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Research articles

Clinical and healthcare use outcomes after cessation of long term opioid treatment due to prescriber workforce exit, effect of the hpv vaccination programme on incidence of cervical cancer by socioeconomic deprivation in england, long acting progestogens vs combined oral contraceptive pill for preventing recurrence of endometriosis related pain, ultra-processed food consumption and all cause and cause specific mortality, comparative effectiveness of second line oral antidiabetic treatments among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression, reverse total shoulder replacement versus anatomical total shoulder replacement for osteoarthritis, effect of combination treatment with glp-1 receptor agonists and sglt-2 inhibitors on incidence of cardiovascular and serious renal events, prenatal opioid exposure and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders in children, temporal trends in lifetime risks of atrial fibrillation and its complications, antipsychotic use in people with dementia, predicting the risks of kidney failure and death in adults with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease, impact of large scale, multicomponent intervention to reduce proton pump inhibitor overuse, esketamine after childbirth for mothers with prenatal depression, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist use and risk of thyroid cancer, use of progestogens and the risk of intracranial meningioma, delirium and incident dementia in hospital patients, derivation and external validation of a simple risk score for predicting severe acute kidney injury after intravenous cisplatin, quality and safety of artificial intelligence generated health information, large language models and the generation of health disinformation, 25 year trends in cancer incidence and mortality among adults in the uk, cervical pessary versus vaginal progesterone in women with a singleton pregnancy, comparison of prior authorization across insurers, diagnostic accuracy of magnetically guided capsule endoscopy with a detachable string for detecting oesophagogastric varices in adults with cirrhosis, ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes, added benefit and revenues of oncology drugs approved by the ema, exposure to air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular diseases, short term exposure to low level ambient fine particulate matter and natural cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory morbidity, optimal timing of influenza vaccination in young children, effect of exercise for depression, association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with cardiovascular disease and all cause death in patients with type 2 diabetes, duration of cpr and outcomes for adults with in-hospital cardiac arrest, clinical effectiveness of an online physical and mental health rehabilitation programme for post-covid-19 condition, atypia detected during breast screening and subsequent development of cancer, publishers’ and journals’ instructions to authors on use of generative ai in academic and scientific publishing, effectiveness of glp-1 receptor agonists on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile for type 2 diabetes, neurological development in children born moderately or late preterm, invasive breast cancer and breast cancer death after non-screen detected ductal carcinoma in situ, all cause and cause specific mortality in obsessive-compulsive disorder, acute rehabilitation following traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation, perinatal depression and risk of mortality, undisclosed financial conflicts of interest in dsm-5-tr, effect of risk mitigation guidance opioid and stimulant dispensations on mortality and acute care visits, update to living systematic review on sars-cov-2 positivity in offspring and timing of mother-to-child transmission, perinatal depression and its health impact, christmas 2023: common healthcare related instruments subjected to magnetic attraction study, using autoregressive integrated moving average models for time series analysis of observational data, demand for morning after pill following new year holiday, christmas 2023: christmas recipes from the great british bake off, effect of a doctor working during the festive period on population health: experiment using doctor who episodes, christmas 2023: analysis of barbie medical and science career dolls, christmas 2023: effect of chair placement on physicians’ behavior and patients’ satisfaction, management of chronic pain secondary to temporomandibular disorders, christmas 2023: projecting complete redaction of clinical trial protocols, christmas 2023: a drug target for erectile dysfunction to help improve fertility, sexual activity, and wellbeing, christmas 2023: efficacy of cola ingestion for oesophageal food bolus impaction, conservative management versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy in adults with gallstone disease, social media use and health risk behaviours in young people, untreated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 and cervical cancer, air pollution deaths attributable to fossil fuels, implementation of a high sensitivity cardiac troponin i assay and risk of myocardial infarction or death at five years, covid-19 vaccine effectiveness against post-covid-19 condition, association between patient-surgeon gender concordance and mortality after surgery, intravascular imaging guided versus coronary angiography guided percutaneous coronary intervention, treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men in primary care using a conservative intervention, autism intervention meta-analysis of early childhood studies, effectiveness of the live zoster vaccine during the 10 years following vaccination, effects of a multimodal intervention in primary care to reduce second line antibiotic prescriptions for urinary tract infections in women, pyrotinib versus placebo in combination with trastuzumab and docetaxel in patients with her2 positive metastatic breast cancer, association of dcis size and margin status with risk of developing breast cancer post-treatment, racial differences in low value care among older patients in the us, pharmaceutical industry payments and delivery of low value cancer drugs, rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin in adults with coronary artery disease, clinical effectiveness of septoplasty versus medical management for nasal airways obstruction, ultrasound guided lavage with corticosteroid injection versus sham lavage with and without corticosteroid injection for calcific tendinopathy of shoulder, early versus delayed antihypertensive treatment in patients with acute ischaemic stroke, mortality risks associated with floods in 761 communities worldwide, interactive effects of ambient fine particulate matter and ozone on daily mortality in 372 cities, association between changes in carbohydrate intake and long term weight changes, future-case control crossover analysis for adjusting bias in case crossover studies, association between recently raised anticholinergic burden and risk of acute cardiovascular events, suboptimal gestational weight gain and neonatal outcomes in low and middle income countries: individual participant data meta-analysis, efficacy and safety of an inactivated virus-particle vaccine for sars-cov-2, effect of invitation letter in language of origin on screening attendance: randomised controlled trial in breastscreen norway, visits by nurse practitioners and physician assistants in the usa, non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and oesophageal adenocarcinoma, venous thromboembolism with use of hormonal contraception and nsaids, food additive emulsifiers and risk of cardiovascular disease, balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use, promoting activity, independence, and stability in early dementia and mild cognitive impairment, effect of home cook interventions for salt reduction in china, cancer mortality after low dose exposure to ionising radiation, effect of a smartphone intervention among university students with unhealthy alcohol use, long term risk of death and readmission after hospital admission with covid-19 among older adults, mortality rates among patients successfully treated for hepatitis c, association between antenatal corticosteroids and risk of serious infection in children, the proportions of term or late preterm births after exposure to early antenatal corticosteroids, and outcomes, safety of ba.4-5 or ba.1 bivalent mrna booster vaccines, comparative effectiveness of booster vaccines among adults aged ≥50 years, follow us on, content links.

