essay agriculture in nepal

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AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN NEPAL: TRENDS, PROSPECTS, AND POLICY OPTIONS

BOOK LAUNCH November 11, 2020 | 4:30 PM – 6:00 PM (IST) / 6:00 AM - 7:3o AM EST

Agriculture is a vital sector of Nepal’s economy for food security, employment generation, and poverty reduction, but the sector’s performance over the past two and a half decades has been weak. Domestic food production has failed to keep pace with rising food demand, and the country has become a net importer of food, both staples and high-value commodities. The agriculture sector faces both structural and new challenges. Farmers, particularly smallholders, have poor access to technology, inputs, and credit. Improving farm incomes and livelihoods will require increasing smallholders’ participation in the production of high-value commodities, such as vegetables, fruits, dairy products, meat, and eggs. It will also require measures to address the emerging challenge of climate change, given the high vulnerability of smallholders to floods, droughts, and other extreme weather events.

IFPRI South Asia has extensively worked in Nepal on a wide range of policy issues in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Government of Nepal, with support from USAID. The key outputs from this engagement are presented in a new book "Agricultural transformation in Nepal: Trends, prospects, and policy options" . The book addresses some of the key strategic questions related to agriculture in Nepal and suggests policy measures to improve the delivery of critical inputs and services to smallholders. It discusses how the new federal system and governance structure will affect the delivery of agricultural technology and services.

Download synopsis

IFPRI South Asia is pleased to invite participants to the virtual launch of the book on November 11, 2020. 

Chief Guest Prof. Dr. Puspa Raj Kandel, Vice Chair of National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal

Chairs Dr. Johan Swinnen, Director General, IFPRI Dr. Yogendra K Karkee, Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Government of Nepal

Moderator Dr. Muzna Alvi, Associate Research Fellow, IFPRI

Welcome Dr. Shahidur Rashid, Director, IFPRI SAR Dr. Swarnim Wagle, Chairman, IIDS

Discussants Dr. Usha Jha, Member, National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal Dr. Kusum Shakya, Dean, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Dr. Loraine Ronchi, Practice Manager, South Asia Agriculture, The World Bank Dr. Poshraj Pandey, Chairman SAWTEE Dr. Chip Bury, Resilience and Food Security Advisor, USAID

Thapa, Ganesh, ed.; Kumar, Anjani, ed.; and Joshi, Pramod Kumar, ed. 2019. Agricultural transformation in Nepal: Trends, prospects, and policy options. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9648-0

This work was undertaken as part of the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets under it's research Flagship 2: Economywide Factors Affecting Agricultural Growth and Rural Transformation.

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Thursday, February 1, 2018

Importance of Agriculture in Nepal (Essay)

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Agriculture is a vital aspect of Nepal's economy and livelihoods, contributing significantly to the country's GDP and providing livelihoods, food security, and rural development. The majority of the population engages in farming activities, making agriculture a primary source of income for rural households. The sector encompasses a diverse range of crops, livestock, and agro-based industries, contributing to both domestic consumption and export earnings. Nepal's agrarian landscape offers employment opportunities for farmers, laborers, and agribusiness entrepreneurs, absorbing a large workforce, particularly in rural areas where alternative job opportunities are limited. Agriculture is the backbone of Nepal's food security, with the cultivation of various crops such as rice, wheat, maize, pulses, and vegetables ensuring a diverse and nutritious diet for the population. Promoting sustainable farming practices and technological advancements can enhance food production capabilities and mitigate risks associated with food shortages and price volatility. Investments in agricultural infrastructure, such as irrigation systems, roads, and storage facilities, improve farming efficiency and contribute to overall rural development. A thriving agricultural sector is essential for uplifting the standard of living in rural areas, as the majority of Nepal's population resides in these communities. Nepal's unique topography and climate make it vulnerable to environmental challenges, but sustainable agricultural practices are crucial for preserving natural resources, preventing soil erosion, and maintaining biodiversity. Encouraging eco-friendly farming techniques and promoting agroforestry can contribute to environmental conservation and resilience against climate change impacts. In conclusion, agriculture is not just a sector of the economy in Nepal; it is a way of life that sustains millions of people. Recognizing its importance and implementing policies that promote sustainable development is essential for the nation's prosperity, well-being, and preservation of its natural heritage. abogados divorcio arlington va

Agriculture is a vital component of Nepal's economy, providing livelihoods for the majority of the population and contributing a significant percentage of the country's GDP. It is also a primary source of employment, particularly in rural areas where farming activities are prevalent. Agriculture is crucial for food security, as the majority of the population relies on locally produced crops for sustenance. Rural development is directly linked to agriculture, with improved practices, infrastructure, and technology contributing to overall rural upliftment. Agricultural products like tea, rice, spices, and medicinal herbs contribute to Nepal's export earnings, providing an avenue for economic growth. Agriculture is deeply embedded in Nepal's culture and traditions, with many festivals and rituals linked to agricultural practices reflecting the agrarian way of life. Traditional agricultural practices contribute to biodiversity conservation by maintaining a variety of crops and livestock adapted to different regions. Agriculture is a source of income for many households, with improved practices, access to markets, and value addition to agricultural products increasing farmers' income. Sustainable agriculture is essential for the long-term well-being of the country, ensuring the conservation of natural resources, promoting resilience to climate change, and protecting the environment. abogado de accidentes de dui

