madal essay in nepali language

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Madal | Folk Musical Instruments

Long Black Madal $ 94.20

Madal is a drum made of a hollowed tree trunk with skins stretched at both ends. It contains a black layer known as Khari in Nepal. It is played with both hands and is very popular in the hills of Nepal. The Madal consists of a cylindrical body with a slight bulge at its center and heads at both ends, one head larger than the other. Madal is a popular folk musical instrument of Nepal. It symbolizes Nepali music and the history of Nepali arts. Especially it is famous in folk songs, events like weddings and welcome parties and recordings of other kinds of music.

Madal, one of the most popular double-headed hand drums played in Nepalese society and has there been from the early 20th century.

The word Madal has been formed from the Sanskrit word “Mandala”. Madal being a national musical instrument of the country is the essential element of the Nepali folk music industry. Making it as a lead instrument many songs has been prepared by different Nepalese folk song singer.

It has a vital role in forming the bonding of love between family crew and friends and society. It has taken the hearts of people from the hilly area of Nepal and its associated region.

When is Madal played?

Madal is played generally in the festival Dashain , Tihar, and other festivals among the different tribes of Assam, Magar community. Different tribes play Madal on different occasions. Hiking, camping, get together with friends and family are some areas where we can listen to and enjoy music.

Kids, youth, and olds love dancing on the beat of this instrument. It is really creative drum which makes a nice sound and is very fun to listen to. