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Understanding the question preparing assignments.

The first and most important thing to do is pay close attention to what the module assignment guide says you have to do. It gives you the assignment question and extra things that might help such as notes on the writing style and the format you should adopt.

Make sure you know what type of assignment is needed. Is an essay required? Do you have to write a report or a series of short answers to questions?

Check the word limit and keep to it.

Eulina's advice on starting an assignment

Eulina: I really do try and stress to analyse the essay title or the assignment title. Just for 15 minutes, don't even start working, just have the title in front of you and maybe pick out the words that are telling you what to do. If it's to compare and contrast? Is it to outline? Is it to explain a theme? What are they asking of me? What are they looking for? If you get that right, you're halfway through into writing your assignment. And then from that you can write your essay plan. Now people write essay plans in all different ways, in like a box, flow diagram, or in linear. And your essay plan should just be key words, or key themes that will then trigger off other, issues or other notes. So when you begin to write your essay you've got a plan in front of you, know exactly where to go for the information, you know exactly what information you're going for and I think if you work within that structure it becomes less confusing.

All assignment questions have key words or phrases that indicate how and what you should write. There are two types of key words to be aware of.

Content words

• Process words

You'll be able to focus your ideas much more clearly if you identify the content and process words in the question or title of your assignment.

These tell you what topics the question requires you to focus on. For example, look at this assignment question.

Compare your own education to date with that of one of your parents, one of your children (if you have any) or a friend from a different generation . Which points of comparison seem important to you and why ?

The content words are in bold and tend to be nouns. There are plenty of content words there. The question asks you to choose between three groups of people against whom you should compare your education. The key word 'important' indicates that you must pick out a number of main points of comparison (not everything you can think of).

Content word activity

Identify the content words in the assignment question in the following activity: Content words activity . There is also a  Word version (DOC, 158KB)  available.

Process words and phrases

Process words and phrases tell you what to do with your material and are often expressed as imperatives: ' Assess  the impact of ...' or ' Explain  the importance of ...' So, in the example question above, the key words 'Compare' and 'why' are process words (rather than content words). The word 'why' indicates that you must give reasons for selecting particular points of similarity and difference.

In the assignment question below, the process words are in bold.

With particular reference to Reading A of Chapter 9, English: history, diversity and change, discuss and evaluate the grounds on which judgements are made about ‘correctness’ in English.

Process word activity

Identify the meanings of these process words in the following activity: Process words activity . There is also a  Word version (DOC, 195KB)  available. Once you feel confident that you've identified what you are being asked to do for your assignment, you can turn to finding the relevant books, etc.

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• Referencing and plagiarism

Quick guide to Harvard referencing (Cite Them Right)

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There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database .

For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library’s page on referencing and plagiarism . If you need guidance referencing OU module material you can check out which sections of Cite Them Right are recommended when referencing physical and online module material .

This guide does not apply to OU Law undergraduate students . If you are studying a module beginning with W1xx, W2xx or W3xx, you should refer to the Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules .

Table of contents

In-text citations and full references.

• Secondary referencing
• Page numbers
• Citing multiple sources published in the same year by the same author

Full reference examples

Referencing consists of two elements:

• in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author(s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase 'no date' is used instead of a date. If using direct quotations or you refer to a specific section in the source you also need the page number/s if available, or paragraph number for web pages.
• full references, which are given in alphabetical order in reference list at the end of your work and are not included in the word count. Full references give full bibliographical information for all the sources you have referred to in the body of your text.

To see a reference list and intext citations check out this example assignment on Cite Them Right .

Difference between reference list and bibliography

a reference list only includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text

a bibliography includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text AND sources that were part of your background reading that you did not use in your assignment

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Examples of in-text citations

You need to include an in-text citation wherever you quote or paraphrase from a source. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author(s), the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work - some examples are provided below. Alternatively you can see examples of setting out in-text citations in Cite Them Right .

Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.

Online module materials

(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).

When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

OR, if there is no named author:

The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633&section=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:

The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014&section=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941&section=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).

Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.

For ebooks that do not contain print publication details

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

Example with one author:

Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).

Example with two or three authors:

Goddard, J. and Barrett, S. (2015) The health needs of young people leaving care . Norwich: University of East Anglia, School of Social Work and Psychosocial Studies.