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Agricultural Transformation in Nepal: Trends, Prospects, and Policy Options

2019, Economic Journal of Development Issues

Related Papers

Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences,

Bidur P Chaulagain

Nepal is in transition from conventional subsistence farming and livestock rearing to modern integrated farming system focusing on whole value chain. Due to inadequate scientific and technological knowledge among wider sector of farming communities Nepal has hitherto remained far behind in agricultural production, and has been shifted from a food grain exporter to importer country. About one third food grain and two third of other food commodities are now imported from other countries. These are the issues of most academic and socio-economic and technical researches in Nepal and other countries. This volume of the NepJAS consists of such original research and review articles. Few articles included in this volume are contributed from developed countries like USA, Russia, and China. There are altogether 30 articles published in this volume. This editorial summary presents gist of the major findings of those articles.

Bashu Dev Deshar

This paper is a review of agricultural degradation and its impacts on economy and environment in Nepal. It includes an overview of agriculture in Nepal and the changes that have taken place. This paper has basically been applied descriptive cum analytical research design to complete. Agricultural development has been sluggish, and has failed to keep pace with population growth. In recent years the yields of major food crops in Nepal have been lower than other South Asian countries and Nepal is now dependent on food imports. Land holding size per family and field sizes has both decreased markedly during recent years. If hill regions are considered independently, all cereal crops yields have stagnated in the last 30 years and gains in production that have been made. Crop productivity in the hills has declined due to land degradation. Of the 28% of Nepal land that is degraded, 10% is poorly managed sloping agriculture terraces. As yields and production of cereal crops have fallen, many...

BMC Journal of Scientific Research

Khom Kharel

Agriculture sector is the main components of economic development of developing countries likeNepal. This sector contributes boosting economy in terms of GDP, employment and food security,as more than 60% of Nepalese residents chose agriculture as their primary source of income. Theincrease in output and productivity in this sector is crucial for reducing poverty through long-term,high-growth economic growth. Increased agricultural production and output are important contrib-utors to the country's overall economic development. This study aims to look at how the agriculturesector contributes to the Nepalese economy's growth. Using data collected over a 20-year period,a simple linear regression model has applied to determine the economic impact of farm sector pro-duction on real GDP. The study finds a positive impact of agriculture sector on real GDP and othersectors. Though, agriculture sector has been facing diversified challenges improving its productionin Nepal.

Water Nepal

Ngamindra Dahal

bibek shahi

Nepal is culturally an agriculture based country. One third of GDP comes from agriculture and there are numerous opportunities in agriculture mainly because of varied agro-climate prevailed in the country. Niche specific commodities that have comparative advantage could be produced in fair quantity to meet the demand of huge market of neighboring India and China as purchasing capacity of people in those countries has improved markedly mainly for quality agriculture commodities. Trade deficit, food insecurity, income generation, poverty reduction, and employment generation could be addressed by turning present status of subsistence agriculture into robust, vibrant and commercial agriculture through technology led agro-industrialization. There are agro-commodities which are imported from India and other countries in huge quantity by the scarce hard currency earned through remittance. Evidence shows that almost 70% of the remittance is spent for agriculture commodities which have high potentiality to produce within the country even after local consumption. Such produce could be exported to other countries to mitigate trade imbalance, enhance export promotion and import reduction and promote graduating Nepal from LDC to DC within the stipulated time frame as proposed a couple of years ago by the government of Nepal. Nepal should come up with functional, pragmatic and implementable agriculture plan and policy to harness huge possibility of agriculture commercialization to meet the consumption demand per se within and outside the country. This paper highlights to address prospects and limitations of agriculture commercialization and suggests some way forward to make agriculture more vibrant and robust to address trade deficit, food and nutritional insecurity and livelihood enhancement of Nepalese as a whole thereby Nepal can tailor her pace of development with neighboring countries to meet the aspiration of Nepalese in the 21 st century. Methodology This is a policy paper giving emphasis on prospects and limitations of Nepalese agriculture as a whole. Discussions on different issues have been given by a thorough review of literatures available within and outside the country. Aside from this, practical experience of author who was involved in agriculture R&D of Nepal since four decades are also included in the pertinent issues encompassing agriculture systems in Nepal. Many of these

George Gitau

SAURABH KUMAR

Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies

Deepak Chaudhary

This paper analyzes agricultural development in terms of policy and implementation in Nepal. More than two-thirds populations in Nepal reside in the rural area and most of them depend on agriculture. Subsistence form of agriculture is common in Nepal. Rural Area and agriculture are interrelated; like two parts of the same coin. The contribution of agriculture to national Gross Domestic Product is remarkable; however, it is declining over the decades. In fact, the agricultural sector cannot attract young people; the trend of migration from rural to urban is significantly increasing. The poverty is exceedingly marked in rural Nepal. The Government of Nepal emphasizes agriculture development for poverty alleviation in order to alleviate poverty, rural development, and national economic growth through the policy level. However, available data and qualitative analysis reveal that the outcome from the agricultural sector is not satisfactory due to several factors. In such a situation, more than half of the population has been facing food insufficiency. Because of weak policy and implementation, the agriculture sector has been suffering poor outcome. In that way, the government of Nepal along with concerned authorities should effectively implement agriculture policies in order to reduce poverty and rural development. The agriculture-rural accommodating policies and successful performance are crucial for poverty alleviation and rural development.