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The reporting quality and spin of randomized controlled trials of endometriosis pain: Methodological study based on CONSORT extension on abstracts

Hoda Shirafkan, David Moher, Parvaneh Mirabi

Endorsements of five reporting guidelines for biomedical research by journals of prominent publishers

Peiling Wang, Dietmar Wolfram, Emrie Gilbert

Knowledge and motivations of training in peer review: An international cross-sectional survey

Jessie V. Willis, Janina Ramos,  [ ... ], David Moher

Recommendations and guidelines for creating scholarly biomedical journals: A scoping review

Jeremy Y. Ng, Kelly D. Cobey,  [ ... ], David Moher

Do open-access dermatology articles have higher citation counts than those with subscription-based access?

Fangyi Xie, Sherief Ghozy, David F. Kallmes, Julia S. Lehman

The green, gold grass of home: Introducing open access in universities in Norway

Lars Wenaas, Magnus Gulbrandsen

Open science practices in general and internal medicine journals, an observational study

Beatriz Tarazona-Alvarez, Natalia Zamora-Martinez,  [ ... ], Antonio Vidal-Infer

Could early tweet counts predict later citation counts? A gender study in Life Sciences and Biomedicine (2014–2016)

Tahereh Dehdarirad

Open access publishers: The new players

Rosângela Schwarz Rodrigues, Ernest Abadal, Breno Kricheldorf Hermes de Araújo

Open access availability of Catalonia research output: Case analysis of the CERCA institution, 2011-2015

Anna Rovira, Cristóbal Urbano, Ernest Abadal

In an Age of Open Access to Research Policies: Physician and Public Health NGO Staff Research Use and Policy Awareness

Laura L. Moorhead, Cheryl Holzmeyer,  [ ... ], John Willinsky

Sharing Individual Participant Data from Clinical Trials: An Opinion Survey Regarding the Establishment of a Central Repository

Catrin Tudur Smith, Kerry Dwan,  [ ... ], Paula R. Williamson

The Impact of Article Length on the Number of Future Citations: A Bibliometric Analysis of General Medicine Journals

Matthew E. Falagas, Angeliki Zarkali,  [ ... ], Michael N. Mavros

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3 Best Sites for Reading Medical Journals Online for Free

Cathy Reisenwitz

1. freemedicaljournals.com, 2. omics international, 3. geneva foundation for medical education and research, other ways to access free medical journal articles.

Today, I want to tell you about some great free medical journals.

Dear Diary,Today, my patients were suuuper annoying.

Just kidding. Not that kind of journal. Today I'm talking about the kind of medical journal that is published regularly and contains peer-reviewed research pertinent to providers, clinicians, medical scientists, and other healthcare staff. The journals often focus on a subfield such as cardiology or neuropathy.

Journals are invaluable for keeping abreast of new medical research.

According to research from Doximity, 98% of the physicians polled said reading medical literature is “important" or “very important" to their practice, and 75% said they change their clinical practices quarterly or monthly based on the latest medical literature.

The problem is that subscriptions to medical journals usually run in the hundreds of dollars per year, per journal.

Luckily, many medical journals offer some or all of their content for free to everyone, with or without a subscription. Some do so for all of their articles, but most make their articles free on the web six or 12 months after publication.

While the medical journal articles you want to read may be online for free, they aren't always easy to find.

To help you out, I've reviewed three websites that make it easier to find the most up-to-date free journal articles in your subfield. I've included some background information, pros and cons, and tips for getting the most out of the site.

Here they are, listed in no particular order:

FreeMedicalJournals.com is exactly what it sounds like, a list of links to medical journals that offer free access. It was created by a Portuguese university librarian named Manuel Montenegro, and Bernd Sebastian Kamps, Editor-in-Chief of Flying Publisher and the director of the Amedeo literature service.

Manuel Montenegro; Source

The best way to use the site is to take advantage of the left rail, where you can search by keyword, topic, free article freshness, alphabetically by journal title, or language. You can also see a list of journals sorted by impact .

Dr. Srinubabu Gedela founded OMICS International to help make healthcare and scientific information available immediately and for free. Gedela's research on getting access to scientific literature for scholars from developing countries won him the 2007 Human Proteome Organization's Young Scientist award.

Dr. Srinubabu Gedela; Source

OMICS International publishes over 700 scientific and healthcare journals and 50,000 scientific research articles in clinical, medical, life sciences, and other disciplines annually. Each year OMICS International hosts more than 1,000 medical and scientific conferences for more than 60,000 scientists, clinicians, and scholars in 30 countries.

The best thing about OMICS International's list of free medical journals is that they're all listed on one page, so you can CTRL+F to find what you're looking for. Next to each journal is a link to each journal's citation report, containing a list of articles that have cited the articles published in each journal.

In addition to free articles, clicking on each journal title offers background information on the publication, including policies and ethics for each role in the publication: author, editor, reviewer, and publisher. The journal profile also includes links to information such as the journal's aims and scope, article processing charges, advertising rates, etc.

