research paper on television pdf

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• Front Psychol

The impact of TV series consumption on cultural knowledge: An empirical study based on gratification–cultivation theory

Tanin tirasawasdichai.

1 School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2 Faculty of Liberal Arts and Management Science, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon, Thailand

Bojan Obrenovic

3 Zagreb School of Economics and Management, Zagreb, Croatia

4 Luxembourg School of Business, Luxembourg, Luxembourg

Hussain Zaid H. Alsharif

5 Business School of Hunan University, Changsha, China

Associated Data

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

This study aims to clarify the media-induced trends of cross-cultural transmission and examine the implicit promotional potential for cultural branding. The gratification and cultivation theories are used to explore the promotional media prospect in forming perceptions of foreign cultures’ traditions, habits, norms, and values to contribute to international communication. We analyzed the theoretical applicability in the case of China–Thailand contemporary media culture. A total of 856 Chinese series watchers were surveyed. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the path effect of consumption of Chinese TV series on other endogenous variables. Results showed that cross-cultural media product consumption strengthens bilateral relations. Moreover, the acceptance and appropriation during engagement with media characters and producers lead to favorable attitudes toward the target culture. Results confirm the positive mutual association between the gratification and cultivation theories and their applicability in the current context. This study offers an important contribution through its finding that the need for gratification significantly and positively impacts consumption and cross-cultural learning and raises cross-cultural awareness, thereby leading to sustainable practices.

Introduction

Cultural products are tangible and intangible assets that include performing and visual arts, heritage conversation, and content media ( Aiello, 2014 ). The technological development of media and communication increases cultural product consumption as it facilitates media access via online platforms ( Siddharthan and Narayanan, 2018 ; Pacheco, 2020 ). Advanced technology and methods are also used for semantic reasoning ( Zheng et al., 2021a , b , 2022a ). Natural language inference ( Zheng et al., 2022b ) and extracting core information from images and texts ( Zheng et al., 2021c ) are conducive to mapping knowledge, which is especially useful in media interpretation. Knowledge Foreign consumers are considered potential promotional targets internationally, and brands and destination managers are increasingly collaborating with producers to capitalize on these consumers’ interests ( Mendes et al., 2017 ). Aside from entertainment and educational purposes, the export of cultural products such as tv shows and movies, facilitated by online access, can significantly boost the domestic economy and create a favorable climate for international trade, employment and tourism ( Lee, 2019 ), increasing the income from fashion, entertainment, food and tours. Thus, with widespread and easy access through digital channels, cultural product expansion has increased significantly ( Wei and Rafael, 2021 ). The concept of this issue has been quite popular over last decades as creativeness not only brings financial added value, but also in the non-monetary sense it contributes to establishment of soft power ( McClory, 2016 ). Scholars even pay more attention to soft power, which is defined as cultural power as well, rather than hard power, since they believe that soft power could convince people from inside by their mind without using any coercive or financial tools ( Nye, 2021 ). The cultural sector can promote economic growth through different activities and across industries (e.g., export expansion through sales in tourism, creative industries, fashion, and food). Hence, culture is a key factor for country development in several dimensions. Chinese TV series played a key role in the development of cross-cultural product consumption among Thai people, particularly via Chinese online applications, and consequently increased diffussion of other cultural, traditional and lyfestle products and services. Return on the national creative and tourist industry is immense, and subsequent consumption will additionally boost GDP and national economy. Acceptance and appropriation in the identification process and engagement with media content led to favorable attitudes toward the target culture, ultimately reinforcing positive convictions and attitudes regarding the culture in question.

To enter global trading of the cultural products, China has rigorously sought the advancement of communication channels ( Keane, 2019 ). Over a billion internet users globally access Chinese applications via online platforms to consume Chinese TV series ( Gilardi et al., 2018 ). In Thailand, Chinese TV series are popular among internet consumers. Thai people spend about 3 h and 44 min using online media, with 98% of this time dedicated to online videos ( Chankisean, 2020 ). Tencent Video, one of the largest online video platforms, prioritized the Thailand market to expand its service through We TV, an online video application that grew by more than 700% in less than 2 years ( Branded Content, 2020 ). The growing popularity of Chinese TV series serves as a diffusion mechanism for the transmission of cultural values, ideas, attitudes, and perspectives.

Thailand has a large population of Thai Chinese that migrated from China more than a thousand years ago ( Prattanasanti, 2019 ). Chinese culture has undoubtedly been crucial in shaping Thai culture for centuries ( Jiang, 1966 ). With the increasing dissemination of cultural products, Chinese culture has become increasingly influential ( Han, 2021 ). Chinese cultural product consumption is pivotal in foreign consumers’ cultural learning through the promotion of the country’s image, reputation, and status, as well as the diplomacy arising through the nurturing of favorable relations ( Guo et al., 2012 ). With the appropriate and comprehensive understanding of media consumption and drivers of the cross-cultural learning process, authorities could propose a sustainable international communication policy.

Culture is the culmination of societal historical achievements which can be generationally passed down, and as such, it encompasses enduring behavioral norms, values and attitudes ( Matsumoto and Juang, 2007 ). According to Hofstede et al. (2010) , cultural dissimilarities can be identified through a layer-like set of diverse characteristics. Based on such a characterization, we can derive a concept of a ‘foreign’ culture as that which diverges from another society due to its particular symbols, including verbal and non-verbal language and mannerisms, its unique national heroes, historical or current otherwise especially admired and esteemed by ethnicity, and set of moral and behavioral values that are homogenously pursued across the community. Even though Thailand and China are seemingly quite similar to each other, the Chinese language is still not as popular or mandatory as English ( Rojanaphruk, 2022 ).

Thai and Chinese cultures use different contextual metaphors, metonymy, euphemisms and rhetorical methods to express and identify feelings, attitudes and emotions. Furthermore, there are significant clashes in their respective political systems and religious beliefs, lifestyles, cuisine, and celebrities ( Duan, 2020 ). Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (2002) argue culture constitutes three layers – the outer layer consists of language, buildings, art, fashion and cuisine, the middle layer consists of peculiar norms and values and the core layer concerning basic existential assumptions. Following provided classification, despite the many implicit resemblances between Thai and Chinese citizens, Chinese culture is legitimately both conceptually and tangibly foreign with respect to Thailand’s value hierarchy, linguistic background and moral sensibilities. Furthermore, Chinese cultural products significantly intensify cross-cultural contact by increasing Thai citizens’ understanding and acceptance of Chinese culture and act as facilitators of cross-cultural competencies, traditional assimilation and boost international relations ( Spitzberg and Changnon, 2009 ; Budzanowska-Drzewiecka et al., 2016 ).

To develop a functional research framework, we integrate the gratification and cultivation theories in this study. Cultivation theory effect has been linked to attitudes in prior studies ( Arendt, 2010 ) and to explain social media impact on behavior formation ( Tsoy et al., 2021 , 2022 ). In this study we combine the uses and gratification theory (U&G) and cultivation theory ( Tapper, 1995 ; Minnebo, 2000 ). The integration of these two theoretical frameworks promotes our understanding of the effects of media consumption and cross-cultural learning. In other words, this combination could provide a clearer picture of how theoretical processes work ( Bilandzic and Rössler, 2004 ). Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, studies on gratification–cultivation theory are scarce despite being regarded as a core theory in the media and communication field.

Culture is a key role in many significant aspects of development. Previous studies focused on culture as an intangible asset or resource for increasing the tourism industry’s attractiveness ( Fainstein et al., 2003 ). Furthermore, some authors uniquely emphasize distinct cultures through the very presence of the cultural industry which has been turned into a creative industry or creative economy. Cultural promotion and branding through the entertainment industry are relatively established and widely researched phenomena, especially among Western nations. Although online media promotional and advertising potential and drivers of consumption are fairly familiar to governors, marketers and international relations specialists and vast evidence on the effectiveness of marketing and management strategies is generated daily, explanatory methodological frameworks deployed therein are strictly applicable to English-speaking, highly individualist and capitalist societies. However, such groundwork may not be suitable in collectivist, reserved and closed-off societies and there is an evident lack of empirical explanation of cross-cultural product consumption and branding through media advertising among Asian societies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind concerning Chinese-Thai cultural product consumption. The current paper presents a preliminary attempt to broaden our knowledge of cultural branding in collectivist societies. We seek to evaluate the pertinence and usefulness of Anglophonic U&G and Cultivation frameworks in Asian communities.

The complementary objective is to shed light on media-induced trends of cross-cultural transmission and examine the implicit promotional potential for product and destination branding. The applicability of Gratification Cultivation theory as the basic conceptual framework through cultural product consumption is also our objective to provide the characterization of Cultural knowledge and cross-cultural consumption between China and Thailand. As aforementioned although there is a closeness between these two countries, adapting the main theoretical Western origin model could provide a wider context application of cultural dissimilarities through cross-cultural consumption.

All these concepts and backgrounds bring to the fort research questions to fulfill this gap in cultural knowledge and learning through cross-cultural consumption. For example, as individuals consume cultural products, does the gratification impact their cultural learning? How does cultural product consumption affect cross-cultural acceptance and knowledge and how it contributes to other aspects of development?

The rest of the paper is structured as follows: The theoretical background and literature review, serving as the basis of the research hypotheses, are presented. Then, the methodology is described, and the findings and discussion are provided. Finally, the limitations and future directions are proposed.

Theoretical background

Our theoretical framework is expected to account for how the learning of a dissimilar culture results from the cultural acceptance, which can be predicted by enjoyment and narrative engagement ( Rubenking and Bracken, 2018 ). Gratification stands as an antecedent and a motivational driver for viewer engagement while the cultivation effect stems from several parallel processes ( Soto-Sanfiel et al., 2021 ). The engagement component of gratification affects the social construction of mediated reality, and the perceived reality is the result of the cultivation effect ( Busselle and Bilandzic, 2009 ). What is being cultivated through cinematic experience is primarily the consumption of cultural products (e.g., TV series), out of which producing nations cultivate cultural and sociopsychological awareness, favorable attitudes, and the desired behavior ( Fu et al., 2020 ). The outcome, that is, the cultivated behavior, can range from cultural acceptance to an increase in consumption of other industrial products (e.g., tours, fashion, food, and technology).

Gratification–cultivation theory, which combines the U&G and cultivation theories, is adopted as the theoretical framework of this study. Although the two theories seemingly differ in theoretical directions, examining them under the scene of cultural digital product consumption clarifies their association. U&G theory explores people’s demand in media usage, the objectives and satisfaction levels of which differ from those of media consumption ( Dhir et al., 2017 ). Such demand is supposed to fulfill users’ expectations and gratifications. Various media types provide different or specific features depending on which media aspects can serve users’ needs ( Katz, 1959 ).

