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Dissertation Topics Ideas for Japanese Studies

Published by Owen Ingram at January 5th, 2023 , Revised On March 22, 2023

Introduction:

Japanese Studies is an interdisciplinary academic field focusing on Japan’s language, history, culture, and society. It is an invaluable resource for researchers who seek to gain a comprehensive understanding of the country’s past and present. In addition to providing an in-depth look at Japanese tradition and culture, Japanese Studies also cover economic, political, and social issues in Japan as they relate to international affairs.

The discipline draws on the strengths of many different disciplines, including anthropology, linguistics, sociology, art history, and philosophy. Through its exploration of both traditional Japanese values as well as contemporary trends in society and politics, Japanese Studies provides a broad view that can help people better understand how Japan has evolved throughout its history.

Researching Japanese Studies is essential for students to gain a deeper understanding of Japan’s culture, history, and language. It can provide excellent knowledge of the country’s rich heritage and diverse population.

Through research, students can better appreciate the similarities and differences between their own culture and Japan. Additionally, it could lead to insights into how certain aspects have translated over time or evolved into something new.

How to Choose the Best Japanese Studies Dissertation Topic:

Before taking the plunge into researching and writing, it is essential to take some time to consider various topics, reflect on your interests, and explore potential thesis ideas. With that in mind, here are some tips for selecting the best Japanese Studies dissertation topic.

First, familiarise yourself with existing research in the field of Japanese Studies. Read journal articles and books related to your area of study to understand better what has already been done and where there may be gaps or opportunities for further exploration.

This will also give you an idea of which topics are currently prevalent in the field and provide direction as you search for potential thesis ideas. Second, consult with faculty members who specialise in Japanese Studies or related areas.

List of Japanese Studies Dissertation Topics

• Japanese mind: Understanding contemporary Japanese culture
• Marriage and property in premodern Japan from the perspective of women’s history
• The chrysanthemum and the sword: Patterns of Japanese culture
• The poetics of exhibition in Japanese culture
• Japanese culture constructed by discourses: Implications for applied linguistics research and ELT
• The postwar developments of Japanese studies in the United States
• Becoming a cucumber: Culture, nature, and the good death in Japan and the United States
• Japanese subculture in the 1990s: Otaku and the amateur manga movement
• Rendering Words, Traversing Cultures: On the Art and Politics of Translating Modern Japanese Fiction
• Sheathing the sword of justice in Japan: An essay on the law without sanctions
• Reluctant litigant revisited: rationality and disputes in Japan
• Takashima: A Japanese fishing community
• A contextual model of the Japanese: Toward a methodological innovation in Japan studies
• Guiding them on Teaching, hierarchy, and social organisation in Japanese middle schools
• An outline of the Naitō Hypothesis and its effects on Japanese studies of China
• Inflammatory bowel disease in Japan: studies of epidemiology and etiopathogenesis
• Dual structure model for the population history of the Japanese
• Ethnic nationalism and romanticism in early twentieth-century Japan
• The sociological significance of ‘politeness’ in English and Japanese languages—Report from a pilot study
• Religion and the Secular in Japan: Problems in history, social anthropology and the study of religion
• Advantages of followership: German economics and Japanese bureaucrats, 1890-1925
• Pandemic influenza in Japan, 1918-19: mortality patterns and official responses
• Political development in modern Japan: studies in the modernisation of Japan
• Marketing ‘Japan’: Japanese cultural presence under a global gaze
• The Japan spinners association: Creating an industrial policy in Meiji Japan

Also read: Education dissertation topics , Educational psychology dissertation topics , Physical education dissertation topics , Educational Management Dissertation Topic Ideas . You can explore further topics on various subjects available on dissertation topics page.

What is the Importance of Choosing the Correct Japanese Studies Research Topic?

The importance of selecting an appropriate research topic for Japanese studies must be considered. A well-chosen subject can offer an in-depth exploration of Japan’s history, culture, and values while providing insight into how this country has evolved over time. Picking the right topic is essential for any student looking to gain a better understanding of the country and to secure a high mark in their studies.

When choosing a research topic for Japanese Studies, students should consider factors such as their interests and areas of expertise and the ability to access relevant resources. Also important is selecting a broad subject to allow room for analysis and interpretation from different angles. Finally, picking something that is timely and relevant will ensure greater engagement with peers and professors alike.

How Can ResearchProspect Help?

ResearchProspect writers can send several custom topic ideas to your email address. Once you have chosen a topic that suits your needs and interests, you can order for our dissertation outline service which will include a brief introduction to the topic, research questions , literature review , methodology , expected results , and conclusion . The dissertation outline will enable you to review the quality of our work before placing the order for our full dissertation writing service!

FAQ’s About Japanese Studies Dissertation Ideas

When to choose the japanese studies dissertation topic.

A topic should be chosen when there is enough time for the research. Therefore, only select a simple and time-consuming topic if you are willing to work hard.

Why researching Japanese studies is essential?

By engaging in research on Japanese Studies, students can also understand why certain customs exist or why specific values are held so highly by its citizens. In addition, this type of exploration gives insight into the worldview that is unique to Japan and how different generations approach life differently from one another.

Can I use these topics for my dissertation?

The topics listed above are suitable for dissertation writing. You can choose from a wide variety of topics based on the type of research you are conducting.

Have other students used these topics already?

There is a possibility that other students have already used these dissertation topics . You can order the topics service on our website if you need unique dissertation topics that have never been used before.

Can ResearchProspect provide unique and customised Japanese studies dissertation topics?

We provide Japanese studies dissertation topics that are unique and customised to your needs.

Can you make a research proposal on my selected topic?

Yes, we can make a research proposal on your selected topic. You can order the research proposal topics service on our website or read about our proposal writing services .

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UNESCO Science Report 2021

Japan (chapter 24) is facing a fairly unique set of structural challenges. The Japanese market is shrinking as the population ages, leading companies to purchase enterprises abroad to ‘buy time and labour’. As a result, investment is leaving Japan’s shores, hollowing out the country’s industrial base. To compound matters, inward investment flows remain low, suggesting that the business environment might be losing its attractiveness abroad.  

To address these challenges, the government adopted Society 5.0 in 2017, a blueprint for a super-smart society. It is the centrepiece of the country’s new growth strategy, which envisions a transformation to a sustainable, inclusive socio-economic system enabled by digital technologies, including AI and robotics.  

The rising price of electrical power in industry poses an acute challenge. Following the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, nuclear power plants suspended operations for mandatory inspections and upgrades over 2013–2015. To compensate, imports of oil, gas and coal have risen and self-sufficiency has declined. The government has restarted nuclear reactors since 2016 to bolster energy security. Plans to build new coal power plants could compromise targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Fukushima Prefecture, itself, plans to be fully powered by renewables by 2040.  

Government research expenditure has declined, reflecting the tight fiscal situation. Industry was the only sector to see a rise in research expenditure over 2014–2017, with strong growth observed in space-related expenditure as companies embraced the ‘space business’.  

In 2019, the government launched a ‘Moonshot’ programme to develop disruptive technologies, with a focus on problem-solving tied to such challenges as large-scale natural disasters, cyberterrorism and global warming. By setting ambitious targets, the programme hopes to attract researchers from around the world. 

Universities have developed closer ties with the private sector, as reflected in the growing number of university start-ups over 2013–2018. This development follows efforts under way since 2004 to reform the university system which have led to the semi-privatization of national universities. 

These reforms have also impinged on academic productivity by diversifying researchers’ workload. Japan is one of the rare countries to have seen the volume of its scientific publications decline since 2011.  

In parallel, enrolment in master’s and doctoral degree programmes has dropped, suggesting that the young may have become disillusioned with an academic career.  