Here's an example of a journal profile on the OMICS International website:

In some ways, the Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research's free medical journals list is harder to use than FreeMedicalJournals.com or OMICS International's list. You can't CTRL+F for journals because there's no comprehensive list on one page like OMICS International. There's no site search or sorting mechanism like FreeMedicalJournals.com.

But it does offer one advantage. It's very clean. No clutter. No ads. Not even any pictures. It loads super fast with no distractions. When you click on each category, it brings up another list of all the journals in that category, and tells you if it's always free, or free after six or 12 months.

Two honorable mentions go to Medscape and MHADegree.org for their curated lists of journals you can read online for free (be aware that using Medscape requires creating an free account).

Keep in mind that you can also access free journal articles through apps such as Read by QxMD and Isabel . To learn more, check out The Top 7 Medical Apps for Doctors .

If you're like most physicians, reading medical journal articles is part of your weekly routine. To save money, time, and effort, check out one or all of these websites and let me know what you think in the comments. And let me know if there are other good sites or apps I've left off.

Was this article helpful?

About the author.

Cathy Reisenwitz is a former Capterra analyst.

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“Free Full Text Articles”: Where to Search for Them?

Ashish singh.

Consultant Dermatologist, Parkinsganj, Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Manish Singh

1 Department of Neurosurgery, JIPMER, Pondicherry, India

Ajai Kumar Singh

2 Department of Neurology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhooti Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Deepti Singh

3 Consultant Psychiatrist, Parkinsganj, Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Pratibha Singh

4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, JIPMER, Pondicherry, India

Abhishek Sharma

5 Department of Surgical Oncology, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, Delhi, India

References form the backbone of any medical literature. Presently, because of high inflation, it is very difficult for any library/organization/college to purchase all journals. The condition is even worse for an individual person, such as private practitioners. The solution lies in the free availability of full-text articles. Here, the authors share their experiences about the accessibility of free full-text articles.

INTRODUCTION

Presently, in India nearly 314 medical colleges are providing undergraduate medical education in the form of MBBS, 163 colleges are providing doctor of medicine in diploma in Dermatology,Venereology and Leprosy (DVL), and 84 colleges are providing diploma in DVL.[ 1 – 3 ] In addition to this, 27 hospitals are providing diplomate of national board in diploma in Venereology and Dermatology.[ 4 ] On comparing this data with number of research articles published, the latter stands in a mediocre situation. One of the important cause responsible for the relatively less number of research publication is unavailability of free full-text articles. Research works, published by most of the journals, are paid. Many of the undergraduates or postgraduate students may not be able to purchase these high-cost journals or articles. In addition to this, many researchers may not be willing to spend money on journals. These are some of the situations where free full-text articles come for rescue, but many of the beginners may not be familiar about how to search these articles. In addition, free full-text articles are the first choice for many of the postgraduate students for their dissertation.

HOW TO APPROACH

In addition to journals which are fully Open Access, there are few other journals which operate through subscriptions as mainstream journals do, but which offer open access to the electronic versions of their articles after a delay of usually a year, or selectively for individual articles, provided the authors have paid an additional charge to “open up” the articles.[ 5 ]

Free full-text articles can be approached in the following ways.

Medknow Publications

Medknow Publications publish nearly 150 journals. They provide free access to the electronic editions of their journals.[ 6 ] Researchers just have to open the site www.medknow.com , fill the key word they require, and search. Alternatively, they can visit the search option, available in most of their journals site through www.journalonweb.com , fill the key word, and search across multiple journals. At times, this site alone provides sufficient number of references required for the purpose. The important dermatological journals published by Medknow Publications are Indian Dermatology Online Journal, Indian Journal of Dermatology, Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS, International Journal of Trichology, and Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery.[ 7 ]

PubMed Central and PubMed

PubMed Central is the United States National Library of Medicine's digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature which provides free access to the full text of articles.[ 8 ] To search for free full-text articles on PubMed Central, one has to visit the site http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ , write the topic/author/journal title, and search across all articles.

PubMed is a database of citations and abstracts for articles from thousands of journals. PubMed does not include full-text journal articles.[ 9 ] It includes links to full-text articles at many journal web sites as well as to most of the articles in PubMed Central.[ 10 ] Here, articles can be searched on the site http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed . Search can be restricted to contents free on web by using filter your results and clicking free full text.[ 11 ]

Directory of Open Access Journals

The directory aims to cover all open access scientific and scholarly journals that use a quality control system to guarantee the content.[ 12 ] It provides articles from 439 medicinal journals. Among them, 21 are from dermatology.[ 13 ] It includes Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia, BMC Dermatology, Case Reports in Dermatology, Clinical Dermatology, Clinical Medicine Insights: Dermatology, Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, Dermatología Peruana, Dermatology Online Journal,th Dermatology Reports, Dermatology Research and Practice, Egyptian Dermatology Online Journal, Indian Journal of Dermatology, Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, The Internet Journal of Dermatology, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dermatology Research, Journal of the Egyptian Women's Dermatologic Society, Open Dermatology Journal, Revista Argentina de Dermatología, Surgical and Cosmetic Dermatology, Turk Dermatoloji Dergisi, Turkderm.[ 14 ] The disadvantage of directory of open access journals is that few of these journals are in languages other than English. Here, articles can be searched on the site http://www.doaj.org .