Gratification could go beyond the entertainment and relaxation purposes of media use. For example, Rubin (1983) stated that some people watch TV programs to avoid escapism and stay informed rather than seek enjoyment. In the online fandom community, fans socialize regarding content consumption while encouraging the participation of others, thus resulting in high consumer involvement ( Jenkins, 2007 ; Fiske, 2012 ). Papacharissi (2009a) mentioned that people consume media to meet their demands, wants, or desires. Apart from amusement, information search, communication with other consumers, and participation in digital or online communities, individuals use media for self-expression ( Choi et al., 2015 ). New media platforms enable the global broadcast of TV content ( Pacheco, 2020 ; Choi et al., 2021 ), thus transcending physical boundaries and linguistic differences and increasing cultural diplomacy and cultural promotion ( Jin, 2020 ).

Cultivation theory was initially introduced to account for how media consumption im-pacts consumers’ world views ( Gerbner and Gross, 1976 ). At that time, television was the primary media source. As technology developed, consumers could access media conveniently and spend more time absorbing content ( Park et al., 2014 ). Gerbner et al. (2002) stated that intensive viewers tend to believe that their lives are similar to those they see on TV. Many previous studies have confirmed parasocial interaction, in which identification with fictional characters shape audiences’ attitudes, viewpoints, behaviors, etc. ( Madison and Porter, 2016 ; Aytulun and Sunai, 2020 ; Javed et al., 2022 ). Viewers identify media characters as similar to themselves or others close to them ( Cohen, 2009 ; Tsoy et al., 2021 ). The management of a narrative and reinforcement of mediated perception of a foreign culture is explained according to cultivation theory. The theory accounts for how the integration of cinematic and cultural context portrayed in particular content is to be interpreted by consumers ( Lovric, 2018 ). This in turn spikes viewers’ interest and prompts audiences to further explore the culture of their favorite characters and their respective histories ( Lee, 2019 ; Javed et al., 2022 ).

The two theories seemingly differ in their theoretical directions, but their association can be clarified by examining them in the modern media landscape fueled by the need for instantaneous gratification and motivation for consumption in the context of globalization. They relate to each other in parasocial interaction and knowledge acquisition, especially in the recent collaboration between the advertising industry and production, that is, the globalization trend of TV fashion. Parasocial interaction, that is, the identification with fictional characters, has been confirmed to be related to changes in audiences’ attitudes, habits, and behaviors ( Madison and Porter, 2016 ; Aytulun and Sunai, 2020 ; Javed et al., 2022 ).

Prior studies have indicated that media exposure results from motivations and not from beliefs ( Bilandzic and Rössler, 2004 ). Although this concept may not be valid in every cultivation measure and genre, Tapper (1995) confirmed that motivations are crucial in analyzing and explaining cultivation in television use. Motivation and cultivation effects thus overlap, and some researchers have tried to follow the U&G theoretical concept while using the dataset of cultivation theory synchronously ( Minnebo, 2000 ). The motives in media exposure are indicated as the initiation, which later impacts users. Bilandzic and Rössler (2004) identified that cultivation is initiated with the gratification sought by viewers from television. Thus, U&G could be regarded as a potential feature in television programs. Al-Shaqsi (2000) argued about the dynamic relationship between audiences, messages, and effects of media consumption. Therefore, U&G should be included in the investigation of cultivation effects.

The two theories are crucial to explaining viewers’ attitudes and perceptions ( Atkin et al., 1983 ). Regardless of the contradiction between these two theories among active and passive viewers, they appear to complement each other. U&G theory focuses on the psychological need from media use, whereas cultivation theory focuses on how media shapes users’ attitudes and perceptions. Thus, the combination of these theories could explain how the theories work.

Understanding the process of cultural learning from foreign media consumption plays a very crucial role in international communication policy authorities. Especially, in era of media volatility among globalization and diversity, the good comprehension would bring to the appropriateness of international media and communication manners.

Research model development

Tv series consumption.

To understand the motivation and gratification in TV series viewing, this study applied U&G theory. The theory was used to identify the motivations behind media use ( Papacharissi, 2009b ). Technological development has changed consumption processes, as well as consumers’ gratification gained and sought ( Eighmey and McCord, 1998 ). Currently, consumption is greater through online digital platforms than through traditional media. The instantaneous on-demand content availability could shape consumers’ views, values, and attitudes.

The concepts and values consumers associate with certain cultures are modified and reinforced by audiovisual products, such as popular and engaging TV shows and movies that highlight inherent culture through narratives or character identification ( Lee, 2019 ; Vila et al., 2021 ). Cultivation theory explains how mediated reality may cultivate perception and even lead to identification. One of the fundamental drivers upon which viewers are incentivized to consume the content of cross-cultural products is the need for gratification. Consumers receive gratification through the very act of consumption that extends from spectators’ need for entertainment and excitement. Meanwhile, gratification can arise from viewers’ engagement, feeding into the need for socialization based on common interests, as in the case of fandom communities. Therefore, cultural awareness resulting from consuming cross-cultural products increases with the productions’ ability to convey essence and heritage through narrative stories ( Pacheco, 2020 ). Characters and places portrayed can differ significantly from viewers’ personal backgrounds, in which case audiences become incentivized to learn more of the foreign folklore or even visit filming locations ( Vila et al., 2021 ). The consumption of the content of individual TV programs results in enjoyment ( Stafford et al., 2004 ), as in the case of TV series watching among college students ( Huang et al., 2015 ). Gratification sought and obtained could also stem from the new functions of technological tools ( Sun and Zhong, 2020 ), applications, operating systems in gadgets, and internet availability. Luo and Remus (2014) suggested that U&G is the fundamental theoretical framework of cultural product consumptions, specifically in the context of the diversity of media technology and content. Audiovisual media has been found to play a massive role in contemporary visual centricity ( Nicolaou and Kalliris, 2020 ).

Thus, we hypothesize the following:

H1 : The gratification sought by consumers positively influences TV series consumption.

H2 : TV series consumption positively influences the gratification obtained.

TV series consumption and cultural awareness

Cultural awareness is the first step in the acknowledgment of cultural product consumption. Nicolaou (2021) found that audiovisual media supports learning through streaming and that the depicted international genealogical characteristics and habits, culturally inherent characteristics, and sociocultural identity can influence knowledge acquisition. Cultural awareness is how one can perceive values of culture and cultural habits that are dissimilar to himself/herself ( Vacc et al., 2003 ). Cultural awareness is also a capability to realize a culture’s impacts on human behavior and values ( Wunderle, 2006 ). In creating cultural products, the attractiveness of content and the inherent culture of the producer are developed spontaneously. The producer side seems to be more influential in cultural transmission ( Morgan and Shanahan, 1997 ). The producer’s experience, emotional engagement, and cultural viewpoint are ingrained in the generation process of content creation ( Wang, 2020 ). By being exposed to information regarding dissimilar cultures through cultural products such as TV series, learners develop awareness and make critical judgments regarding their beliefs, practices, and perspectives by comparing them with those of other cultures ( Yanhao and Mustafa, 2021 ). As different aspects of culture are transferred from the content of a story ( Pacheco, 2020 ) we suggest the following:

H3a : TV series consumption positively influences cultural awareness.

TV series consumption and cultural acceptance

Cultural acceptance is defined as the embrace of other cultures or others’ cultural identities. Kwon (2015) stated that culture acceptance is the willingness to accept or try something unfamiliar, such as ethnic food from outside one’s group. Similarity is very crucial for consumers’ acceptance of new culture ( Rentfrow et al., 2011 ). To realize effective communication, communicators intend to enhance the conformity of communication between audiences ( Gevorgyan and Manucharova, 2015 ; Gao et al., 2020 ). In the case of global brand digital marketing, Almeida (2015) found that successful marketers understand cultures deeply. The notion of similarity in communication could increase consumer acceptance and purchasing intent ( Akdeniz and Talay, 2013 ; Hersleth et al., 2015 ). As per Lee (2019) , “Film has a long history of not only entertaining but also educating, breaking stereotypes, and transcending borders at different levels to foster mutual understanding through the exchange of ideas, information, art, and other aspects of culture among nations and their peoples.”

Therefore, we hypothesize the following:

H3b : TV series consumption positively influences cultural acceptance.

TV series consumption and involvement with series

Involvement constitutes how deeply consumers become engaged with cultural products. Higher levels of involvement are supposed to attract and encourage the participation of consumers. As television watching could be triggered by the desire to socialize with others ( Rubin, 1983 ), consumers can also participate and interact with other users through media consumption, which could bring socializing gratifications in media usage ( Apaolaza et al., 2015 ). Unlike traditional consumers, modern consumers of cultural products who build fan communities on online platforms ( Page and Thomas, 2011 ) are not passive audiences as they could influence producers and production processes ( Pearson, 2010 ). Fan communities are assembled according to similar preferences for cultural patterns ( Mulyana et al., 2019 ). Community members like to discuss their interests and idols with other fans via the internet ( Jenkins, 2007 ). Fandom plays a crucial role between producers and consumers as fans tend to be heavily engaged ( Fiske, 2012 ). The greater the fan interaction, the higher the level of involvement expected. Consequently, the consumption of cultural products would affect consumers’ involvement with series.

Thus, we suggest the following:

H3c : TV series consumption positively influences involvement with series.

Cultural awareness and cultural acceptance

Cultural acceptance is the way consumers embrace a new culture. Cultural products are not limited to amusement as they involve performing or acting and are constantly present ( Hall, 1992 ). As producers try to increase communication ( Gevorgyan and Manucharova, 2015 ), consumers accordingly perceive a culture’s identity in their consumption ( Satrio et al., 2020 ). Media consumption’s cultivation effect also influences viewers’ worldview ( Gerbner et al., 2002 ). With the aspects of new media (e.g., video on demand), Steiner and Xu (2018) stated that cultural integration is a motivation for continued viewing (binge watching) habits. Consumer acceptance could also come in the form of purchase intent ( Hersleth et al., 2015 ), which is a challenging issue for digital marketers ( Almeida, 2015 ). National representations of history, heritage, myths, and folklores that comprise the cultural foundation can also be used as national resources, particularly in the technological era where diverse international products are available at a click. Perception as the first stage of cultural product consumption could affect cultural acceptance. As cultural awareness is the antecedent to the decision to learn more and exchange cultural background knowledge, spectators’ awareness of depicted culture arguably leads to effective acceptance.

Therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed:

H4 : Cultural awareness positively influences cultural acceptance.

Involvement with series and cultural acceptance

When engaging in cultural branding through films, production must consider the complex and unforeseeable nature of associations that overseas audiences will form. Goffman (1974) identified that engagement relates to emotional reactions resulting from social interactions, whereas marketing specialists consider it as an indicator of the level of intention ( Scott and Craig-Lees, 2010 ). Consumers absorb cultural context from media and become engaged during consumption. Cross-cultural entertainment fosters lasting bonds between viewers and characters from foreign cultures including purchase intention ( Adamczyk, 2017 ; Sun et al., 2022 ). Furthermore, the media aids in the formation of social and communication networks among fandoms and diverse social structures. Audiences are also characterized as keen readers in web novel communities, story co-producers ( Grey, 2010 ), and participants willingly aiding media distribution to a broader group of consumers. Socialization and interaction also bring user-generated content to enhance involvement ( Gilardi et al., 2018 ). Consumers of cultural products seem to trust user-generated online reviews more than other sources ( Camacho-Otero et al., 2019 ). Mulyana et al. (2019) found that active fans drive others to support their favorite products through merchandise (e.g., bags and clothes). This reflects the increased knowledge intent concerning foreign culture resulting from cultural product consumption.