Example with four or more authors:

Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.

Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.

Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.

Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.

Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.

If accessed online:

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).

Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.

Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).

Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).

Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.

Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).

Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.

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6.2 How will I get feedback on assignments?

If you submitted your TMA online you’ll receive an email telling you when it’s available to download. We call this ‘collecting’ your marked assignment. Typically, you’ll get it back within 10 working days from your submission deadline.

To collect your TMA you’ll go back to the eTMA system. Here you should see your score for the TMA and a button to collect it.

When you click ‘collect’ you’ll be able to download your TMA and tutor feedback as a zip file which you’ll need to save to your computer or device. When you open the file you’ll find your tutor’s comments and feedback.

Do make sure that you collect your work and read all of the feedback – there is usually feedback on your TMA document as well as an attached form with a summary of the feedback. Don’t just look at the mark, as the feedback you get is really important and will help you improve.

Again, you can see how all of this works if you submit TMA00, as you can collect this just like a real TMA.

Before finishing this session you’ll take a quick look at an important academic skill: referencing.

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Personal Blogs

Word limits

Few issues seem to cause more angst among some students than the issue of word counts.

Some modules have assignments that state "a maximum of X words" or "write no more than X words" but students still tend to ask if they can have 10% extra.  Some seem surprised when I say that the words "maximum" and "no more than..." mean what they say.

New comment

Could that be because students get other advice from elsewhere?  The "elsewhere" in my experience has been social science, technology, psychology, philosophy and history modules.  In all of those we have been permitted to go 10% over, no limit for going under but expected to not waffle.  I have had warnings that if we submit a TMA approaching 10% over and it has repetitious language or too many points saying the same thing, that some marks can be removed for not being concise.  But it has also been made clear that going a bit over the limit would never result in marks being removed.

I see from your blog you deal with language modules.  Could it be the absolute word-count is specific to that discipline?

Alternatively, I assume you remove marks for being one word over the limit?  If not, there is no penalty, and if there is no penalty, there is no crime.  That would also explain their reaction.

Anyway, if you are finding students are surprised at what you say, either OU students are particularly stupid, or they are getting a different message from somewhere else.  Given the angst they exhibit, that does suggest the experience of your students is the same as mine: they are getting a different message from elsewhere.

PS Ditto the mid-day deadline for TMAs.  It's midnight really since there is no penalty (just huge risk) using the 12 hour grace period.

on modules I have studied students have been told the word limit is given because all the necessary information can be given within that number of words, so, if you go over the limit you are probably including material not required,

on a personal level I have noticed that if I think about it more I can sometimes say the same thing another way using less words, just doing this on a few sentences can make quite a difference to word count,

Simon, reading the first paragraph of your comment I was surprised as none of the modules I've taken allow 10%, then I read your second paragraph and yes as you know my modules have been language modules, so perhaps it is the Modern Language Faculty policy,

In language modules, the word counts and attitudes towards them vary (and I do not think this is problematic as long as it is clear). 

My point is that sometimes the rubric says "about X words" or even "X words".  In these cases, students are allowed up to 10% extra but when the rubric is "no more than..." or a maximum of ...", it seems that this is not ambiguous and it means what it says and the 10% does not apply.

Hello Frances

I agree that in most cases, making the word limit by careful editing can vastly improve the quality of a text.  I almost never find it impossible to cut down texts that I write (eg I might have written something like "it is usually possible to reduce the length of my own texts")

hello Patrick, I did say 'on a personal level' meaning my own work, you have expressed it better and I am learning,

thank you for the noun phase link in your previous post I am working my way through Sarah North, English: A Linguistic Toolkit at the moment, Frances

Is it possible the Level 1 modules they do before the language modules do allow the 10%?

hello Simon, I'm not sure what you mean by level 1 modules before language modules as the language modules start at level 1, beginners and lower intermediate, the only level1 English module, which is now compulsory, is L161 and when I studied it 2yrs ago no 10%, this is what the assessment guide says: 

'....On the other hand, if the length of your answer is much longer than the specified length, your tutor will stop marking after the limit has been reached.'

my other 3 level 1 modules were all foreign language modules, all these modules including L161 gave a min and max word limit, I have read on forums before about this 10% and had wondered what they meant, Frances

You can also start the language degrees with AA100 The arts past and present which, although I haven't done it, I'd bet that allows the 10%.  Perhaps that could cause the confusion too.

