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The 15 Best School Websites in 2023

Published: April 03, 2024

School websites can be overwhelming because they typically house a lot of information. Additionally, figuring out the target audience of your school website can be tricky, as there are visitors with different search intents landing on your site. From parents to potential students to educators to currently enrolled students, school websites have to speak to users with various reasons for visiting.

We've rounded up 15 school websites that effectively balance function and aesthetic appeal. Here are our favorites.

What are the best school websites?

The best school websites balance function and aesthetics

Ready to check out our favorite school websites? Here are 15 examples that demonstrate what excellence looks like. And when you're ready to get started creating your own for your educational institution, you can begin for free with Content Hub .

1. LIM London

Additionally, the font is easy to read and contrasts nicely. We love the color combination and how the homepage features testimonials and frequently asked questions as you scroll down.

2. Metropolitan Montessori School

The homepage flows well , offering an image that shows students at the school, then providing information regarding the education students receive. A section for recent updates also demonstrates the institution's commitment to transparency.

3. Ocean School

We also love that there are separate sections for parents, educators, and "explorers" to discover what the school offers, as each user has a different intent by visiting the site.

4. Solanco School District

The site also features links to the school's social media accounts, allowing visitors to connect with the institution there. We also enjoy the icons adjacent to related links , such as the middle school menu and the site's built-in calendar of upcoming events.

This site also stands out to us because it's accessible, thanks to the color contrast toggle and font-size toggle.

5. Marist College

As you scroll down, Marist College presents compelling statistics regarding its reputation, post-grad employment rate, and study abroad program. Also on the homepage is a section highlighting announcement blog posts. The footer also has many options, making navigating the site simple.

6. Canterbury School

We love how this homepage features a focus on upcoming events. The Canterbury School also provides visitors with statistics on the institution, its campus, and what it offers, which is effective for potential students landing on the site.

7. LIM College

This demonstrates that you can (and should!) lean into what your institution does when creating your website. Let your school's branding influence the site design. We love how this site puts announcement blog posts front and center, plus how you can learn more about alumni employers as you scroll down.

8. Washington Market School

9. School of X

10. New York University

11. Columbia Business School

12. Porto Business School

13. The New School

14. Parsons at The New School

15. Westbourne Grammar School

The best school websites balance function and aesthetics.

As you can tell from these examples, the best school websites can successfully tell the institution's story in an engaging yet aesthetically appealing manner.

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17 Useful Article Sites for Students

January 11, 2022 //  by  Kay Bancroft

As the popularity of student-led learning grows, so does the importance of providing our learners with safe and accurate research sources. While we want to encourage school students to explore their interests, we have to remember that the internet offers a vast supply of information, some of which is unregulated.

We want to help you guide your students to accurate and trusted resources, which is why we've done the hard work for you and found 17 of the best websites for student research.

Sites For Younger Students (K-5th Grade)

1. national geographic kids .

National Geographic Kids features content that is mostly focused on animals and the natural world but also has information on social studies topics too. The site offers educational games, videos, and other activities. Students can also find out 'Weird But True' facts and tour countries around the world.

Learn more: National Geographic Kids

2. DK Find Out!

DK Find Out! is a fun site covering many topics, such as science and math, along with content that is less commonly covered such as transportation, language arts, and computer coding. The site is easy to navigate and includes videos, quizzes, and fun facts.

Learn more: DK Find Out!

Epic! is a digital library and e-reader website and app with a collection of over 40,000 children's books. Students can search for texts and also be assigned texts to read by their teacher. Free accounts are available to use during the school day.

There is also a built-in dictionary feature and a large number of 'read to me' texts, which are excellent for students who may not be able to read independently yet.

Epic! also includes an educational video library, magazines, and options to track student activity. Some texts can also be downloaded for offline use if access to an internet connection is an issue.

Learn more: Epic!

4. Ducksters

Ducksters is quite a text-heavy site, so best for use with older students who have already developed independent reading and note-taking skills. It offers a range of social studies and scientific content, but it is an especially great resource for researching the US and world history. Along with written content, the site also has a collection of games for students to play.

Learn more: Ducksters

5. BrainPOP Jr.

BrainPOP Jr has a huge archive of videos on a broad range of topics. Each video is around 5 minutes long and kids will be tickled by the two main characters, Annie and Moby. This is a great resource to use if you've taught your students how to take notes from watching videos, although the transcripts for each video can also be accessed. The website also includes quizzes and activities for students to complete after watching the videos.

Learn more: BrainPOP Jr.

6. Kids Discover

Kids Discover is a vast, award-winning library of non-fiction content for students, featuring interesting articles and videos that will have them hooked! Students will need an account but there is some free content available.

Learn more: Kids Discover

7. Wonderopolis

Head to the Wonderopolis website and explore the world of wonders! The content on this site covers a wide range of educational topics. Articles have embedded photos and videos for easy access, and the search tool will help students find the information they need.

Learn more: Wonderopolis

8. Fact Monster

Fact Monster combines reference materials, homework assistance, educational games, and fun facts for kids. From the solar system to the world economy, Fact Monster has a wide range of information that your students might find useful in their research.

Learn more: Fact Monster

9. TIME for Kids

TIME for Kids aims to nurture today's learners and tomorrow's leaders with original news articles and interviews. Help your students grow the critical-thinking skills required to become active global citizens. The site is geared towards helping students understand the news and world around them.

Learn more: TIME for Kids

Sites for Older Students (6th Grade -12th Grade)

10. brainpop.

The older sibling of BrainPOP Jr, BrainPOP is aimed at older students and features videos based on a higher level curriculum. Tim takes over from Annie to interact with Moby, and the videos cover more information at a greater depth while at a faster pace.

Learn more: BrainPOP

11. Newslea

Containing a vast range of educational content, your students are sure to find the resources they need at Newslea. Material is aligned to academic standards and also includes wellness activities. You will need to subscribe to this site in order to access its content, but certain types of funding are available.

Learn more: News ELA

12. New York Times

The New York Times has the latest, up-to-the-minute articles informing your students of current events happening around the world. Be mindful that this is a news site aimed at adults, and so you should think carefully about the age and maturity of your students before directing them to this site. The site has a vast collection of online articles that students may find useful in their research.

Learn more: New York Times

13. National Public Radio (NPR)

Again, another NPR is another site of excellent journalistic material that is geared towards an adult audience. A great place to direct students if they are looking for reputable coverage of current events.

Learn more: National Public Radio (NPR)

14. National Museum of American History

The National Museum of American History website is a useful resource for exploring history and viewing artifacts. The website also provides suggestions to other Smithsonian pages that might be of use to your students' topics of research.

Learn more: National Museum of American History

15. How Stuff Works

'How Stuff Works' is an interesting collection of videos and articles which explain, well, how things work! Great for any curious student who wants to dig a little deeper into the science behind something.

Learn more: How Stuff Works

16. History

Did you know that the well-known 'History Channel' has a site where you can read articles about important historical events? Events are categorized in a variety of ways, making it easy for students to find what they are looking for.

Learn more: History

17. Google Scholar

Now, Google Scholar is not a website where students can view information. Think of it more as a tool created to help readers find the literature of a scholarly nature on the internet. From the search bar, students are able to locate peer-reviewed papers, books, theses, abstracts, and journal articles from a range of academic publishers. It is a great tool for helping your students find and explore educational resources.

Learn more: Google Scholar

Internet Safety

It's worth noting that while these sites are designed for children and teenagers, advertisements may still pop up or students may be tempted to stray to different sites. We recommend that you always check out a site yourself before recommending it to your students. It might be wise to consider teaching an online safety lesson before starting any kind of online research project with your students.

You could reach out to your technology department for help with this. There are also some great ideas for lessons on sites such as Teachers Pay Teachers.

The Library

Don't discount your school library for excellent resources and access to texts! Connect with your school librarian and provide them with a list of research topics. They are usually more than happy to dig out some age-appropriate texts and check them out for you to use in your classroom.

However, we all know that one student with a super-specific and obscure interest, and that's when the internet can be an invaluable tool! Online resources are also excellent for when students don't have access to hard copy books, such as during remote learning.

Librarians can also tell you about any sites or databases your school subscribes to and how to navigate online texts you may have access to.

Taking Notes and Plagiarism

Along with teaching students about internet safety, it's also imperative to teach them how to take notes properly and avoid copying straight from the text.

Again, there are some great lessons and videos out there on how to take notes and write research in our own words. Students will definitely need some time and practice with it, but it's a useful topic on which to have a class discussion before they get started.

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Education Articles & More

Our best education articles of 2022, 
readers and editors pick the most interesting and insightful articles from the past year about teaching, learning, and the keys to well-being at school.
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Our most popular education articles of 2022 explore how to help students feel connected to each other and cultivate character strengths like curiosity and humility, amid the many stressors and pressures that young people are facing today. They also offer support for educators’ and school leaders’ well-being, and reflect on hopes for transformative change in education. 

If you are looking for specific activities to support your students’ and colleagues’ social and emotional well-being in 2023, visit our  Greater Good in Education  website, featuring free research-based practices, lessons, and strategies for cultivating kinder, happier, and more equitable classrooms and schools. For a deeper dive into the science behind social-emotional learning, mindfulness, and ethical development, consider our suite of self-paced  online courses  for educational professionals, including our capstone course,  Teaching and Learning for the Greater Good . Or join one of our new communities of practice that focus on educator well-being, offering space for rest, reflection, togetherness, and hope—and some science, too!

Here are the 12 best education articles of 2022, based on a composite ranking of pageviews and editors’ picks.


Six Ways to Find Your Courage During Challenging Times , by Amy L. Eva: Courage doesn’t have to look dramatic or fearless. Sometimes it looks more like quiet perseverance.

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How to Help Teens Put Less Pressure on Themselves , by Karen Bluth: Self-compassion can help teens who are struggling with toxic perfectionism. Five Ways to Support the Well-Being of School Leaders , by Julia Mahfouz, Kathleen King, and Danny Yahya: Burnout rates are high among principals. How can we fight burnout and promote self-care?

How to Help Your Students Develop Positive Habits , by Arthur Schwartz: Small habits repeated regularly can help students cultivate character strengths like patience, gratitude, and kindness.

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Five Ways to Help Students Feel Connected at School Again , by Jennifer de Forest and Karen VanAusdal: According to students themselves, they are yearning for opportunities to connect with friends and peers as they head back to school.

How to Prepare for the Stresses of College , by Erin T. Barker and Andrea L. Howard: Researchers explain the most common causes of stress and distress at college, and what students can do to thrive during a big life transition.

How Humility Can Make Your Students the Best People Ever , by Vicki Zakrzewski: Simple ways for educators to help students move from “me” to “we.”

Four Ways to Inspire Humble Curiosity in Your Students , by Amy L. Eva: Humility and curiosity can encourage students to be passionate about learning and open to others’ perspectives.

What Middle Schoolers Can Teach Us About Respect , by Sara E. Rimm-Kaufman and Lia E. Sandilos: Teens are developing a nuanced understanding of what respect means. Here are some ideas for cultivating more of it in the classroom.

Why Teachers Need Each Other Right Now , by Amy L. Eva: Here are four simple ways to find social support as an educational professional.

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WEBSITE ESSENTIALS

11 best school websites (+ how to make your own)

• Jenna Romano

As in-person lessons start again and schools, administrators, students and parents reenter the school year, they’re changing the way they teach, communicate and interact daily. This is thanks to a newfound relationship with technology after several school years of remote or hybrid learning. For example, while school websites were once strictly informational, they now play an essential part in the academic experience, opening doors for effective information distribution and streamlined enrollment processes.

Whatever type of educational institution you’re a part of—whether it’s informal or formal, virtual or classroom-based, primary or higher learning—a good school website will educate and inform visitors. In this article, we’ll show you how to make a website for school with an A+ design, going over the benefits of having one, along with guidelines and examples.

Create the perfect site for you with Wix's website builder .

What is a school website?

A school website has two essential functions. The first is an online database for current students, parents and faculty. The second is a showcase of the school at its best to encourage prospective students and parents to enroll.

The best school websites instill a sense of pride in their community, while communicating a curriculum, list of activities and educational approach to its visitors. Of course, designing a school website requires time and effort—but it’s well worth it.