Therefore, we infer that involvement with cultural products drives consumers to embrace foreign culture and propose the following:

H5 : Involvement with series positively influences cultural acceptance.

Cultural awareness and cultural knowledge

Culture learning is defined as a cultural adaptation process that is free from significant psychological strain on learners and is considered a facilitator of cultural appropriation ( Lefdahl-Davis and Perrone-McGovern, 2015 ; Belford, 2017 ). Psychological distress emerges when individuals are culture shocked after entry into a foreign environment without a prior adjustment period. Culture learning acts as a buffer and facilitator of intercultural transmission ( Pacheco, 2020 ), which is often cultivated through media content, whereby learners are primed to a second culture through familiarization with content that evokes positive associations related to a foreign culture (e.g., norms, values, and beliefs; Mahmood, 2014 ). Cultural knowledge is characterized by the understanding and mindfulness of social groups, products, and practices. As cross-cultural knowledge is mainly relational and social ( Elola and Oskoz, 2008 ), it concerns the awareness and perceptions of the interlocutor’s country and cognizance of the general process of societal interaction.

The knowledge of other cultures is a product of not only one-sided media portrayal but also socialization and cultural learning through online interaction ( Elola and Oskoz, 2008 ). Media cultural products facilitate the dissemination of values and ideas, thus raising cultural awareness and extending cultural knowledge among foreign consumers. Such strategy of creating fandom communities based on domestic characters and myths encourages international communication. Cultural knowledge from cultural product consumption could vary with consumers’ psychological aspects ( Khan et al., 2012 ; Senivongse and Bennet, 2022 ). Additionally, consumers can now learn about traditional cultures and gain awareness through advanced information technology ( Huang et al., 2015 ; Siddharthan and Narayanan, 2018 ).

We infer that consumers’ higher cultural awareness could increase knowledge and understanding. Consequently, we suggest the following:

H6 : Cultural awareness positively influences cultural knowledge.

Cultural acceptance and cultural knowledge

Cultural acceptance could be in the form of cultural hybridization ( Pieterse, 2009 ), particularly in cultural products. Kogut and Singh (1988) found that cultural product consumption and acceptance reduces the cultural gap between countries. For instance, through K-pop culture, overseas fans often consume Korean fashion and beauty products and even travel to Korea ( Kwak et al., 2019 ). Consumers easily respond to cultural products with broader cultural acceptance ( Moon et al., 2016 ). Having profound cultural knowledge ensures the successful dissemination of cultural products. Akdeniz and Talay (2013) identified that cultural variation is due to influential factors (e.g., actors’ persona and presence) in movie sales. Titling and movie synchronization to other languages must be comprehensive to achieve natural sounds and accurately convey meaning ( Gao et al., 2020 ). Moreover, consumers often look for content that matches their circumstances, culture, characteristics, and preferences ( Rentfrow et al., 2011 ). Following the definitions and impact of variables and conceptualized relationships, we conclude that cultural knowledge demonstrates a higher degree of cultural engagement. Cultural knowledge consists of cultural comprehension and leads to cross-cultural appropriation ( Elola and Oskoz, 2008 ).

Therefore, we suggest the following:

H7 : Cultural acceptance positively influences cultural knowledge.

Involvement with series and cultural knowledge

Cultural product consumers trust user-generated online reviews more than other sources ( Camacho-Otero et al., 2019 ). Trust among consumers has been observed in media cultural products such as cultural blogs ( Magno, 2017 ), online literature ( Tian and Adorjan, 2016 ), and webtoon and web novel communities ( Shim et al., 2020 ). Readers create communities to share and exchange information and achieve a common understanding of cultural products ( Tian and Adorjan, 2016 ). The fandom of readers can be considered a vital transmitter in expanding information and knowledge ( Dwyer, 2019 ). Their base of trust is important in the percentage of the global gross domestic product that creative and cultural industries generate annually as they are willing to translate and share content with community members voluntarily ( Shim et al., 2020 ). They would have the deep relation between their feelings and commitment with their involved brand ( Bian and Yan, 2022 ). With a higher level of involvement, consumers voluntarily share their knowledge and information with community members.

Consequently, we hypothesize the following:

H8 : Involvement with series positively influences cultural knowledge.

The research model is illustrated in Figure 1 .

Research model of the study.

Research methodology

Measurement and data collection.

A survey through online questionnaire was conducted to evaluate the respondents’ attitudes and behavior and illustrate different scenarios of how the respondents feel, think, or behave. The variables included the gratification sought, Chinese TV series consumption, the gratification obtained, cultural awareness, cultural acceptance, involvement with series, and cultural knowledge. The 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1) was used as a measurement tool.

The measurement questions of each variable were formulated by adopting keywords and concepts from previous studies. Each variable consisted of five item questions for measuring the respondents’ scenarios.

The study’s target population consisted of Thai netizens who watch Chinese TV series. As the population is unknown, estimation by samples was used. Purposive voluntary sampling was conducted to accumulate data from the participants. The online questionnaire was back-translated. The questionnaire in the Thai language was posted on the public social media websites of Chinese TV series lovers in Thailand. The data collection was anonymous and was conducted between October and December 2021. There were 856 respondents included in the sample for analysis. Young adults or older first-jobbers aged 26–30 years comprised the largest percentage of respondents (78%; Wisetwongchai, 2020 ). The mean of all respondents’ ages was 25.27 years. Moreover, there was a higher proportion of female viewers (90%) than male viewers. More than half of respondents (497 or 58.1%) spent between 0 and10 hours per week watching series.

To confirm the reliability of the measurement tool, we calculated the Cronbach’s alpha for each scale ( Table 1 ). The cultural acceptance scale had the highest Cronbach’s alpha of 0.895, followed by cultural knowledge and level of TV series consumption at 0.888 and 0.874, respectively. The Cronbach’s alpha of the gratification sought scale was 0.772. As all the values were higher than 0.7, the instrument was found to have sufficient reliability.

Measurement and reliability test.

Statistical analysis and results

Statistical analysis was conducted using STATA version 16 MP. As part of the statistical analysis, we calculated descriptive statistics, reliability, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural model testing.

Correlation analysis

Correlation analysis was performed to indicate appropriate correlation ( Table 2 ). All correlation coefficients showed a moderate relationship level ranging from 0.4 to 0.8. Thus, we confidently included fitting factors in our research model. The highest correlation coefficient among all pairs of analysis was 0.745, which was the correlation coefficient between cultural acceptance and cultural knowledge. Variance of inflation factor (VIF) was calculated to test for multicollinearity. All correlation values showed no serious multicollinearity problem; the highest and lowest VIF values were less than 10 at 3.009 and 1.927, respectively ( Schober et al., 2018 ).

Correlation analysis.

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)

CFA was performed, and the degree of model fit is shown in Table 3 . Hair et al. (2014) recommended that a fit model should have normed chi-square values less than 3, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) less than 0.08, standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) less than 0.08, and comparative fit index (CFI) higher than 0.90; values higher than 0.95 indicate excellent fitness.

Degree of model fit for CFA.

Table 3 shows that the RMSEA is less than 0.80 at 0.053, the SRMR is also less than 0.80 at 0.053, and the CFI is higher than 0.90 at 0.930, thereby indicating good model fit ( Bentler, 1990 ; Byrne, 2010 ). Only the normed Chi-square exceeds 3 (χ^2/df = 3.425). Nevertheless, chi-square is very sensitive to large sample sizes and could decrease the value of p. Excessive emphasis on chi-square might lead to a preference for the null hypothesis not being rejected ( Alavi et al., 2020 ).

The factor loadings of each variable item scale are shown in Table 4 . All factor loadings exceed 0.55, as suggested by Fornell and Larcker (1981) . Furthermore, all items are statistically significant at the 0.01 level.

Factor loadings.

The CFA for each variable, along with the item scales, is shown in Figure 2 .

Confirmatory factor analysis.

Structural equation model (SEM) testing

The model was tested using a structural equation model (SEM) and path analysis. The degree of model fit for the structural model was calculated to confirm that the structural model is consistent with the theoretical model. In Table 5 , we compare the hypothesized model with a modified SEM.

Degree of Model Fitness Statistics.

The degree of model fitness illustrates an adequate fit. The chi-square (χ^2) value is 0.267 (χ^2 = 0.267), indicating the model’s likelihood ratio test. Fit is achieved when the value of p is higher than 0.05 ( Schumacker and Lomax, 2010 ). The value of p of 0.605 indicates appropriate model fit. The RMSEA of the analysis should not exceed 0.05 ( Diamantopoulos and Siguaw, 2000 ). Similarly, the SRMR should not exceed 0.05. Finally, the CFI value should be higher than 0.90–0.95 to define model fitness; values higher than 0.95–1.00 indicate good fitness ( Schumacker and Lomax, 2010 ). All the indices are of appropriate values, thus indicating a fit ( Table 5 ).

The research model was modified to show acceptable model fit. A path from gratification obtained to cultural knowledge was added. The hypothesis testing indicated that H1 is accepted, with the coefficient value (B) and value of p being 0.850 and less than 0.01, respectively. This result confirms that gratification sought has a positive impact on Chinese TV series consumption (B = 0.850, value of p  < 0.01). H2 is also accepted, with the coefficient value (B) and value of p   being 1.041 and less than 0.01, respectively (B = 1.041, value of p  < 0.01). This result confirms that Chinese TV series consumption has a positive impact on the gratification obtained. H3a is accepted, with the coefficient value (B) and value of p being 0.775 and less than 0.01, respectively (β = 0.775, value of p  < 0.01). This result confirms that Chinese TV series consumption has a positive impact on cultural awareness. H3b is also accepted, with the coefficient value and value of p being 4.923 and less than 0.01, respectively (B = 4.923, value of p  = < 0.01). This result confirms that Chinese TV series consumption has a positive impact on cultural acceptance. H3c is accepted, with the coefficient value and value of p being 0.867 and less than 0.01, respectively (B = 0.867, value of p  < 0.01). Hence, Chinese TV series consumption has a positive impact on involvement with series. Meanwhile, H4 is also accepted, with the coefficient value (B) and value of p being 12.606 and less than 0.01, respectively (B = 12.606, z = 4.42, value of p  < 0.01). The result indicates that cultural awareness has a positive impact on cultural acceptance. H5 is rejected as the coefficient value (B) and value of p are −15.900 and less than 0.01, respectively (B = −15.900, value of p  < 0.01). This result shows that involvement with series has a positive impact on cultural acceptance. As for H6, it is accepted, with the coefficient value (B) and value of p being 0.242 and less than 0.01, respectively (B = 0.242, value of p  < 0.01). This result confirms that cultural acceptance has a positive impact on cultural knowledge. H7 is accepted, with the coefficient value (B) and value of p being 0.576 and less than 0.01, respectively (B = 0.576, value of p  < 0.01). This result shows that cultural acceptance has a positive impact on cultural knowledge. Finally, H8) is rejected, with the coefficient value and value of p being 0.050 and 0.552, respectively (B = 0.050, value of p  = 0.552). This result confirms that involvement with series positively impacts cultural knowledge but is not statistically significant ( Table 6 ).