Simon a student taking English and another language would need to already be able to speak the target foreign language at lower intermediate level 1 and a student taking one of the 2 foreign language pathways would need to be up to level 2 in at least one of the foreign languages if they used up half their 120 level 1 credits on A100, so yes if you want to and are already well versed in your target foreign languages,

infact when the compulsory L161 was brought in taking up 30 credits at level 1 a lot of language students taking 2 foreign languages complained that they would now not be able to take one of the beginners level 1 modules for their chosen languages, so I don't think they would want to spend 60 credits on A100,

and A100 is part of the humanities faculty not the languages faculty, just as the U214 module I am currently studying is not part of the languages faculty,  ok! Frances

The links on noun phrases and the one on processes might be useful for you if you later take E304.

Your question about being one word over is an intriguing one and I feel conflicted.  On the one hand, it is a very small number.  On the other hand, is it really ever possible for a student not to take off one word?  Going over by one word perhaps suggests that they are not really bothered to get things completely right. I know that if I wanted to cut one word from this shortish message, I would be able to do it easily.

I quite agree Patrick

I xxxxx agree Patrick 

See I managed to take out one word. 

A bit late too the party but better late than never eh?

I've completed a BA Honours in History with the OU and have now started a BA Honours in Creative Writing.  There is absolutely no continuity, in my own experience, in terms of word count practice.  Even if a question says 'no more' I will always ask if the 10 percent rule applies, because in both my History and creative writing degree, I have had tutors who have said, 'no more, means no more', and I have others who have said, 'no no the 10 percent rule always counts'.  Maybe the fault does not lie with the  students and maybe there needs to be greater continuity in how these rules are applied?

I think no more than means just that and that the word limit is the limit.

Thanks for the comment, Trevor.

Reducing the word count is an important skill, I think.  Occasionally my computer crashes when I am halfway through writing something and I usually find when I restart I write more concisely and effectively.  I suppose this shows how important revising a piece of writing is but we often think we do not have the time.

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5 ai prompts for educators using chatgpt & google gemini.

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Teacher helps girl in elementary class with tablet computers

In a world of artificial intelligence, a new type of educator has emerged.

AI-savvy teachers are armed with the power of carefully crafted prompts for tools such as ChatGPT and Google Gemini. These innovators are quietly revolutionizing their classrooms. Curious to uncover the secrets of their success, I asked them to send me their favourite prompts, and I have picked five of the most potent.

Stick around until the end for a bonus sixth prompt that delivers crazy results.

Prompts For AI Educators

The educator prompt generator.

A big problem for anyone using AI is knowing what to ask it. We all need inspiration in order to unlock its full potential. Why not get the AI itself to offer that inspiration?

Matthew Wemyss , assistant school director at Cambridge School of Bucharest has developed a groundbreaking prompt that empowers educators to discover novel ways to integrate AI. Here's Wemyss' prompt:

“As an expert in AI-driven education with a specialization in formulating prompts for Generative AI, you recognise the profound impact and responsibility of implementing AI in educational settings. Keeping in mind the ethical implications. Ask me for the year group, subject and learning objectives for my lesson. You will then offer recommendations on integrating Generative AI prompts into my lessons to deepen understanding, ensuring transparency, fairness, and privacy. Your focus will be on platforms like ChatGPT and text-to-image generators. When creating scenarios where generative AI assumes the role of a character or object, you will also provide example prompts. These prompts are designed not only for effective role embodiment but also to maintain respectful and unbiased interactions during the session. You will encourage open discussions on the ethical boundaries and best practices when deploying these AI tools in the classroom.”

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Steve bannon will go to jail as he loses appeal on contempt of congress charges, how can ukrainian drones keep dropping grenades into open tank hatches, incorporating social and emotional learning.

Social and Emotional Learning has emerged as critical for student success, according to a comprehensive review by Joseph A. Durlak and colleagues. Many educators struggle with effectively incorporating SEL into their lesson. Dr. Marina A. Badillo-Diaz , a professor at Columbia University School of Social Work, has developed a simple yet powerful prompt to help teachers generate targeted SEL ideas.

"Generate a list of SEL skill lesson ideas focusing on [enter skill] for [enter grade] grade students."