Electronic Resources in Medicine Consortium and National Medical Library

Electronic Resources in Medicine Consortium (ERMED) and National Medical Library (NML) are an excellent platform for obtaining free of cost recent journal articles for its member colleges. There is no membership fees charged from the Government Medical Colleges and institutions. The private colleges and institutions have to make payment per site price for e-sources purchased by the consortium in every calendar year.[ 15 ] Membership of the college can be checked from the site http://www.nmlermed.in/members.htm or volunteers can contact their library to check the membership and to get the user name and password of the site www.ermed.jccc.in allotted to their college.[ 16 ] In 2009, the number of ERMED members increased from 40 to 72 Government Medical Colleges/Institutes across the country.[ 17 ] At present, it covers nearly 32 journals of dermatology. It includes Acta Dermatoveneorologica Alpina, Pannonica et Adriatica, Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica, Advances in Skin and Wound Care, American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, American Journal of Dermatopathology, Archives of Dermatological Research, Archives of Dermatology,, Asian Journal of Dermatology, BMC Dermatology, Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, Clinical Dermatology, Contact Dermatitis, Dermatologic Surgery, Dermatology, Dermatology Nursing, Dermatology Online Journal, Dermatology Times, Indian Journal of Dermatology, Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, International Journal of Dermatology, Internet Journal of Dermatology, Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, Medicine, Open Dermatology Journal, Pediatric Dermatology, Rosacea Review, Skin and Allergy News, Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, Turkdem-Archives of the Turkish Dermatology and Venerology and Turkish Journal of Dermatology.[ 18 ]

Journal articles related to the topic can be searched easily after signing in at the site www.ermed.jccc.in , followed by clicking search database.

Google, Google Scholar, and Yahoo

Google ( http://www.google.com ) and Yahoo search ( http://www.search.yahoo.com ) are two of the world's most hit web pages and two largest web-based search engines.[ 19 ] Usually these are the first search site for any scholar. They provide links for both paid and free articles. The disadvantage associated with these sites is that additionally they provide materials that may not give scholarly information. Many articles are repeated also. But the catch is that one article which is paid at one web link may be free at another web link. Google Scholar ( http://www.scholar.google.com ) provides a simple way to broadly search for the relevant scholarly literature and research.[ 19 ]

The Cochrane Library

The Cochrane Library provides high-quality review articles. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews has an impact factor of 5.653 of 2009.[ 20 ] Articles can be searched on the site http://www.thecochranelibrary.com/view/0/index.html .

Public Library of Science

Public library of science is a nonprofit organization of scientists and physicians committed to making the world's scientific and medical literature a freely available public resource.[ 21 ] Everything published on this site is freely available throughout the world, for researchers to read, download, copy, distribute, and use.[ 22 ] Articles can be searched here on the site http://www.plos.org/search.php .

Free Medical Journals

Currently, total 2226 journals are available on this site.[ 23 ] Among them, nearly 30 are journals are related to dermatology and venereology and most of them are in English.[ 24 ] Some journals are available only a few months after the release. Journals can be searched on the site http://www.freemedicaljournals.com/fmj/DERMA.HTM .

It covers more than 125 medical journals and textbooks. After a simple, free registration, Medscape automatically delivers you the specialty site that best fits your profile.[ 25 ] After signing in at www.medscape.com , articles can be searched.

HighWire Press Stanford University

HighWire Press partners with independent scholarly publishers, societies, associations, and university presses to facilitate the digital dissemination of 1465 journals, reference works, books, and proceedings.[ 26 ] Articles can be searched on the site http://highwire.stanford.edu/ . It provides both free and paid articles.

Bioline International

Bioline International provides open access to peer reviewed bioscience journals published in developing countries.[ 27 ] Articles can be searched on the site http://www.bioline.org.br .

Indmed covers about 77 journals indexed from 1985 onwards. A portal medIND provides free full text access to 40 Indian medical journals.[ 28 ] Articles can be searched on the site http://medind.nic.in .

BioMed Central

BioMed Central is a Science, Technology, and Medicine publisher. All original research articles published by BioMed Central are made free and permanently accessible online immediately upon publication.[ 29 ] After free registration, journals can be searched over http://www.biomedcentral.com/browse/journals/ .

Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research

Important dermatology journals in English included in this site are Acta Dermato-Venereologica, Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica et Adriatica, Annals of Dermatology, Archives of Dermatology, Asian Journal of Dermatology, BMC Dermatology, Case Reports in Dermatology, Clinical Medicine Insights: Dermatology, Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, Dermato-Endocrinology, Dermatology Online Journal, Dermatology Reports, Dermatology Research and Practice, Dermatology Times, European Journal of Dermatology, Indian Journal of Dermatology, Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, International Journal of Trichology, Internet Journal of Dermatology, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dermatology Research, Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, Journal of Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Journal of Skin Cancer, Journal of the Egyptian Women's Dermatologic Society, Leprosy Review, Open Dermatology Journal, Rosacea Review, Skin Therapy Letter, World Wide Wounds.[ 30 ] Journals can be seen on the site http://www.gfmer.ch/Medical_journals/Dermatology.htm .

The website of Italian Library Association

Here journals can be traced on the site http://www.aib.it/aib/commiss/cnur/peb/pebs.htm3 . This site provides both free and paid journal articles.

UK PubMed Central

UK PubMed Central (UKPMC) is a full-text article database that extends the functionality of the original PubMed Central (PMC) repository. UKPMC ( http://ukpmc.ac.uk ) has undergone considerable development since its inception in 2007 and now includes both a UKPMC and PubMed search, as well as access to other records such as Agricola, Patents, and recent biomedical theses. UKPMC also differs from PubMed/PMC in that the full text and abstract information can be searched in an integrated manner from one input box. All of the articles in UKPMC are “Free Access,” Not all content available in PMC is made available to UKPMC.[ 31 ]

The University of lowa libraries

Links to few free full-text articles are available at the site http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/eresources/genindexes.asp .