Regression weights, errors, and p -values.

The path analysis in Table 6 is shown as a research model in Figure 3 . The decisions on research hypotheses are displayed in Table 7 .

Summary of research hypotheses.

Results of research model. ** is 0.01 level of significance.

The basic conceptual framework of this research was confirmed, that is, there are cultivation impacts from media usage initiated by gratification sought or motivation for gratification in media exposure. Intercultural engagement is fostered through sharing of immersive content using affordable technologies ( Siddharthan and Narayanan, 2018 ), in which cultural learning and intercultural adaptation can spontaneously occur by simply watching foreign movies and TV series ( Li and Chen, 2014 ; Pacheco, 2020 ). Contemporary technology, popular social platforms, and interactive features have domesticated the experience of cultural learning while eliminating culture shocks by fostering communication and engagement with other cultures, encouraging the exchange of intercultural norms, and promoting immersion in other lifestyles and thinking patterns ( Pacheco, 2020 ). Herein, we focused only on Chinese TV series watching as a form of cultural product consumption. The findings of the study correspond to those of the study of Bilandzic and Rössler (2004) . Chinese TV series consumption could provide satisfaction and fulfill consumers’ gratification need quite well because series watching could significantly respond to gratification sought and gratification obtained. The findings correspond to those of previous studies on U&G by Dhir et al. (2017) and Papacharissi (2009a) .

Furthermore, we combine two prominent theoretical frameworks to explore the educational prospect of audiovisual content in forming a perception of foreign culture’ traditions, habits, norms and values and gaining an understanding of inherent lifestyles, behavioral patterns, heritage and ethnicity. Our endeavor concerns itself with the investigation and analysis of theoretical applicability in the case of China-Thailand contemporary media culture. To that end, we provide a literature review and research results of numerous prior inquiries from media and communication, marketing and ethnology studies. Furthermore, our results on the effects of cinema and digital streaming provide confirmation for the positive mutual association between the Gratification and Cultivation theories, and their applicability in the current context. An important contribution of the study is that the need for gratification significantly and positively impacts consumption and cross-cultural learning and raises cross-cultural awareness. However, personal engagement, i.e., inner experiences, contrary to our assumptions, do not influence cultural knowledge and acceptance.

The empirical study showed that Chinese TV series consumption affects the cultural awareness, cultural acceptance, and cultural knowledxx`x`ge of Thai viewers. For cultural awareness, this research confirmed that consumers perceive and acknowledge cultural differences from what they experience in TV series. This finding corresponds to the study of Ferguson (2008) , which found that people can identify their perceptions from media usage. Chinese TV series consumption also influenced cultural acceptance, indicating that consumers not only acknowledge the differences between new and inherent cultures but also accept cultures portrayed in the series. This result corresponds to those in the study of Hersleth et al. (2015) and Almeida (2015) , who revealed that the distribution of media content should come with cultural acceptance among consumers. In other words, letting consumers accept culture is another crucial function of media. Additionally, cultural awareness and acceptance influence cultural knowledge due to Chinese TV series viewing. The participants reported that they could better understand Chinese culture, which are not only the external cultures that could be seen, but also the internal ones, including beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values. Corresponding to the study of Machová et al. (2022) found that cultural, social and personal factors (e.g., gender, reference group, social class, religious and ethnical group and the age of the customer) greatly influence consumer habits. These are the external factors, while the internal factors are psychological factors—including the following: motivation, perception, learning and attitude.

One variable that conflicted with previous studies is the involvement in series. This variable was measured by the respondents’ involvement with TV series, which could be in different forms or behaviors. Some consumers may be active fans who follow and support their favorite stars or series. Some consumers might prefer to socialize or interact with other viewers on social networking platforms, and some may contribute to their favorite series by encouraging others to watch the series. All these behaviors were found as significant factors in how consumers deal or interact with the consumption of cultural products.

The aforementioned additional path for model modification also plays a vital role among this cultural product consumption of individuals. Although the path shows insignificant value, it makes the model fit with theoretical concept. This finding brings us to a deeper question of future study regarding theoretical model in new media environment. Since the cultural knowledge is considered as the final outcome of cultural learning from cultivation effect, similarly gratification obtained is regarded as the final outcome of U&G or the satisfaction of media consumption. Consequently, this result implies us that individual could learn or gain knowledge and gratification simultaneously, by having media and communication as functional instrument ( Tirasawasdichai and Pookayaporn, 2021 ).

This study is valuable as it provides a contemporary reinterpretation of cultural learning, adaptation, and cross-cultural awareness in media psychology, as experienced by present-day foreign TV series consumers and accounting for the significant role of modern technology as the driver of cultural acceptance. The main contribution of the study is the critical review of the main yet underutilized media theories in the present-day digital global environment. The study provides an illuminating discussion on sociocultural acclimation and appropriation as an addition to scholarly thought regarding immersive mediated experiences causing cross-cultural knowledge diffusion. Our objective is to revitalize the discourse on the cultivation effect and transitional experiences as antecedents of affective culture learning perpetuating cultural branding. Our considerations are in line with modern experiences and current sociopsychological insights. This study also innovates by combining the U&G and cultivation theories; this combination is rare despite the two being core theories in the media and communication academic field. Moreover, the theories have been validated in the context of digital and online channels. The findings herein also shed light on sustainable international communication policymaking and the construction of a country’s image. They may also help producers design their products and market them internationally. Undeniably, cultural products, regarded as a part of soft power, are powerful as they drive economies and influence consumers’ attitudes and values ( Rabêlo Neto et al., 2019 ). Additionally, this study specified the current context of online and digital environment that consumers could access quite freely. Moreover, with the diversity of media channels in this era, the empirical results of this study could explain well that whether the impacts of cultivation effect from tv viewing are still existing among online and digital environment of media.

Limitations and future directions

The study suffers from usual limitations, which should be addressed in future studies. For example, the data were collected using self-reported measures. Additionally, the sample was heterogeneous given that internet users in Thailand cover a wide range of groups or segments. Moreover, each generation’s proportion or ratio of internet usage might differ, thus restricting the identification of segments or groups that best represent internet users. Another important limitation of the study is the accessibility of consumers to Chinese TV series in the current context. Nowadays, consumers can conveniently access media content via many channels or devices. Therefore, different channels could provide different experiences in consumption of media, especially TV series or serial video content ( Anghelcev et al., 2020 ). Future studies should investigate the effects of media channels as media plays a crucial role in consumer experience. Additionally, specific population segments and types of series should be investigated in the future. Future studies could also assess cultural acceptance as an outcome of cultural awareness and knowledge given that prior studies have also suggested such relationship.

Data availability statement

Ethics statement.

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (IRB# 86413009). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Author contributions

TT: data curation and resources. TT and HA: formal analysis and methodology. TT and BO: investigation and writing – original draft. BO: project administration. TT, BO, and HA: writing – review and editing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