Selected data

from 2011 to 2019 See Figure 24.4

soil, water and air pollution over 2016–2019 See Figure 24.4

rank in the global Top 10 patent holders for artificial intelligence See Figure 24.5

Infographics

• Figure 24.1 : Socio-economic trends in Japan 
• Figure 24.2 : Trends in Japan’s greenhouse gas emissions and power supply 
• Figure 24.3 : Trends in Japanese research expenditure 
• Figure 24.4 : Trends in scientific publishing in Japan 
• Figure 24.5 : Trends in intellectual property in Japan 
• Figure 24.6 : Trends in higher education in Japan 
• Figure 24.7 : Trends in human resources in Japan  
• Table 24.1 : New projects under the Japan Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development, 2019  
• Box 24.1 : Fukushima: from nuclear tragedy to renewable powerhouse
• Box 24.2 : Society 5.0: the centrepiece of Japan’s new growth strategy
• Box 24.3 : AI to improve Japan’s disaster readiness and response
• Box 24.4 : Japan’s new frontier: a home-grown space industry

Japan in the UNESCO Science Report

Continue reading.

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• NATURE INDEX
• 09 March 2022

Japan strives to improve its global standing in science

• David McNeill 0

David McNeill is a professor of communications at University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo.

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

JAXA scientists retrieve a capsule carrying the first samples of asteroid subsurface dropped by Hayabusa2 in southern Australia. Credit: JAXA/AP/Shutterstock

Yuki Morono goes to work each day with a single overriding aim: to probe the limits of Earth’s biosphere. “There should be some point where life stops,” says the microbiologist, who works in the Geomicrobiology Research Group at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) in Kochi. He was astonished, therefore, to find a community of microbes that had survived for more than 100 million years in a dormant state, some 74.5 metres beneath the Pacific Ocean seabed.

With long-time collaborator Steven D’Hondt, an oceanographer at the University of Rhode Island in South Kingstown, Morono and his colleagues co-wrote a paper about the discovery, describing the remarkable tenacity of these ancient microbes ( Y. Morono et al . Nature Commun. 11 , 3626; 2020 ). The implications, says D’Hondt, are profound. “If microbes can survive for 100 million years under the sea, it’s not a stretch to think they could survive on Mars for a billion years,” he says.

Nature Index 2022 Big 5

D’Hondt first met Morono through a mutual collaborator in the international drilling community more than a decade ago. Morono later built on research by Jens Kallmeyer, a postdoctoral student in D’Hondt’s lab, who developed a way of separating cells from sediment, minimizing contamination and visualizing the results. “We would not have been able to do this without each other,” says Morono.

Japan has become a “formidable” research partner in the international effort to study beneath the world’s seabed, says D’Hondt. Besides supplying funding and knowledge, it provides Chikyu , its flagship ocean-drilling research vessel , as the workhorse of the International Ocean Discovery Program (and its predecessor, the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program). One of the world’s longest-running Earth-science collaborations, the programme brings together scientists from 22 nations.

Strengthening Japan’s international research ties could be an important factor in halting a slide in its research performance. In the Nature Index, which tracks output in 82 natural-sciences journals, Japan’s adjusted Share dropped by 19.1% in 2015—21. ( Share, Nature Index’s key metric , is adjusted to account for the small annual variation in the total number of articles in the Nature Index journals. Data for 2021 represent the period October 2020—September 2021.) This decline, although the largest among the leading five countries in the Index — the United States, China, Germany, United Kingdom and Japan — has slowed since 2019, which could be a sign that the nation’s strategy of lavish and targeted funding for prestigious institutions is paying off.

Gaining strength

The institution with the biggest Share increase for each of the Big 5 countries is shown. Each of the other top 20 fastest-rising institutions in China since 2015 (not shown) has achieved more than double the absolute Share increase of the fastest-rising institutions in the other Big 5 countries.

Source: Nature Index

Big ambitions

The University of Tokyo-based Kamiokande is an ambitious programme built on a series of ever-more powerful neutrino detectors. Launched almost 40 years ago, it has played an important role in establishing Japan as a key collaborative partner in physics research.

The T2K Collaboration, for example — a Japan-based particle-physics experiment involving about 500 physicists and engineers at more than 78 institutions from around the world — used Kamiokande data to demonstrate different behaviours in matter and antimatter. The results, released in 2020, could inform one of the greatest mysteries in physics: why there seems to be more matter than antimatter in the Universe, when the Big Bang should have created equal amounts of both ( The T2K Collaboration Nature 580 , 339–344; 2020 ).

In 2019, the Japanese government approved ¥64.9 billion (US$600 million) to fund Hyper-Kamiokande — set to be the largest neutrino detector of its kind ever built. Some 75% of the funds will be contributed by Japan, with the remainder sourced from foreign partners. “Collaboration is critical,” says Masato Shiozawa, a lead scientist on the project, which involves building the world’s biggest underground water tank inside a vast cavern in Japan’s Gifu prefecture.

The payoff could be huge. Neutrinos are one of the elementary particles of the Universe , but are notoriously difficult to observe. One of the achievements of Super-Kamiokande, the preceding phase of the project, was to prove that they have a small but finite mass. By ‘catching’ more of them, Hyper-Kamiokande could give a more detailed picture of the evolution of the cosmos by exploring the difference between neutrinos and antineutrinos. “Even at the ideas level, we need many people to design the detector and the project itself, to make devices and to analyse data,” says Shiozawa.

Such ambitious science will demand ever greater global cooperation, says Motoo Ito, a cosmochemist who studies the origins of water at JAMSTEC. With teams at the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK, and the University of California, Los Angeles, Ito is analysing samples from the asteroid Ryugu. The samples were collected by the Hayabusa2 probe, launched by the Japanese state space agency JAXA, and returned to Earth in December 2020 . Understanding Hayabusa’s payload requires complex instrumentation from labs around the world, says Ito.

Among his colleagues is Keiko Nakamura-Messenger, a research scientist at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. She works on Hayabusa2 and the OSIRIS-Rex, a NASA probe launched in 2016, which is returning to Earth with samples from the asteroid Bennu. The OSIRIS-Rex team helped JAXA scientists create 3D modelling and navigation plans that have made both missions “stronger and safer”, says Nakamura-Messenger.

The Japanese academic system can be “unforgiving” for female researchers, says Nakamura-Messenger, who moved to the United States after gaining her PhD in materials science from Kobe University, Japan. Career progression in fundamental physics can be particularly difficult, she says, “unless you have an enormous amount of help from your family and partner”.

Nature 603 , S32-S33 (2022)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00574-w

This article is part of Nature Index 2022 Big 5 , an editorially independent supplement. Advertisers have no influence over the content.

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Articles on Japanese history

Displaying 1 - 20 of 24 articles.

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Blue Eye Samurai: historian explains what the Netflix series gets right and wrong about real Edo-period  Japan

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Watered-down LGBTQ ‘understanding’ bill shows how far Japan’s parliament is out of step with its society – and history

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Shinzo Abe: the disputed legacy of a politician who dominated public life in Japan after WWII

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Japan’s love affair with the fax machine – a strange relic of technological fantasies

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Japan’s constitutional dilemma: only men allowed on the Chrysanthemum throne

In Japan, supernatural beliefs connect the spiritual realm with the earthly objects around us

Larissa Hjorth , RMIT University

Japan: a new emperor and a new era – but women are still excluded from the Chrysanthemum Throne

Japan’s new emperor is a modern, multilingual environmentalist

Japan: spring and prosperity the watchwords as country announces a new era

Nicolas Tranter , University of Sheffield

Why Japan is reluctant to retry the world’s longest-serving death row inmate

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Will US-Japan friendship survive uncertainty in Asia?

Emily Metzgar , Indiana University

Imperial Japan saw itself as a ‘warrior nation’ – and the idea lingers today

Oleg Benesch , University of York

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The best way to choose a topic for your research paper is to browse your readings and other publications about japanese society and culture until you find a topic that interests you. below you'll find some resources to get you started. , per your syllabus, possible topics include (but aren't limited to) material culture, foods, taboos, pollution, gift exchange, rituals, animal categories, bodily symbols, beauty, magic, power & status, measurement, gender, kinship, identities, art, birth, schooling, work-life, marriage, ageing, death, and the after life. .