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Nepal’s agricultural transformation by 2030 and wishful thinking

The prime focus of the government at this stage is to develop competitiveness of smallholder farmers to enter into markets, generation of skilled labor in agriculture and to some extent establish effective value chains., by dev bhakta shakya | july 19, 2016, bottom-up growth, 3 minute read.

A very low growth rate in the agricultural GDP and a declining share of agricultural output depict slow transformation in the agriculture sector in Nepal. Saturation of arable and productive land, low growth in yield, low level of technology and input uses,  poor  investment and capital formation, increased labor outmigration, inadequate policy support and climate change have all attributed to this situation; turning Nepal into a net food importing country.

However, to pull out a large number of people from poverty and to usher in economic transformation, it is imperative that the country go through successive phases of agricultural transformation. In the years to come, the Constitution of Nepal, and longer term strategies like Agriculture Development Strategy 2015-2035 (ADS) and Sustainable Development Goals 2016-2030 (SDGs) will be the driving instruments behind this transformation. Achieving the goals and targets set by ADS and SDGs will however require forming necessary policies, reforming administrative and legal procedures, and arranging necessary investments by mobilizing public, private and development partner resources.

The role of agriculture has been rapidly changing worldwide due to globalization, integrated value chains, rapid technological and institutional innovations, and environmental constraints. In such contexts, Nepal should make a structural shift to recognize agriculture’s multiple functions for development. This will require shifting the political economy to overcome anti-commercial agriculture policy biases, strengthening governance for agriculture, and identifying and setting priorities to Nepal’s conditions.

The prime focus of the government at this stage is to develop competitiveness of smallholder farmers to enter into markets, generation of skilled labor in agriculture and to some extent establish effective value chains. The government’s current rationale for subsidies to farmers groups, community based organizations, cooperatives and promotional polices should also be extended towards supporting private sector agribusiness operators and other value chain operators.

Qualitative changes are also required in agriculture. Massive capital investments will be required for commercialization or modernization of agriculture along with increasing investments for effective research and development, technology transfer, human resource development, and transport infrastructure. High Value Crops and agricultural products with comparative as well as competitive advantages should be identified and promoted in clusters for attaining economies of scale.

The Federal Constitution has significant implications for agricultural governance, however it is still a big challenge at the political and bureaucratic levels to agree on the most suitable modality; which will allow implementation of the ADS and Vision 2030 – considered as roadmaps for agricultural transformation and sustainable development in Nepal. By quickly addressing the risks and overcoming challenges mentioned above, Nepal could make immense progress towards agricultural transformation.

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Essay on Agriculture in Nepal

Agriculture in Nepal plays a pivotal role in the country’s economy and sustenance, with a majority of the population relying on farming for their livelihood. The agricultural sector in Nepal is characterized by diverse agro-climatic conditions, ranging from the lowland Terai region to the high-altitude mountain areas. This geographical diversity allows for the cultivation of a wide variety of crops.

Rice is the staple food in Nepal and a key agricultural product. Terraced fields adorn the hillsides, a testament to the ingenuity of Nepalese farmers in maximizing arable land in challenging terrain. Besides rice, wheat, maize, barley, and millet are also significant cereal crops grown across various regions. The fertile plains of the Terai, with their abundant water supply, are particularly suited for rice cultivation.

In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the need for diversification in agricultural practices. Farmers are increasingly exploring alternative crops such as fruits, vegetables, and cash crops. Apples, oranges, potatoes, and tomatoes are gaining popularity, contributing to both food security and income generation. This shift towards diversification aligns with efforts to improve nutritional outcomes and reduce dependency on a few staple crops.

Challenges persist in the agricultural sector, including inadequate infrastructure, limited access to modern farming techniques, and the impact of climate change. Smallholder farmers, comprising a significant portion of the agricultural workforce, often face difficulties in accessing credit and markets. Government initiatives and international collaborations aim to address these challenges, promoting sustainable practices and technology adoption.

Nepal’s rich biodiversity also extends to its livestock. Traditional livestock farming practices coexist with modern methods, supporting the production of milk, meat, and wool. The integration of livestock into farming systems enhances overall agricultural productivity.

Efforts to promote organic farming and sustainable agricultural practices are gaining traction, emphasizing the importance of preserving the environment and ensuring the long-term viability of farming systems. The adoption of green practices aligns with global concerns about climate change and its potential impact on agriculture.