• Adamczyk Marzena. (2017). The importance of cultural differences in international business, the central European review of economics and management (CEREM) , WSB University in Wrocław, Wrocław, Vol . 1 , pp. 151–170. [ Google Scholar ]
• Aiello L. (2014). Handbook of research on Management of Cultural Products . Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. [ Google Scholar ]
• Akdeniz M., Talay M. (2013). Cultural variations in the use of marketing signals: a multilevel analysis of the motion picture industry . J. Acad. Mark. Sci. 41 , 601–624. doi: 10.1007/s11747-013-0338-5 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Alavi M., Visentin D., Thapa D., Hunt G., Watson R., Cleary M. (2020). Chi-square for model fit in confirmatory factor analysis . J. Adv. Nurs. 76 , 2209–2211. doi: 10.1111/jan.14399 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Almeida L. (2015). Targeting Brazilian market through digital branding strategies: the relevance of the cultural dimension . Open J. Business Manag. 03 , 30–39. doi: 10.4236/ojbm.2015.31004 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Al-Shaqsi O. S. (2000). The influence of satellite and terrestrial television viewing on young adults in Oman: Uses, gratifications and cultivation. PhD Thesis, University of Whales.
• Anghelcev G., Sar S., Martin J., Moultrie J. (2020). Binge-watching serial video content: exploring the subjective phenomenology of the binge-watching experience . Mass Commun. Soc. 24 , 130–154. doi: 10.1080/15205436.2020.1811346 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Apaolaza V., Hartmann P., He J., Barrutia J., Echebarria C. (2015). Shanghai adolescents’ brand interactions on the Chinese social networking site Qzone: a uses and gratifications approach . Revista Española De Investigación De Marketing ESIC 19 , 62–70. doi: 10.1016/j.reimke.2015.01.001 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Arendt F. (2010). Cultivation effects of a newspaper on reality estimates and explicit and implicit attitudes . J. Media Psychol.: Theories, Methods, and Applications 22 , 147–159. doi: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000020 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Atkin C., Greenberg B., McDermott S. (1983). Television and race role socialization . Journal. Q. 60 , 407–414. doi: 10.1177/107769908306000303 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Aytulun G., Sunai A. B. (2020). Parasocial interaction with media characters . Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar 12 , 494–506. doi: 10.18863/pgy.688117 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Belford N. (2017). International students from Melbourne describing their cross-cultural transitions experiences: culture shock, social interaction, and friendship development . J. Int. Stud. 7 , 499–521. doi: 10.32674/jis.v7i3.206 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Bentler P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models . Psychol. Bull. 107 , 238–246. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Bian W., Yan G. (2022). Analyzing intention to purchase brand extension via brand attribute associations: the mediating and moderating role of emotional consumer-brand relationship and brand commitment . Front. Psychol. 13 :884673. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.884673, PMID: [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Bilandzic H., Rössler P. (2004). Life according to television. Implications of genre-specific cultivation effects: the gratification/cultivation model . Communications 29 :020. doi: 10.1515/comm.2004.020 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Branded Content . (2020). The success story of WeTV, listening to fans until getting network effect stronger the community. Brand Inside. Available at: https://brandinside.asia/key-success-of-wetv-thailand/ .
• Budzanowska-Drzewiecka M., Marcinkowski A.S., Motyl-Adamczyk A. (2016). Różnice kulturowe w komunikacji biznesowej (cultural differences in business comunication) , Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków [ Google Scholar ]
• Busselle R., Bilandzic H. (2009). Measuring narrative engagement . Media Psychol. 12 , 321–347. doi: 10.1080/15213260903287259 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Byrne B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming . 2nd Edition. London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. [ Google Scholar ]
• Camacho-Otero J., Boks C., Pettersen I. (2019). User acceptance and adoption of circular offerings in the fashion sector: insights from user-generated online reviews . J. Clean. Prod. 231 , 928–939. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.162 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Chankisean T. (2020). WeTV and the proof of success in VDO streaming ocean, from the king of Chinese content to the center of Asian entertainment. The Standard. Available at: https://thestandard.co/wetv/
• Choi E., Fowler D., Goh B., Yuan J. (2015). Social media marketing: applying the uses and gratifications theory in the hotel industry . J. Hosp. Mark. Manag. 25 , 771–796. doi: 10.1080/19368623.2016.1100102 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Choi Y., Wang J., Zhu Y., Lai W. (2021). Students’ perception and expectation towards pharmacy education: a qualitative study of pharmacy students in a developing country . Indian J. Pharmaceutical Educ. Res. 55 , 63–69. doi: 10.5530/ijper.55.1.9 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cohen J. (2009), “Mediated Relationships and Media Effects: Parasocial Interaction and Identification,” in . The Sage handbook of media processes and effects . eds. Nabi R., Oliver Mary Beth. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; ), 223–36. [ Google Scholar ]
• Dhir A., Khalil A., Lonka K., Tsai C. (2017). Do educational affordances and gratifications drive intensive Facebook use among adolescents? Comput. Hum. Behav. 68 , 40–50. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.014 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Diamantopoulos A., Siguaw J. A. (2000). Introducing LISREL . London: Sage Publications. [ Google Scholar ]
• Duan X. (2020). “The Big Women”: A textual analysis of Chinese viewers’ perception toward femvertising vlogs. Global Media and China , 5 , 228–246. doi: 10.1177/2059436420934194 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Dwyer T. (2019). “ Audiovisual translation and fandom ,” in The Routledge handbook of audiovisual translation . ed. Pérez-González L. (London: Routledge; ), 436–452. [ Google Scholar ]
• Eighmey J., McCord L. (1998). Adding value in the information age: uses and gratifications of sites on the world wide web . J. Bus. Res. 41 , 187–194. doi: 10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00061-1 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Fainstein S. S., Hoffman L. M., Judd D. R. (2003). Making theoretical sense of tourism. Cities and Visitors , 239–253. doi: 10.1002/9780470773673.ch13 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Elola I., Oskoz A. (2008). Blogging: fostering intercultural competence development in foreign language and study abroad contexts . Foreign Lang. Ann. 41 , 454–477. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-9720.2008.tb03307.x [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ferguson R. (2008). Word of mouth and viral marketing: taking the temperature of the hottest trends in marketing . J. Consum. Mark. 25 , 179–182. doi: 10.1108/07363760810870671 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Fiske J. (2012). Pengantar ilmu komunikasi . Jakarta: Rajawali Press. [ Google Scholar ]
• Fornell C., Larcker D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error . J. Mark. Res. 18 , 39–50. doi: 10.2307/3151312 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Fu F., Juntaronanont P., Imsamran T., Tian Y. (2020). A study on the influence of chinese movies and tv series in Thailand: a case study of Huachiew Chalermprakiet university . J. Chinese Language and Culture, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University 7 , 213–224. [ Google Scholar ]
• Gao W., Ji L., Liu Y., Sun Q. (2020). Branding cultural products in international markets: a study of Hollywood movies in China . J. Mark. 84 , 86–105. doi: 10.1177/0022242920912704 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Gerbner G., Gross L. (1976). Living with television: the violence profile . J. Commun. 26 , 172–199. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01397.x, PMID: [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Gerbner G., Gross L., Morgan M., Signorielli N., Shahnahan J. (2002). “ Growing up with television: cultivation process ” in Media effects: Advances in theory and research . eds. Bryant J., Zillmann D. (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum; ), 43–67. [ Google Scholar ]
• Gevorgyan G., Manucharova N. (2015). The effects of cultural appeal, product involvement, and ethnic identity on attitudes and recall in online advertising . Chinese J. Commun. 8 , 196–220. doi: 10.1080/17544750.2015.1014518 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Gilardi F., Lam C., Tan K., White A., Cheng S., Zhao Y. (2018). International TV series distribution on Chinese digital platforms: marketing strategies and audience engagement . Global Media and China 3 , 213–230. doi: 10.1177/2059436418806406 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Goffman E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience . United States: Harvard University Press. [ Google Scholar ]
• Grey C. (2010). Organizing studies: publications, politics and polemic . Organ. Stud. 31 , 677–694. doi: 10.1177/0170840610372575 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Guo J., Schoch D., Calkins P. H. (2012). Comparative capabilities, income, social capital, sufficiency and happiness of Chinese and Thai households in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand . Chaingmai University. J. Economics 16 , 102–119. [ Google Scholar ]
• Hair J., Ringle C., Sarstedt M. (2014). Corrigendum to “editorial partial least squares structural equation modeling: rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance” [LRP 46/1-2 (2013) 1–12] . Long Range Plan. 47 :392. doi: 10.1016/j.lrp.2013.08.016 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hall R. (1992). The strategic analysis of intangible resources . Strateg. Manag. J. 13 , 135–144. doi: 10.1002/smj.4250130205 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Han J. (2021). The Chinese wuxia culture in Thailand: dissemination and influence . Comparative Literature: East & West 5 , 1–14. doi: 10.1080/25723618.2021.1940679 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hersleth M., Monteleone E., Segtnan A., Næs T. (2015). Effects of evoked meal contexts on consumers’ responses to intrinsic and extrinsic product attributes in dry-cured ham . Food Qual. Prefer. 40 , 191–198. doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.10.002 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hofstede G., Hofstede G. J., Minkov M. (2010). Cultures and organizations , McGraw-Hill, New York. [ Google Scholar ]
• Huang Y., Chen M., Mo S. (2015). How do we inspire people to contact aboriginal culture with Web2.0 technology? Comput. Educ. 86 , 71–83. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2015.03.001 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Javed S., Arshad S., Saleem M. R. (2022). Fostering parasocial interaction between users and drama characters through online communities: a case study of Ertugrul ghazi viewers . J. Manag. Practices, Humanities and Social Sciences 6 , 61–73. doi: 10.33152/jmphss-6.3.5 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Jenkins H. (2007). The future of fandom . Fandom: Identities and Communities in a Mediated World, pp. 357–364. [ Google Scholar ]
• Jiang J. P. L. (1966). The Chinese in Thailand: past and present . J. Southeast Asian History 7 , 39–65. doi: 10.1017/S0217781100003112 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Jin D. Y. (2020). The Korean wave. George Journal of International Affairs. Available at: https://www.gjia.georgetown.edu/2020/05/26/the-korean-wave/
• Katz E. (1959). Mass communications research and the study of popular culture: an editorial note on a possible future for this journal . Stud. Public Commun. 2 , 1–6. [ Google Scholar ]
• Keane M. (2019). China’s digital media industries and the challenge of overseas markets . J. Chinese Cinemas 13 , 244–256. doi: 10.1080/17508061.2019.1678480 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Khan H., Bamber D., Quazi A. (2012). Relevant or redundant: elite consumers’ perception of foreign-made products in an emerging market . J. Mark. Manag. 28 , 1190–1216. doi: 10.1080/0267257X.2011.635153 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kogut B., Singh H. (1988). The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode . J. Int. Bus. Stud. 19 , 411–432. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490394 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kwak H., Kim J., Kim S., Jung J., Choi H. (2019). Korean dance performance influences on prospective tourist cultural products consumption and behaviour intention . J. Psychol. Afr. 29 , 230–236. doi: 10.1080/14330237.2019.1626131 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kwon D. (2015). What is ethnic food? J. Ethnic Food 2 :1. doi: 10.1016/j.jef.2015.02.001 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Lee S. T. (2019). Film as cultural diplomacy: South Korea’s nation branding through parasite . Place Brand. Public Dipl. 18 , 93–104. doi: 10.1057/s41254-020-00192-1 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Lefdahl-Davis E. M., Perrone-McGovern K. M. (2015). The cultural adjustment of Saudi women international students: a qualitative examination . J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 46 , 406–434. doi: 10.1177/0022022114566680 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Li X., Chen W. (2014). Facebook or Renren? A comparative study of social networking site use and social capital among Chinese international students in the United States . Comput. Hum. Behav. 35 , 116–123. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.012 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Lovric B. (2018). “ From film stories to national soft power: policies and film content of South Korea, Japan, and China ,” in The Palgrave handbook of Asian cinema . eds. A. H. Joon, G. Marchetti, S. K. Tan. (London: Palgrave Macmillan; ), 609–630. [ Google Scholar ]
• Luo M., Remus W. (2014). Uses and gratifications and acceptance of web-based information services: an integrated model . Comput. Hum. Behav. 38 , 281–295. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.042 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Machová R., Ambrus R., Zsigmond T., Bakó F. (2022). The impact of green marketing on consumer behavior in the market of palm oil products . Sustain. For. 14 :1364. doi: 10.3390/su14031364 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Madison T. P., Porter L. V. (2016). Cognitive and imagery attributes of parasocial relationships . Imagin. Cogn. Pers. 35 , 359–379. doi: 10.1177/0276236615599340 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Magno F. (2017). The influence of cultural blogs on their readers’ cultural product choices . Int. J. Inf. Manag. 37 , 142–149. doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.01.007 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Mahmood H. (2014). An analysis of acculturative stress, sociocultural adaptation, and satisfaction among international students at a non-metropolitan university . J. Int. Stud. 8 , 284–307. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1134307 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Matsumoto D., Juang L. Psychologia międzykulturowa (Culture and psychology) , Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne, Gdańsk. (2007). [ Google Scholar ]
• McClory J. (2016). The soft power 30 a global ranking of soft power. The soft power 30 report 2016. [Retrieved from https://portland-communications.com/pdf/The-Soft-Power-30-Report-2016.pdf ]
• Mendes R., Vareiro L., Ferreira A. R. (2017). Residents’ perceptions of film-induced tourism: a Portuguese case study . Tour. Hosp. Res. 17 , 424–433. doi: 10.1177/1467358416646624 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Minnebo J. (2000). Fear of crime and television use: a uses and gratifications approach . Communications 25 :125. doi: 10.1515/comm.2000.25.2.125 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Moon S., Mishra A., Mishra H., Kang M. (2016). Cultural and economic impacts on global cultural products: evidence from U.S. movies . J. Int. Mark. 24 , 78–97. doi: 10.1509/jim.15.0080 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Morgan M., Shanahan J. (1997). Two decades of cultivation research: an appraisal and meta-analysis . Ann. Int. Commun. Assoc. 20 , 1–45. doi: 10.1080/23808985.1997.11678937 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Mulyana A., Briandana R., Puspa Ningrum D. (2019). Social construction fandom as cultural industry marketing of JKT 48 fan group . Int. Res. J. Business Stud. 12 , 257–266. doi: 10.21632/irjbs.12.3.257-266 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Nicolaou C. (2021). Media trends and prospects in educational activities and techniques for online learning and teaching through television content: technological and digital socio-cultural environment, generations, and audiovisual media communications in education . Educ. Sci. 11 :685. doi: 10.3390/educsci11110685 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Nicolaou C., Kalliris G. (2020). Audiovisual media communications in adult education: the case of Cyprus and Greece of adults as adult learners . European J. Investigation in Health, Psychol. Educ. 10 , 967–996. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe10040069, PMID: [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Nye J. S. (2021). Soft power the evolution of a concept . J. Political Power 14 , 196–208. doi: 10.1080/2158379X.2021.1879572 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Pacheco E. M. (2020). Culture learning theory and globalization: reconceptualizing culture shock for modern cross-cultural sojourners . New Ideas Psychol. 58 :100801. doi: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2020.100801 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Page R., Thomas B. (2011). New narratives . Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. [ Google Scholar ]
• Papacharissi Z. (2009a). The virtual geographies of social networks: a comparative analysis of Facebook, LinkedIn and ASmallWorld . New Media Soc. 11 , 199–220. doi: 10.1177/1461444808099577 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Papacharissi Z. (2009b). “ Uses and gratifications ” in An integrated approach to communication theory and research . eds. Stacks D., Salwen M. (New York: Routledge; ), 137. [ Google Scholar ]
• Park E., Baek S., Ohm J., Chang H. (2014). Determinants of player acceptance of mobile social network games: an application of extended technology acceptance model . Telematics Inform. 31 , 3–15. doi: 10.1016/j.tele.2013.07.001 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Pearson R. (2010). Fandom in the digital era . Pop. Commun. 8 , 84–95. doi: 10.1080/15405700903502346 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Pieterse J. N. (2009). Globalization and culture: Global mélange (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. [ Google Scholar ]
• Prattanasanti P. (2019). A Thai who has Chinese blood: Acculturation and identity perception among the third generation Sino-Thai in Bangkok. [Master’s Dissertation, LUND University]. Available at: https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOI
• Rabêlo Neto A., Sousa-Filho J., Leocádio Á., Nascimento J. (2019). Internationalization of cultural products: the influence of soft power . Int. J. Mark. Res. 62 , 335–349. doi: 10.1108/EBR-09-2019-0240 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Rentfrow P, Goldberg L, Zilca R. (2011). Listening, watching, and reading: the structure and correlates of entertainment preferences . J. Pers. 79 : 223–258, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00662.x, PMID: [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Rojanaphruk P. (2022). Opinion: are Thais becoming too Chinese. Khaosod English. Available at: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7Newspapers
• Rubenking B., Bracken C. C. (2018). Binge-watching: a suspenseful, emotional, habit . Commun. Res. Rep. 35 , 381–391. doi: 10.1080/08824096.2018.1525346 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Rubin A. (1983). Television uses and gratifications: the interactions of viewing patterns and motivations . J. Broadcast. 27 , 37–51. doi: 10.1080/08838158309386471 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Satrio D., Priyanto S., Nugraha A. (2020). Viral marketing for cultural product: the role of emotion and cultural awareness to influence purchasing intention . Montenegrin J. Economics 16 , 77–91. doi: 10.14254/1800-5845/2020.16-2.6 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Schober P., Boer C., Schwarte L. (2018). Correlation coefficients . Anesth. Analg. 126 , 1763–1768. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Schumacker R. E., Lomax R. G. (2010). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). United States: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. [ Google Scholar ]
• Scott J., Craig-Lees M. (2010). Audience engagement and its effects on product placement recognition . J. Promot. Manag. 16 , 39–58. doi: 10.1080/10496490903571803 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Senivongse C., Bennet A. (2022). Semiotic inception, attitude altering, and Behavioural expression: understanding the Foundation of Organizational Knowledge Construction . J. Entrepreneurship and Business Develop. 1 , 32–43. doi: 10.34190/eckm.23.2.465 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Shim A., Yecies B., Ren X., Wang D. (2020). Cultural intermediation and the basis of trust among webtoon and webnovel communities . Inf. Commun. Soc. 23 , 833–848. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2020.1751865 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Siddharthan N. S., Narayanan K. (2018). Globalisation of technology . Singapore: Springer Nature. [ Google Scholar ]
• Soto-Sanfiel M. T., Villegas-Simón I., Angulo-Brunet A. (2021). Correlational network visual analysis of adolescents’ film entertainment responses . Commun. Soc. 34 , 157–175. doi: 10.15581/003.34.1.157-175 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Spitzberg B. H., Changnon G. (2009). “ Conceptualizing intercultural competence ,” in The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence . ed. Deardoff D. K. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publikations Inc.), 2–52. [ Google Scholar ]
• Stafford T. F., Stafford M. R., Schkade L. L. (2004). Determining uses and gratifications for the internet . Decis. Sci. 35 , 259–288. doi: 10.1111/j.00117315.2004.02524.x [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Steiger J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling . Personal. Individ. Differ. 42 , 893–898. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Steiner E., Xu K. (2018). Binge-watching motivates change: uses and gratifications of streaming video viewers challenge traditional TV research . Convergence: Int. J. Res. New Media Technologies 26 , 82–101. doi: 10.1177/135485651775036 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sun C. W., Obrenovic B., Li H. T. (2022). Influence of virtual CSR co-creation on the purchase intention of green products under the heterogeneity of experience value . Sustain. For. 14 :13617. doi: 10.3390/su142013617 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sun T., Zhong B. (2020). Multitasking as multisensory behavior: revisiting media multitasking in the perspective of media ecology theory . Comput. Hum. Behav. 104 :106151. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.09.027 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Tapper J. (1995). The ecology of cultivation: a conceptual model for cultivation research . Commun. Theory 5 , 36–57. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.1995.tb00097.x [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Tian X., Adorjan M. (2016). Fandom and coercive empowerment: the commissioned production of Chinese online literature . Media Cult. Soc. 38 , 881–900. doi: 10.1177/0163443716646172 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Tirasawasdichai T., Pookayaporn K. (2021). Direct and indirect effects of virtual reality usage toward learning performance perception: a case study of Thai undergraduate students . Acad. Ther. 0 , 130–149. doi: 10.26220/aca.3602 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Trompenaars F., Hampden-Turner C. H. (2002). Siedem wymiarów kultury (the seven dimensions of culture) , Oficyna Ekonomiczna, Kraków. [ Google Scholar ]
• Tsoy D., Godinic D., Tong Q., Obrenovic B., Khudaykulov A., Kurpayanidi K. (2022). Impact of social media, extended parallel process model (EPPM) on the intention to stay at home during the COVID-19 pandemic . Sustain. For. 14 :7192. doi: 10.3390/su14127192 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Tsoy D., Tirasawasdichai T., Kurpayanidi K. I. (2021). Role of social Media in Shaping Public Risk Perception during COVID-19 pandemic: a theoretical review . Int J. Manag. Sci. Business Admin. 7 , 35–41. doi: 10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.72.1005 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Vacc N., DeVaney S., Brendel J. (2003). Counseling multicultural and diverse a populations . New York: Routledge. [ Google Scholar ]
• Vila N. A., Brea J. A. F., de Carlos P. (2021). Film tourism in Spain: destination awareness and visit motivation as determinants to visit places seen in TV series . Eur. Res. Manag. Bus. Econ. 27 :100135. doi: 10.1016/j.iedeen.2020.100135 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Wang Y. (2020). Involving cultural sensitivity in the design process: a design toolkit for Chinese cultural products . Int. J. Art & Design Educ. 39 , 565–584. doi: 10.1111/jade.12301 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Wei D., Rafael Â. (2021). Digital art and the belt and road initiative: opportunities, challenges and perspectives . Revista De Direito Internacional 17 :238. doi: 10.5102/rdi.v17i3.7238 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Wisetwongchai P. (2020). Y-series and power of fandom as a key chance for line TV. EverydayMarketing. Available at: https://www.everydaymarketing.co/target/lgbt/y-series-and-the-power-of-yaoi-fandom
• Wunderle W. D. (2006). Through the lens of cultural awareness: A Primer for US Armed Forces deploying to Arab and middle eastern countries. Books Express Publishing.
• Yanhao C., Mustafa H. (2021). Perception of viewers of Chinese TV drama and film: a cross cultural analysis . Baltic J. Law & Politics 14 , 196–212. doi: 10.2478/bjlp-2021-00016 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Zheng W., Liu X., Ni X., Yin L., Yang B. (2021b). Improving visual reasoning through semantic representation . IEEE access 9 , 91476–91486. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3074937 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Zheng W., Liu X., Yin L. (2021a). Sentence representation method based on multi-layer semantic network . Appl. Sci. 11 :1316. doi: 10.3390/app11031316 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Zheng W., Tian X., Yang B., Liu S., Ding Y., Tian J., et al.. (2022a). A few shot classification methods based on multiscale relational networks . Appl. Sci. 12 :4059. doi: 10.3390/app12084059 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Zheng W., Yin L., Chen X., Ma Z., Liu S., Yang B. (2021c). Knowledge base graph embedding module design for visual question answering model . Pattern Recogn. 120 :108153. doi: 10.1016/j.patcog.2021.108153 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Zheng W., Zhou Y., Liu S., Tian J., Yang B., Yin L. (2022b). A deep fusion matching network semantic reasoning model . Appl. Sci. 12 :3416. doi: 10.3390/app12073416 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]