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Interesting Topics to Write about Japanese Culture

• Japanese Culture vs. Chinese Culture: The Loss of Patriotism
• Anime and Its Effects on Japanese Culture
• Impact of Buddhism on the Japanese Culture
• Chinese and Japanese Culture Comparison and Analysis
• Cultural Globalisation Through Japanese Culture
• Differences Between Korean and Japanese Culture
• Eating Disorders and Self-Harm in Japanese Culture
• Gender Roles in the Japanese Culture
• Hip-Hop Impact on the Japanese Culture
• How Does Sushi Reflect Japanese Culture?
• Overview of Japanese Culture and Communication Features
• Japanese Culture Views on Homosexuality
• How Japanese Culture Has Become So Popular
• Japanese Culture and Its Relation to Buddhism
• How Japanese Culture Affects the Economy
• The Parallels Between Japanese Culture and Military Conflict History
• The Relationships Between Japanese Culture and Politics
• How Reliance Will Get Fit Into the Japanese Culture
• Linking Japanese and South African Culture

Simple & Easy Japanese Culture Essay Titles

• Japanese Culture and the Misconceptions Associated With It
• American Culture and Japanese Culture: Comparative Analysis
• Japanese Culture and Western Influence on It
• The Role of Sexuality in the Japanese Culture
• Japanese Culture: Art, History, and Society
• The Link Between Religions and Japanese Culture
• Japanese Culture: From Ancient to Modern Times
• Japanese Culture Places High Value on Privacy
• The Gender Problems in the Japanese Culture
• Japanese Culture: Producing Japan in the World
• Key Similarities and Differences Between the Japanese and the American Cultures
• Japanese Culture That Reflects Through Their Writing and Art Forms
• Motivation and Organizational Japanese Culture
• The Odd and Fascinating Japanese Culture
• Tracing Back the Japanese Culture to 10,000 BC
• Understanding the Japanese Culture Through the Warrior Codes of Bushido

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How to set up and start using ....

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This site aims to be your research navigator for Japanese studies. Although wide and general in scope, sources are primarily in Japanese.

Your questions, suggestions, and feedback are most critical to make this tool useful.

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Resource Guide for Japanese Language Students    Created and maintained by Michiko Ito, Japanese Studies Librarian of University of Kansas.

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東京パック 　第１号から第２２７号まで（明治38年4月～45年5月）

毎日グラフ 　（1949ー

Japan News Digital Archive   Launched in 1955, The Japan News is an English-language daily published by The Yomiuri Shimbun. Known by several different names during its history (Japan News, Yomiuri Japan News, The Yomiuri, The Daily Yomiuri), The Japan News adopted its current name in 2013.

Rafu Shimpo Digital Archive   the longest running Japanese American newspaper in the United States. The paper began in 1903 supporting the small but growing Japanese community in the Little Tokyo area of Los Angeles, California. (1914-2018)

Maruzen e-Book Library .  New contents include: Over 800 titles of Iwanami publications in 岩波文庫 and 岩波新書 ; 広辞苑第７版 ,  満洲グラフ Manshu Graph (1933-1944),  東京大学明治新聞雑誌文庫所蔵雑誌目次総覧 （150巻）.  

J-DAC ジャパンデジタルアーカイブズセンター           User Guide 　 近現代史料データベース 楠田實資料： 佐藤栄作官邸文書  Prime Minister Eisaku Sato's archive,  矢部貞治関係文書 -- 大平正芳関係文書 --  大来左武郎関係文書 -- 三木武夫関係資料  --  J-DAC Database Goto Shinpei Bunsho (オンライン版 後藤新平文書)  ---  J-DAC Database Yuho bunko (オンライン版 友邦文庫)  ---  Todofuken tokeisho detabesu   都道府県統計書データベース  --  Business Archives Online ( 企業史料統合データベース )

Remote Access Contents  for Japanese resources

Kigoshi Osamu Collection  Rich in contemporary culture, donated in 2019

Harvard Alumni can access to JapanKnowledge

Japan Search   National platform to discover over 21 million items with 3.1 million contents publicly accessible. Created by National Diet Library of Japan.

Cultural Japan   Launched in August 2020, a discovery site for over 1 million Japanese items

Art Platform Japan（ アートプラットフォームジャパン） 日本現代アートの持続的発展を目指し、美術館の収蔵品情報や資料を国内外に向けて公開するとともに、国際的なネットワークづくりを推進するためのプラットフォーム

CiNii Research  文献だけでなく、外部連携機関、機関リポジトリ等の研究データ、KAKENの研究プロジェクト情報などを含めて、シンプルなインターフェースから横断検索

Newly digitized!

Harvard-Yenching Library Japanese Digital Collection- Rare Books  (ongoing project)

偐紫田舍源氏:  Nise Murasaki Inaka Genji  (1829-1842)  

Manchukuo related postcards of Harvard-Yenching Library  (some 2400 cards are now digitized)

New E-Contents

岩波書店「思想」 Shiso （1921-1949）

Manchuria Daily News   ( 1912-1941)

Japan Advertiser (1913-1940)  included in Japan Times Archive

Japan Year Book (1933-1952)

New Titles at JapanKnowledge 

「大漢和辞典」(1927-2000, 15 vols)

JKBooks文藝春秋アーカイブズ   (1923-1950)

JKBooks 鎌倉遺文１，２

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Etz-Trudell collection of hand-colored lantern slides of Japan

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Science and research in Japan - statistics & facts

Science and technology basic plan, growth slowdown of r&d, key insights.

Detailed statistics

R&D expenditures Japan FY 2013-2022

Ratio of R&D spending to GDP Japan FY 2012-2021

Number of researchers in R&D Japan FY 2012-2021

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• Premium Statistic R&D expenditures Japan FY 2013-2022
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• Premium Statistic Number of employees in R&D Japan 2014-2023, by institution type
• Premium Statistic Number of scientific paper publications Japan 2012-2021, by collaboration type
• Premium Statistic Share of scientific paper publications Japan 2021, by field
• Premium Statistic Number of new doctorate holders Japan AY 2011-2020

R&D expenditures Japan FY 2013-2022

Research and development (R&D) expenditures in Japan from fiscal year 2013 to 2022 (in trillion Japanese yen)

Ratio of R&D spending to GDP Japan FY 2012-2021

Ratio of research and development (R&D) expenditures to the gross domestic product (GDP) of Japan from fiscal year 2012 to 2021

Number of employees in R&D Japan 2014-2023, by institution type

Number of people employed in research and development (R&D) in Japan from 2014 to 2023, by institution type

Number of scientific paper publications Japan 2012-2021, by collaboration type

Number of paper publications on science and technology in Japan from 2012 to 2021, by collaboration type (in 1,000s)

Share of scientific paper publications Japan 2021, by field

Distribution of paper publications on science and technology in Japan in 2021, by research field

Number of new doctorate holders Japan AY 2011-2020

Number of people who newly obtained doctoral degrees in Japan from academic year 2011 to 2020

Expenditure

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• Premium Statistic R&D expenses Japan FY 2013-2022, by financial resources
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R&D expenses Japan FY 2013-2022, by institution type

Research and development (R&D) expenditure in Japan from fiscal year 2013 to 2022, by institution type (in trillion Japanese yen)

R&D expenses Japan FY 2013-2022, by financial resources

Research and development (R&D) expenditure in Japan from fiscal year 2013 to 2022, by financial resources (in billion Japanese yen)

R&D expenses Japan FY 2013-2022, by item

Research and development (R&D) expenditure in Japan from fiscal year 2013 to 2022, by item (in billion Japanese yen)

R&D expenses for natural science Japan FY 2013-2022

Research and development (R&D) expenditure on natural science in Japan from fiscal year 2013 to 2022 (in trillion Japanese yen)

R&D expenses for natural science Japan FY 2013-2022, by research type

Research and development (R&D) expenditure on natural science in Japan from fiscal year 2013 to 2022, by research type (in trillion Japanese yen)