In conclusion, agriculture in Nepal is a dynamic sector with a rich tapestry of traditional and modern practices. As the country navigates the challenges of the 21st century, sustainable and diversified agriculture emerges as a key strategy for ensuring food security, economic development, and environmental stewardship.

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What are the main crops cultivated in Nepal, and why are they significant?

Nepal predominantly cultivates staple crops such as rice, wheat, maize, barley, and millet. These crops form the backbone of the country’s agricultural sector, providing essential food staples for the population. Rice, in particular, holds a central role as the staple food, with terraced fields showcasing the agricultural ingenuity of Nepalese farmers.

How is Nepal addressing the challenges in its agricultural sector?

Nepal acknowledges challenges in its agricultural sector, including limited infrastructure, access to modern techniques, and the impact of climate change. The government, in collaboration with international partners, is implementing initiatives to address these issues. These efforts focus on improving access to credit and markets for smallholder farmers, promoting sustainable practices, and integrating technology to enhance overall agricultural productivity.

What role does diversification play in Nepalese agriculture?

In recent years, there has been a notable shift towards diversifying agricultural practices in Nepal. Farmers are exploring alternative crops such as fruits, vegetables, and cash crops like apples, oranges, potatoes, and tomatoes. This diversification not only contributes to food security but also offers income-generating opportunities. It aligns with the broader goal of creating resilient and sustainable farming systems in the face of changing climatic conditions.

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Essay on Importance of Agriculture in Nepal

Essay on agriculture in nepal.

Nepal is an agricultural country where about 66% of total population of Nepal depends on farming. Agriculture is the main source of income of the people residing here. The land of Terai region is fertile land and most of the productions happens from this region.

Table of Contents

Importance of agriculture

The farmers of Nepal are very passionate on agriculture. Almost all the houses of Terai region of Nepal are dependent on agriculture . Farming is also done on hilly and Himalayan regions of Nepal.

Agriculture is the backbone of Nepal . It contributes significantly in the economy of the country . It is the main source of income for farmers . As most people are dependent on farming , it is the main source of livelihood. They produce different crops and vegetables and sell them to the market. They grow crops like rice, maize, wheat , barley and millets. They grow vegetables like potatoes, cauliflower , brinjal , tomatoes and many others . Sugarcane and jute are also grown in Terai region of Nepal.

Problems faced by farmers of Nepal

Farmers of Nepal face many problems in day to day life. Some of the major problems faced by the farmers are:

• Lack of fertilizers: The biggest problem that the farmers are facing is chemical fertilizers. They don’t get fertilizers for their fields. Due to this productivity is less. Government provides very limited amount of fertilizers to its citizens. Due to this the cost of fertilizers is also high.
• Lack of irrigation facility: Farmers also face irrigation problems. The streams of water which were made previously to make the reach of water source to the fields of farmers are disappearing nowadays . The streams are filled with mud and roads are constructed. The facility of electricity is not reached in most of the parts of the country for irrigation.

The farming in Nepal is a still done in traditional way . Farmers are uneducated . They don’t have knowledge about the seeds and fertilizers they use in the field . They use fertilizers as they like . There is no one to teach and guide them.

Conclusion of essay on agriculture

However, improvements are seen nowadays. Farmers have started using modern technologies for farming. Government should make the farmers educated. The farmers should be taught on how to do farming and use fertilizers. They should be given programmes related to agriculture time to time.

FAQs on Agriculture in Nepal

Q. why is nepal called agricultural country.

Ans: Most of the people in Nepal are involved in farming. The land of Nepal is fertile and suitable for producing crops. So, Nepal is called agricultural country.

Q. What is the percentage of agricultural land in Nepal?

Ans: The percentage of agricultural land in Nepal is about 28.75% according to World Bank.

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Essay on Natural Resources in Nepal: An Overview

Introduction to Natural Resources in Nepal

Nepal is a land-locked country situated in the Himalayas between India and Tibet. The country is known for its stunning natural beauty, with majestic mountain ranges, pristine forests, and rolling hills. Natural resources are an integral part of the economy and culture of Nepal, providing both livelihoods and recreational opportunities for its citizens. From forests and water to minerals and wildlife, Nepal is blessed with a rich abundance of resources that have the potential to contribute significantly to its development.

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In this essay, we will take a closer look at the natural resources in Nepal, including their types, distribution, and importance. We will also examine the challenges that Nepal faces in managing these resources effectively and the efforts being made to conserve them. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the natural resources in Nepal and their role in the country’s economy and environment.

Importance of Natural Resources for Nepal’s Economy

Nepal is a country that is rich in natural resources, including water, forests, minerals, and fertile land. These resources are vital to the economic development of the country and play a crucial role in the lives of millions of people. In this article, we will discuss the importance of natural resources for Nepal’s economy.