National library of medicine gateway

National library of medicine (NLM) is a user-friendly web-based system that searches not only MEDLINE but also several other NLM databases at the same time.[ 19 ] Articles can be searched here on http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd .

Medical Matrix

Medical Matrix ( http://www.medmatrix.org ) is a comprehensive guide to clinical medicine resources on the Internet.[ 19 ] Medical Matrix links to more than ten MEDLINE sites, including Gateway and PubMed and fee and open access sites.[ 19 ]

World Health Organization

Publications from World Health Organizations can be searched at the site http://www.who.int/publications/en/ .

British Medical Journal Group

Some low income and low middle income countries are entitled to free access of this site.[ 32 ] For other countries, all the articles are not free. Journals can be searched here at site http://group.bmj.com/products/journals/ . This site includes Journal of Sexually Transmitted Infections.

British medical journal (BMJ) Open is an online-only, open access general medical journal, publishing medical research from all disciplines and therapeutic areas.[ 33 ] The journal publishes all research study types, from study protocols to phase I trials to meta-analyses.[ 33 ] Articles can be searched at http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ .

Elsevier Journals

Few journals published by Elsevier, provide free access to non subscribers, after a predefined period of time has elapsed following the final publication.[ 34 ] The list of journals can be seen on website http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorsview.authors/delayedaccess .

Free full-text articles play a pivotal role in updating the knowledge of physicians and researchers. They play important role in preparation of any manuscript or thesis, for the persons who cannot subscribe to these articles due to any reason. Authors believe that these articles will be useful for such persons. Authors request the readers to contribute any other link for free full-text articles they know.

Source of Support: Nil

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

• Review Article
• Open access
• Published: 13 May 2024

Estimation of Blood Pressure by Image-Free, Wearable Ultrasound

• Ana Belen Amado Rey   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2845-7104 1 , 2  

Artery Research volume  30 , Article number:  3 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

29 Accesses

Metrics details

1.28 billion adults worldwide have high pressure, and only 21% of people have it under control. If high blood pressure (BP) is not diagnosed and treated properly, then there is a high risk for cardiovascular diseases, the main cause of mortality. Ultrasound has emerged as a potential medical imaging system to monitor cardiovascular health. It is comfortable, noninvasive, safe, and a very well-established and well-known technology. However, there are currently no commercial single ultrasound systems to directly quantify vascular parameters, without the need for complex imaging algorithms, additional software-based solutions, and high energy demands that limit portable and prolonged measurements. In this paper, we present the steps to design an image-free novel ultrasound device to continuously extract vital parameters, with a focus on BP. Moreover, as the BP waveforms are amplified toward the periphery (i.e., from the aorta to the radial artery), we applied mathematical models and algorithms, specific to the site of measurement, to accurately extract BP. We validated these algorithms in silico , in vitro , and ex vivo, where tissue and artery phantoms help emulate human physiology. In young subjects, an in silico pulse pressure (PP) correlation of 0.978 and a mean difference of (– 2.85 ± 2.57) mmHg at the radial artery were achieved. The ex vivo PP correlation was 0.986, with a mean difference of (1.72 ± 3.29) mmHg. Soon thereafter , in vivo measurements of BP and stiffness, and their correlation analysis will be performed to corroborate the accuracy of the developed proof-of-concept device.

1 Introduction

Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide and 46% of adults with hypertension are unaware of their condition [ 1 ]. By diagnosing and treating hypertension, many cardiovascular diseases can be prevented. Up till now, the “gold standard” of validated techniques for noninvasive reading of blood pressure (BP) requires blood flow to be blocked completely for the measurement. This is done through an arm cuff, placed around the patient’s upper arm that is inflated with air. After blocking the artery, air is released, and values of systolic and diastolic BP are measured with a stethoscope and a manometer [ 2 ]. However, these devices often cause discomfort for those who need frequent BP monitoring, such as hypertensive patients or postoperative organ transplant patients. In such cases, BP must be measured every 30 min for 24 h, even when the patient is sleeping [ 3 ]. There is a significant need for a noninvasive, unobtrusive, and continuous BP monitoring approach, with a simplified remote healthcare data integration process.

Ultrasound is a real-time imaging modality that measures the wall locations of human vessels with high precision. The acoustic wave emitted by an ultrasound device produces an echo when an acoustic impedance difference between two materials occurs. In an artery, the acoustic wave propagates at different speeds between the muscular tissue (1580 m/s), arterial walls (intima layer 1590 m/s, inner and outer media 1626 m/s and 1699 m/s [ 4 ], respectively), and the blood (1575 m/s [ 5 ]) that transports the nutrients through the body.

Due to this effect, ultrasound transducers receive acoustic signals delayed in time (in the form of echoes), which recorded in time give us information about the mechanic changes of vessels in time. Ultrasound is also able to see the scattering of the blood cell particles, which is used to monitor blood hemodynamics. Using models and calibration values, those recordings are converted into arterial distensibility, stiffness index, compliance, and BP. Thus, key parameters to predict cardiovascular risks can be noninvasively and continuously measured via ultrasound [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].

On top of that, advances in new transducer technologies and microsystems make possible the fabrication of image-free ultrasound patches that reduce operator dependency, are wearable, comfortable, and allow for continued cardiovascular monitoring even while doing exercise [ 7 ]. Ultrasound therefore presents a promising technology for monitoring individual biomarkers as indicators of aging and cardiovascular disease risk.