R&D expenses Japan FY 2022, by research subject

Research and development (R&D) expenditure in Japan in fiscal year 2022, by research subject (in billion Japanese yen)

Share of R&D costs for life sciences Japan FY 2013-2022

Share of research and development (R&D) expenditure for life sciences in Japan from fiscal year 2013 to 2022

Intramural expenditure

• Premium Statistic Intramural R&D expenditure Japan FY 2012-2021, by institution type
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Intramural R&D expenditure Japan FY 2012-2021, by institution type

Intramural expenditure on research and development (R&D) in Japan from fiscal year 2012 to 2021, by institution type (in billion Japanese yen)

Intramural R&D expenditure on labor costs Japan FY 2012-2021, by institution type

Intramural expenditure on labor costs in research and development (R&D) in Japan from fiscal year 2012 to 2021, by institution type (in billion Japanese yen)

Intramural R&D expenditure on material Japan FY 2012-2021, by institution type

Intramural expenditure on material in research and development (R&D) in Japan from fiscal year 2012 to 2021, by institution type (in billion Japanese yen)

Intramural R&D expenditure on tangible assets Japan FY 2012-2021, by institution type

Intramural expenditure on tangible fixed assets in research and development (R&D) in Japan from 2012 to 2021, by institution type (in billion Japanese yen)

• Premium Statistic Number of researchers in R&D Japan FY 2012-2021
• Premium Statistic Number of researches in R&D Japan 2014-2023, by gender
• Premium Statistic Number of researchers in R&D Japan 2014-2023, by institution type
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• Premium Statistic Number of R&D technicians Japan 2014-2023, by institution type
• Premium Statistic Number of R&D clerical personnel Japan 2014-2023, by institution type

Number of researchers in R&D Japan FY 2012-2021

Number of researchers working in research and development (R&D) in Japan from fiscal year 2012 to 2021 (in 1,000s)

Number of researches in R&D Japan 2014-2023, by gender

Number of researchers employed in research and development (R&D) in Japan from 2014 to 2023 by gender (in 1,000s)

Number of researchers in R&D Japan 2014-2023, by institution type

Number of researchers employed in research and development (R&D) in Japan from 2014 to 2023, by institution type

Number of assistant researchers in R&D Japan 2014-2023, by institution type

Number of assistant researchers employed in research and development (R&D) in Japan from 2014 to 2023, by institution type

Number of R&D technicians Japan 2014-2023, by institution type

Number of technicians employed in research and development (R&D) in Japan from 2014 to 2023, by institution type

Number of R&D clerical personnel Japan 2014-2023, by institution type

Number of clerical and other supporting personnel employed in research and development (R&D) in Japan from 2014 to 2023, by institution type

Public and non-profit organizations

• Premium Statistic R&D expenses of NPOs and public institutions Japan FY 2022, by institution type
• Premium Statistic R&D expenses of NPOs and public institutions Japan FY 2022, by field
• Premium Statistic Number of NPOs and public institutions conducting research Japan FY 2022, by field
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R&D expenses of NPOs and public institutions Japan FY 2022, by institution type

Research and development (R&D) expenditure of non-profit organizations and public institutions in Japan in fiscal year 2022, by institution type (in billion Japanese yen)

R&D expenses of NPOs and public institutions Japan FY 2022, by field

Research and development (R&D) expenditure of non-profit organizations and public institutions in Japan in fiscal year 2022, by field of science (in billion Japanese yen)

Number of NPOs and public institutions conducting research Japan FY 2022, by field

Number of non-profit organizations and public institutions conducting research in Japan in fiscal year 2022, by field of science

Number of NPOs and public institutions conducting research Japan FY 2022, by type

Number of non-profit institutions and public organizations conducting research in Japan in fiscal year 2022, by institution type

Educational institutions

• Premium Statistic R&D expenses of higher education institutions Japan FY 2013-2022, by type
• Premium Statistic Average R&D expenses per researcher of tertiary education Japan FY 2022, by field
• Premium Statistic Number of higher education institutions conducting research Japan FY 2022, by field
• Premium Statistic Number of higher education institutions conducting research Japan FY 2022, by type
• Premium Statistic Number of research collaborations among universities and companies Japan FY 2013-2020

R&D expenses of higher education institutions Japan FY 2013-2022, by type

Research and development (R&D) expenditure of tertiary education institutions in Japan from fiscal year 2013 to 2022, by institution type (in billion Japanese yen)

Average R&D expenses per researcher of tertiary education Japan FY 2022, by field

Average research and development (R&D) expenditure per researcher of tertiary education institutions in Japan in fiscal year 2022, by field of science (in million Japanese yen)

Number of higher education institutions conducting research Japan FY 2022, by field

Number of tertiary education institutions conducting research in Japan in fiscal year 2022, by field of science

Number of higher education institutions conducting research Japan FY 2022, by type

Number of tertiary education institutions conducting research in Japan in fiscal year 2022, by institution type

Number of research collaborations among universities and companies Japan FY 2013-2020

Number of large-scale collaborative research projects among universities and business enterprises in Japan from fiscal year 2013 to 2020

Business enterprises

• Premium Statistic Share of R&D expenses of business enterprises Japan 2022, by industry
• Premium Statistic Number of business enterprises conducting research Japan FY 2022, by industry
• Premium Statistic Share of R&D researchers at business enterprises Japan 2022, by industry
• Premium Statistic Exports value of technology trade by business enterprises Japan FY 2012-2021
• Premium Statistic Technology exchange export value of business enterprises Japan 2023, by industry
• Premium Statistic Share of technology trade export value Japan FY 2021, by destination

Share of R&D expenses of business enterprises Japan 2022, by industry

Distribution of expenditures on research and development (R&D) of business enterprises in Japan in 2022, by industry

Number of business enterprises conducting research Japan FY 2022, by industry

Number of business enterprises conducting research in Japan in fiscal year 2022, by industry

Share of R&D researchers at business enterprises Japan 2022, by industry

Share of researchers working in research and development (R&D) at business enterprises in Japan in 2022, by industry

Exports value of technology trade by business enterprises Japan FY 2012-2021

Exports value of technology trade by business enterprises in Japan from fiscal year 2012 to 2021 (in trillion Japanese yen)

Technology exchange export value of business enterprises Japan 2023, by industry

Export value of technology exchange among business enterprises in Japan in 2023, by industry (in million Japanese yen)

Share of technology trade export value Japan FY 2021, by destination

Distribution of export value of technology trade by business enterprises in Japan in fiscal year 2021, by country of destination

Intellectual property

• Premium Statistic Number of patent applications at the JPO Japan 2013-2022
• Premium Statistic Number of patent registrations at the JPO Japan 2013-2022
• Premium Statistic Number of utility model applications at the JPO Japan 2013-2022
• Premium Statistic Number of utility model registrations at the JPO Japan 2013-2022
• Premium Statistic Number of trademark applications at the JPO Japan 2013-2022
• Premium Statistic Number of trademark registrations at the JPO Japan 2013-2022
• Premium Statistic Number of design applications at the JPO Japan 2013-2022
• Premium Statistic Number of design registrations at the JPO Japan 2013-2022

Number of patent applications at the JPO Japan 2013-2022

Number of patent applications at the Japan Patent Office from 2013 to 2022 (in 1,000s)

Number of patent registrations at the JPO Japan 2013-2022

Number of patent registrations at the Japan Patent Office from 2013 to 2022 (in 1,000s)

Number of utility model applications at the JPO Japan 2013-2022

Number of utility model applications at the Japan Patent Office from 2013 to 2022

Number of utility model registrations at the JPO Japan 2013-2022

Number of utility model registrations at the Japan Patent Office from 2013 to 2022

Number of trademark applications at the JPO Japan 2013-2022

Number of trademark applications at the Japan Patent Office from 2013 to 2022 (in 1,000s)

Number of trademark registrations at the JPO Japan 2013-2022

Number of trademark registrations at the Japan Patent Office from 2013 to 2022 (in 1,000s)

Number of design applications at the JPO Japan 2013-2022

Number of design applications at the Japan Patent Office from 2013 to 2022 (in 1,000s)

Number of design registrations at the JPO Japan 2013-2022

Number of design registrations at the Japan Patent Office from 2013 to 2022 (in 1,000s)

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Graduate Guide for Japanese Studies: Topics

• Databases 英 / 和
• Digital Resources
• Govt Sources
• Citing This link opens in a new window

Discover How Libraries Organize the Topics you're Interested in:

The University Libraries use a system called the Library of Congress Classification . Items in the library received their call number based on this system, which groups books about similar topics together. They are essentially addresses for materials on shelves, with no two items having the same address.