Best school website examples

Lightway Academy

Finland International School Maldives

Ready, Steady, Go | Primrose Hill

Heather Field School

Cobbers Childcare Centre

The Brides Academy

Public School 25 | The Bilingual School

Aga Academy

Miss Porter's School

William Moore Elementary

01. Lightway Academy

Lightway Academy’s website tells a strong visual story about their admirable program. For example, a slideshow on the homepage showcases photos of Lightway Academy’s campus, classroom setting and athletics. Additionally, the site’s minimalist design is easy-to-navigate with ample room for informative text. Together, these features help captive parents and interested students and lead them to reach out for new information using the contact form on the footer of the website.

02. Finland International School Maldives

Finland International School Maldives’ uses the school’s color and logo to create an excellently-branded school website bursting with school spirit. It also cleverly offers parents and prospective students engaging information to entice them into learning more about the school. For example, infographics in the top fold highlight relevant facts, such as the number of enrolled students, pedagogical staff and the teaching ratio. Visitors can also easily navigate through sections on the school’s mission statement, and teaching staff. And for those captivated by the “typical day” section, admission forms are easily accessible.

03. Ready, Steady, Go | Primrose Hill

The Ready, Steady Go exemplifies a simple, inviting and warm preschool website that engages families—both prospective and current. For future Ready, Steady Go students, a website carousel (also known as a slider) on the first fold effectively showcases the school’s aesthetics within a single page. For those looking for a multi-dimensional experience, the school also offers a virtual tour.

Ready, Steady, Go proudly highlights its Ofsted report—a UK-based educational standards system—and keeps it up-to-date. This unified symbol of excellence instantly lets prospective parents know the school is trustworthy and reputable.

Additionally, enrolled families can directly engage with the school via a password-protected members area .

Tip: Learn how to create a membership site to share relevant information to enrolled families. Wix Website Security protects both your site and your student’s information.

04. Heather Field School

The Heather Field School’s website reflects their innovative holistic approach to education. Use of high-quality photographs and the school’s custom logo exhibit the school’s sense of community—both current and prospective. The strong “About Us” page and a well-structured navigation menu make it easy for first time visitors to find the information they need. Additionally, current students can access extra information about important topics, such as healthy eating and therapy.

05. STM School

STM School’s website demonstrates the high caliber of the school, further inspiring students to enroll in their program or contribute to a sense of school spirit. The homepage features school facts, such as the ratio of students to teachers and the amount of money raised for charity. An added Instagram feed also displays that the school is active and up-to-date. Current students can engage via an online store to purchase school merchandise, a savvy move on the school’s part to increase revenue.

06. Cobbers Childcare Centre

Cobber's school website displays the childcare center’s creatively cute essence to parents within seconds. It’s hard not to smile at the images of children dressed as pirates on the banner image.

The site’s clear and colorful menu highlights information about the school’s philosophy, enrollment, and location details right within the first fold. Cobber’s also includes their happy families with parent testimonials. The school website showcases “learning stories” via a blog and displays their happy students playing in the school’s many rooms and outdoor places via an image gallery.

Cobbers also integrates their social media feed alongside a clear call-to-action for parents to access up-to-date information via the school’s Facebook page.

07. The Bridges Academy

The Bridges Academy school website offers a plethora of information delivered to prospective and current students through a cohesive brand identity that helps create recognition and a sense of pride. For example, the school crest is used throughout the website, including the favicon (small icon that appears in the browsers address bar), and a video in the top fold showcases all that the private elementary school has to offer.

Parents will find it easy-to-navigate through important and up-to-date information (including a designated COVID-19 section), as each page uses clear categories. And for prospects who are simply visiting the website for the first time, a pop-up invites them to an open house.

Tip: Create your school website with Wix and get free website hosting with 99.9% uptime.

08. Public School 25 | The Bilingual School

Public School 25, The Bilingual School’s website, instantly gives visitors a feel for the school’s bright, bold and welcoming spirit. Principal Raquel Pevey who refers to the school as “P25,” places the school’s mission statement prominently on the first page, to proudly share the school’s philosophy and commitment to multi-language learners and students with special needs.

Another important element is that the website itself is a multilingual website , offering visitors an easy-to-find menu to select the relevant language, reinforcing the school’s accessibility mission.

09. Aga Academy

The Aga Academy website shows its commitment to building a sustainable and successful future for its students. Upon entry to the school website, a powerful CTA instantly greets visitors and asks them, “What are you waiting for? — Give your future a boost at AGA Academy.” Visitors can then navigate to courses, applications, and new.

Aga Academy also effectively uses its blog to build community, sharing relevant and upcoming events to keep students engaged and involved in the school.

Start your own blog with the Wix blog creator.

10. Miss Porter’s School

Miss Porter's School website showcases the school’s values while also making it appealing to prospective students. A large section of the school website highlights key metrics, like teacher to student ratio, student enrollment, number of countries represented and percentage of students of color.

Upon entry to the school website, a carousel of images showcases the school's myriad activities, from creative arts to outdoor education. In the bottom right corner, a chat feature easily connects prospects to relevant representatives within the school. Miss Porter’s takes it one step further with their peer portal that lets real students connect with new students via chat. Tip: Add a chat button to your school website to easily and effectively improve communication, regardless of your type of website .

11. William Moore Elementary

William Moore’s school website portrays the online community ’s sense of comradery, through their tone, inclusion of core values, as well as support for parents, students and teachers alike. The easy-to-navigate website content is clearly laid out, with sections dedicated to students and parents. In addition, this school website has a specific section for virtual learning, complete with the relevant links, social platforms and communication channels for students to get online with ease.

While mostly business, William Moore Elementary’s school website keeps users engaged with eye-catching animated transitions throughout each fold.

Benefits of a school website

Let’s touch on some of the benefits of c reating a school website.

Make a good impression

Prospective students and parents will visit your website to browse your school’s academic program, extracurricular activities, notable awards and so on. Presenting a positive first impression of your school’s culture and achievements will help you boost enrollment.

Keep parents and students informed

Schools usually include important announcements and events like PTA nights or webinars on their website as a seamless way to keep parents, students and teachers informed. Amidst their busy schedules, school members appreciate regular updates, calendars and notifications—all of which can be easily accessed online.

Make administration easier

With all the incredible web design features available, school websites can make administrative tasks more efficient and paper-free. Teachers can assign homework, post grades and even facilitate exams online, and parents can enroll, register and pay tuition with convenient forms and payment tools.

Encourage community involvement

You can also place video classes, events and discussions directly on your school website to help bridge the gap if school is closed or a student/parent can’t attend in person.

Live streaming events can also increase the participation and frequency of these happenings. Plus, to further harness your community’s involvement, you can create a forum for parents, students and teachers—facilitating an online discussion where they can address school-related topics.

Pro tip: Wix Tomorrow offers meaningful learning and creating experiences at every stage of a young learner’s web creation journey, from creating a first website, to learning industry-standard skills, to making real-world impact with hands-on projects.

How to design a school website

The goal of school website design is to achieve the right balance of professionalism, functionality and appeal. While reflecting your school’s values and spirit with attractive visual elements, your website should be informative and seamless to navigate. Let’s have a look at some key design elements to keep in mind, as you create a school website of your own:

Make it professional

Tell your school’s story

Add high quality images and videos

Create a membership area

Include a calendar of events

Make it mobile friendly

01. Make it professional

Visitors of all technological-abilities will appreciate a user-friendly site that brings them directly to the information they need. Your school website should present a clear map for students and their parents.

Add a website navigation menu that outlines the sections of your site and what type of information will be found there. This should guide parents of both prospective students and already enrolled students—as well as the students and staff—to find what they’re looking for with ease.

Additional web design tips that will enhance your school website’s professional appearance include: clear language, strong calls to action and a visual hierarchy.

Learn more: How to make a website with AI

02. Tell your school’s story

Create a compelling About Us page that relates your school’s mission, accomplishments and upcoming programs to potential enrollees.

Be sure to distinguish your school from other academic institutions. Use strong, professional language and include imagery that gives visitors a taste of your school's unique atmosphere.

Take the lead from commercial brands and strengthen your school's brand identity by using a color scheme that reflects your school colors and adding a logo or images of your school’s mascot to the website.

Tip: Use a free logo maker to design a school logo.

03. Add high quality images and videos

Showcasing your school’s accomplishments requires sharing photos and videos of students, classrooms and events. Try adding a slideshow, incorporating images into your background, or adding a photo gallery. Just remember: You must have parental consent before displaying images of children online.

Keep in mind that whichever way you choose to exhibit your photos and videos, you should make sure to maximize their impact by using only high quality images.

04. Create a membership area

Gone are the days when dogs ate the homework and parents amassed collections of old report cards. Now, everything can be put online. By creating a password protected membership area, your school’s website can include an interactive space for teachers, registered students and parents.

This convenient and secured spot can be used to upload homework assignments and grades, establish parent-teacher forums, and so much more.

You can also add a forum (check out these best forum builders ) in order to keep your community members connected.

05. Include a calendar of events

The sheer amount of annual school events can be overwhelming—especially for working parents with tight schedules. Adding an online calendar will ensure that all school members have easy access to your academic year’s schedule of events. Sync it with the users’ Google calendars (or any other online agenda) so that you can send reminders to parents before the event and improve attendance.

06. Make it mobile friendly

Most people use a smartphone to browse the internet, so make sure your school website has a mobile-friendly version. Mobile web design for websites is easier than ever, and can help your website's performance. Not to mention, it will amplify your visitor’s experience.

Ready to make a school website of your own? Get started with these educational website templates .

School website design FAQ

What are some school website design tips and ideas to keep in mind.

You'll want to create a school website that's simple and easy to navigate. To achieve this use a clean layout with a school color palette, ensuring easy navigation for parents, students and staff. Include sections for news, events, and resources. Implement clear calls-to-action, such as enrollment or contact forms. Showcase student achievements through a dedicated gallery. Integrate multimedia elements like videos or virtual tours for an engaging and informative user experience for prospective students.

What are some school website templates to use?

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100 Best Websites to Find Research Articles, Papers & Journals

In the vast landscape of digital information, access to credible academic resources is indispensable for the curious mind. Navigating through a myriad of websites to find scholarly journals, articles, and books can be a daunting task. To aid in this quest for knowledge, we’ve curated a list of the top 100 websites renowned for their repository of academic treasures . These platforms serve as indispensable tools for researchers, students, and enthusiasts seeking reputable and diverse scholarly materials. From comprehensive databases to user-friendly interfaces, each website stands as a testament to the democratization of education and the evolution of digital learning.

Join us on this expedition through the virtual libraries that serve as gateways to a world of intellectual richness and exploration.

1. Google Scholar

As a widely-used academic search engine, Google Scholar provides access to scholarly articles, theses, books, and conference papers across various disciplines. Its user-friendly interface allows researchers to explore a vast database of scholarly literature, offering citations, abstracts, and sometimes even full-text access. Its citation tracking feature enables scholars to follow research trends and connect with related publications. With its comprehensive coverage and indexing of academic sources, Google Scholar is an indispensable tool for academics, students, and researchers seeking reliable and diverse scholarly content.

2. ScienceDirect

ScienceDirect is a comprehensive platform offering access to a vast collection of academic journals, articles, and books across various scientific disciplines. With a user-friendly interface, it provides researchers and students with a plethora of scholarly resources in fields like science, technology, medicine, and social sciences. ScienceDirect grants access to a multitude of peer-reviewed journals, research articles, book chapters, and reference works. Its advanced search functionalities and intuitive navigation streamline the process of locating relevant literature for academic pursuits.

3. ReaserchGate

As a prominent academic networking platform, ResearchGate fosters collaboration among researchers globally. Offering access to a vast repository of academic journals, articles, and books across disciplines, it serves as a hub for scholarly communication. Researchers can connect, share findings, and access a diverse range of publications, facilitating knowledge exchange and collaborative efforts in advancing scientific endeavors.

4. Springerlink

SpringerLink stands as a prominent platform for accessing academic journals, books, and reference works across disciplines such as science, technology, medicine, and the social sciences. Offering a vast collection of peer-reviewed content from renowned publishers, SpringerLink provides access to high-quality research articles, book chapters, and reference materials. Its user-friendly interface facilitates easy navigation and searchability, making it a valuable resource for scholars, researchers, and students seeking in-depth academic literature and cutting-edge research in various fields.