However, ultrasound systems still face many challenges, including power-efficiency driving of transducers, low-noise recording of ultrasound echoes, high-attenuation medium (human tissues), and low quality of the images [ 9 ]. To better assess cardiovascular health and vascular age, we developed a low-cost and low-energy ultrasound device and implemented patient-specific models to better derive BP from distension waveforms. To guarantee the accurate monitoring of vital parameters, we pay special attention to three main aspects (see Fig.  1 ): (01) Specification for device design and development with a compromise between resolution, patient safety, and energy saving; (02) Determination of the best artery model/algorithm to extract cardiovascular parameters specifically for each patient and arterial site; (03) Device validation in the laboratory (in vitro , ex vivo ) and in a clinical environment (in vivo , in progress) attending to the specific medical device regulations and reference device used for validation.

a Goals needed to achieve accurate monitoring of vital parameters by employing portable devices. b Accuracy levels, patient comfort, and risks are affected by the methods used during device development (01), and the algorithms or models implemented to derive the cardiovascular parameters (02). Once the proof-of-concept device is available it is validated (03), first in a laboratory environment (in vitro and ex vivo), and later it will be done in animals or humans (in vivo) to assess its performance and validity as a medical device

This review summarizes my Career Development presentation at Artery 2023 (Bonn, Germany). It discusses the methods that we applied to develop a low-consumption, safe, operator-independent, and noninvasive proof-of-concept ultrasound device for accurate and patient-specific vital parameter monitoring. In Section II, the fundamentals of device development to measure arterial diameter are explained. In Section III, vascular models and algorithms to derive BP from the arterial diameter are introduced. In Section IV, the creation of mock circulatory loops (MCL) for in vitro and ex vivo validation is described. The review is finalized with an outlook of our results and the highlight of future research possibilities.

2 Ultrasound Device Development

The impact on the market and exponential growth of wearables, which is expected to reach USD 931.31 billion by 2030 [ 10 ], requires further research on the integration of new microtechnologies and sensors into compact armbands and conformable patches for continuous monitoring of cardiovascular health. Specifically, ultrasound has been introduced in the wearable market through the creation of two new generations for the microfabrication of transducers: capacitive and piezoelectric micromachined transducers (CMUTs and PMUTs, respectively [ 11 ]). CMUTs are used for high bandwidth and resolution, while PMUTs offer their main advantage in terms of low-power requirements. Both technologies are easily integrated with microchips and show ongoing research and medical potential as stretchable patches and easy-to-wear wristbands [ 6 , 7 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Most of their applications are found in intravascular ultrasonography and endoscopy [ 11 , 15 ].

In contrast to CMUTs and PMUTs, conventional piezoelectric-based transducers are the most widely chosen option for medical device production due to their mature technology, reliability, low cost, and broad knowledge of the fabrication process. In the market, a wearable piezoelectric-based ultrasound device for blood flow measurement is available [ 16 ]. Moreover, we demonstrated the functionality of a new bulk 5 MHz piezoelectric ultrasound probe [ 17 ]. The developed probe is composed of three sensors placed geometrically in a trapezoidal configuration. The sensor in the middle is used in amplitude mode (A-Mode) to detect the luminal diameter of the radial artery, whereas the other two transducers on the side are used for flow measurements based on the frequency shift produced by the movement of erythrocytes (Doppler mode).

In [ 17 ], we achieve precise measurement of arterial diameter in A-Mode by determining the difference in time of flight between echo signals from the anterior and posterior vessel walls. Thanks to the inclusion of a peak-detector receiver and high sample rates (125 Mega-Samples Per Second) during digitalization, we increase the vertical and the horizontal resolutions for accurate monitoring of diameter variations during the pulsation of the artery. Finally, we identified biomarkers of arterial hemodynamics by the application of signal processing, arterial models, and corresponding calibration parameters to the acquired raw data.

Important parameters obtained in the literature with image-free ultrasound devices are lumen diameter and arterial wall motion [ 18 , 19 ], local and regional pulse wave velocity (PWV) [ 17 , 20 ], intima-media thickness [ 17 , 21 ] BP and compliance [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 22 ], and blood flow [ 16 ]. Concretely, in [ 7 ], even continuous measurements of BP during exercise were possible thanks to the design of a conformal stretchable ultrasonic patch. In [ 6 ], BP measurements derived from in vivo ultrasonic acquisitions of arterial diameter distension achieved high precision (within 2 mmHg) and high accuracy (grade A). Moreover, they also monitored the PWV using electrodes and the developed ultrasound device.

3 Derivation of Blood Pressure

The heart pumps blood through the arteries in our body in a pulsatile manner. Changes in blood flow velocity U contribute to continuous diameter D changes in our arteries. As seen in Fig.  2 a, continuous acquisitions of U and D via ultrasound are converted into BP waveform P(t) by applying specific arterial models. Those models require initial BP calibration values, obtained with measurements at the left brachial artery by the gold standard cuff sphygmomanometer (see Fig.  2 b).

Illustration of the concept of the derivation of BP from the distension and blood flow velocity waveform using ultrasound. a  The acquired diameter and/or velocity waveform from the sensor is converted into the pressure waveform by applying validated models and initial mean arterial pressure (MAP) and diastolic BP (DBP) values. b  Schematic of the wearable ultrasound that acquires the physiological signals of either the ulnar or radial artery. Simultaneously, the MAP and DBP values are measured at the brachial artery using the gold standard cuff sphygmomanometer for calibration

Multiple models to derive BP can be found in the literature [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. All of those models assume that the artery is rotationally symmetrical so that the area waveform in time A(t) is equivalent to:

Due to the pulsatile characteristics of the artery, A ( t ) changes in each heart cycle and acquires minimum and maximum values, named the diastolic and systolic luminal areas \({(A}_{d}\) , \({A}_{s})\) , respectively.