Why it's useful:

This is why all the books on Japanese literature can be found in the same place (The PL700s-800s ). It is very granular, so that even books on, for example, renga ( PL732.R4 ) all stay together.

It is used by nearly all academic Libraries in the U.S. and Canada. Which means that a book at our library and UC Berkeley will almost always have the same call number.

How you can use it:

If you are doing research on anime or manga, you may come across the book マンガ・アニメにみる日本文化 . In the record you will notice a feature "Search Nearby Call Numbers" which will show a great deal more books dealing with the topic. It's like looking at a virtual shelf of books. You can also associate the call number PN6790.J3 with scholarly discourse on anime and manga. Apply this to any topic you are interested in.

Advanced Tricks:

You'll become familiar with call numbers that correspond with your research interests. You can take the call number in the example above and search some the largest Japanese Collections in country:

See PN6790.J3 books at: Yale , Columbia , Princeton , Ohio State , UCLA , etc.

Explore Topics in Japanese Studies

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87 Hiroshima Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best hiroshima topic ideas & essay examples, 📌 simple & easy hiroshima essay titles, 👍 good essay topics on hiroshima, ❓ hiroshima essay questions.

• “Hiroshima” by John Hersey The book Hiroshima traces some of the survivors of the war and lists two women, two religious people, and two doctors who narrate the events from a few hours before the bomb was dropped up […]
• Memory by Analogy: Hiroshima Mon Amour It is quite painful to recall the events that took place in Japan during the Second World War in the aftermath of the atomic bombing of the cities of Nagasaki and Hiroshima. We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts 808 writers online Learn More
• Hiroshima Bombing in Berger’s, Hardy’s, Hersey’s Works Berger used excerpts of the actual witnesses of the bombing to illustrate the scope of the tragedy and made generalizations concerning the horrors of Hiroshima in the historical and global context.
• Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Historic Attitudes Surely, the atomic bombing of the two cities could not have been the only way to get the Japanese to surrender.
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing In addition, the refusal of Japanese troops to surrender and Japan’s “all-out war” have also been put forward as arguments in favor of the bombing that stopped the atrocities of the “all-out war” of Japanese […]
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Long-Term Health Effects Nevertheless, exposure to neutrons from the incidence of A-bomb in Japan, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, is currently thought to have been the sources of just 1-2% of the entire dose of ionizing radiation.
• Hiroshima and Its Importance in US History Hiroshima is the capital city of Hiroshima district, which is situated in the south west of the province Honshu in Japan.
• The Atomic Bomb of Hiroshima The effects of the bombing were devastating; the explosion had a blast equivalent to approximately 13 kilotons of TNT. Sasaki says that hospitals were teaming with the wounded people, those who managed to survive the […]
• Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the Theory of Just War The theory of Just War is meant to provide a philosophical framework, upon which the use of military force is justified. Was the use of the bomb a last resort?
• Hiroshima Bombing Occurrence and Impacts Additionally, all the other disasters follow a path that is off firebombing as compared to the Hiroshima that saw the only use of nuclear weapons. However, research that is more empirical should to establish the […]
• Did the USA need to drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? However, the war continued along the Pacific Ocean due to the resistance of the Japanese Emperor to sign the instrument of surrender.
• Hiroshima: Rising from the Ashes of Nuclear Destruction After a few years, the city of han was abolished and Hiroshima became the capital city of the whole Hiroshima region.
• The Atomic Weapons Attacks On Hiroshima And Nagasaki
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• The War Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Ended The World War II
• Hiroshima And The Inheritance Of Trauma
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• US Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Cannot be Justified
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• Speculations about the Cause and Effect of the Atomic Bomb and Its Consequences on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• US Government Justifies Dropping of Atomic Bomb in Hiroshima
• Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe And Hiroshima
• Was the U.S. Right or Wrong Using the Atomic Bomb in Hiroshima
• Swallowing the Poison Mushroom – America After Hiroshima
• The Atomic Explosion Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki
• The Events Before and After the Explosion in John Hersey’s Hiroshima
• The Alternatives to Dropping the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• To What Extent Were The Bombings Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki
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• John Hersey’s Interviews of Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Victims
• Weapons Of Mass Destruction Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki
• The Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki During World War II
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• Horrors Caused by the Dropping of the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• The Aftermath When the Bomb Went off in the Book Hiroshima by John Hershey
• Why President Truman Decided To Drop Atomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki
• Saving Lives by Dropping Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• The Background Information of the Hiroshima Bombing and Its Place in U.S. History
• The Events in 1945 During the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima in Japan by the U.S
• Was the Dropping of the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Justified
• The Background of the Atomic Bomb Little Boy Dropped on Hiroshima in 1945
• The Consequences of the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States
• The Unnecessary Nuclear Attacks On Nagasaki And Hiroshima
• The Controversy and Justification Around the Use of Nuclear Weapons in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Imperil Global Disarmament Efforts After Nagasaki and Hiroshima Bombings
• The Ethical Analysis of the Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Literary Documentation of the Cold War in John Hersey’s Hiroshima
• The Attack On Hiroshima And Nagasaki
• Was America Justified in Dropping the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima in August 1945
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombings as the Events that Ended World War II
• The Bombing of Hiroshima Changed Six Individuals
• The Debate Over the Ethics of the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Why Did The Americans Drop The Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima
• Was the US Justified in Dropping Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• The US Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb in Hiroshima
• Hiroshima Nagasaki: Entering Into The Atomic Age
• Why the United States Should Have Dropped the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima
• Why America Bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Was The Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima And Hiroshima Justified
• Hiroshima Almost Wiped off From the Face of the Earth
• The Bombing of Hiroshima and the Attack on Pearl Harbor During the WWII
• Were Bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki Necessary to End World War 2?
• Was the Atomic Bomb Dropped on Hiroshima Justified?
• Was the U.S. Right or Wrong Using the Atomic Bomb in Hiroshima?
• Why Did the US Pick Hiroshima To Bomb?
• What Did the Hiroshima Bomb Do to Humans?
• How Many Were Killed in Hiroshima?
• Were the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombings the Acts of Genocide?
• How Do the Japanese Feel About Hiroshima Many Years Later?
• How Many Years Does It Take for Hiroshima To Fully Recover?
• How Long After Hiroshima Did Japan Surrender?
• Why Was the Bombing of Hiroshima Immoral?
• Was Hiroshima a Human Rights Violation?
• Was Hiroshima Bombing a Secret Message to Soviets?
• What Were the International Politics Before and After Hiroshima?
• What Is the Hiroshima Exhibit Controversy?
• What Is the Incidence of Leukemia in Survivors of the Atomic Bomb in Hiroshima?
• Does Tourism Illuminate the Darkness of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
• What Is the Effect of Bombing on Pregnancy Termination in Hiroshima?
• Why Did the US Drop the Second Atomic Bomb After Hiroshima?
• Is There Still Radioactivity in Hiroshima?
• How Long Until Hiroshima Was Habitable and Why It Takes Time?
• How Did Hiroshima Recover So Quickly?
• Did the US Help Japan After the Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
• How Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Survivors Have Transformed Our Mindset?
• What Were the Genetic Effects of Radiation in Hiroshima Survivors?
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Sat / act prep online guides and tips, 113 great research paper topics.

General Education

One of the hardest parts of writing a research paper can be just finding a good topic to write about. Fortunately we've done the hard work for you and have compiled a list of 113 interesting research paper topics. They've been organized into ten categories and cover a wide range of subjects so you can easily find the best topic for you.