VET-Bib serves as a specialized repository for veterinary science-related literature, catering to professionals, researchers, and students in the field. This platform offers a curated collection of academic journals, articles, and books specific to veterinary medicine, animal health, and related disciplines. VET-Bib facilitates access to a diverse range of scholarly resources, including research papers, clinical studies, textbooks, and reports, contributing significantly to advancements in veterinary sciences.

6. Academia.edu

Academia.edu is a social networking platform designed for academics to share and access scholarly papers, articles, and research. It allows researchers to create profiles, upload their work, and connect with peers worldwide, fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange. Users can explore a wide range of academic disciplines, access papers, follow scholars, and track research interests. Academia.edu serves as a hub for disseminating research, accessing scholarly content, and networking within the academic community.

7. arXiv.org e-Print Archive

arXiv.org is a preprint repository primarily focused on physics, mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, and statistics. It hosts a vast collection of research papers, providing early access to cutting-edge findings before formal publication. Researchers worldwide contribute to arXiv, sharing their work and enabling the dissemination of crucial discoveries within these disciplines. Its open-access nature encourages collaboration, facilitates rapid dissemination of research, and serves as a vital resource for scholars and students alike.

8. Astrophysics Data System

The Astrophysics Data System (ADS) stands as an authoritative digital library providing access to a wealth of literature in astrophysics, astronomy, and related sciences. ADS serves as a comprehensive platform offering academic journals, articles, conference proceedings, and data sets relevant to the field. Its sophisticated search tools enable researchers to explore astronomical literature, access preprints, and gather valuable resources for their scholarly inquiries.

9. Google Books

Google Books offers an extensive and diverse collection of digitized books, providing access to a wide range of academic literature across multiple disciplines. While not exclusively academic, Google Books encompasses a significant repository of scholarly works, allowing users to preview, purchase, or access full texts of books relevant to their research. Its search feature allows users to explore content, view excerpts, and locate academic publications, making it a valuable resource for scholars, researchers, and students.

10. ProQuest

An extensive digital library offering access to a vast array of scholarly journals, articles, and books across multiple disciplines. ProQuest’s user-friendly platform facilitates research, providing comprehensive resources for academics, researchers, and students worldwide. With diverse content, including historical archives, current publications, and multimedia resources, it’s a go-to destination for in-depth exploration and reliable sources.

11. Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)

ERIC is a comprehensive platform offering an array of educational resources, research articles, and publications. It specializes in curating scholarly content related to education, spanning diverse topics from early childhood to higher education. ERIC acts as a centralized hub for educators, researchers, and policymakers, providing access to peer-reviewed articles, reports, and conference papers. With its extensive database, ERIC facilitates exploration and dissemination of knowledge, fostering advancements in educational practices and policies.

12. Microsoft Academic Search

Microsoft Academic Search is a dynamic platform dedicated to facilitating academic exploration and research discovery. Leveraging advanced algorithms and vast data sets, it offers a user-friendly interface to access scholarly articles, publications, and citations across various disciplines. This tool provides in-depth search functionalities, citation analysis, and semantic understanding, empowering researchers to navigate through a plethora of academic resources. Microsoft Academic Search encourages collaboration, knowledge sharing, and innovative scholarly pursuits by offering a robust platform for academic exploration.

13. Oxford Academic Journals Search

Oxford Academic Journals Search is a prestigious repository hosting a wide spectrum of scholarly articles and publications across multiple disciplines. Renowned for its high-quality content and authoritative contributions, it serves as a gateway to scholarly excellence. This platform offers access to esteemed journals published by Oxford University Press, encompassing diverse fields such as humanities, social sciences, science, and medicine. With its rigorous peer-review process and rich historical archive, Oxford Academic Journals Search fosters academic inquiry, knowledge dissemination, and intellectual discourse.

JSTOR is a revered digital library providing access to an extensive collection of academic journals, books, and primary sources. Catering to researchers, students, and scholars worldwide, JSTOR archives scholarly content across various disciplines, including arts, humanities, social sciences, and sciences. Known for its archival depth and user-friendly interface, JSTOR grants access to a wealth of peer-reviewed articles, books, and research materials. Its comprehensive database and interdisciplinary approach facilitate scholarly research, critical analysis, and the exploration of historical and contemporary academic literature. JSTOR remains a vital resource for academic pursuits and intellectual discovery.

15. Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Behavioral and Brain Sciences is a prestigious academic journal that publishes target articles and commentary on significant and controversial topics in psychology, neuroscience, cognitive science, and related fields. Recognized for its unique format, BBS publishes comprehensive articles accompanied by multiple commentaries from experts in the field, fostering in-depth discussions and debates on key issues. This journal serves as a platform for rigorous scientific discourse, shaping the direction of research and theory development in behavioral and brain sciences.

16. PubChem

Operated by the NCBI, PubChem stands as an extensive chemical database, offering insights into compound properties, structures, and biological activities. Its collection includes scientific articles, journals, and books relevant to chemistry, pharmacology, and life sciences. Researchers benefit from its comprehensive information on chemical compounds, aiding in drug discovery, bioinformatics, and chemical research.

PubMed serves as a comprehensive resource for accessing biomedical literature. With millions of articles from various fields like medicine, biology, and health sciences, it provides researchers, healthcare professionals, and students with a vast repository of peer-reviewed articles. Its user-friendly interface allows easy navigation through research articles, clinical studies, and reviews, making it an invaluable tool for staying updated on the latest advancements in healthcare and life sciences.

18. CiteSeerX

CiteSxeerX project is funded by the National Science Foundation, is a public integrated digital library, database, and search engine for scientific papers in chemistry. The goal of this project is to develop an intelligent search and database that provides easy access to relevant data for diverse community of users who need for chemical information.

19. Semantic Scholar

Semantic Scholar is an academic search engine that utilizes artificial intelligence methods to provide highly relevant results for journal articles. It is designed to quickly highlight the most important papers and identify the connections between them. It currently includes on computer science and biomedical publications.

20. Web of Science

Web of Science is an online subscription-based scientific citation indexing service that provides a comprehensive citation search. It gives access to multiple databases that reference cross-disciplinary research allowing in-depth exploration of specialized sub-fields within an academic or scientific discipline.

21. Analytical Abstracts

Analytical Abstracts is a literature updating service that keeps researchers and students informed of the latest developments in analytical science. It includes details of the most relevant literature presented as individual records that are easily searchable by analyte, matrix, technique and subject area.

22. Merck Index

The Merck Index is a revered compendium of chemical compounds, providing in-depth information on their properties, structures, and uses. Widely used by chemists, researchers, and students, it offers a wealth of data on chemicals, drugs, and biological substances. With over 11,000 monographs featuring precise details, including synthesis pathways and safety information, it remains an indispensable reference for understanding and researching chemical compounds and their applications.

23. MedlinePlus

MedlinePlus is an online information service created by the United States National Library of Medicine. The service provides curated consumer health information and brings together information from the National Library of Medicine, the National Institutes of Health, other U.S. government agencies, and health-related organizations.

24. Agricola

Agricola is a bibliographic database of citations to the agricultural literature created by the National Agricultural Library. The database indexes a wide variety of publications covering agriculture and its allied fields, including, animal and veterinary sciences, entomology, plant sciences, forestry, aquaculture, fisheries, and many more.

25. AGRIS: Agricultural Database

AGRIS is a global public domain database with more than 8 million structured bibliographical records on agricultural science and technology. The AGRIS Search system allows scientists, researchers to perform sophisticated searches using keywords, journal titles or names of countries, institutions, and authors.

26. WorldCat

WorldCat stands as a vast catalog of library collections worldwide, encompassing books, journals, multimedia materials, and more. It facilitates access to resources held in numerous libraries globally, allowing users to locate and borrow items beyond their local collection. Its extensive database aids researchers, scholars, and enthusiasts in discovering a broad range of academic resources, fostering collaborative research and access to diverse perspectives across various subjects and disciplines.

27. IOPscience

IOPscience serves as a leading platform for accessing scientific content in physics, engineering, and related disciplines. Hosting journals, conference proceedings, and magazines published by the Institute of Physics, it offers a trove of high-quality research articles, reviews, and cutting-edge studies. Researchers and academics benefit from its authoritative content, advanced search features, and access to vital information shaping the forefront of scientific exploration and technological advancements.

28. PLOS ONE

PLOS ONE stands as an open-access, peer-reviewed journal publishing multidisciplinary scientific research. It houses a vast repository of articles across various scientific disciplines, fostering accessibility and collaboration within the academic community. Known for its rigorous review process and commitment to transparency, PLOS ONE promotes diverse research findings and encourages innovation in scientific exploration.

A comprehensive abstract and citation database catering to scientific, technical, medical, and social sciences. Scopus offers access to an extensive collection of peer-reviewed literature, providing researchers and institutions with powerful tools for tracking, analyzing, and visualizing research trends and data. Its vast coverage and analytical features make it a vital resource in the academic community.

30. Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database

The Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database provides extensive coverage of advanced technology literature. It features over 26 million A&I records and more than 250 full-text titles that date back to 1962. Its topics cover aeronautics, communications, computer and IT, electronics, lasers, space sciences, telecommunications and many more.

31. Air University Library Index to Military Periodicals (AULIMP)

AULIMP specializes in curating military-centric literature, indexing journals, periodicals, and articles vital to military studies and defense. Catering to scholars, military personnel, and historians, it provides a wealth of resources covering military history, strategy, technology, and policy analysis, aiding in comprehensive research within the defense domain.

32. ACM Digital Library

Geared towards computing professionals, the ACM Digital Library hosts an extensive collection of journals, conference proceedings, and books in computer science and related fields. It offers a rich repository of cutting-edge research, enabling access to pivotal works and fostering innovation and advancement in the realm of technology and computing.

33. Project MUSE

Project MUSE offers a comprehensive digital collection of scholarly journals and books in humanities and social sciences. Recognized for its extensive coverage and user-friendly interface, it provides access to high-quality content from reputable publishers and institutions worldwide. With a focus on academic excellence, Project MUSE supports research, learning, and intellectual discovery.

34. Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory

Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory serves as an authoritative resource for information on academic journals, magazines, and other periodicals. It offers detailed bibliographic data, including publication details, peer-review status, and indexing information. Widely used by researchers, librarians, and institutions, Ulrich’s facilitates the identification and evaluation of publications, aiding in academic research and scholarly communication.

35. OAIster Database

OAIster functions as a global aggregator, collating digital resources from diverse libraries worldwide. With access to academic content spanning journals, theses, and books sourced from various repositories and institutions, it provides a comprehensive search platform across disciplines, aiding researchers in accessing a wide array of scholarly materials.

36. Beilstein Database

A renowned resource in organic chemistry, Beilstein Database aggregates exhaustive data on organic compounds, providing critical information on their properties, reactions, and synthesis methods. Researchers access a plethora of peer-reviewed articles, journals, and books, empowering scientific exploration and innovation in chemical research and development.

37. Mendeley

Mendeley, a reference manager and academic social network, empowers researchers to organize, annotate, and collaborate on research papers and articles. Its user-friendly platform enables citation management, document sharing, and networking among scholars globally. With integrated features for discovery and collaboration, Mendeley streamlines the research process and supports scholarly communication.

38. Chinese Social Science Citation Index

Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI) is an interdisciplinary citation index program in China. This citation database covers more than 500 Chinese academic journals of humanities and social sciences. Many Chinese universities and institutes use CSSCI as a basis for the evaluation of academic achievements and promotion.

39. Library of Congress

The Library of Congress offers an extensive collection of academic journals, articles, and books spanning diverse disciplines. As the largest library in the world, it provides access to unparalleled resources, including historical manuscripts, government publications, and research materials. With a vast digital repository, users can delve into scholarly literature, research papers, and educational resources, making it an indispensable hub for academic pursuits.

40. CiNii Articles

As a comprehensive Japanese academic database, CiNii Articles houses a diverse collection of scholarly articles, theses, and research papers spanning multiple disciplines. Drawing from Japanese academic institutions, it facilitates cross-disciplinary research, serving as a valuable resource for global knowledge dissemination.

