being and prosperity. This ceremony is a symbol of love, respect, and gratitude towards one’s elders.

Another important aspect of the festival is the playing of traditional music and dance performances. People gather in large groups to perform various folk dances, and musicians play traditional instruments such as the dhol and madal . These performances are a symbol of the rich cultural heritage of Nepal.

In conclusion, Dashain is a festival that brings people together to celebrate their culture, traditions, and values. It is a time for joy, happiness, and sharing, and it is a symbol of the unity and diversity of Nepal. The festival has great significance in the lives of the Nepalese people, and it is celebrated with great enthusiasm and fervor every year.

Essay on Dashain( दशैं ) In Nepali language( दशैं निबन्ध )

दशैं , जसलाई विजयादशमी पनि भनिन्छ, नेपालको सबैभन्दा ठूलो चाड हो। नेपाली मूलका हिन्दुहरूले विश्वभर मनाउने यो सबैभन्दा ठूलो र लामो चाड हो। यो प्रायः आश्विन महिना (सेप्टेम्बर/अक्टोबर) मा पर्छ। आश्विन सबै नेपालीको मुहारमा खुशी र मुस्कान ल्याउने महिना हो । यस समयमा सबै निजी र सरकारी संस्थाहरू बन्द हुनछन्। दशैं अमावास्‍यादेखि 10-15 दिनसम्म मनाइन्छ जसलाई घटस्थापना पनि भनिन्छ, पूर्णिमाको दिन कोजाग्रत पूर्णिमा भनिन्छ। यी दिनहरूमा घरबाट टाढा रहेका मानिसहरूले आफ्नो ठाउँ आउन समय पाउँछन्। यो रमाईलो, ठूलो उत्साह, चासो र अत्यधिक खुशीको पर्व हो।

दशैंको समय निकै रमाइलो हुने र मौसम सफा र हल्का हुने भएकाले सडकमा धुलो पनि हुँदैन । कृषकहरूले रोपाइँको थकित मौसमबाट आराम र राहत पाएका हुन्छन्। यस् समयमा दुर्गाले जनतामा भय र आतंक फैलाउने ‘ महिषासुर ’ नामक दुष्ट राक्षससँग लडाइँ हुन् । दशैंमा हामी असत्यमाथी सत्यको र अन्यायमाथि न्यायको विजयको सम्झना गर्छौँ । पहिलो नौ दिनमा शक्ति र विजयकी देवी नवदुर्गाको पूजा आराधना गरीने गरिन्छ । देवी दुर्गालाई समर्पित मन्दिरहरू सधैं भक्तहरूले खचाखच भरिएका हुन्छन्। चण्डी, सत्ययुगमा देवताहरूले भूतहरूमाथि प्राप्त गरेको विजयको कथा, यसको पवित्रता र पवित्रताको लागि पढाइन्छ। दुर्गा माताको पूजा गरेपछि त्रेतायुगमा भगवान रामले विजय प्राप्त गरेको जनविश्वास छ । बिदा पर्वको समयमा विजयादशमी , पर्वको दशौं दिन मुख्य दिन हो। यो एक दिन हो जब मानिसहरूले आफ्ना वरिष्ठहरूबाट आशीर्वाद लिन्छन् र रातो टिका, जमरा र आशीर्वाद लिन्छन्। हिन्दू संस्कृतिमा रातो टिका भाग्य र विजय दुवैको प्रतीक हो। दशैं पारिवारिक जमघट र चाडपर्वको समय पनि हो । यो सिजनमा विदेशमा रहेका मानिसहरु आफ्नो घर वा देश फर्कने गर्छन् ।

मानिसहरू आफ्नो परिवारलाई भेट्न जान्छन् र आफ्नो विवाद र गलतफहमीहरू पछाडि राख्छन्। केटाकेटीहरूले विशेष गरी यो चाडको आनन्द लिन्छन् किनभने यसले उनीहरूलाई लगभग ३० दिनको छुट्टी, उत्कृष्ट खाना, आफ्ना भाइबहिनीहरूलाई भेट्ने मौका र नयाँ लुगाहरू दिन्छ। परिवारका वरिष्ठ सदस्यहरूले सामान्यतया उनीहरूलाई दक्षिणा , एक प्रकारको उपहार र आशीर्वादको रूपमा नगद दिन्छन्। परिवारहरू भेला हुन्छन्, र केही खेलहरूमा भाग लिन्छन्। गाउँमा मनोरञ्जनका लागि बाँसका बलियो झुलाहरू पनि बनाइन्छ। चङ्गा उडाउँदा आकाश चङ्गाले भरिएको हुन्छ र रंगीन हुनछ। मानिसहरू नयाँ लुगा लगाउँछन् र मासु, पिटेको चामल, चकलेट, मसला र सेल रोटी खान्छन्। मालश्री संगीत बजिरहेको हुनछ। नतिजाको रूपमा, यो उत्सवले नेपाली जीवनशैलीलाई बलियो रूपमा प्रतिनिधित्व गर्दछ।