Forests and Natural Beauty: Nepal is home to a diverse range of forest types and vegetation, making it a popular tourist destination. The country’s forests provide vital ecosystem services, including watershed protection, carbon sequestration, and habitat for wildlife. In addition, the natural beauty of the forests is a major draw for tourists, generating significant revenue for the country.

Agriculture : Agriculture is the backbone of Nepal’s economy and a significant source of livelihood for millions of people. The country’s fertile land, abundant water resources, and favorable climate conditions make it ideal for agriculture. Agriculture contributes to the country’s GDP, providing food, fiber, and other essential products.

Hydropower: Nepal is known for its abundant water resources and has the potential to generate substantial amounts of hydropower. Hydropower is a clean and renewable source of energy that can contribute to economic growth and reduce dependence on imported fuels. The development of hydropower projects has the potential to create jobs, attract investment, and improve energy security.

Minerals: Nepal is rich in minerals, including iron ore, coal, limestone, and other minerals. The exploitation of these minerals can provide a significant boost to the country’s economy, creating jobs, increasing government revenue, and attracting investment. However, it is important to ensure that mining activities are carried out in an environmentally sustainable manner.

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In conclusion, natural resources play a crucial role in Nepal’s economy. The country’s forests, fertile land, water resources, and minerals provide vital ecosystem services and support the livelihoods of millions of people. By leveraging these resources, the country has the potential to achieve sustainable economic growth and improve the quality of life for its citizens.

Types of Natural Resources in Nepal

Water Resources: Nepal is known for its abundant water resources with numerous rivers, lakes and glaciers. Some of the major rivers in Nepal include the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra, which are crucial for agriculture, fishing, and hydropower generation.

Forest Resources: Forests cover about 30% of the total land area of Nepal and provide a wide range of benefits to the country, including fuelwood, timber, medicinal plants, and wildlife habitat.

Mineral Resources: Nepal is rich in minerals such as limestone, iron ore, coal, magnesium, and gold. These resources are essential for the construction, manufacturing, and energy industries.

Agricultural Resources: Nepal is a predominantly agricultural country, with over 80% of its population relying on agriculture for their livelihood. Rice, wheat, maize, and millet are some of the major crops grown in the country.

Wildlife Resources: Nepal is home to a diverse range of wildlife species, including tigers, rhinos, elephants, and monkeys. These resources are crucial for ecotourism, which provides a significant source of income for local communities.

Hydro Power Resources: Nepal has significant potential for hydropower generation, with numerous rivers and streams flowing through the country. This renewable energy source provides a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and is an important contributor to the country’s economy.

Cultural and Heritage Resources: Nepal is famous for its rich cultural and heritage resources, including monuments, temples, and palaces. These resources are valuable for tourism and play an important role in preserving the country’s cultural identity.

Challenges faced by Nepal in Managing its Natural Resources

Nepal is a landlocked country in South Asia, rich in diverse and abundant natural resources. However, despite having a plethora of natural resources, Nepal faces numerous challenges in managing them effectively. Some of the major challenges faced by Nepal in managing its natural resources are discussed below.

• Limited Awareness: Nepal has a large rural population, where most people are illiterate and lack awareness about the importance of natural resources. This leads to over-exploitation and destruction of natural resources, which affects the country’s overall development.
• Lack of Government Support: The government of Nepal lacks adequate financial and technical resources to effectively manage natural resources. There is also a lack of political will to implement conservation and sustainable management programs, which results in the mismanagement of natural resources.
• Corruption: Corruption is a major challenge in Nepal, and this also extends to the management of natural resources. Lack of transparency in the allocation and management of resources often leads to their exploitation and destruction, leading to an imbalance in the ecosystem.
• Unplanned Development: Unplanned development activities such as deforestation, illegal logging, mining, and other commercial activities often cause severe damage to the environment and natural resources. This results in degradation of the environment, reducing the capacity of natural resources to provide benefits to the local communities.
• Climate Change: Climate change is a major challenge to the management of natural resources in Nepal. Changes in the pattern of rainfall and temperature affect agriculture, forestry, water resources, and other ecosystem services, which impacts the livelihoods of local communities.
• Geographical Challenges: Nepal’s mountainous geography poses a significant challenge to the management of natural resources. The country’s inaccessible terrain makes it difficult for the government to monitor and enforce conservation and sustainable management programs.

In conclusion, Nepal faces numerous challenges in managing its natural resources, but with effective government support, increased awareness, and the implementation of sustainable management programs, these challenges can be overcome. Effective natural resource management is crucial for the country’s overall development and the well-being of its people.

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Role of Government in Preserving Natural Resources in Nepal

The government of Nepal plays a crucial role in preserving the country’s natural resources, which are essential for the sustainable development and well-being of its people. Natural resources in Nepal include forests, water, minerals, and wildlife, among others. These resources provide numerous benefits, such as providing livelihoods, maintaining ecological balance, and conserving biodiversity.

Forests : Forests cover approximately 37% of Nepal’s land area and are crucial for maintaining the country’s ecological balance. The government has implemented various measures to protect forests and prevent deforestation. For example, the Forest Act of 1993 prohibits the unauthorized felling of trees, and the government has established protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife reserves, to conserve wildlife and forests. Additionally, the government has launched programs to promote sustainable forest management, such as community forestry, where local communities are involved in the management and conservation of forests.