A review of smart TV: Past, present, and future

Ieee account.

• Change Username/Password
• Update Address

Purchase Details

• Payment Options
• Order History
• View Purchased Documents

Profile Information

• Communications Preferences
• Profession and Education
• Technical Interests
• US & Canada: +1 800 678 4333
• Worldwide: +1 732 981 0060
• Contact & Support
• About IEEE Xplore
• Accessibility
• Terms of Use
• Nondiscrimination Policy
• Privacy & Opting Out of Cookies

A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. © Copyright 2024 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

The Impact of Violence on Television on Children: A Review of Literature

Related Papers

Douglas H Clements

An older article, but someone requested it. Please see other more recent reviews such as those *below* this reference. Clements, D. H. (1985). Technological advances and the young child: Television and computers. In C. S. Mcloughlin & D. F. Gullo (Eds.), Young children in context: Impact of self, family and society on development (pp. 218-253). Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas. More recent: Sarama, J., & Clements, D. H. (in press). Promoting a good start: Technology in early childhood mathematics. In E. Arias, J. Cristia & S. Cueto (Eds.), Promising models to improve primary mathematics learning in Latin America and the Caribbean using technology. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank. Foster, M. E., Anthony, J. L., Clements, D. H., & Sarama, J. (in press). Improving mathematics learning of kindergarten students through computer assisted instruction. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education. Clements, D. H., & Sarama, J. (2010). Technology. In V. Washington & J. Andrews (Eds.), Children of 2020: Creating a better tomorrow (pp. 119-123). Washington, DC: Council for Professional Recognition/National Association for the Education of Young Children. Sarama, J., & Clements, D. H. (2009). "Concrete" computer manipulatives in mathematics education. Child Development Perspectives, 3(3), 145–150. Clements, D. H., & Sarama, J. (2008). Mathematics and technology: Supporting learning for students and teachers. In O. N. Saracho & B. Spodek (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on science and technology in early childhood education (pp. 127-147). Charlotte, NC: Information Age. Clements, D. H., & Sarama, J. (2003). Strip mining for gold: Research and policy in educational technology—A response to “Fool’s Gold”. Educational Technology Review, 11(1), 7-69.