41. PsycINFO

PsycINFO, curated by the American Psychological Association (APA), is a comprehensive database encompassing literature in psychology and related disciplines. It indexes scholarly journals, books, conference proceedings, and other resources, providing access to psychological research, behavioral sciences, and mental health literature. With its extensive coverage of peer-reviewed content, PsycINFO aids researchers, psychologists, educators, and students in accessing credible and relevant information, enabling informed analysis and understanding within the realm of psychology and associated fields.

42. Tisch Library – Journals and Articles

Tisch Library serves as a central academic resource hub at Tufts University, providing access to a vast collection of scholarly materials, including books, journals, databases, and multimedia resources. With expert librarians offering guidance and support, Tisch Library facilitates research and learning, offering access to diverse information sources and fostering a conducive environment for academic exploration.

43. OpenEdition.org

OpenEdition.org is a digital publishing platform dedicated to the humanities and social sciences. Hosting journals, books, and research content, it promotes open access to scholarly resources, fostering interdisciplinary dialogue and knowledge dissemination. With a commitment to free access and innovative publishing models, OpenEdition.org facilitates academic exchange and contributes to the democratization of knowledge.

44. Digital Library Of The Commons Repository (DLC)

DLC is a comprehensive resource housing academic works on the commons, including scholarly articles, theses, and research papers. It curates a vast collection focused on topics like environmental studies, economics, and social sciences. Users access a wealth of resources supporting interdisciplinary research on communal resources, governance, and sustainability.

45. Arts & Humanities Citation Index

The Arts & Humanities Citation Index is a citation index, with abstracting and indexing for more than 1,700 arts and humanities journals, and coverage of disciplines that includes social and natural science journals. Its subjects cover arts, humanities, language, poetry, music, classical works, history, philosophy, architecture, religion, and many more.

46. Science Citation Index

An esteemed bibliographic database, Science Citation Index, meticulously indexes scientific literature across various disciplines. It enables researchers to navigate and explore scholarly articles based on citation connections, facilitating robust literature reviews and comprehensive insights into academic trends and advancements.

47. EurekaMag Biomedical Library

Focused on the biomedical field, EurekaMag offers an extensive repository of research articles, journals, and publications. Specializing in biological and medical sciences, this library provides a wealth of knowledge for professionals, researchers, and students. Its curated collection spans diverse subfields, offering valuable insights and updates within the biomedical domain.

48. CERN Document Server (CDS)

The CERN Document Server is the institutional repository that provides acquisition, search and collaborative tools to manage collections of documents produced at CERN. This includes HEP documents, multimedia documents, bulletins, administrative documents, EU project documents and many more.

49. Open Library

Open Library stands as a digital repository, granting free access to an impressive array of academic journals, articles, and books. Its open-source platform enables users to explore a wide spectrum of scholarly content, fostering global access to educational resources. With a user-friendly interface, it supports research endeavors by offering a comprehensive collection of materials, ranging from classic literature to contemporary academic publications.

50. Ei Compendex

A pivotal resource for engineers, Ei Compendex boasts an extensive engineering database comprising journals, conference proceedings, and articles. Covering a wide array of engineering disciplines such as mechanical, civil, and electrical engineering, it serves as a gateway to cutting-edge research and advancements in the field.

Embase stands as a pivotal repository for biomedical research, housing a wide array of peer-reviewed journals, conference abstracts, and articles. Specializing in pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical medicine, it aids medical professionals and researchers in accessing crucial information for evidence-based practice and scientific exploration.

52. IEEE Xplore

A paramount platform for engineering and technology, IEEE Xplore is a treasure trove of research papers, conference proceedings, and technical articles. It hosts a plethora of resources spanning electrical engineering, computer science, and related fields, fostering innovation and knowledge dissemination among professionals and academia.

53. Social Science Research Network (SSRN)

SSRN serves as a leading platform for social sciences, offering a vast repository of preprints, working papers, and published articles. Embracing disciplines like economics, law, and humanities, SSRN facilitates scholarly collaboration and dissemination, fostering discussions and advancements in social science research.

54. The World Factbook – CIA

The World Factbook offers information on the people, history, government, economy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for 267 world entities. It provides maps of the major world regions, flags of the World, political maps of the World, world oceans map as well as standard time zones of the world map.

55. Europe PMC

A comprehensive platform for accessing biomedical literature, Europe PMC hosts a vast repository of academic journals, articles, and books. It offers a user-friendly interface, allowing researchers to explore a wealth of scientific content, including full-text articles, abstracts, and research papers across various disciplines within the life sciences. With powerful search capabilities and access to funding information, Europe PMC facilitates efficient navigation through a diverse collection, supporting scholars, scientists, and healthcare professionals in their quest for credible and relevant academic resources.

56. National Diet Library

Serving as Japan’s national library, the National Diet Library provides a rich assortment of academic journals, articles, and books, reflecting the country’s cultural and scholarly heritage. It encompasses an extensive collection of publications, archives, and digital resources, catering not only to researchers and scholars but also to the general public. With its emphasis on Japanese history, culture, and scholarly works, the library offers a valuable repository, fostering academic exploration and knowledge dissemination on a national scale.

57. DBLP Computer Science Bibliography

Renowned in the field of computer science, DBLP stands as a comprehensive bibliographic database, meticulously curating academic journals, articles, and books within the realm of computing. Its meticulous indexing covers a wide array of topics, including algorithms, artificial intelligence, and software engineering. Researchers benefit from its organized and structured platform, facilitating easy access to authoritative publications, conference proceedings, and scholarly contributions, making it an indispensable resource for the computer science community worldwide.

58. National Archives Catalog

As a treasure trove of historical records and government documents, the National Archives Catalog preserves the rich tapestry of the United States’ history. It serves as a gateway to a vast collection of academic journals, articles, and books, encompassing an extensive range of topics spanning politics, culture, and society. With its user-friendly interface and comprehensive search functionalities, researchers, historians, and the public can delve into primary sources, manuscripts, and official records, unraveling the nation’s past and shaping contemporary understanding.

59. University of Guelph Library

The University of Guelph Library stands as a comprehensive repository, offering an extensive collection of books, journals, and articles across diverse disciplines. It caters to the research and academic needs of students, faculty, and scholars, fostering a conducive environment for learning, exploration, and scholarly pursuits.

60. Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)

CAS is an online source of chemical information that provides many tools such as SciFinder and tagged keywords, summaries, indexes of disclosures and structures of compounds in recently published scientific documents. CAS has over 8,000 journals, technical reports, dissertations, conference proceedings available in different languages.

61. Scientific Information Database (SID)

SID serves as an Iranian digital repository housing scholarly journals, articles, and theses across various domains. It plays a pivotal role in disseminating scientific knowledge, enabling research collaboration and providing access to valuable academic content within Iran and globally, fostering innovation and academic growth.

A leading aggregator of open-access research content, CORE collates millions of academic journals, articles, and books from various repositories and repositories globally. It offers a centralized platform, facilitating seamless access to diverse scholarly publications across multiple disciplines. Emphasizing open access, CORE champions unrestricted availability to research literature, providing researchers and students with a valuable resource for discovering scholarly works, enhancing academic exploration, and fostering collaboration. With its expansive collection and user-friendly interface, CORE stands as an essential tool for accessing credible and diverse academic resources.

63. Research Papers in Economics (RePEc)

RePEc is a collaborative effort of hundreds of volunteers to enhance the dissemination of research in economics and related sciences. The heart of the project is a decentralized bibliographic database of working papers, journal articles, books, books chapters and software components, all maintained by volunteers.

64. Book Review Index Online

Offering a comprehensive collection of book reviews, this platform serves as a valuable resource for scholars and book enthusiasts. Users gain access to extensive critiques spanning various genres and subjects, aiding in informed decision-making for academic pursuits or leisure reading. Its indexed reviews enable efficient searches and critical assessments, providing a nuanced understanding of literary works and their scholarly reception.

65. IngentaConnect

IngentaConnect provides online articles from over 30000 publications. Abstracts are free; full text is available by subscription or pay-per-view. The site is ideal for publishers looking to put their content online for the first time and increase the global visibility of their publications.

66. ASCE Library

ASCE Library is an online civil engineering database that provides the contents of peer-reviewed journals, proceedings, e-books, and standards published by the American Society of Civil Engineers. It offers free access to abstracts of academic journal articles, proceedings papers, e-books, standards, etc.

67. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Renowned for its pivotal role in economic research, NBER is a hub for high-quality academic papers and data-driven analysis. Catering to economists and policymakers, it disseminates groundbreaking research on diverse economic facets. The site offers access to a wealth of working papers, economic indicators, and conferences, fostering collaboration and innovation in the field.

Tailored for researchers in science and engineering, Inspec is an indispensable database hosting a vast collection of peer-reviewed articles, conference proceedings, and patents. Its meticulously curated content covers an array of disciplines, providing in-depth insights and cutting-edge information crucial for technological advancements and academic pursuits.

69. INSPIRE-HEP

INSPIRE-HEP is an open access digital library for the field of high energy physics. In addition to scientific papers, It provides other information like citation metrics, plots extracted from papers or internal experiment notes and tools for users to improve metadata.

70. MathSciNet Mathematical Reviews

MathSciNet is a fully searchable database with many tools designed to help navigate the mathematical sciences literature. It serves researchers and scholars in the mathematical sciences by providing peer-reviewed articles and books.

71. African Journals Online (AJOL)

AJOL is the world’s largest online library of peer-reviewed, African-published scholarly journals. With AJOL, you can browse peer-reviewed journals from Africa and download full text articles. Articles can be searched by title, authors or keywords.

72. Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)

A champion of open access, DOAJ serves as a goldmine for scholarly literature, housing a wide spectrum of peer-reviewed journals across disciplines. By promoting unrestricted access to quality research, it empowers academics worldwide. Its stringent criteria ensure credibility, fostering transparency and democratizing knowledge dissemination.

73. JournalTOCs

Aiming to streamline academic research, JournalTOCs aggregates tables of contents from thousands of scholarly journals. This platform facilitates swift access to the latest articles, aiding researchers in staying updated within their areas of interest. Its user-friendly interface and customizable alerts enable efficient navigation through a plethora of scholarly content, optimizing the research process.

74. AcademicJournals.org

AcademicJournals.org is a broad-based open access publisher. It provides free access to research information to the international community without financial, legal or technical barriers. All the journals from this organization will be freely distributed and available from multiple websites.

75. Library Genesis (LibGen)

A controversial yet immensely popular platform, LibGen hosts an extensive catalog of academic texts, journals, and books. Known for its extensive collection and accessibility, LibGen is a resource for individuals seeking academic materials that might not be readily available through traditional channels. It has gained traction as a resource for users worldwide due to its broad range of content.

76. PhilPapers.org

PhilPapers.org is a comprehensive index and bibliography of philosophy maintained by the community of philosophers. It’s an online source of research content in philosophy, including journals, books, open access archives, and personal pages maintained by academics.

77. SciELO.org

SciELO hosts a vast collection of academic journals primarily from Latin America, Spain, Portugal, and other Ibero-American regions. It’s a rich resource for accessing scholarly articles in various disciplines, offering open access to high-quality research, fostering knowledge sharing, and promoting regional academic excellence.

78. EBSCO Information Services

EBSCO is a comprehensive platform providing access to a wide array of scholarly journals, articles, and books across multiple disciplines. With its user-friendly interface and robust search capabilities, it’s a go-to resource for researchers, libraries, and institutions globally, offering diverse content and valuable research tools.

79. Econlit

EconLit, a premier resource for economics research, curates a comprehensive database of scholarly journals, articles, and books in the field. Tailored for economists, researchers, and students, it encompasses a vast array of economic literature, including peer-reviewed articles, working papers, and conference proceedings. Its specialized focus ensures in-depth coverage of economic theories, trends, and analyses, serving as an indispensable tool for those immersed in economic studies and research.

80. State Legislative Websites Directory

This online database contains information gleaned from the websites of the 50 state legislatures, the District of Columbia and the territories. You can select to view specific website content materials such as, bills, press rooms, statutes from any states.

81. Information Bridge: Department of Energy Scientific and Technical Information

The Information Bridge serves as a hub for the Department of Energy’s vast scientific and technical knowledge repository. It houses a comprehensive collection of academic journals, articles, and books, focusing on energy-related research. Researchers and academics access cutting-edge information on various energy disciplines, from renewable energy to nuclear physics, aiding in scholarly pursuits and industry advancements.