दशैं परोपकारको पर्व पनि हो । रेडियो, टेलिभिजन र पत्रपत्रिका जस्ता सञ्चारमाध्यमहरूद्वारा मनिसहरूको आफ्नै र प्रायोजित स्रोतहरूबाट शुभकामना र अभिवादनहरू प्रसारण वा प्रकाशित गर्छन् । काठमाडौंको टुँडिखेलमा फूलबारीसँगै गोली प्रहार भएको हुन्छ । राष्ट्र प्रमुखबाट टीका ग्रहण गर्ने चलन आम जनतामा छ ।तर दशैंले केही पापहरूलाई बढावा दिन्छ। यो पर्व धेरै मानिसहरुले भव्य रुपमा मनाउने गरेका छन् । उत्सवहरू प्रायः महँगो हुन्छन्। झगडा, झगडा र दुर्घटनाहरू प्रायः अत्यधिक रक्सी र जुवाको कारणले हुन्छन्। दशैंले गरिबलाई खुशी दिँदैन। उनीहरूलाई परम्परागत चाडपर्वहरूको लागि तिर्न निकै चुनौतीपूर्ण लाग्छ। कतिपय मानिसहरूको ज्यादतीले उनीहरूलाई दिवालिया बनाउँछ। देवीले केही उत्कृष्ट बलिहरू प्राप्त गर्नुभएको छ। दुर्घटना, खाद्य विषाक्तता, र अपच सामान्य मानव त्रासदीहरू हुन्। दशैंअघि पकेटिङ, डकैती, चोरीजस्ता कैयौं अपराधहरू हुने गर्छन्। चाडपर्वको अघिल्लो दिन र राति बजारमा भाउ बढ्छ ।

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AI's Implications For Academic Writing

Plagiarism is often considered a serious offense in universities and colleges. As in international scenario, in the context of Nepal, plagiarism is taken as grave breach of law in both undergraduate and post-graduate colleges. One might be wondering what plagiarism is. The Oxford dictionary defines it as “copying of someone else's work, ideas without the consent of original author, and, accompanying it as your own”. When someone plagiarises, s/he doesn’t acknowledge the source of specific language or even of their thinking or they attribute it to somebody else like adding someone else’s name to one's paper in order perhaps to attract more readers.

With the invention of AI tools like ChatGPT, however, it is getting harder to distinguish between original ideas and plagiarism. ChatGPT is a powerful language model that can produce human-like text, making it a valuable tool for writing academic papers. So the use of AI tools in academic writing has embarked on a heated discussion among educators and students alike. This article explores the appropriateness of citing ChatGPT and other AI tools in academic papers, considering both the advantages as well as the disadvantages of their use.

Double-edged sword

After its initial release on November 30, 2022, ChatGPT has evolved as a game changer in the world of language generation. Unquestionably, the capabilities of ChatGPT are undeniable, allowing users to quickly and easily produce high-quality answers with ease. It can generate ideas, summarise information, and even support students with their thesis or research. These days, students write their thesis entirely, or many parts of thesis using ChatGPT and claim that to be on their own ideas and findings. This has raised concerns about plagiarism and academic misconduct.

Students who support the use of ChatGPT in academic papers argue that it can be a valuable tool for research and ideas. They claim that ChatGPT can assist them in filling gaps in their research, inspire them to come up with new ideas, and even help them in summarising large amounts of information.

Students may argue that ChatGPT increases productivity by speeding up the writing process, allowing them to focus more time and energy on refining their arguments and conducting in-depth research in other subject areas for their academic work. Additionally, they also argue that citing ChatGPT acknowledges the tool’s contribution to the paper and gives credit where it is due.

Teachers, on the other hand, are concerned that citing ChatGPT could lead to lack of original thought and plagiarism. They argue that the primary goal of academic writing is to showcase students’ ability and ideas on their work. Using AI tools like ChatGPT for academic writing violates the fundamental purpose of academic writing, which is to demonstrate a student's understanding and critical thinking abilities. Furthermore, they are concerned that students may utilise ChatGPT to create entire sections or even entire papers without properly citing them, which could result in loss of authenticity in academic papers.

One possible solution could be to provide students with clear guidelines on how the tools can be used responsibly. This may involve requiring students to disclose the use of the tool, and demonstrate their own understanding and critical analysis of the content generated.

Additionally, educators may need to adapt their assessment methods to better capture the depth of a student's learning, rather than solely relying on the quality of the written work.

With both arguments, it is essential to acknowledge the ability of ChatGPT as a powerful tool. It is a useful tool and if used responsibly, it can be a valuable tool for academic writing. However, it is crucial to ensure the student's understand the importance of original thought and proper citation. To use this tool responsibly, students should understand that it is a tool for research and idea generation, rather than a substitute for their own writing.

Additionally, educators can also set guidelines for the use of AI tools in academic papers, such as requiring students to properly cite Chat-GPT generated content or limiting the amount of AI-generated text in a paper.

With the revolution of AI, the use of AI tools like ChatGPT in academic papers is a complex issue with valid arguments on both sides. Educators must navigate potential benefits of these tools with the need to maintain the integrity of academic papers. Ultimately, an appropriate framework is needed between educators and students to work together to find a balance between the benefits and shortcomings of using AI tools in academic research.

By establishing clear guidelines, fostering open dialogues and adapting our assessments process, we can ensure that appropriate use of AI in academic writing. By acknowledging the potential benefits and drawbacks of ChatGPT, we can ensure the academic integrity remains intact while still harnessing the power of AI to enhance the writing process.

(The author is a freelancer.)

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