Ranjith Jjj

Renefrid Tejero

Sinasi Ozturk

A Ab bs st tr ra ac ct t This study aims to discuss theories on the violent effects of TV shows on viewers, especially on children. Therefore, this study includes a brief discussion of definitions of violence, discussion of violence theories, main results of researches on televised violence, measuring TV violence, perception of televised violence, individual differences and reactions to TV violence, aggressiveness and preferences for TV violence.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Karen Hennigan

Abstract 1. Examined the causal impact of the introduction of TV on FBI indicators of violent crime, burglary, auto theft, and larceny, using an interrupted time-series design with switching replications. No consistent effect of TV&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#x27;s introduction was observed for violent ...

Professor Nnamdi T . Ekeanyanwu

Mediated violence especially as it affects children or the youths, has continued to benefit from scholarly attention in the area of research and theoretical explication. However, some of the research outcomes and theories show flawed arguments under serious theoretical interrogation. This paper uses a reflective analysis to interrogate further some of these theories and argues that they require a reassessment based on current thinking that the mass media alone could not cause violent effects to happen on children and the youths. In order words, media effects are not always direct, potent, and particular in causing significant effects on an individual or the entire society. There are always combination of factors that cause changes in audience behaviours and perception arising from the exposure to media stimuli, in this case, media violence. Theoretical models like Individual Differences perspective, Uses and Gratification theory, theory of Triadic Influence, and the other selective processes further support this thesis. The paper recommends that current studies on mediated violence and the use of theoretical frameworks must reflect the realistic position/actual conclusions rather than idealistic or impracticable ideas that are best sophistry. Keywords: Mediated violence, Children, Youths, Theoretical framework, Media effects

Journal of Social Issues

Bradford W Hesse

Daniel Linz , Craig Anderson , Neil Malamuth

RELATED PAPERS

ma.evelyn Checa

Sagar Haque

Media Psychology

Emory Woodard

Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care

Daniel Fagbuyi , Corinn Cross , Alanna Levine

Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology

Douglas Gentile , Jennifer Linder

Journal of Adolescent Health

Sebastian Emans

Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic …

namrata jain

Ellen Helsper

Bernice Agyekwena

Laramie Taylor

Daniel Linz

Social Issues and Policy Review

Douglas Gentile

Craig Anderson , Brad Bushman

Georges Steffgen , Christian Happ

Lirra Santos

Bright King

Marty Woldorff , Paul Ingmundson

Tamara Ferguson

Peter Dowrick , Joanne Cantor

Doba G. Diana

Militsa Nikiforou

Panayiotis Stavrinides

John Sherry

tintin jarana

kashiefa kader

Journal of Extension

Kimberly Greder

Lola Akinyele

European Journal of Social Psychology

Ginette Herman

Alexander Fedorov

Ardnahc Rakehs

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

To read this content please select one of the options below:

Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, how over-the-top (ott) platforms engage young consumers over traditional pay television service an analysis of changing consumer preferences and gamification.

Young Consumers

ISSN : 1747-3616

Article publication date: 8 April 2021

Issue publication date: 20 July 2021

This paper aims to analyse how the top over-the-top (OTT) platform is becoming a preferred source of entertainment amongst young consumers over traditional Pay TV service (Cable TV/DTH) in India and what factors play a vital role in such preferences along with gamification of content. The study follows the theoretical framework of use and gratifications theory and Niche analysis.

Design/methodology/approach

The study establishes a conceptual framework of understanding the preference of consumers, which triggers the shift from old media to new. This research develops an approach to understanding the relevant implications in responses of consumers through a structured online survey conducted amongst different age groups by applying exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. To further comprehend the relations between measured variables and constructs, the statistical technique is incorporated, i.e. logistic regression.

Empirical results and discussion insinuated the five factors which affect consumers’ choices concerning entertainment i.e. content and viewing behaviour, expenses incurred on services, shifts influenced by offerings/incentives, convenience and telecom. Logistic regression validated the strength of these factors which made content and viewing behaviour, expenses incurred on services and convenience the three most important factors.

Research limitations/implications

This study analyses the driving factors that are revolutionising the entertainment industry and can be applied in designing a comfortable and engaging experience for a consumer in the future.

Originality/value

This research is original in nature and the findings of this study are valuable for online streaming services, video-on-demand services, Cable TV operators and entertainment content producers.

• Consumer socialisation
• Quantitative methods
• Online media
• Other media and children

Sadana, M. and Sharma, D. (2021), "How over-the-top (OTT) platforms engage young consumers over traditional pay television service? An analysis of changing consumer preferences and gamification", Young Consumers , Vol. 22 No. 3, pp. 348-367. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-10-2020-1231

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited

Related articles

We’re listening — tell us what you think, something didn’t work….

Report bugs here

All feedback is valuable

Please share your general feedback

Join us on our journey

Platform update page.

Visit emeraldpublishing.com/platformupdate to discover the latest news and updates

Questions & More Information

Answers to the most commonly asked questions here

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Welcome to the Purdue Online Writing Lab

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

The Online Writing Lab at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out-of-class instruction.

The Purdue On-Campus Writing Lab and Purdue Online Writing Lab assist clients in their development as writers—no matter what their skill level—with on-campus consultations, online participation, and community engagement. The Purdue Writing Lab serves the Purdue, West Lafayette, campus and coordinates with local literacy initiatives. The Purdue OWL offers global support through online reference materials and services.

A Message From the Assistant Director of Content Development 

The Purdue OWL® is committed to supporting  students, instructors, and writers by offering a wide range of resources that are developed and revised with them in mind. To do this, the OWL team is always exploring possibilties for a better design, allowing accessibility and user experience to guide our process. As the OWL undergoes some changes, we welcome your feedback and suggestions by email at any time.

Please don't hesitate to contact us via our contact page  if you have any questions or comments.

All the best,

Social Media

Facebook twitter.

Get Started Here:

• Homeowners & Homebuyers

• Leadership & Organization
• Reports & Plans
• Do Business with Us
• Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
• Equal Employment Opportunity / No FEAR Act
• FOIA & Privacy
• Information Quality
• Budget, Finances, and Performance
• Workforce Ombuds
• FHFA Policies
• Fannie Mae & Freddie Mac
• Federal Home Loan Bank System
• Examiner Resources
• Legal Documents & Suspensions
• Rulemaking & Federal Register
• Advisory Bulletins
• Dodd-Frank Act Stress Tests
• LIBOR Transition
• History of Fannie Mae & Freddie Mac Conservatorships
• Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreements

2023 Scorecard ​

• FHFA Stats Blog
• Meet the Experts
• Mortgage Translations Home
• Search or Browse Documents
• COVID-19 Resources
• Borrower Education Materials
• Interpretive Services
• Language Translation Disclosure

Working Paper 24-04: Measuring Price Effects from Disasters Using Public Data: A Case Study of Hurricane Ian

​Justin C. Contat, William M. Doerner, Robert N. Renner, and Malcolm J. Rogers

​​Ab​stract:

Natural disasters can disrupt housing markets, causing destruction to communities and distress to economic activity. To estimate the effects of disasters on home prices, publicly-available data on property damages are often used to classify “treated” properties. However, by design these data lack precise geospatial information, leading to measurement error in the treatment variable as aggregate measures must be used. We leverage leading difference-in-differences and synthetic control methodologies across various treatments and levels of geography to measure price effects with such data following Hurricane Ian’s unexpected landfall in southwest Florida during September 2022, coinciding with the state’s initial recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Empirical results suggest positive, time-varying price effects, though we place caveats on these results as there may be many mechanisms underway; our results should be interpreted as descriptive correlations and not causal effects for various reasons. Our main contribution is methodological, highlighting the importance of robustness checks, functional form, statistical techniques, and testing across different samples. Additionally, quicker access to high quality public data could enhance quantitatively-informed conversations on natural disaster effects.​

Want to Subscribe?

© 2024 Federal Housing Finance Agency

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

• View all journals
• Explore content
• About the journal
• Publish with us
• Sign up for alerts
• Published: 14 May 2024

2023 summer warmth unparalleled over the past 2,000 years

• Jan Esper   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3919-014X 1 , 2 ,
• Max Torbenson   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2720-2238 1 &
• Ulf Büntgen 2 , 3 , 4  

Nature ( 2024 ) Cite this article

912 Accesses

2038 Altmetric

Metrics details

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

• Climate change
• Palaeoclimate

Including an exceptionally warm Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer 1 ,2 , 2023 has been reported as the hottest year on record 3-5 . Contextualizing recent anthropogenic warming against past natural variability is nontrivial, however, because the sparse 19 th century meteorological records tend to be too warm 6 . Here, we combine observed and reconstructed June-August (JJA) surface air temperatures to show that 2023 was the warmest NH extra-tropical summer over the past 2000 years exceeding the 95% confidence range of natural climate variability by more than half a degree Celsius. Comparison of the 2023 JJA warming against the coldest reconstructed summer in 536 CE reveals a maximum range of pre-Anthropocene-to-2023 temperatures of 3.93°C. Although 2023 is consistent with a greenhouse gases-induced warming trend 7 that is amplified by an unfolding El Niño event 8 , this extreme emphasizes the urgency to implement international agreements for carbon emission reduction.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals

Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription

24,99 € / 30 days

cancel any time

Subscribe to this journal

Receive 51 print issues and online access

185,98 € per year

only 3,65 € per issue

Rent or buy this article

Prices vary by article type

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

Large-scale emergence of regional changes in year-to-year temperature variability by the end of the 21st century

Cooler Arctic surface temperatures simulated by climate models are closer to satellite-based data than the ERA5 reanalysis

Warming events projected to become more frequent and last longer across Antarctica

Author information, authors and affiliations.

Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany

Jan Esper & Max Torbenson

Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic

Jan Esper & Ulf Büntgen

Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Ulf Büntgen

Department of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jan Esper .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Esper, J., Torbenson, M. & Büntgen, U. 2023 summer warmth unparalleled over the past 2,000 years. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07512-y

Download citation

Received : 16 January 2024

Accepted : 02 May 2024

Published : 14 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07512-y

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines . If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Quick links

• Explore articles by subject
• Guide to authors
• Editorial policies

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Revenue Slumps and Fiscal Capacity: Evidence from Brazil

This paper investigates how non-tax revenues impact tax collection in Brazilian municipalities, focusing on shifts in intergovernmental transfers due to population updates. Our analysis reveals asymmetric effects of shocks: revenue gains lead to increased spending without tax reductions, while losses in transfers prompt investments in fiscal capacity and boost tax revenues. Enhancing fiscal capacity entails adjusting tax bureaucrat payments, improving property registries, and cracking down on delinquency, with heterogeneous responses based on political competition and the educational levels of local leaders and the bureaucracy. These findings emphasize the importance of rules that reduce the reliance on non-tax revenues and promote effective tax collection.