82. BioOne Complete

BioOne Complete is a specialized database catering to the life sciences, environmental studies, and related fields. It curates a collection of high-impact scholarly journals and research articles, facilitating access to cutting-edge biological research and ecological studies.

83. Civil Engineering Database

CEDB is a free bibliographic database for all ASCE publications including journals, conference proceedings, books, standards, manuals, magazines, and newspapers on all the disciplines of civil engineering. The coverage dates back to 1872.

84. LessonPlanet

LessonPlanet serves educators by offering a vast repository of lesson plans, teaching resources, and educational materials. It’s an invaluable tool for teachers, providing curated content to enhance classroom instruction and streamline lesson planning across various subjects and grade levels.

85. CiteULike

CiteULike is a free online service that allows users to save and share citations to academic papers. Based on the principle of social bookmarking, the site works to promote and to develop the sharing of scientific references amongst researchers.

86. Science.gov

Science.gov acts as a centralized gateway to authoritative scientific information sourced from multiple U.S. government agencies. It aggregates a wide spectrum of academic journals, articles, and books across scientific domains. This resource facilitates comprehensive searches, empowering researchers with reliable scientific data and publications crucial for academic research and evidence-based decision-making.

87. Cochrane Library

Cochrane Library is renowned for its systematic reviews and evidence-based healthcare research. It’s a crucial resource for medical professionals and researchers, offering comprehensive reviews that inform healthcare decisions and practices worldwide.

88. CAB Abstracts – CABI

CAB Abstracts is an English-language bibliographic information online service that provides access to the world’s applied life sciences literature. It comes with CABI Full Text, giving users automatic access to over 410,000 journal articles, conference papers and reports.

Zenodo is an open-access repository for scientific research data, enabling researchers to store, share, and explore datasets across disciplines. It promotes collaboration, transparency, and accessibility in scientific research, fostering innovation and knowledge exchange within the global research community.

90. Archives Hub

Archives Hub serves as a gateway to historical archives in the UK, offering access to a wealth of primary sources. It consolidates descriptions of archives held in various institutions, facilitating academic research. Through detailed records, researchers explore diverse topics spanning arts, humanities, and social sciences. The platform enables users to locate specific materials, aiding in comprehensive and in-depth investigations. Archives Hub stands as a vital resource for scholars delving into historical records, fostering a deeper understanding of past events and societal evolution.

91. OpenStax

Dedicated to advancing access to education, OpenStax offers free, peer-reviewed, and openly licensed textbooks. As an initiative aiming to alleviate the financial burden of education, OpenStax provides quality academic resources across various subjects. With a mission to make learning more accessible, it supports educators and learners globally by offering high-quality educational materials at no cost.

92. Bioline Internationl

Bioline International stands as a prominent platform offering open-access scholarly resources in the life sciences. Hosting a vast repository of peer-reviewed journals from developing countries, it promotes global access to valuable research. With a focus on biodiversity, environment, and healthcare, Bioline International facilitates the dissemination of cutting-edge scientific knowledge. Its diverse collection empowers researchers, students, and practitioners worldwide, fostering collaboration and advancing scientific discovery in crucial fields.

93. WorldWideScience

WorldWideScience serves as a global platform, aggregating scientific content from various countries and international organizations. It offers access to an extensive repository of academic journals, articles, and books, transcending geographical barriers. Researchers benefit from diverse perspectives and a wealth of information, fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange on an international scale.

94. Dimensions.ai

Dimensions.ai is an innovative research platform revolutionizing academic exploration. It integrates a vast array of scholarly resources, including articles, datasets, grants, and patents, offering a comprehensive view of research landscapes. Using sophisticated analytics and visualization tools, it assists researchers in uncovering connections, trends, and emerging areas of study. Dimensions.ai facilitates efficient literature searches, empowering scholars to navigate the expansive realm of academia and make informed contributions to their fields.

95. Ethnologue

Ethnologue is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It contains information on over 7000 languages including the number of speakers, locations, dialects, linguistic affiliations, autonyms, etc.

96. Taylor & Francis Online

Taylor & Francis Online hosts a vast collection of academic journals, articles, and books across various disciplines. With a user-friendly interface, it offers extensive resources in fields like science, humanities, social sciences, and more. Researchers benefit from comprehensive search tools, robust citation metrics, and access to cutting-edge research.

97. Zentralblatt MATH

Zentralblatt MATH serves as a comprehensive database for mathematical literature, covering a broad spectrum of mathematical research. With its extensive collection of abstracts and reviews, it provides valuable insights into mathematical publications worldwide. Researchers benefit from its indexing of mathematical articles, enabling efficient access to critical information, fostering collaboration, and supporting advancements in the field of mathematics.

98. PubMed Central

PubMed Central, a free digital repository, is a treasure trove of biomedical and life sciences literature. Hosting a vast archive of peer-reviewed articles, PubMed Central is a go-to platform for researchers, healthcare professionals, and students. Its comprehensive database encompasses a myriad of topics, facilitating easy access to authoritative information and fostering advancements in healthcare and life sciences.

99. EconBiz

EconBiz stands as a crucial resource for economists and social scientists, offering access to economic literature, research, and information. It aggregates a diverse range of publications, including articles, working papers, and research papers, facilitating comprehensive research in economics and related disciplines. EconBiz empowers users with efficient search functionalities, access to full-text documents, and information on events and job opportunities, fostering a vibrant academic community in the field of economics.

100. RefSeek – Academic Search Engine

RefSeek is a powerful academic search engine that scours the internet for scholarly resources. It indexes millions of documents, including articles, books, encyclopedias, and journals, ensuring a wide breadth of sources for researchers. With its user-friendly interface and advanced search capabilities, RefSeek streamlines the process of locating credible and authoritative information across various disciplines. It prioritizes academic content, making it an indispensable tool for students, scholars, and educators in their quest for reliable and relevant research materials.

101. Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)

BASE functions as a robust academic search engine, scouring the web for scholarly resources, including journals, articles, and books. It indexes content from various repositories, providing a user-friendly interface for researchers worldwide. With a focus on open access materials, BASE enhances accessibility to academic literature, supporting scholarly investigations across multiple disciplines.

102. JournalSeek

JournalSeek operates as a comprehensive database for academic journals, offering easy access to scholarly publications. It catalogs journals from diverse disciplines, allowing users to discover relevant articles and research papers. Researchers benefit from a user-friendly interface, streamlined search capabilities, and detailed journal information, facilitating efficient academic exploration and literature reviews.

Click here for more academic databases and search engines .

Remember, while these platforms offer valuable resources, access to some content may require institutional subscriptions or payment. Additionally, it’s essential to verify the credibility and peer-reviewed status of the sources before citing them in academic work.

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The Morning

A crisis of school absences.

Fewer children are attending school, across rich and poor districts.

By Sarah Mervosh

A few years ago, a troubling phenomenon began to spread in U.S. education: Students were not showing up to school.

This was not particularly surprising. Schools had shut down in the spring of 2020, at the start of the pandemic, and some did not fully reopen until fall 2021. Quarantines for Covid symptoms and exposures were still common. It would take time, many thought, to re-establish daily routines.

What is surprising is how little the numbers have budged since, an issue my colleague Francesca Paris and I explore in depth in a new article published today .

Before the pandemic, about 15 percent of U.S. students were chronically absent, which typically means missing 18 days of the school year, for any reason. By the 2021-22 school year, that number had skyrocketed to 28 percent of students. Last school year, the most recent for which national estimates are available, it held stubbornly at 26 percent.

In interviews, many educators say the problem is continuing this school year.

Perhaps most strikingly, absenteeism has increased across demographic groups, according to research by Nat Malkus, a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute. Students are missing more school in districts rich and poor, big and small.

Increase in chronic absenteeism

All students

By child poverty rates

Richest districts

By lengh of school closures

Most remote

Most in-person

By length of school closures

Even the length of school closures during the pandemic was not a particularly useful predictor of absenteeism. On average, districts that were closed longest have experienced similar increases as those that opened sooner.

What is going on here?

I spoke with school leaders, counselors, researchers and parents. They offered many reasons for the absences: illness, mental health, transportation problems. But underlying it all is a fundamental shift in the value that families place on school, and in the culture of education during the pandemic.

“Our relationship with school became optional,” said Katie Rosanbalm, a psychologist and associate research professor at Duke University.

A cultural shift

To some degree, this is a problem facing society at large since the pandemic. Anyone who works in an office with a flexible remote-work policy will be familiar with the feeling: You diligently show up, but your co-workers aren’t there. What’s the point?

Something similar may be going on in schools.

Though school buildings are open, classes are in person and sports and other extracurricular activities are back in full, the stability of school seems to have shifted.

For one thing, teachers are also missing more school , often because of professional burnout or child care challenges — or because, since the pandemic, more people are actually staying home when they’re sick.

Some schools have kept their pandemic policies around online class work, giving the illusion that in-person attendance is not necessary.

And widespread absenteeism means less stability about which friends and classmates will be there. This can beget more absenteeism. For example, research has found that when 10 percent of a student’s classmates are absent on a given day, that student is nearly 20 percent more likely to be absent the following day. “We are seeing disengagement spreading,” said Michael A. Gottfried, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania who has studied this issue.

Sign of other problems

This cultural shift is not simply a hit to perfect attendance records.

The share of students missing many days of school helps explain why U.S. students, overall, are nowhere close to making up their learning losses from the pandemic . Students who are behind academically may resist going to school, but missing school also sets them further back. These effects are especially pernicious for low-income students, who lost more ground during the pandemic and who are more negatively affected by chronic absence.

Absenteeism is also closely linked to other challenges schools have faced since the pandemic, including a rise in student anxiety and behavioral problems.

“The pandemic increased stress in every way in our lives, but it really embedded ourselves in our stress response system — fight, flight or freeze,” Dr. Rosanbalm, the Duke psychologist, said.

An increase in behavioral problems in schools is an example of the “fight” response, she said. On the other hand, she added, “flight is absenteeism.”

For more: A tool in our article lets you see the absenteeism numbers for public school districts in most states.

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The disaster killed six men who were immigrants from Latin America . It has shaken Baltimore’s Hispanic community.

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The Wall Street Journal reporter Evan Gershkovich has been detained in Russia for a year. Read an interview with his parents .

Vladimir Putin dismissed claims that Russia planned to invade other countries but warned nations against hosting warplanes meant for Ukraine.

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MORNING READS

Accent chair: See the most influential pieces of furniture from the last 100 years.

Hilarity and wonder: Meta’s glasses are becoming artificially intelligent. We tried them .

Dogs: A German breeding bill could lead to bans for the beloved Dachshund .

Modern Love: “ How I learned to trust (some) men .”

Lives Lived: Linda Bean was a granddaughter of L.L. Bean. She used her wealth to support right-wing causes and politicians, to amass paintings and properties associated with the Wyeth art family and to become an entrepreneur in her mid-60s. She died at 82 .

March Madness: Alabama upset the No. 1 seed North Carolina to reach its first men’s Elite Eight in 20 years.

M.L.B.: Commissioner Rob Manfred said he hoped the league’s investigation into the gambling allegations surrounding Shohei Ohtani’s former interpreter would be “short.”

N.H.L.: A Russian hockey player is expected to finally come to North America after being drafted nearly nine years ago. During the wait, he was arrested and forced into military service .

U.S. Soccer: Korbin Albert, a rising star, apologized yesterday after Megan Rapinoe criticized anti-L.G.B.T.Q. content that Albert had reposted on social media.

Caitlin Clark : The Iowa star was among the 14 players selected for Team USA’s training camp in Cleveland.

ARTS AND IDEAS

A new album: Beyoncé has gone country. Her just-released album, “Cowboy Carter,” has plucked banjos, lines about hoedowns and cameos from Dolly Parton and Willie Nelson.

But “that’s only the half of it,” Ben Sisario writes. The 27-track album is a tour of popular music with a Beatles cover and features from Miley Cyrus and Post Malone. “The album’s range suggests a broad essay on contemporary pop music, and on the nature of genre itself,” Sisario adds. Read more about the album .