In addition to the list of good research topics, we've included advice on what makes a good research paper topic and how you can use your topic to start writing a great paper.

What Makes a Good Research Paper Topic?

Not all research paper topics are created equal, and you want to make sure you choose a great topic before you start writing. Below are the three most important factors to consider to make sure you choose the best research paper topics.

#1: It's Something You're Interested In

A paper is always easier to write if you're interested in the topic, and you'll be more motivated to do in-depth research and write a paper that really covers the entire subject. Even if a certain research paper topic is getting a lot of buzz right now or other people seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic unless you genuinely have some sort of interest in it as well.

#2: There's Enough Information to Write a Paper

Even if you come up with the absolute best research paper topic and you're so excited to write about it, you won't be able to produce a good paper if there isn't enough research about the topic. This can happen for very specific or specialized topics, as well as topics that are too new to have enough research done on them at the moment. Easy research paper topics will always be topics with enough information to write a full-length paper.

Trying to write a research paper on a topic that doesn't have much research on it is incredibly hard, so before you decide on a topic, do a bit of preliminary searching and make sure you'll have all the information you need to write your paper.

#3: It Fits Your Teacher's Guidelines

Don't get so carried away looking at lists of research paper topics that you forget any requirements or restrictions your teacher may have put on research topic ideas. If you're writing a research paper on a health-related topic, deciding to write about the impact of rap on the music scene probably won't be allowed, but there may be some sort of leeway. For example, if you're really interested in current events but your teacher wants you to write a research paper on a history topic, you may be able to choose a topic that fits both categories, like exploring the relationship between the US and North Korea. No matter what, always get your research paper topic approved by your teacher first before you begin writing.

113 Good Research Paper Topics

Below are 113 good research topics to help you get you started on your paper. We've organized them into ten categories to make it easier to find the type of research paper topics you're looking for.

Arts/Culture

• Discuss the main differences in art from the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance .
• Analyze the impact a famous artist had on the world.
• How is sexism portrayed in different types of media (music, film, video games, etc.)? Has the amount/type of sexism changed over the years?
• How has the music of slaves brought over from Africa shaped modern American music?
• How has rap music evolved in the past decade?
• How has the portrayal of minorities in the media changed?

Current Events

• What have been the impacts of China's one child policy?
• How have the goals of feminists changed over the decades?
• How has the Trump presidency changed international relations?
• Analyze the history of the relationship between the United States and North Korea.
• What factors contributed to the current decline in the rate of unemployment?
• What have been the impacts of states which have increased their minimum wage?
• How do US immigration laws compare to immigration laws of other countries?
• How have the US's immigration laws changed in the past few years/decades?
• How has the Black Lives Matter movement affected discussions and view about racism in the US?
• What impact has the Affordable Care Act had on healthcare in the US?
• What factors contributed to the UK deciding to leave the EU (Brexit)?
• What factors contributed to China becoming an economic power?
• Discuss the history of Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies  (some of which tokenize the S&P 500 Index on the blockchain) .
• Do students in schools that eliminate grades do better in college and their careers?
• Do students from wealthier backgrounds score higher on standardized tests?
• Do students who receive free meals at school get higher grades compared to when they weren't receiving a free meal?
• Do students who attend charter schools score higher on standardized tests than students in public schools?
• Do students learn better in same-sex classrooms?
• How does giving each student access to an iPad or laptop affect their studies?
• What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Montessori Method ?
• Do children who attend preschool do better in school later on?
• What was the impact of the No Child Left Behind act?
• How does the US education system compare to education systems in other countries?
• What impact does mandatory physical education classes have on students' health?
• Which methods are most effective at reducing bullying in schools?
• Do homeschoolers who attend college do as well as students who attended traditional schools?
• Does offering tenure increase or decrease quality of teaching?
• How does college debt affect future life choices of students?
• Should graduate students be able to form unions?

• What are different ways to lower gun-related deaths in the US?
• How and why have divorce rates changed over time?
• Is affirmative action still necessary in education and/or the workplace?
• Should physician-assisted suicide be legal?
• How has stem cell research impacted the medical field?
• How can human trafficking be reduced in the United States/world?
• Should people be able to donate organs in exchange for money?
• Which types of juvenile punishment have proven most effective at preventing future crimes?
• Has the increase in US airport security made passengers safer?
• Analyze the immigration policies of certain countries and how they are similar and different from one another.
• Several states have legalized recreational marijuana. What positive and negative impacts have they experienced as a result?
• Do tariffs increase the number of domestic jobs?
• Which prison reforms have proven most effective?
• Should governments be able to censor certain information on the internet?
• Which methods/programs have been most effective at reducing teen pregnancy?
• What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Keto diet?
• How effective are different exercise regimes for losing weight and maintaining weight loss?
• How do the healthcare plans of various countries differ from each other?
• What are the most effective ways to treat depression ?
• What are the pros and cons of genetically modified foods?
• Which methods are most effective for improving memory?
• What can be done to lower healthcare costs in the US?
• What factors contributed to the current opioid crisis?
• Analyze the history and impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic .
• Are low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets more effective for weight loss?
• How much exercise should the average adult be getting each week?
• Which methods are most effective to get parents to vaccinate their children?
• What are the pros and cons of clean needle programs?
• How does stress affect the body?
• Discuss the history of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.
• What were the causes and effects of the Salem Witch Trials?
• Who was responsible for the Iran-Contra situation?
• How has New Orleans and the government's response to natural disasters changed since Hurricane Katrina?
• What events led to the fall of the Roman Empire?
• What were the impacts of British rule in India ?
• Was the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki necessary?
• What were the successes and failures of the women's suffrage movement in the United States?
• What were the causes of the Civil War?
• How did Abraham Lincoln's assassination impact the country and reconstruction after the Civil War?
• Which factors contributed to the colonies winning the American Revolution?
• What caused Hitler's rise to power?
• Discuss how a specific invention impacted history.
• What led to Cleopatra's fall as ruler of Egypt?
• How has Japan changed and evolved over the centuries?
• What were the causes of the Rwandan genocide ?

• Why did Martin Luther decide to split with the Catholic Church?
• Analyze the history and impact of a well-known cult (Jonestown, Manson family, etc.)
• How did the sexual abuse scandal impact how people view the Catholic Church?
• How has the Catholic church's power changed over the past decades/centuries?
• What are the causes behind the rise in atheism/ agnosticism in the United States?
• What were the influences in Siddhartha's life resulted in him becoming the Buddha?
• How has media portrayal of Islam/Muslims changed since September 11th?

Science/Environment

• How has the earth's climate changed in the past few decades?
• How has the use and elimination of DDT affected bird populations in the US?
• Analyze how the number and severity of natural disasters have increased in the past few decades.
• Analyze deforestation rates in a certain area or globally over a period of time.
• How have past oil spills changed regulations and cleanup methods?
• How has the Flint water crisis changed water regulation safety?
• What are the pros and cons of fracking?
• What impact has the Paris Climate Agreement had so far?
• What have NASA's biggest successes and failures been?
• How can we improve access to clean water around the world?
• Does ecotourism actually have a positive impact on the environment?
• Should the US rely on nuclear energy more?
• What can be done to save amphibian species currently at risk of extinction?
• What impact has climate change had on coral reefs?
• How are black holes created?
• Are teens who spend more time on social media more likely to suffer anxiety and/or depression?
• How will the loss of net neutrality affect internet users?
• Analyze the history and progress of self-driving vehicles.
• How has the use of drones changed surveillance and warfare methods?
• Has social media made people more or less connected?
• What progress has currently been made with artificial intelligence ?
• Do smartphones increase or decrease workplace productivity?
• What are the most effective ways to use technology in the classroom?
• How is Google search affecting our intelligence?
• When is the best age for a child to begin owning a smartphone?
• Has frequent texting reduced teen literacy rates?