We are grateful to Juliano Assunão, Bruno Ferman, Fred Finan, François Gerard, Gustavo Gonzaga, Rudi Rocha, David Schonholzer, Jonathan Weigel, and participants at various seminars and conferences for comments and suggestions. We thank financial support for this project from the Spanish Ministry of Education (grant RTI2018-097271-B-I00). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

MARC RIS BibTeΧ

Download Citation Data

More from NBER

In addition to working papers , the NBER disseminates affiliates’ latest findings through a range of free periodicals — the NBER Reporter , the NBER Digest , the Bulletin on Retirement and Disability , the Bulletin on Health , and the Bulletin on Entrepreneurship  — as well as online conference reports , video lectures , and interviews .

5 Best AI Research Paper Summarizers (May 2024)

Unite.AI is committed to rigorous editorial standards. We may receive compensation when you click on links to products we review. Please view our affiliate disclosure .

Table Of Contents

In the fast-paced world of academic research, keeping up with the ever-growing body of literature can be a daunting task. Researchers and students often find themselves inundated with lengthy research papers, making it challenging to quickly grasp the core ideas and insights. AI-powered research paper summarizers have emerged as powerful tools, leveraging advanced algorithms to condense lengthy documents into concise and readable summaries.

In this article, we will explore the top AI research paper summarizers, each designed to streamline the process of understanding and synthesizing academic literature:

1. Tenorshare AI PDF Tool

Tenorshare AI PDF Tool is a cutting-edge solution that harnesses the power of artificial intelligence to simplify the process of summarizing research papers. With its user-friendly interface and advanced AI algorithms, this tool quickly analyzes and condenses lengthy papers into concise, readable summaries, allowing researchers to grasp the core ideas without having to read the entire document.

One of the standout features of Tenorshare AI PDF Tool is its interactive chat interface, powered by ChatGPT. This innovative functionality enables users to ask questions and retrieve specific information from the PDF document, making it easier to navigate and understand complex research papers. The tool also efficiently extracts critical sections and information, such as the abstract, methodology, results, and conclusions, streamlining the reading process and helping users focus on the most relevant parts of the document.

Key features of Tenorshare AI PDF Tool:

• AI-driven summarization that quickly condenses lengthy research papers
• Interactive chat interface powered by ChatGPT for retrieving specific information
• Automatic extraction of critical sections and information from the paper
• Batch processing capabilities for handling multiple PDF files simultaneously
• Secure and private, with SSL encryption and the option to delete uploaded files

Elicit is an AI-powered research assistant that improves the way users find and summarize academic papers. With its intelligent search capabilities and advanced natural language processing, Elicit helps researchers quickly identify the most relevant papers and understand their core ideas through automatically generated summaries.

By simply entering keywords, phrases, or questions, users can leverage Elicit's AI algorithms to search through its extensive database and retrieve the most pertinent papers. The tool offers various filters and sorting options, such as publication date, study types, and citation count, enabling users to refine their search results and find exactly what they need. One of Elicit's most impressive features is its ability to generate concise summaries of the top papers related to the search query, capturing the key findings and conclusions and saving researchers valuable time.

Key features of Elicit:

• Intelligent search that understands the context and meaning of search queries
• Filters and sorting options for refining search results
• Automatic summarization of the top papers related to the search query
• Detailed paper insights, including tested outcomes, participant information, and trustworthiness assessment
• Inline referencing for transparency and accuracy verification

3. QuillBot

QuillBot is an AI-powered writing platform that offers a comprehensive suite of tools to enhance and streamline the writing process, including a powerful Summarizer tool that is particularly useful for condensing research papers. By leveraging advanced natural language processing and machine learning algorithms, QuillBot's Summarizer quickly analyzes lengthy articles, research papers, or documents and generates concise summaries that capture the core ideas and key points.

One of the key advantages of QuillBot's Summarizer is its ability to perform extractive summarization, which involves identifying and extracting the most critical sentences and information from the research paper while maintaining the original context. Users can customize the summary length to be either short (key sentences) or long (paragraph format) based on their needs, and the output can be generated in either a bullet point list format or as a coherent paragraph. This flexibility allows researchers to tailor the summary to their specific requirements and preferences.

Key features of QuillBot's Summarizer:

• AI-powered extractive summarization that identifies and extracts key information
• Customizable summary length (short or long) to suit different needs
• Bullet point or paragraph output for flexible formatting
• Improved reading comprehension by condensing the paper into its core concepts
• Integration with other QuillBot tools, such as Paraphraser and Grammar Checker, for further enhancement

4. Semantic Scholar

Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool developed by the Allen Institute for AI that improves the way researchers search for and discover scientific literature. By employing advanced natural language processing, machine learning, and machine vision techniques, Semantic Scholar provides a smarter and more efficient way to navigate the vast landscape of academic publications.

One of the standout features of Semantic Scholar is its ability to generate concise, one-sentence summaries of research papers, capturing the essence of the content and allowing researchers to quickly grasp the main ideas without reading lengthy abstracts. This feature is particularly useful when browsing on mobile devices or when time is limited. Additionally, Semantic Scholar highlights the most important and influential citations within a paper, helping researchers focus on the most relevant information and understand the impact of the research.

Key features of Semantic Scholar:

• Concise one-sentence summaries of research papers for quick comprehension
• Identification of the most influential citations within a paper
• Personalized paper recommendations through the “Research Feed” feature
• Semantic Reader for in-line citation cards with summaries and “skimming highlights”
• Personal library management with the ability to save and organize papers

5. IBM Watson Discovery

IBM Watson Discovery is a powerful AI-driven tool designed to analyze and summarize large volumes of unstructured data, including research papers, articles, and scientific publications. By harnessing the power of cognitive computing, natural language processing, and machine learning, Watson Discovery enables researchers to quickly find relevant information and gain valuable insights from complex documents.

One of the key strengths of IBM Watson Discovery is its ability to understand the context, concepts, and relationships within the text, allowing it to identify patterns, trends, and connections that may be overlooked by human readers. This makes it easier to navigate and summarize complex research papers, as the tool can highlight important entities, relationships, and topics within the document. Users can create customizable queries, filter, and categorize data to generate summaries of the most relevant research findings, and the tool's advanced search capabilities enable precise searches and retrieval of specific information from large document libraries.

Key features of IBM Watson Discovery:

• Cognitive capabilities that understand context, concepts, and relationships within the text
• Customizable queries and filtering for generating summaries of relevant research findings
• Relationship identification to highlight important entities, relationships, and topics
• Significant time-saving by automating the discovery of information and insight

Empowering Researchers with AI-Driven Summarization Tools

The emergence of AI-powered research summarizers has transformed the way researchers and academics approach scientific literature. By leveraging advanced natural language processing, machine learning, and cognitive computing, these innovative tools enable users to quickly find, understand, and summarize complex research papers, saving valuable time and effort.

Each of these AI research summarizers offers unique features and benefits that cater to researchers' diverse needs. As these tools continue to evolve and improve, they will undoubtedly play an increasingly crucial role in empowering researchers to navigate the ever-expanding universe of scientific knowledge more efficiently and effectively.

5 Best Vulnerability Assessment Scanning Tools (May 2024)

5 Best AI SOP (Standard Operating Procedures) Generators in 2024

Alex McFarland is an AI journalist and writer exploring the latest developments in artificial intelligence. He has collaborated with numerous AI startups and publications worldwide.

You may like

5 Best B2B Customer Support Tools (May 2024)

5 Best AI Apps for Couples (May 2024)

10 Best AI Shopify Tools (May 2024)

9 Best AI Business Plan Generators (May 2024)

Recent Posts

• xLSTM : A Comprehensive Guide to Extended Long Short-Term Memory
• The Evolution of AI Model Training: Beyond Size to Efficiency
• Kinsta Review: The Easiest Way to Host a WordPress Site?
• Can AI Interpret Dreams?
• SlidesAI Review: Generate Free AI Slideshows in Seconds!

Help | Advanced Search

Computer Science > Computation and Language

Title: a survey on rag meets llms: towards retrieval-augmented large language models.

Abstract: As one of the most advanced techniques in AI, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) techniques can offer reliable and up-to-date external knowledge, providing huge convenience for numerous tasks. Particularly in the era of AI-generated content (AIGC), the powerful capacity of retrieval in RAG in providing additional knowledge enables retrieval-augmented generation to assist existing generative AI in producing high-quality outputs. Recently, large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated revolutionary abilities in language understanding and generation, while still facing inherent limitations, such as hallucinations and out-of-date internal knowledge. Given the powerful abilities of RAG in providing the latest and helpful auxiliary information, retrieval-augmented large language models have emerged to harness external and authoritative knowledge bases, rather than solely relying on the model's internal knowledge, to augment the generation quality of LLMs. In this survey, we comprehensively review existing research studies in retrieval-augmented large language models (RA-LLMs), covering three primary technical perspectives: architectures, training strategies, and applications. As the preliminary knowledge, we briefly introduce the foundations and recent advances of LLMs. Then, to illustrate the practical significance of RAG for LLMs, we categorize mainstream relevant work by application areas, detailing specifically the challenges of each and the corresponding capabilities of RA-LLMs. Finally, to deliver deeper insights, we discuss current limitations and several promising directions for future research.

Submission history

Access paper:.

• HTML (experimental)
• Other Formats

References & Citations

• Google Scholar
• Semantic Scholar

BibTeX formatted citation

Bibliographic and Citation Tools

Code, data and media associated with this article, recommenders and search tools.

• Institution

arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators

arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website.

Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.

Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs .

IT Professional Internship

Information for employers, procedure .

• Every year invitations to join the scheme are sent to companies around November.
• The internship period is 9 months and it starts in summer, earliest in July and latest in September.
• Students work in internship 4 days/week, with Fridays off to attend classes at CityU.
• Employers will interview students prior to confirmation of internship, and the company will assign a working supervisor for the students afterwards.
• The performance of the students will be jointly assessed by both academic and working supervisors.

For NEW Internship Company: 

For existing internship company:, roles of internship company.

• Assign work supervisor;
• Initial meeting with academic supervisor;
• Conduct regular student performance assessment (in December & April);
• Market rate trainee/intern salary;
• Welcome to keep close contact with the academic supervisor.

Roles of Our Department

• Assign academic supervisor;
• Initial meeting with work supervisor;
• Support internship company in student coaching & counseling.
• Blank Student Performance Review (Interim) Form  (PDF)
• Blank Student Performance Review (Final) Form  (PDF)

Contact Internship Coordinator

• Email: [email protected]
• Online inquiry form