More on culture

The music producer Metro Boomin helped shape rap over the last decade. Next week, he is poised to claim his fourth No. 1 album. Here’s a guide to his music .

Alessandro Michele, the designer who brought profits and plenty of buzz to Gucci, was named creative director of Valentino .

Seth Meyers joked about Trump Media’s stock .

THE MORNING RECOMMENDS …

Roast salmon with peas and radishes for a quick dinner .

Jog with these strollers .

Give a good gift to a frequent traveler .

Make over your foyer .

Take our news quiz .

Here is today’s Spelling Bee . Yesterday’s pangram was galumph .

And here are today’s Mini Crossword , Wordle , Sudoku and Connections .

Thanks for spending part of your morning with The Times. See you tomorrow.

Sign up here to get this newsletter in your inbox . Reach our team at [email protected] .

Sarah Mervosh covers education for The Times, focusing on K-12 schools. More about Sarah Mervosh

Schools are using research to try to improve children’s learning – but it’s not working

Senior Research Fellow in the Centre for Teachers and Teaching Research, UCL

Disclosure statement

Sally Riordan is currently working on two projects that receive funding from the Education Endowment Foundation.

University College London provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation UK.

View all partners

Evidence is obviously a good thing. We take it for granted that evidence from research can help solve the post-lockdown crises in education – from how to keep teachers in the profession to how to improve behaviour in schools, get children back into school and protect the mental health of a generation.

But my research and that of others shows that incorporating strategies that have evidence backing them into teaching doesn’t always yield the results we want.

The Department for Education encourages school leadership teams to cite evidence from research studies when deciding how to spend school funding. Teachers are more frequently required to conduct their own research as part of their professional training than they were a decade ago. Independent consultancies have sprung up to support schools to bring evidence-based methods into their teaching.

This push for evidence to back up teaching methods has become particularly strong in the past ten years. The movement has been driven by the Education Endowment Foundation (EEF), a charity set up in 2011 with funding from the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government to provide schools with information about which teaching methods and other approaches to education actually work.

The EEF funds randomised controlled trials – large-scale studies in which students are randomly assigned to an educational initiative or not and then comparisons are then made to see which students perform better. For instance, several of these studies have been carried out in which some children received one-on-one reading sessions with a trained classroom assistant, and their reading progress was compared to children who had not. The cost of one of these trials was around £500,000 over the course of a year.

Trials such as this in education were lobbied for by Ben Goldacre , a doctor and data scientist who wrote a report in 2013 on behalf of the Department for Education. Goldacre suggested that education should follow the lead of medicine in the use of evidence.

Using evidence

In 2023, however, researchers at the University of Warwick pointed out something that should have been obvious for some time but has been very much overlooked – that following the evidence is not resulting in the progress we might expect.

Reading is the most heavily supported area of the EEF’s research, accounting for more than 40% of projects . Most schools have implemented reading programmes with significant amounts of evidence behind them. But, despite this, reading abilities have not changed much in the UK for decades.

This flatlining of test scores is a global phenomenon . If reading programmes worked as the evidence says they do, reading abilities should be better.

And the evidence is coming back with unexpected results. A series of randomised controlled trials, including one looking at how to improve literacy through evidence , have suggested that schools that use methods based on research are not performing better than schools that do not.

In fact, research by a team at Sheffield Hallam University have demonstrated that on average, these kinds of education initiatives have very little to no impact .

My work has shown that when the findings of different research studies are brought together and synthesised, teachers may end up implementing these findings in contradictory ways. Research messages are frequently too vague to be effective because the skills and expertise of teaching are difficult to transfer.

It is also becoming apparent that the gains in education are usually very small, perhaps because learning is the sum total of trillions of interactions. It is possible that the research trials we really need in education would be so vast that they are currently too impractical to do.

It seems that evidence is much harder to tame and to apply sensibly in education than elsewhere. In my view, it was inevitable and necessary that educators had to follow medicine in our search for answers. But we now need to think harder about the peculiarities of how evidence works in education.

Right now, we don’t have enough evidence to be confident that evidence should always be our first port of call.

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College will cost up to $95,000 this fall. Schools say it’s OK, financial aid can numb sticker shock

CORRECTS DOLLAR AMOUNT FROM $90,000 TO $95,000 - FILE - A passer-by walks through a gate to the Harvard University campus, Jan. 2, 2024, in Cambridge, Mass. As more than 2 million graduating high school students from across the United States finalize their decisions on what college to attend this fall, many are facing jaw-dropping costs — in some cases, as much as $95,000. (AP Photo/Steven Senne, File)

FILE - Students and passers-by walk past an entrance to Boston University College of Arts and Sciences, Nov. 29, 2018, in Boston. As more than 2 million graduating high school students from across the United States finalize their decisions on what college to attend this fall, many are facing jaw-dropping costs — in some cases, as much as $95,000. (AP Photo/Steven Senne, File)

FILE - People pose for photos, March 12, 2019, in front of the iconic Tommy Trojan statue on the campus of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. As more than 2 million graduating high school students from across the United States finalize their decisions on what college to attend this fall, many are facing jaw-dropping costs — in some cases, as much as $95,000. (AP Photo/Reed Saxon, File)

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MEREDITH, N.H. (AP) — As more than 2 million graduating high school students from across the United States finalize their decisions on what college to attend this fall, many are facing jaw-dropping costs — in some cases, as much as $95,000.

A number of private colleges — some considered elite and others middle-of-the-pack — have exceeded the $90,000 threshold for the first time this year as they set their annual costs for tuition, board, meals and other expenses. That means a wealthy family with three children could expect to shell out more than $1 million by the time their youngest child completes a four-year degree.

But the sticker price tells only part of the story. Many colleges with large endowments have become more focused in recent years on making college affordable for students who aren’t wealthy. Lower-income families may be required to pay just 10% of the advertised rate and, for some, attending a selective private college can turn out to be cheaper than a state institution.

“Ninety thousand dollars clearly is a lot of money, and it catches people’s attention, for sure,” said Phillip Levine, a professor of economics at Wellesley College near Boston. “But for most people, that is not how much they’re going to pay. The existence of a very generous financial aid system lowers that cost substantially.”

Wellesley is among the colleges where the costs for wealthy students will exceed $90,000 for the first time this fall, with an estimated price tag of $92,000. But the institution points out that nearly 60% of its students will receive financial aid, and the average amount of that aid is more than $62,000, reducing their costs by two-thirds.

But many prospective students this year are facing significant delays and anxiety in finding out how much aid they will be offered by colleges due to major problems with the rollout of a new U.S. Department of Education online form that was supposed to make applying for federal aid easier. Many colleges rely on information from the form for determining their own aid offers to students.

“The rollout has been pure chaos and an absolute disaster,” said Mark Kantrowitz, a financial aid expert.

As well as repeated delays and glitches, he said, there have been other problems with the new system including more stringent requirements for proof of identity from parents, which is deterring thousands of eligible but undocumented parents from applying — even though their children are U.S. citizens and entitled to aid.

Kantrowitz said that if the significant drop in people applying for aid under the new system persists, it could result in lower enrollments and even force some institutions to close.

Levine said his research has shown that the amount lower-income students are paying at elite institutions has actually been declining over the past six years. But he worries that sticker shock will put off some students from even applying to institutions like Wellesley.

“People should be making educational decisions based on the actual cost they have to pay, not their perceived cost,” Levine said. “The problem is that the sticker price is the easiest number to know. It gets the most attention.”

Aside from Wellesley, some of the other colleges with sticker prices of more than $90,000 this year include the University of Southern California at $95,000, Harvey Mudd College in California at $93,000, the University of Pennsylvania at $92,000, Brown University in Rhode Island at $92,000, Dartmouth College in New Hampshire at $91,000, and Boston University at $90,000.

Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, puts its cost of attendance this fall at up to $91,000, but makes the point that the average parent contribution is just $13,000, and almost a quarter of families pay nothing at all. Harvard can afford a particularly generous student aid program because it has an endowment worth more than $50 billion, the largest of any university.

AP AUDIO: College will cost up to $95,000 this fall. Schools say it’s OK, financial aid can numb sticker shock.

AP correspondent Julie Walker asks AP’s Nick Perry about his reporting on the cost of some colleges coming in at more than $90,000 this fall.

The sticker prices don’t always provide apples-to-apples comparisons because some colleges include costs like health insurance and travel expenses, while others don’t. And some colleges that last year had sticker prices of close to $90,000, including Columbia University in New York and the University of Chicago, have yet to reveal this year’s expected costs.

In its most recent analysis, the College Board estimated the average advertised costs for private nonprofit colleges last year were $60,000, compared to about $29,000 for students at public in-state institutions and $47,000 at public out-of-state institutions.

Kantrowitz said the average unmet need for students at four-year colleges is about $10,000 per year.

“So families are forced to borrow that money or come up with that money from some other source, and that’s on top of their share of college costs,” he said.

So is college a good investment?

Kantrowitz believes the answer is yes, so long as students borrow in moderation and complete their studies.

“If you graduate and you don’t take on a ridiculous amount of debt, you should be able to repay that debt in a reasonable amount of time,” Kantrowitz said. “But if you drop out, you have the debt, but not the degree that can help you repay the debt.”

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• v.13(6); 2021 Jun

Content and Functionality of United States Medical School Websites

Jordan r pollock.

1 Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, USA

Michael L Moore

Jacob f smith, jonny b woolstenhulme.

2 Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA

Dane J Markham

3 Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, USA

Joshua R Rhees

4 Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, USA

Kenneth Poole

5 Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, USA

Nathan T Pollock

Naresh p patel.

6 Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, USA

Introduction

Most medical school applicants use the internet as a source of information when applying for medical school. Previous analyses have evaluated residency and fellowship websites; however, an in-depth analysis of medical school websites is lacking.

We evaluated 192 United States (US) medical school websites for presence or absence of 39 items relevant to medical school applicants. Items fell into seven general categories: curriculum, research, demographics of incoming class, admissions information, faculty, financial aid, and social.

Of the 192 websites evaluated (152 allopathic and 40 osteopathic schools), websites contained a mean of 23 items (59%) with a standard deviation of 4.2 items.

Our study examining US medical school websites revealed a lack of online information for medical school applicants. As medical school interviews transition to being online during the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of the medical school website to applicants becomes increasingly crucial. The information contained in our study could be used to improve the functionality and quality of information on medical school websites, which could help both applicants and the medical schools themselves.

Medical school is highly competitive. The acceptance rate of admissions was 41.9% from 2017 through 2020, with an increasing number of applicants each year - 44,869, 51,067, and 52,326 applicants in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively [ 1 ]. Historically, prospective medical students obtained information about different medical schools through the Medical School Admissions Requirement (MSAR) paper book, summer programs, school advisors, and fairs sponsored by undergraduate institutions. Recently, however, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) suggests looking at each school's website for program information [ 2 ]. In May 2020, a group of national medical education organizations named the Coalition for Physician Accountability made specific recommendations to medical schools and residencies due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These recommendations are predicted to affect at least the 2020 through 2021 application cycle and will significantly limit opportunities for personal interactions between medical school applicants and medical schools [ 3 ]. Accordingly, website development, content, and functionality are increasingly important for medical schools. Prior studies have evaluated these factors among residency and fellowship programs, resulting in various recommendations for areas of improvement among their respective program websites to both help applicants and increase recruitment [ 4 - 10 ].

Comprehensive websites can help applicants make informed decisions, providing them with access to information they deem important. For the application cycle of 2019 to 2020, medical school applicants applied to an average of 17 medical schools according to the data recently released by the Association of American Medical Colleges [ 1 ]. Medical school applications and interviews are costly for both applicants and programs. Providing applicants with more information to guide decisions regarding which programs to apply to and interview at stands to benefit both parties, especially if it results in better matching of applicants likely to fit a school. Medical schools also stand to benefit from the better matching of applicants, as many institutions fill residency positions with recent graduates from their own programs. The astounding number of applications could be due to the increasingly competitive nature of the medical school or stress and concern for medical school acceptance. These factors may be accentuated during the COVID-19 pandemic as the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) has become delayed, and many service and shadowing opportunities have been canceled [ 11 ]. 