Mock University Interviews

Putting AI into the hands of students is powerful. Amin Teymorian , head of Computer Science at Dulwich International High School Suzhou, has crafted a prompt to prepare them for the critical moment of college interviews.

"Your role is to emulate an Oxbridge/Ivy League professor specializing in [Subject]. Your demeanor is friendly and patient, yet traditionally academic, fostering a respectful and serious interview environment. Begin by discussing personal statements and then delve into deeper topics, in line with current studies. Your questioning style should encourage critical thinking and problem-solving, while maintaining a supportive atmosphere. In case of unclear queries, seek clarification first, then make educated guesses or suggest topic changes if necessary. After providing an answer to a technical question, you should naturally progress to a closely related issue within the same topic."

AI-Adapted Reading Materials

A huge challenge for many educators is trying to meet the diverse learning needs within a classroom. Jennifer Verschoor , an EdTech leader at Northlands School in Buenos Aires, has developed a powerful prompt that enables teachers to adapt reading materials to various levels.

“Provides strategies for adapting reading materials to different levels in a [specific subject] class for students of [student age].”

Transforming Traditional Assignments

The AI tools at students’ disposal now render many traditional assignments ineffective. Educators must change their approach and be more dynamic. Collaborating with AI to solve problems is a new power skill. Jason Gulya , an English professor at Berkeley College, believes in transforming traditional assignments into dynamic project-based Learning experiences. His compelling prompt empowers teachers to create student-centered projects that foster critical skills and motivation.

“[Role] You are an educator with a decade of in-the-classroom experience as well as a firm grounding in strong pedagogical principles. You believe in student-centered learning experiences that provide students with control. You are a follower of Daniel Pink's idea that people are motivated by autonomy, a quest for mastery, and a sense of purpose. You work those ideas into your assignments. [Instructions] I will provide you with a traditional assessment (such as a paper). You will go through the following steps, marked as [Step 1] to [Step 3]. Do not move on from one step until it is completed. Do NOT write [Step #] in any of your responses. Simply go through the steps, without telling me which one we are on. [Step 1] You will ask me for the traditional assignment. I will provide it. [Step 2] You will provide 3 ideas for a Project-Based Learning assignment, based on the traditional assignment I provided you in [Step 1]. You will write these exact words, "Which one would you like me to work out in more detail? Or would you like me to generate 3 new options?" [Step 3] If I asked you to generate 3 new options, do that and move on to [Step 4]. If I asked you to give more details about one of the 3 options you've already given me, then provide me with a full outline of the assignment. This will include a full write-up of the assignment for students and a grading rubric (use concrete, specific criteria. format it as a table). Then, you are done. Ask me if there is anything else I want. [Step 4] Keep going until I say I am satisfied with one of your options. Then, provide me with a full outline of the assignment. This will include a full write-up of the assignment for students and a grading rubric (use concrete, specific criteria. format it as a table). Then, you are done. Ask me if there is anything else I want. [Details] When generating the alternative assignments, you will stick as close as possible to the principles of Project-Based Learning (PBL). This means creating an assignment that is constructive, collaborative, contextual, self-directed, and flexible. Essentially, it should invite students to own their own learning and apply course principles to a personal project or passion.”

AI Is Here To Stay

AI's transformative potential in education extends beyond conventional tasks.

Harness the power of AI, design thinking and personality archetypes to create a virtual 16 person innovation group. Present a problem and watch as the AI embodies diverse perspectives to navigate each stage of the design process. The result? A detailed, practical solution that can help revolutionize the educational landscape.

“We are going to do a group design thinking process. I want you to act as all 16 people in the group and the expert facilitator. Each person represents one of the Myers-Briggs personality types (ESTJ, ENTJ, ESFJ, ENFJ, ISTJ, ISFJ, INTJ, INFJ, ESTP, ESFP, ENTP, ENFP, ISTP, ISFP, INTP & INFP.) I will present a problem and I would like the full group to go through all of the design thinking stages as a group. You do not need to present each stage to me. I want to see the one detailed solution you have decided upon. The problem: [Insert here]”

Never stop with a single prompt when using a tool such as ChatGPT or Google Gemini. Just like talking to a colleague, a conversation will always uncover more detail and understanding.

Share these powerful AI prompts to help educators and homeschoolers embrace the power of AI.

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