Water: Nepal has abundant water resources, including rivers, lakes, and glaciers, which are essential for agriculture, industry, and drinking water. The government has implemented various measures to conserve and manage water resources, such as the Water Resource Act of 1992 and the National Water Plan of 1992. These laws and policies aim to ensure equitable access to water and prevent water pollution.

Minerals: Nepal has rich deposits of minerals, such as limestone, quartz, and iron ore, which are essential for various industries, including construction, manufacturing, and energy. The government has implemented various measures to manage mineral resources, such as the Mines and Minerals Act of 1992, which regulates the exploration, exploitation, and conservation of minerals. Additionally, the government has established the Department of Mines and Geology to oversee the management of mineral resources and ensure sustainable and responsible mining practices.

Wildlife: Nepal is home to a rich diversity of wildlife, including rare and endangered species, such as the Bengal tiger and the one-horned rhinoceros. The government has established various protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife reserves, to conserve wildlife and prevent illegal hunting and poaching. Additionally, the government has launched programs to conserve wildlife, such as ecotourism, which generates income for local communities and supports conservation efforts.

In conclusion, the government of Nepal plays a critical role in preserving the country’s natural resources, which are essential for the sustainable development and well-being of its people. The government has implemented various measures, such as laws and policies, protected areas, and programs to promote sustainable management and conservation of natural resources. The government’s role in preserving natural resources is crucial for ensuring their long-term sustainability and the well-being of future generations.

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Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Nepal

Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) is a critical approach to the sustainable management of natural resources in Nepal. This method of resource management is based on the principle of empowering local communities to participate in the management and decision-making process of the natural resources that affect their lives. The aim of CBNRM is to balance the interests of the local communities, governments, and businesses to ensure that the resources are used for the benefit of all stakeholders.

In Nepal, CBNRM has been implemented in various forms to conserve and manage the country’s vast natural resources, including forests, wildlife, water resources, and land. CBNRM is based on the idea of decentralizing the management of natural resources to the local communities. This approach has been successful in conserving and sustaining the resources while promoting the economic development of the communities.

The government of Nepal has been promoting CBNRM as a means of achieving sustainable development. The government has established various laws, policies, and institutions to support the implementation of CBNRM. For example, the Forest Act 1993 and the Community Forest Management Regulation of 1995 provide the legal framework for the management of community forests.

In addition, the government has established the Community-based Natural Resource Management Program (CBNRMP) to provide technical and financial support to communities in their efforts to manage natural resources. The program has been successful in creating a collaborative relationship between the communities, the government, and the private sector to conserve and manage the resources.

The success of CBNRM in Nepal is evident from the increase in the number of community-based organizations (CBOs) that are engaged in the management of natural resources. CBOs have been established in various regions of the country, and they play a critical role in the management of resources, including the protection of forests, wildlife, and water resources.

In conclusion, CBNRM is a critical approach to the sustainable management of natural resources in Nepal. The government, local communities, and the private sector must work together to ensure the successful implementation of CBNRM. This will ensure that the resources are used for the benefit of all stakeholders, including the preservation of the environment and the promotion of economic development.

Opportunities for Sustainable Development through Natural Resources in Nepal

Nepal is a country rich in natural resources and has the potential to become a leader in sustainable development. From forests to mineral resources, water resources to wildlife, Nepal has the potential to provide a high quality of life to its citizens while also preserving the environment for future generations.

One of the most significant opportunities for sustainable development in Nepal is the exploitation of its forests. With over 60% of its land area covered by forests, Nepal is one of the most forested countries in the world. These forests provide a vital source of livelihood for millions of people and are also a critical carbon sink. By promoting sustainable forestry practices and utilizing forest products, Nepal can protect its forests while also generating income and creating jobs.

Another opportunity for sustainable development in Nepal is the utilization of its abundant water resources. With numerous rivers and lakes, Nepal has the potential to become a leader in hydroelectric power production. This not only provides a clean and renewable source of energy, but also creates jobs and drives economic growth.

Mineral resources, such as iron, copper, gold and mica, are also abundant in Nepal. The development of these resources can provide a significant boost to the economy and provide employment opportunities. However, it is important to ensure that this development is sustainable and does not harm the environment.

Nepal’s wildlife is also a major opportunity for sustainable development. With a wide range of flora and fauna, Nepal is home to many species that are found nowhere else in the world. By promoting sustainable wildlife tourism, Nepal can protect its unique wildlife while also generating income.

In conclusion, Nepal has numerous opportunities for sustainable development through the use of its natural resources. From forests to water resources to mineral resources, Nepal has the potential to provide a high quality of life for its citizens while also preserving the environment for future generations. By promoting sustainable practices and utilizing these resources wisely, Nepal can become a leader in sustainable development.

Conclusion and Recommendations for Sustainable Use of Natural Resources in Nepal.