In our research in [ 28 ], we compared the state-of-the-art transfer functions to derive BP. Most of those transfer functions are based on the A-Mode ultrasound signals (diameter distension), while others also include pulse wave Doppler signals (blood velocity) as input (see Fig.  2 a). We showed that BP can be accurately derived from the diameter distension acquired by ultrasound by applying three best-performing models: linear model (M1), exponential model (M2), and Bramwell–Hill model (M3) [ 28 ]. The simplified equations of these three models are included in Fig.  3 a. Concretely, in M3, the local PWV in the Bramwell–Hill equation can be extracted by the diameter-blood flow velocity (ln DU-loop) method and the flow-area (QA-loop) method as explained in [ 29 ] and [ 30 ]. A non-invasive method to measure local PWV is using ultrasound-based pulse wave imaging [ 31 ].

Comparison of the three best-performing models (M1, M2, and M3) for BP acquisition with ultrasonic devices from our previous publication [ 30 ]. a  Transfer BP and calibration functions for the three best-performing models. The exponential model is calibrated through a previous determination of the stiffness coefficient. PWV in M3 is the local pulse wave velocity, and \(\rho\) is the blood density. b  Mean pulse pressure (PP) and systolic BP (SBP) difference between the three models at three main peripheral arteries (carotid, brachial, and radial) for a young population with a size of n  = 1458

Calibration also plays an important role in accurate BP measurements. In Fig.  3 a, the calibration factors for models M1, M2, and M3 are indicated as k , α , and m , respectively. In M1 and M3, the conversion factors are calibrated to the MAP and DBP and use a linear calibration [ 28 ]. However, in M2, the factor α (stiffness coefficient) is determined by the cuff measurements of DBP and SBP \({(P}_{s}\) and \({P}_{d})\) , at the brachial artery. Because \({P}_{d}\) and MAP are relatively constant throughout most of the arterial tree [ 29 ], but \({P}_{s}\) changes significantly, a correction factor of \(\alpha\) ( \({\alpha }_{i}\) in Fig.  3 ), is applied for a certain number of iterations \(i\) until the mean pressure \(\overline{{P }_{i}(t)}\) of the projected waveform converges to the brachial MAP. For more information about this correction, please refer to [ 23 ].

In [ 28 ], we compared in silico the three best-performing models (M1, M2, and M3) for young (25- and 35-year-old) subjects ( n  = 1458) at carotid, brachial, and radial arteries. The in silico data was obtained from an open-source database and was validated with in vivo measurements [ 32 ]. Results are shown in Fig.  3 b [ 28 ]. This comparison is based on PP and SBP differences from the novel device to the reference device (ground truth) extracted from Bland–Altman plots. The mean values of the difference are shown in the graphs on the left, while the standard deviations (SD) of the SBP and PP differences are included in the graphs on the right. From the obtained results, we concluded that when measuring the carotid artery in a healthy young subject, the model that better approaches the ground truth is M3, with SBP and PP differences of 2.64 ± 1.79 mmHg and 0.64 ± 1.73 mmHg, respectively. However, when measuring at the brachial or radial artery, the linear model (M1) is more accurate, with SBP and PP differences of: – 0.76 ± 2.21 mmHg and – 2.85 ± 2.57 mmHg (radial); and – 0.57 ± 1.98 mmHg and – 0.57 ± 1.99 mmHg (brachial). As shown in Fig.  3 b, those values are within the recommended values from the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI).

The AAMI recommends for BP cuff devices a maximum mean difference of ± 5 mmHg and SD of ± 8 mmHg between the reference and the proof-of-concept device [ 33 ]. As seen in Fig.  3 b, BP measurements of young subjects at the carotid or radial artery derived from the M2 model (exponential relationship) provide higher errors in SBP and PP than the maximum allowed by the AAMI. Surprisingly, the exponential model is still the most extended in the literature and is mostly used for BP determination when using ultrasonic devices. This may be due to its better accuracy for aged (middle and late adulthood) subjects and to the tube law employed in the 1D model, which has a profound effect on the pressure estimation. The application of other 1D models may lead to other conclusions. Thus, the validity of the proposed models M1-M3 still requires in vivo data for a better and more accurate physiological validation.

4 Proof-of-Concept Validation

The emergence of new cutting-edge technologies to continuously measure vital parameters and prevent cardiovascular risks requires the validation of proof-of-concept devices at different stages of development [ 34 ]. In vivo experiments provide the most valuable information about the performance of the device. However, they are very expensive for iterative optimizations or modifications required in the development of a new medical device [ 35 ]. Thus, before performing in vivo measurements in animals or humans, the performance of the new device needs to be demonstrated in a laboratory environment (technology readiness level 4, TRL4 [ 36 ]). Hemodynamic evaluations of flow and distension at peripheral arteries and central arteries (i.e., aorta) can be modeled in vitro by implementing mechanical MCL [ 37 ]. MCL evaluates the human cardiovascular system and offers the advantage that complications in the circulation and potential risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, stenosis, and changes in the arterial structure, can be mechanically modeled and controlled with high repeatability.

A simple MCL to measure heart rate, BP, compliance and resistance of the arteries can be composed of the following mechanical elements: pressure motor or peristaltic pump to mimic the heart function, bubble trap to remove the bubbles produced by the pump, variable valves to reduce or increase the peripheral resistance, tubes to emulate arteries, compliance chamber to simulate arterial compliance by changing the air pressure column on top, and various reservoirs. The main challenge of MCLs is the design of patient-specific mimicked arteries and tissues that possess the same characteristics as humans or animals. For this purpose, phantoms are widely used. The phantom design for validation of a new device needs to resemble the human tissue as it is seen by the wave that is going to be propagated through it. This means that if the device to be evaluated is an ultrasonic device, the phantom needs to have the same acoustic impedance, speed, and attenuation as the human tissue.