As medical school applicants apply to, interview at, and ultimately decide which institution to attend, careful planning and research is essential. The internet is easily accessible and multiple studies have shown the importance of websites in recruitment for residency, which likely applies to students applying for medical school as well [ 5 , 8 - 9 ]. Medical schools spend substantial time and effort recruiting competitive and diverse students throughout the year with advertisements, information sessions, carefully planned interview days, second-look weekends, phone calls, financial aid offers, and more [ 12 ]. While these efforts will continue to be important, maintaining a medical school website with adequate information and quality is paramount, particularly for today’s prospective students. For example, a survey of medical school students applying for residency found that 41% of applicants decided not to apply to at least one program solely based on the quality of its residency website, and 78% of applicants claimed information provided in the residency program website influenced their decision to apply to a particular program [ 13 ].

Information sources, such as the MSAR online database and the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) website, were designed to assist medical school applicants while applying for medical school [ 14 - 15 ]. Given the growing reliance on technology to do personal research on different medical schools, the need for prospective medical students to find robust, consistent information online will continue to increase. The main purpose of our study is to provide an in-depth analysis of medical school website content and to assess the functionality of MSAR and AOA for prospective medical school applicants. To our knowledge, this study is the first to do an in-depth analysis of medical school websites in the United States.

This paper was previously posted on the Research Square preprint server on January 22, 2021 (doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-147236/v1; http://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-147236/v1 ). 

Materials and methods

The methods of our study were adapted from a well-conceived study examining otolaryngology residency website content [ 5 ]. Our study was exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval because it involves publicly available information. A list of 192 medical school names and website links were obtained from Medical School and Admissions Requirements (MSAR) online database and the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) website in May 2020 [ 14 - 15 ]. We evaluated both information sources for functionality by determining whether the link provided on MSAR or AOA led directly to the medical school homepage or required multiple clicks to get to the medical school homepage. When a link to a program was not available on MSAR or AOA website, we performed a Google search to find the program website. Medical schools without a functional website, or a website that could not be found, were excluded (n = 2).

The data were collected by four authors (JW, JS, DM, JR) between May 2020 and June 2020. Data gatherers searched the websites of these programs for 39 items listed in Table ​ Table1. 1 . These items were later divided into seven categories for further analysis: curriculum, research, demographics of the incoming class, admissions information, faculty, financial aid, and social. The items and categories included in our study are based on variables many applicants deem as necessary or desirable information, as well as variables we believe are important to medical school applicants [ 13 ]. We also included items from a variety of studies examining the quality of residency website content and based our seven categories on these studies [ 4 - 6 , 9 - 10 ]. Variables were also added to our study based on the discretion of the authors of this study, including pre-medical students, medical students, and physicians. Some of these factors on medical school websites could be more important to applicants than other factors, as suggested by studies examining how medical students choose a residency program [ 16 - 17 ]. However, we controlled for this by examining a large number of items (39) on each website and based these items on a variety of studies, as previously described.

COMLEX: Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination; DO: Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine; GPA: grade point average; Info: information; MCAT: Medical College Admission Test; MD: Doctor of Medicine; Pre-Med: Pre-Medical; Rec: recommendation; stats: statistics; US: United States; USMLE - United States Medical Licensing Examination

As the data contained in residency websites can be subjective, we created a standardized process to evaluate the websites, similar to the previous studies in other specialties [ 4 - 8 ]. First, we only searched for the presence or absence of items, with no attempt made to grade the quality or accuracy of the content. Second, any information that was not directly listed on the medical school website was excluded, such as links to external materials or websites, which usually contained general, non-specific information rather than medical school-specific information. Lastly, data were gathered independently by four authors for the same 10 programs and compared for agreement. All authors went through all items again together, noting where a disagreement occurred. Ambiguity in exclusion and inclusion criteria was resolved and adjusted accordingly upon agreement by all authors. After this instruction, data collectors independently gathered the data for all websites (JW, JS, DM, JR, LM). Each website was reviewed by two authors independently, and a third author resolved the disagreement. We performed a descriptive analysis of the data, including means and standard deviations. Additionally, a sub-analysis was performed to determine whether a difference existed in website quality and functionality among the top 25 medical schools and the other 167 schools in our study. We referred to the 2021 data from the US News and World Report website for best medical schools for research, which attempts to rank medical schools based on a variety of criteria [ 18 ]. Microsoft® Excel® was used for statistical analysis (Microsoft® Corp., Redmond, WA).

Of the 192 websites evaluated (152 allopathic and 40 osteopathic schools), websites contained a mean of 23 items (59%) with a standard deviation of 4.2 items. We found a statistically significant difference between allopathic and osteopathic programs (p < 0.05) for six of the 39 variables included in our study. Of these six variables, Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) programs included facility description and scholarship opportunities more frequently than Doctor of Medicine (MD) schools, while MD programs included United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 pass rate, research requirement information listed, waitlist information provided, and early decision information provided more frequently. The variables contained least frequently among all medical schools were average financial aid amount (3.6%), average USMLE Step 1 score (6.8%), USMLE Step 1 pass rate (15.6%), and US News and World Report ranking (15.6%). The variables contained most frequently were yearly overview (96.9%), required pre-medical courses (96.4%), admissions office contact information (94.8%), and information on how to apply for financial aid (93.2%) (Table ​ (Table1 1 ).

The categories with the most amount of information across both allopathic and osteopathic schools were the social and financial aid categories, with 81% and 69% of the websites containing this information, respectively. The categories with the least number of variables were the curriculum and research categories at 50% and 54%, respectively. Allopathic websites were more likely to contain variables relating to curriculum, research, demographics, admissions information, and faculty, while osteopathic websites were more likely to contain information in the financial aid and social categories (Figure ​ (Figure1 1 ).

DO: Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine; MD: Doctor of Medicine

Medical school websites from US News and World Report top 25 schools contained more of the 39 variables than schools from non-top 25 programs, with statistical significance demonstrated with variables, such as research requirement, average financial aid, in-state vs out-of-state preference listed, and US News and World Report ranking listed (Table ​ (Table2) 2 ) [ 18 ]. Medical school websites from top 25 schools had more variables listed on average in each of the seven general categories when compared to the other non-top 25 programs (Figure ​ (Figure2 2 ).

COMLEX: Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination; GPA: grade point average; Info: information; MCAT: Medical College Admission Test; Pre-Med: Pre-medical; Rec: recommendation; Stats: statistics; US: United States; USMLE - United States Medical Licensing Examination

Lastly, in terms of website accessibility, 89% of medical school program listings on the MSAR database or the AOA website provided direct links, 10% provided absent or non-functional links, and 1% provided indirect links.

A recent study examining prospective students’ medical school preferences reported the most important factors for medical school choice were academic prestige, location, and the “intangibles,” such as “gut feelings” and personal interactions [ 19 ]. According to our study, medical schools rarely included the US News and World Report rankings on their websites, average USMLE Step 1 score, or USMLE Step 1 pass/fail rate. These factors, which are associated with the prestige of the school, should be incorporated into medical school websites. With regards to location, medical schools provided descriptions of the location of the medical school nearly 70% of the time. This becomes increasingly important with online interviews as many applicants may not be able to see the area for themselves. Another area for improvement for medical school websites could be providing state-by-state demographic information, which was only listed 19% of the time. However, the “intangibles,” such as “gut feelings” and personal interactions, were student wellness resources listed, clubs and interest groups, and social media links which were listed 90%, 81%, and 84% of the time, respectively. This shows medical schools are likely aware of the “intangibles” and attempt to address them with more personal and social content.

With the rise of social media for recreational and professional purposes, integrating social media effectively and efficiently could help medical schools recruit desired applicants and help applicants learn more about different schools. We found 84% of medical schools’ websites contained links to a form of social media representing their program, but 16% of programs did not have a directly accessible social media page for their program. This suggests an area for improvement. Having a social media site available for applicants could prove useful to students and programs, as a study done involving nearly 1,000 medical students applying for residency showed that 68% of students reported using social media to learn about programs and 10% reported that the information found in the social media pages influenced their decisions on where to apply [ 20 ]. Similarly, a survey of medical students applying for residency suggested social media as an efficient method for highlighting social activities to improve recruitment [ 21 ].

Information on current enrolled medical students, such as class demographics and state-by-state data, may be the only exposure of such applicants to the unique personalities and backgrounds of students in the program before deciding to apply to a program. Class demographics and state-by-state data were only listed on 61% and 19% of medical school websites, respectively. Medical schools may benefit from improving these sections of their websites. We also found medical school websites do not have much information pertaining to individual students. However, many residency websites often include photos of the class, photos of each individual student, and small, personal descriptions of each resident. This is an area for medical school websites to give more personalization to their program. Of course, maintaining the appropriate confidentiality of the students should be considered.

Additionally, we found curriculum and research were not adequately addressed on medical school websites. For example, attendance policy was only listed on 27% of websites, grading policies were listed on 34% of websites, and research requirement information was listed on 25% of websites. As medical education becomes more personalized, descriptive details of programs could help students choose a school based on their unique learning styles [ 22 - 24 ]. These details are essential as applicants choose to which programs they will apply. Also, while many of these topics are discussed during interviews, these details can be forgotten or unclear, and a more robust website would be useful in addressing these important questions when medical students are deciding which school to attend. Including more information on curriculum and research could help medical students decide which programs to apply to and attend and help programs recruit students who are a better fit for the curriculum of the school. Recent articles have suggested that residency programs expand the amount of information for applicants during the COVID-19 interview cycle, and perhaps the same should apply to medical schools [ 25 ].

While some aspects of medical school websites are lacking, we found medical school website links to be functional through the MSAR database and the AOA website. Of the 192 medical schools examined in our study, 89% of medical school program listings in AOA or MSAR provided direct links, while only 10% were absent or non-functional and 1% were indirect links. However, the number of multiple-step, absent, and non-functional links could still be improved.

The top 25 schools in the US, according to the US News and World Report 2021, had more study variables listed on their websites than non-top 25 schools, such as information on the research requirement and average financial aid. In addition, allopathic websites were more likely to contain variables relating to curriculum, research, demographics, admissions information, and faculty, while osteopathic websites were more likely to contain information in the financial aid and social categories [ 18 ]. Future investigations should determine why these differences exist, and whether these differences affect prospective student recruitment. Future research should aim to determine how the COVID-19 pandemic and lack of online information on medical school websites could be affecting the number of applications submitted per applicant.

Limitations of our study include the subjective nature of analyzing medical school websites. However, we feel our method of data collection was standardized sufficiently to control for ambiguity. Another limitation was the lack of established standardized criteria for evaluating websites. Every item that could be important to a medical school applicant was not analyzed. As a solution, we included a variety of items and developed search criteria based on studies evaluating residency website content and the recent experience of the authors of our study. Lastly, only including items listed directly on the medical school website rather than on external links could underestimate the presence of items on websites in our study. However, this was an important factor to determine the accessibility and functionality of information and the user-friendly status of the websites. Our study does not address the accuracy or quality of information contained on websites. Notwithstanding these limitations, we believe our analysis provides valuable insight for medical school directors, website developers, and medical school applicants. Future areas of study could include an in-depth analysis of social media use among medical schools, how website quality affects the number of medical school applications, and why differences in website content exist between different programs, such as allopathic, osteopathic, and the US News and World Report top 25 schools.

Conclusions

The 2020-21 residency application cycle poses a new challenge for applicants and programs. As most interviews are being conducted on a virtual platform, interview costs are less of an issue for applicants, which could drive up the number of programs that students apply to and consider. A robust source of information available to applicants on medical school websites serves to benefit both the applicant and program alike to prevent overwhelming medical schools with applications and interviewees.

Medical school website quality is important to medical school applicants, and our study identifies several areas where programs could focus efforts for website renovation. The categories of variables which are included least frequently on medical school websites are variables related to curriculum, research, demographics, and admissions information. The results from our study can be used to improve medical school websites to the benefit of applicants and medical schools.

The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes. Additionally, articles published within Cureus should not be deemed a suitable substitute for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Do not disregard or avoid professional medical advice due to content published within Cureus.

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Human Ethics

Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study

Animal Ethics

Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue.

• The Education Gradebook

What not to wear? Florida schools grapple with students’ clothing choices.

• Jeffrey S. Solochek Times staff

The big story: What’s appropriate for students to wear at school?

Amid all the debate over what books kids should read and whether they should carry cell phones in classrooms, the discussion over dress code never goes away.