In conclusion, Nepal is a country rich in natural resources, including forests, water resources, minerals, and wildlife. The sustainable use of these resources is crucial for the long-term economic and ecological health of the country. However, the current methods of resource extraction and use are unsustainable, and have led to environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, and increased poverty.

To ensure the sustainable use of natural resources in Nepal, the following recommendations should be implemented:

• Development of sustainable resource management policies: Nepal should establish and enforce policies that promote sustainable resource management practices, including limiting over-extraction, reducing waste, and promoting efficient use.
• Promotion of eco-friendly technologies: Encouraging the use of environmentally friendly technologies and practices can help reduce the impact of resource extraction and use on the environment.
• Community involvement: Engaging local communities in the management and protection of natural resources can help ensure that resources are used sustainably, and that the benefits of resource use are shared fairly.
• Education and awareness: Raising awareness about the importance of sustainable resource use among the general public is crucial to ensure that people understand the impact of their actions on the environment.
• Investment in renewable energy: Investing in renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power can help reduce the dependence on non-renewable resources, while promoting sustainable development.

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In conclusion, the sustainable use of natural resources is essential for the long-term prosperity and well-being of Nepal and its people. By implementing these recommendations, Nepal can ensure that its rich natural resources are used in a responsible and sustainable manner, for the benefit of present and future generations.

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Agriculture in Nepal: An Essay with Comprehensive Analysis

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Essay (Importance of Agriculture in Nepal)

Importance of Agriculture in Nepal

Nepal is a developing country. Most of the people in Nepal live in villages. Nepal is widely known as an agricultural country. About 93% of its people depend on agriculture. Total land worth cultivation is limited in our country. Most people remain busy digging and plowing the limited land to grow more and more crops. However, they can not produce good crops because of the lack of good and technical knowledge. It is true that agriculture in Nepal has great importance. Many families cannot even service without the practice of agriculture. Whatever the importance of agriculture might be, no country can achieve real prosperity simply through a pure agriculture economy. It is time now that agriculture should be minimized and industry or manufacture should be started.

We should know how both agriculture and industry can be developed parallelly. Also, all the land should not be used for industry only.

With agricultural development, we can supply foodstuffs for people and pets. At the same time, we can provide raw materials necessary for industries. Agriculture is successful to solve the problem of unemployment also. Agriculture is the backbone of nation’s economy. The national income of the people depends on agriculture in Nepal. So agriculture in Nepal has

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Nepal – western nepal earthquake: urgent call for assistance, attachments.

Nepal sits on a major fault line between two tectonic plates, making it prone to frequent earthquakes. It is also one of the most impacted countries by climate disasters globally. In November 2023, it was struck by its deadliest earthquake since 2015. The 6.4 magnitude earthquake hit Karnali province, particularly affecting Jajarkot and Rukum-West districts. It claimed many lives, caused widespread property damage and led to massive losses and destruction in the agriculture sector, a lifeline for approximately 80 percent of the province’s population. Farmers reported the loss of standing crops, stored food and seeds, livestock, poultry, beehives and small-scale irrigation equipment. In addition, roads were destroyed, impeding access to markets amidst a spike in the price of farming inputs.

Before the earthquake, many households were already suffering from food insecurity and malnutrition. Small-scale agricultural producers and livestock owners were grappling with elevated levels of poverty and restrained access to quality inputs, agricultural equipment and tools, decent roads, irrigation and markets. The earthquake occurred at a critical moment in the agricultural calendar, adding a new layer of vulnerability and challenges to these households. It struck after the maize harvest, during the rice harvest, and at a time when the main winter crop (wheat) was in the field, further affecting agricultural production and threatening food security.

In the wake of the earthquake, the Government of Nepal led an emergency lifesaving response. During this phase, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) provided 80 000 hermetic bags to 8 000 earthquake-affected farming households in Bajhang, Jajarkot and Rukum-West districts, enabling them to safely store seeds and grains.

With the focus now shifting to recovery and reconstruction, United Nations agencies, in consultation with the government, developed a Joint Recovery Action Plan. The plan aims to address the needs of affected communities in the medium and long term, prioritizing resilience-building measures and long-term investments to mitigate the impact of future disasters. Within its framework, FAO seeks to provide farming households with agricultural inputs, protect livestock and replace/repair agricultural tools and equipment. This will enable earthquake-affected farmers to restore and revive agricultural production and contribute to strengthening their livelihood resilience against future shocks and building back better.

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AHS Presents at the 2024 AIAEE Conference

Faculty members and graduate students of the Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences recently attended the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE) Annual Conference in Orlando, FL. AIAEE is a professional organization for agricultural and extension educators who share a common goal of strengthening agricultural and extension education programs and institutions worldwide.

Several graduate students, including Abasiama-Arit Aniche, Joseph Gakpo, Andrew Waaswa, Elisabeth Ramsey, Gabriela Arteaga-Arredondo (recently graduated), Howard Wallace (recently graduated) and Saifur Rahman were able to present their research papers and posters at the conference. Faculty members, including Katherine McKee , Jay Jayaratne , Wendy Warner , Katie Sanders , and Joy Morgan , also traveled to present their research. Misty Lambert , an associate professor within the department, also earned the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education journal article of the year for 2023. Congratulations to everyone who presented at the conference!