For the validation of our ultrasonic device, we tested multiple phantoms [ 38 ]. Agar, gelatin, gel–wax, and polyvinyl (PVA)-based phantoms are the most commonly used [ 39 ]. Gel–wax, agar, and gelatin phantoms are low-cost, easy, and fast to develop. However, they are not long-lasting, and their properties change very fast in time, so they can be used only for some days. As we demonstrated in [ 38 ], PVA–cryogel is the most preferred alternative for ultrasound applications due to its stability and very optimal acoustic attenuation. In addition, its mechanical and speed properties can be easily tunable by freeze-drying processes, changing concentration, or adding other chemicals. PVA can be made transparent by adding dimethyl sulfoxide, which is of high advantage when visualization of the flow in the phantom is needed. The limitation is that the viscoelastic properties of the arterial walls cannot be modeled with those phantoms. Still, the elastic modulus can be tuned with the freeze-drying process [ 40 ].

Multimodal phantoms that can be used for more than only one signal modality provide the advantage that they can be applied in MCL for the validation of various devices, or for one single device that integrates two or more sensor technologies [ 41 ].

We also used extracted arteries from animals provided by slaughterhouses instead of phantoms for a better evaluation of the ultrasonic device. In this case, we are talking about ex vivo cardiovascular setups. The advantage is that they provide a more realistic mimicking of the non-linear mechanics of the tissue.

In [ 17 , 28 ], we validated in silico , in vitro , and ex vivo our newly developed US device. In young subjects, an in silico pulse pressure (PP) correlation of 0.978 and a mean difference of (– 2.85 ± 2.57) mmHg at the radial artery were achieved. At the same artery, the ex vivo PP correlation was 0.986, with a mean difference of (1.72 ± 3.29) mmHg. The next steps are being done now for the in vivo US validation.

The development of new noninvasive, portable, and compact cutting-edge devices offers the possibility to continuously monitor BP comfortably and safely. Ultrasound is a technology that is widely used in clinics, is very well known, and can potentially be used to noninvasively measure vital parameters for in-home monitoring. However, limitations in power consumption, reduced accuracy affected by the arterial-site measurement, placement of the device, and the challenge of creating patient-specific algorithms to derive multiple vital parameters still require further research. New technologies can be further expanded to obtain a better penetration depth and amount of signal transmitted to the tissue. Furthermore, specific algorithms applied according to the arterial age and sex of the patient significantly improve the accuracy of BP derivation. On top of that, MCL setups using mechanical in vitro and ex vivo approaches are simplified solutions for iterative modifications and improvement of medical devices, and help emulate arterial hemodynamics and cardiovascular risk conditions before proceeding with in vivo trials.

Availability of Data and Materials

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during this review (Fig.  3 ) are available in Table II of this published article: A. C. Gonçalves Seabra, A. F. d. Silva, T. Stieglitz and A. B. Amado-Rey, "In Silico Blood Pressure Models Comparison," in  IEEE Sensors Journal , vol. 22, no. 23, pp. 23,486–23,493, 1 Dec.1, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2022.3215597 .

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Acknowledgements

This review article and the associated career development lecture at the ARTERY 23 conference in Bonn, Germany (05-07 October 2023) summarize my research on continuous BP measurement using ultrasound that has been performed at the Technical University of Freiburg, Germany. This work has been completed, thanks to the cooperation with Fraunhofer IBMT (Dr. Marc Fournelle), who provided the ultrasonic sensor. Additionally, thanks to Msc. A. C. Gonçalves Seabra for her extraordinary work performed in this project, and Annette Mittnacht for her help with the phantom characterization. This work would not have taken place without the support and encouragement of all of my colleagues at the laboratory for biomedical microtechnology and the constant guidance, knowledge, and motivation from Prof. Dr. Thomas Stieglitz, who guides our department throughout science.

Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This work was funded by the Margarethe von Wrangell-Programme (Ministry of Science, Research and Arts of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany). Link: http://www.margarete-von-wrangell.de/ .

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Amado Rey, A.B. Estimation of Blood Pressure by Image-Free, Wearable Ultrasound. Artery Res 30 , 3 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44200-024-00048-6

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s44200-024-00048-6

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Anti-semitic attitudes of the mass public: estimates and explanations based on a survey of the moscow oblast.

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JAMES L. GIBSON, RAYMOND M. DUCH, ANTI-SEMITIC ATTITUDES OF THE MASS PUBLIC: ESTIMATES AND EXPLANATIONS BASED ON A SURVEY OF THE MOSCOW OBLAST, Public Opinion Quarterly , Volume 56, Issue 1, SPRING 1992, Pages 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1086/269293

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In this article we examine anti-Semitism as expressed by a sample of residents of the Moscow Oblast (Soviet Union). Based on a survey conducted in 1920, we begin by describing anti-Jewish prejudice and support for official discrimination against Jews. We discover a surprisingly low level of expressed anti-Semitism among these Soviet respondents and virtually no support for state policies that discriminate against Jews. At the same time, many of the conventional hypotheses predicting anti-Semitism are supported in the Soviet case. Anti-Semitism is concentrated among those with lower levels of education, those whose personal financial condition is deteriorating, and those who oppose further democratization of the Soviet Union. We do not take these findings as evidence that anti-Semitism is a trivial problem in the Soviet Union but, rather, suggest that efforts to combat anti-Jewish movements would likely receive considerable support from ordinary Soviet people.

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The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva)

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In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E. Kilunovskaya and V. A. Semenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.

Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA

Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova  (Moscow, Russian Federation).  (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Kharis Mustafin  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Irina Alborova  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Alina Matzvai  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected]

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