How to Write a Great Research Paper

Even great research paper topics won't give you a great research paper if you don't hone your topic before and during the writing process. Follow these three tips to turn good research paper topics into great papers.

#1: Figure Out Your Thesis Early

Before you start writing a single word of your paper, you first need to know what your thesis will be. Your thesis is a statement that explains what you intend to prove/show in your paper. Every sentence in your research paper will relate back to your thesis, so you don't want to start writing without it!

As some examples, if you're writing a research paper on if students learn better in same-sex classrooms, your thesis might be "Research has shown that elementary-age students in same-sex classrooms score higher on standardized tests and report feeling more comfortable in the classroom."

If you're writing a paper on the causes of the Civil War, your thesis might be "While the dispute between the North and South over slavery is the most well-known cause of the Civil War, other key causes include differences in the economies of the North and South, states' rights, and territorial expansion."

#2: Back Every Statement Up With Research

Remember, this is a research paper you're writing, so you'll need to use lots of research to make your points. Every statement you give must be backed up with research, properly cited the way your teacher requested. You're allowed to include opinions of your own, but they must also be supported by the research you give.

#3: Do Your Research Before You Begin Writing

You don't want to start writing your research paper and then learn that there isn't enough research to back up the points you're making, or, even worse, that the research contradicts the points you're trying to make!

Get most of your research on your good research topics done before you begin writing. Then use the research you've collected to create a rough outline of what your paper will cover and the key points you're going to make. This will help keep your paper clear and organized, and it'll ensure you have enough research to produce a strong paper.

What's Next?

Are you also learning about dynamic equilibrium in your science class? We break this sometimes tricky concept down so it's easy to understand in our complete guide to dynamic equilibrium .

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Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries.

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Exercise cuts heart disease risk in part by lowering stress, study finds

Women rarely die from heart problems, right? Ask Paula.

When will patients see personalized cancer vaccines?

How to realize immense promise of gene editing.

Nobel laureate Jennifer Doudna at Harvard Medical School.

Photos by Niles Singer/Harvard Staff Photographer

Alvin Powell

Harvard Staff Writer

Nobel-winning CRISPR pioneer says approval of revolutionary sickle-cell therapy shows need for more efficient, less expensive process 

The world stands on the edge of an era when gene editing can address many serious ills plaguing humankind, according to a pioneer of the revolutionary gene editing technique known as CRISPR-Cas9. But first, she said, there is a problem to solve.

Jennifer Doudna , whose work on CRISPR earned her the 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry , applauded the recent approval of a CRISPR-based gene-editing therapy to help those struggling with sickle-cell disease. The therapy, developed by Boston-based Vertex Pharmaceuticals and CRISPR Therapeutics, was approved by the FDA in 2023. Preapproval studies showed it was very effective at reducing the severe pain that accompanies the life-threatening blood disorder.

Doudna, who visited Harvard Medical School last week to deliver the century-old Dunham Lectures, said the advance shows how CRISPR-based therapies can address hard-to-treat ailments, but it also highlights the hurdles that still stand in the way of widespread use. The therapy, she said, uses a process similar to that of a bone-marrow transplant. Blood stem cells are extracted from a patient’s bone marrow, genetically engineered, and then reinfused into the marrow to produce blood cells that greatly reduce disease symptoms and dangerous complications.

That process, while groundbreaking, is physically challenging for patients, and expensive, with each treatment costing more than $1 million. Together, those factors explain why only 250 people have received the therapy so far, Doudna said, even though the condition afflicts 90,000 to 100,000 in the U.S. and millions worldwide.

“It’s exciting, but that’s quite a small number,” Doudna said.

Doudna delivered her talk, “Rewriting the Future of Health Care with Genome Editing,” on Thursday in a packed Joseph B. Martin Amphitheater on HMS’ Longwood Campus in Boston.

She said that if CRISPR is to match its promise to reduce human suffering, new delivery methods are essential. She described several efforts underway in her lab and those of colleagues to create nanoparticle delivery systems that could, if perfected, relatively simply and cheaply deliver the CRISPR-based gene editor to target cells in various tissues.

That would allow the gene-editing process to occur inside the patient’s body rather than in the lab, as occurs with the new sickle-cell treatment. That would avoid the expensive and arduous process of extracting cells from a patient’s body, engineering them to address a condition’s genetic causes, and then reinjecting them into the patient.

“How we can achieve in vivo genome editing, I increasingly think this is the bottleneck in this field,” Doudna said. “Broadly speaking, what we need to be addressing is how these editors are going to get into target cells in the body. It’s a really interesting, really big challenge, and there’s many people working on it.”

The discovery of CRISPR/Cas9 in 2012 stemmed from basic scientific research into how bacteria fight off viruses. Researchers realized that a portion of the bacterial immune system contains molecules that precisely snip DNA at specific locations, and developed that into the molecular scissors of CRISPR/Cas9 that allow the precise editing of human, plant, and animal DNA at specific locations.

The technique was immediately seen as a major advance and other scientists began using it in their own research.

“Her groundbreaking development of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology, with collaborator Emmanuelle Charpentier, earned the two of them the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2020 and forever changed the course of human, animal, and agricultural research,” said Stephen Blacklow , chair of the HMS Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , who introduced Doudna. He added that Doudna has an “unsurpassed capacity to engage and inspire the next generation.”

Doudna, who received her Ph.D. from HMS’ Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Department in 1989 under Nobel laureate Jack Szostak, expressed confidence that the problem of delivering gene-editing therapy directly to patients’ cells is a solvable one. Her talk dealt with strategies to tackle the problem including lentiviruses, lipid nanoparticles, and something called EDV — enveloped delivery vehicles.

“It makes me think that ultimately … we can come up with a strategy for a particle that will be both easy to make, easy to program, and be effective at delivering in vivo,” Doudna said.

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Majorities in most countries surveyed say social media is good for democracy

Social media has increased public access to information and created platforms for political activism. Yet some also say it is harmful to democracy .

This Pew Research Center analysis focuses on the perceived impact of social media on democracy in 27 countries in North America, Europe, the Middle East, the Asia-Pacific region, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.

For non-U.S. data, this report draws on surveys of 20,944 respondents across 18 advanced economies conducted from Feb. 14 to June 3, 2022, and surveys of 10,235 respondents across eight emerging and developing economies (Argentina, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria and South Africa) conducted from Feb. 25 to May 22, 2023. The data was collected both face-to-face and over the phone. In Australia, we used a mixed-mode probability-based online panel.

In the United States, we surveyed 3,581 U.S. adults from March 21 to March 27, 2022. Everyone who took part in the U.S. survey is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

To compare educational groups across countries, we standardize education levels based on the UN’s International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED).

• In India, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa and Brazil, the lower education category is below secondary education, and the higher category is secondary or more.
• In Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, the UK, Australia, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Israel, Argentina and Mexico, the lower education category is secondary education or less, and the higher category is postsecondary or more.
• In the U.S., the lower education category is some college or less, and the higher category is a college degree or more.

Here is the question used for the analysis , along with responses, and the survey methodology .

As social media use becomes more widespread globally , people in 27 countries surveyed by Pew Research Center between 2022 and 2023 generally see it as more of a good thing than a bad thing for democracy. In 20 of these countries, in fact, majorities say social media has benefited democracy in their nation.

People in emerging economies are particularly likely to say social media has advanced their democracy. Assessments are especially positive in Nigeria and Mexico, where nearly eight-in-ten (77% each) say social media has had a positive effect on democracy.

People are far less certain in other countries, including the Netherlands and France, where more say social media has had a negative effect on democracy than say it’s had positive effect. French President Emmanuel Macron has called for social media regulation to curb the spread of misinformation. In 2023, he also suggested that access to social media should be cut during times of social unrest , including during riots over police violence in France.

Meanwhile, Americans are the least likely to evaluate social media positively. Just 34% of U.S. adults say social media has been a good thing for democracy in the United States, while nearly twice as many (64%) say it has been a bad thing.