Abstracts (10 minute oral presentation, 5 minutes of question and answer discussion) 

• Title: Delphi Analysis to Identify Key Competencies for Extension Communication: Implications for Program Development. 
• Authors: Catherine E. Sanders, Kevan W. Lamm, Elisabeth Ramsey
• Title: Exploring the Multifaceted Impact of Knowledge on Behavior Change: Insights from the Master Gardener Volunteer Program in Florida. 
• Authors: Arati Joshi, John Diaz, Anil Chaudhary, Jay Jayaratne , Sebastian Galindo
• Title: Assessing Barriers to Post-Harvest Innovation Adoption in Ghana. 
• Authors: Misty Lamber t, Namah Taku-Forchu, Jonathan Ulmer, George Opit
• Title: Mapping Sustainability: A Phenomenology of Filipino Farmer Perceptions Toward Sustainable Agriculture Practices. 
• Authors: Audie Cherry, Kevin Layfield, Joseph Donaldson , Christopher Eck
• Title: Effect of Cultural Norms and Traditional Beliefs on the Lived Experiences of Women in Agriculture in Rural Communities. 
• Authors: Abasiama-Arit Aniche, Katherine McKee, Jackie Bruce
• Title: Challenges and Use of Social Media in Agricultural Extension: Implications for International Extension Education. 
• Authors: Howard M. Wallace II, K. S. U. Jayaratne, Wendy Warner, J. Dara Bloom , Julia McKeown
• Title: How do Scientists Promoting Genetically Modified Seeds in Africa Build Trust? The Experience of Ghanaian Farmers. 
• Authors: Joseph Gakpo, Katherine McKee

Ideas at Work (A 5 minute oral presentation, 20 minutes of oral roundtable discussion) 

• Title: Farmers’ Knowledge of Using Forecast Information in Crop Production: A Case of Rural Bangladesh. 
• Authors: Mst Sharmin Akter, Mohammed Nasir Uddin, Swarnasree Sarker, M Maruf Hasan, Saifur Rahman, Joseph L Donaldson , Ataharul Haq Chowdhury
• Title: Effectiveness of Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies for Drought Mitigation in Bangladesh: A Farmer Perspective. 
• Authors: Mohammed Uddin, Md. Mehedi Hasan, M. Asaduzzaman Sarker, Mst. Sharmin Akter, Mohammad Hasan, Saifur Rahman , Khondokar Kabir, M. Salim Uddin, Asif Ishtiaque, Ataharul Chowdhury
• Title: Testing the Validity of Self-Reported Measures. 
• Authors: Sharmistha Basak, Anil Kumar Chaudhary, John Diaz, Jay Jayaratne
• Title: Designing for Success: Instructional Design to Support Online Teaching. 
• Authors: Wendy J. Warner, Joy E. Morgan, Travis D. Park, Misty D. Lambert, Katlyn R. Foy
• Title: Developing Cultural Competence in Pre-service Agricultural Education Teachers.
• Authors: Joy E. Morgan, Andrew Waaswa , Becky Cibulskis
• Title: Utilizing Farms of the Future Approach to Teach Farmers and Agricultural Leaders about Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies. 
• Authors: Andrew Waaswa, Joy E. Morgan

Poster Presentations:

• Title: Awareness and Usage of Hermetic Storage Bags by Smallholder Farmers in Dormaa, Ghana
• Authors: Namah Taku-Forchu, Misty Lambert , Michael Retallick, Jonathan Ulmer, George Opit
• Title: Program Assessment of Count on Me NC: a Behavior and Science-Based COVID-19 Risk Management Training Program in North Carolina
• Authors: Gabriela Arteaga-Arredondo, Ellen Shumaker, Benjamin Chapman
• Title: Rooftop Gardening Risks in Urban Agriculture: Assessing the Residents’ Perspectives
• Authors: Md. Mithun, Saifur Rahman, Joseph Donaldson
• Title: Rooted in Well-Being: An Exploration of Community Gardens and Their Impact on Mental Health
• Authors: Elisabeth Ramsey , Monipel Babb, Catherine E. Sanders, Katherine McKee
• Title: The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Use of Social Media in Extension Work: Implications for Extension Communication
• Authors: Howard Wallace II, K. S. U. Jayaratne, Wendy Warner, Dara Bloom , Julia McKeown
• Title: What are the Perceived Weather-Related Adaptation Needs of Agricultural Operations in the Southeast U.S.?
• Authors: Andrew Waaswa, Joy Morgan , Michael Gavazzi, Steven McNulty

Professional Development Workshop:

• Title: Culturally responsive evaluation for promoting equity and communicating impact
• Authors: Katie Sanders , Rafael Landaverde (Texas A&M)

*Bold notations are members of the Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences

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