In Pasco County, the buzz has been over shirt length. A year ago, a school board member called for restrictions, saying students — particularly girls — were showing too much midriff.

The board spent hours on the topic, adopting and rescinding rules as they got complaints and questions all around. Now the issue is back for another round. Some officials wish they would focus on more critical issues, such as attendance. Read more here .

Taxes: Hillsborough County voters will get another chance to decide whether to increase their property tax rate to support public school teacher salaries. Voters narrowly rejected such a proposal two years ago. “I would not be bringing this referendum forward if I did not feel the urgent need for Hillsborough County Public Schools right now,” said Superintendent Van Ayres.

Security: Escambia County middle and high school students will be subject to random weapons searches as the district begins using a new weapon detection system, WALA reports. • The Brevard County school board is considering whether to implement the same system in its schools, WKMG reports.

School rules: The Sarasota County school board is revising 21 policies , including rules for use of artificial intelligence and for opting out of sexual health instruction, the Herald-Tribune reports.

Salaries: Orange County teachers ratified their new contract , paving the way for “historic” 10% pay raises to appear in their paychecks, the Orlando Sentinel reports. Rumors soon followed that the raise will lead to elimination of jobs, Spectrum 13 reports.

Investigations: A Volusia County teacher accused of calling her students by a derogatory term will not return to the classroom, instead moving to a different school , the Daytona Beach News-Journal reports.

Elections: Gov. Ron DeSantis appointed a candidate for Indian River County School Board to complete the term of a board member who resigned in 2023, TC Palm reports. • Former Martin County superintendent John Millay has announced his bid to unseat a veteran school board member, WPTV reports.

Charter schools: Some Newberry city residents have filed complaints against the mayor and a commissioner, claiming they violated state Sunshine laws to craft a plan for converting three district schools to charter status, the Gainesville Sun reports. Tensions are growing in the community as parents prepare to vote on the conversion proposal, WUFT reports. • The Palm Beach County school board agreed to pay area charter schools $54 million from the district’s 2018 property tax referendum, putting an end to a lengthy legal battle over the money, the Palm Beach Post reports.

Campus closures: The Duval County School Board approved closing an under-enrolled elementary school and merging it with another , Jacksonville Today reports. Officials are considering more school closures amid shrinking enrollment and rising construction and operations costs.

Cafeteria protest: Cafeteria workers at Jefferson County K-12 walked off their jobs to protest their manager being placed on administrative leave over accusations that she stole $27 from the school snack stand, WCTV reports.

From the police blotter ... A former student of a Seminole County charter school was arrested on allegations of going to the school with a gun and threatening students, WOFL reports.

From the court docket ... The Florida Supreme Court will hear arguments in a case regarding the University of Florida’s collection of student fees during the pandemic campus shutdown , News Service of Florida reports.

Don’t miss a story. Yesterday’s roundup is just a click away .

Before you go ... Have you gotten hooked by 3 Body Problem on Netflix yet? The show by the Game of Thrones creators is intriguing and sometimes perplexing. Maybe this short video explaining the science of Isaac Newton’s three body problem helps?

Jeffrey S. Solochek is an education reporter covering K-12 education policy and schools. Reach him at [email protected].

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Meet the 'disconnected youth': A growing group of Gen Zers who aren't working or going to school

• One in three Americans ages 18 to 24 have no income, according to a new report.
• Younger Americans are also increasingly depressed and not enrolling in college.
• An analysis from the St. Louis Federal Reserve looks at the fate of younger workers.

Gen Zers might be reshaping the world of work — but only if they have a job . And, for many, that might not be the case.

New research from the St. Louis Federal Reserve's Institute for Economic Equity delved into the challenges young people aged 18 to 24 are experiencing in today's economy. They found that more than one in three have no income at all.

In particular, the researchers looked at a group dubbed "disconnected youth," who aren't working and are also not in school . As of 2022, disconnected youth comprised 13% of this age group; that share has been rising overall since 1998, according to calculations from the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas .

To be sure, many young people don't yet have an income because they are still in school and living off loans or family assistance. But for those who are not, the lack of income could hurt Gen Z's ability to save money for retirement or make bigger purchases down the road. It also can take a toll on their mental health, weighing them down as they try to progress in a tough economy.

Younger Americans are facing stagnant incomes

The Dallas Fed found that, even after a post-pandemic dip, the rate of disconnected youth has increased since the end of the 1990s.

At the same time, college enrollment rates have been dropping as younger Americans contemplate whether continued education is worth it , especially amidst the ballooning student debt crisis. For many Gen Zers, staying in school isn't important to them.

A lack of income has weighed on many young adults' ability to build wealth. For young adults, the median household had a net worth of just $11,200 in 2022 according to the St. Louis Fed's analysis of the Federal Reserve's Survey of Consumer Finances, way lower than the typical US adult household at $192,100.

Entering adulthood without a job or any source of income can have significant implications for young adults later in life. For example, as the research explained, a lack of financial stability means a lack of savings — they won't be able to put money into retirement and "invest in their futures," either by buying a home or starting a business. That comes as their millennial and Gen X peers are already staring down a looming retirement crisis , as student loans eat up savings and pensions are replaced with income and market-based retirement plans.

And the number of young adults with no income has been on the rise; in 1990, around one in five young adults said they had no wage or salary income. As of 2022, it's over one in three, according to the new St. Louis Fed study.

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"This is striking because the labor market in 2022 was the strongest on record, and yet real incomes inclusive of zero-wage young adults remained essentially unchanged as this group made up an increasing proportion of the young adult population," the St. Louis Fed report said.

Inflation-adjusted incomes for Gen Z, among those with any income, have risen somewhat over the last five decades, though even excluding non-earners, young people have seen more stagnant incomes compared to all adults.

Struggling to hold down stable employment can negatively impact mental health, and rising healthcare expenses have made it even more difficult for many younger Americans to get the care they need. While young adults and older adults had similar rates of depression through 2017, a gap opened up after that point and by 2022 young Americans were much more likely to report depression than older adults, according to the St. Louis Fed's analysis of the National Health Interview Survey.

The rise of disconnected youth is making historical inequities worse

White young adults have a median net worth that is about triple that of Black and Hispanic young adults, despite relatively similar median incomes, due to the racial wealth gap. Achieving more equitable wealth outcomes could drive economic growth, given that more people could afford homes or pay off debts.

"The report confirms that even during the tightest labor market since World War II, there is a limit to economic growth's ability to reduce 'structural' unemployment that many young Blacks and Latinos face, plus a growing number of young whites," William M. Rodgers III, director of the St. Louis Fed's Institute for Economic Equity, told BI in an email.

That comes after young people were some of the first to lose their jobs and incomes in the fallout from the pandemic. The unemployment rate for 16 to 24-year-olds spiked to 27.5% in April 2020. After dropping in the wake of pandemic rehiring, that rate has picked back up to pre-pandemic trends — and also doesn't reflect those who are not actively looking for work.

The report mentions that these deepening disparities point to interventions such as improving access to community college and vocational training, creating more apprenticeship roles, and investing money and attention into structural barriers such as the criminal justice system and mental health.

"The research affirms the importance of investing in young people's physical and mental health. Otherwise, the economy can't operate at its highest potential today or into the future," Rodgers said.

Are you or were you a "disconnected youth," or supporting one? Contact these reporters at [email protected] , [email protected] , and [email protected] .

Correction: April 3, 2024 — This story has been updated with a more accurate description of the St. Louis Fed's analysis of depression rates among younger and older Americans.

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How to Cite a Website in APA Style | Format & Examples

Published on November 5, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on January 17, 2024.

APA website citations usually include the author, the publication date, the title of the page or article, the website name, and the URL. If there is no author, start the citation with the title of the article. If the page is likely to change over time, add a retrieval date.

If you are citing an online version of a print publication (e.g. a newspaper , magazine , or dictionary ), use the same format as you would for print, with a URL added at the end. Formats differ for online videos (e.g. TED Talks ), images , and dissertations .

Use the buttons below to explore the format, or use our free APA Citation Generator to automatically create citations.

Cite a website in APA Style now:

Table of contents, citing an entire website, how to cite online articles, websites with no author, websites with no date, how to cite from social media, frequently asked questions about apa style citations.

When you refer to a website in your text without quoting or paraphrasing from a specific part of it, you don’t need a formal citation. Instead, you can just include the URL in parentheses after the name of the site:

One of the most popular social media sites, Instagram (http://instagram.com), allows users to share images and videos.

For this kind of citation, you don’t need to include the website on the reference page . However, if you’re citing a specific page or article from a website, you will need a formal in-text citation and reference list entry.

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The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

• Missing commas and periods
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Various kinds of articles appear online, and how you cite them depends on where the article appears.

Online articles from newspapers, magazines, and blogs

Articles appearing in online versions of print publications (e.g. newspapers and magazines) are cited like their print versions, but with an added URL.

The same format is used for blog posts. Just include the blog name where you would usually put the name of the magazine or newspaper.

Articles from online-only news sites

For articles from news sites without print equivalents (e.g. BBC News, Reuters), italicize the name of the article and  not  the name of the site.

When a web page does not list an individual author, it can usually be attributed to an organization or government . If this results in the author name being identical to the site name, omit the site name, as in the example below.

If you can’t identify any author at all, replace the author name with the title of the page or article.

In the in-text citation , put the title in quotation marks if it is in plain text in the reference list, or in italics if it is in italics in the reference list. Note that title case is used for the title here, unlike in the reference list. Shorten the title to the first few words if necessary.

When a web page or article does not list a publication or revision date, replace the date with “n.d.” (“no date”) in all citations.

If an online source is likely to change over time, it is recommended to include the date on which you accessed it.

As social media posts are usually untitled, use the first 20 words of the post, in italics, as a title. Also include any relevant information about the type of post and any multimedia aspects (e.g. videos, images, sound, links) in square brackets.

On some social media sites (such as Twitter ), users go by usernames instead of or in addition to their real names. Where the author’s real name is known, include it, along with their username in square brackets:

In some cases, you’ll want to cite a whole social media profile instead of a specific post. In these cases, include an access date, because a profile will obviously change over time:

When citing a webpage or online article , the APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and year of publication. For example: (Worland & Williams, 2015). Note that the author can also be an organization. For example: (American Psychological Association, 2019).

If you’re quoting you should also include a locator. Since web pages don’t have page numbers, you can use one of the following options:

• Paragraph number: (Smith, 2018, para. 15).
• Heading or section name: ( CDC, 2020, Flu Season section)
• Abbreviated heading:  ( CDC, 2020, “Key Facts” section)

When you quote or paraphrase a specific passage from a source, you need to indicate the location of the passage in your APA in-text citation . If there are no page numbers (e.g. when citing a website ) but the text is long, you can instead use section headings, paragraph numbers, or a combination of the two:

(Caulfield, 2019, Linking section, para. 1).

Section headings can be shortened if necessary. Kindle location numbers should not be used in ebook citations , as they are unreliable.

If you are referring to the source as a whole, it’s not necessary to include a page number or other marker.

When no individual author name is listed, but the source can clearly be attributed to a specific organization—e.g., a press release by a charity, a report by an agency, or a page from a company’s website—use the organization’s name as the author in the reference entry and APA in-text citations .

When no author at all can be determined—e.g. a collaboratively edited wiki or an online article published anonymously—use the title in place of the author. In the in-text citation, put the title in quotation marks if it appears in plain text in the reference list, and in italics if it appears in italics in the reference list. Shorten it if necessary.

APA Style usually does not require an access date. You never need to include one when citing journal articles , e-books , or other stable online sources.

However, if you are citing a website or online article that’s designed to change over time, it’s a good idea to include an access date. In this case, write it in the following format at the end of the reference: Retrieved October 19, 2020, from https://www.uva.nl/en/about-the-uva/about-the-university/about-the-university.html

Instead of the author’s name, include the first few words of the work’s title in the in-text citation. Enclose the title in double quotation marks when citing an article, web page or book chapter. Italicize the title of periodicals, books, and reports.

No publication date

If the publication date is unknown , use “n.d.” (no date) instead. For example: (Johnson, n.d.).

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Caulfield, J. (2024, January 17). How to Cite a Website in APA Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 3, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/website/

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