Related: Social Media Seen as Mostly Good for Democracy Across Many Nations, but U.S. is a Major Outlier

The role of social media in spreading misinformation has been widely discussed ahead of key U.S. elections. And though majorities in both parties say social media has been a bad thing for democracy in the U.S., Republicans and Republican-leaning independents are more likely to say this than Democrats and Democratic leaners (74% vs. 57%).

How do views on social media and democracy vary by age, education and other factors?

In 14 countries surveyed, younger adults are more likely than older people to say social media has been a good thing for democracy.

This difference is most prevalent in Poland, where 86% of adults under 40 say social media has benefited democracy in their country, compared with 56% of those ages 40 and older. Double-digit differences exist in 10 additional countries surveyed.

In 13 countries, adults with more education are more likely than those with less schooling to say that social media has been a good thing for democracy. In South Africa, for example, there is a 22-percentage-point difference on this question between those with more education and those with less.

(Education systems differ by country, so in this analysis, levels of attainment for “more education” and “less education” also vary. Read the “ How we did this ” section for more information.)

In some countries, adults with higher incomes are more likely than those with lower incomes to say social media is a good thing for democracy. In Belgium and the U.S., however, the reverse is true.

Social media use

Those who use social media are significantly more likely than non-users to say that social media has benefited democracy in their country. In every country surveyed, there is a difference of at least 10 points between social media users and non-users on this question. Non-users, however, are also less likely to offer an opinion on this question in most places.

For example, in Israel, social media users are 77 percentage points more likely than non-users to say social media has been a good thing for democracy (82% vs. 5%). But about a quarter of non-social media users in Israel decline to provide a response, compared with just 5% of those who do use social media.

And in Poland, South Africa, Australia, Japan and elsewhere, social media users are far more likely than non-users to express a positive view of its effect on democracy. In every country surveyed, social media users are at least 10 points more likely to take this stance than non-users.

Note: Here is the question used for the analysis , along with responses, and the survey methodology .

• Misinformation
• Misinformation Online
• Social Media

Support for democracy is strong in Hong Kong and Taiwan

How people in 24 countries think democracy can improve, what can improve democracy, representative democracy remains a popular ideal, but people around the world are critical of how it’s working, bipartisan support for early in-person voting, voter id, election day national holiday, most popular.

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April 16, 2024

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Research team identifies culprit behind canned wine's rotten egg smell

by David Nutt, Cornell University

While it is the fastest growing sector of the wine-packaging market, canned wine faces a few hurdles. It's not considered as elegant as wine in a bottle, and it's not as popular as the formerly maligned "wine bag in a box." There is also the unfortunate fact—and there is no gentle way to put this—that canned wine occasionally smells like rotten eggs.

A team led by Gavin Sacks, Ph.D. and Julie Goddard, Ph.D., both professors of food science in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, is working with wineries, manufacturers and New York state to eliminate that "off" aroma by ever-so-slightly altering the product's formulation and packaging, which is also prone to corrosion.

In recent research published in the American Journal of Enology and Viticulture ( AJEV ), the team found that the choice of the ultrathin plastic coating inside aluminum cans can go a long way towards improving the aroma of the beverage and the lifespan of its container.

'Why doesn't Coca-Cola have a problem?'

The collaboration began several years ago, when Sacks was approached by winemakers who had encountered occasional quality issues with canned wines: corrosion, leakage and—mingled among the fruity and floral notes—a certain rotten egg smell.

"They said 'We're following all the recommendations from the can suppliers and we still have these problems, can you help us out?'" Sacks said. "The initial focus was defining what the problem compounds were, what was causing corrosion and off aromas, and why was this happening in wines, but not in sodas? Why doesn't Coca-Cola have a problem?"

Sacks teamed up with Goddard, and they blended his work in flavor chemistry with her expertise in packaging and material science. They began a series of experiments that characterized the chemical makeup of commercial wines, then evaluated the corrosion and off aromas.

"At first it was like an epidemiological-type study. The can producers have a long list of potentially problematic compounds, so you've got to measure as many things as possible," Sacks said.

The researchers stored the initial samples in a variety of cans with different internal coatings for up to eight months. Another batch of samples underwent accelerated aging by being incubated in ovens at higher temperatures for one to two weeks. The researchers also created a wine of their own with known amounts of suspected problem compounds.

All the approaches came to the same conclusion : The most important compound for predicting can failure, corrosion and off aromas was the neutral or "molecular" form of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), which winemakers routinely use as an antioxidant and antimicrobial. The plastic lining on the can interior did not fully stop the interaction between molecular SO 2 and the aluminum, resulting in production of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), the source of the rotten egg smell. The smoking—or in this case stinking—gun had been found.

"Of all the things we measured, most had no correlation," Sacks said. "The one that stood out was molecular SO 2 . With that, wineries typically aim for about 0.5 to 1 parts per million (ppm). We were noticing that in wines with more than 0.5 ppm molecular SO 2 , we had sizable increases in hydrogen sulfide, the rotten egg smell, within four to eight months."

The team determined that maintaining 0.4 ppm of SO 2 in wine and using epoxy liners could ensure low formation of hydrogen sulfide during long-term can storage up to eight months.

"We're suggesting that wineries aim on the lower end of what they're usually comfortable with," he said. "Yes, there's going to be the chance of having more issues of oxidation. But the good news is that cans provide a hermetic seal. They're not likely to let in any air if the canning is done properly, which is why brewers love them. It's great for preventing oxidation."

There is an irony to molecular SO 2 being the smelly culprit for canned wine. Molecular SO 2 levels are typically lower in red wines than in white wines. However, because consumers generally associate cans with less expensive and less serious wines, many companies don't put their red wines in cans.

"If you go to a store, you're far more likely to see sparkling wines, white wines , rosés in cans, but unfortunately those are the products that are more likely to have issues," Sacks said.

That paper's co-lead authors, doctoral student Austin Montgomery and Rachel Allison, Ph.D., won the 2024 Best Enology Paper from AJEV .

In the follow-up paper, written by doctoral student Matthew Sheehan, the team focused on how the variation of can liners affects the formation of hydrogen sulfide.

"It's not as important as wine composition. But we see considerable variation from manufacturer to manufacturer, even if they claim to be using the same type of polymers—plastic—on the inside," Sacks said. "We tried to understand why we were getting differences from manufacturer to manufacturer."

The team found that the thicker the liner coating, the less corrosion occurred, but the reactions between wine and liner still tended to vary during storage.

But there isn't such an easy fix here. There are several notable downsides to using thicker liners, according to Sacks. They are more expensive to produce, and they are less environmentally friendly because the thicker plastic gets burned off during the aluminum recycling process.

Versatile, recyclable, convenient—and interesting

Rather than simply diagnosing the problem, Sacks and Goddard are now working with Héctor Abruña, the Emile M. Chamot Professor of Chemistry in the College of Arts and Sciences, to design more robust liners using food-grade materials that can prevent corrosion. The group is also tackling another popular beverage peccadillo: sour beer.

While cans may not have the luster of glass or the storage capacity of wine in a box, and they sometimes seem like an antiquated technology, they are versatile, recyclable and convenient, Sacks says. And interesting, too.

"I thought aluminum cans were boring until I started working on them," he said.

Perhaps canned wine's time has finally come.

"The current generation of wine consumers coming of age now, they want a beverage that's portable and they can bring with them to drink at a concert or take to the pool," Sacks said. "That doesn't really describe a cork-finished, glass-packaged wine. However, it describes a can very nicely."

Provided by Cornell University

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Remember: Less is more.

A strong presentation is so much more than information pasted onto a series of slides with fancy backgrounds. Whether you’re pitching an idea, reporting market research, or sharing something else, a great presentation can give you a competitive advantage, and be a powerful tool when aiming to persuade, educate, or inspire others. Here are some unique elements that make a presentation stand out.

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As an intern or early career professional, chances are that you’ll be tasked with making or giving a presentation in the near future. Whether you’re pitching an idea, reporting market research, or sharing something else, a great presentation can give you a competitive advantage, and be a powerful tool when aiming to persuade, educate, or inspire others.

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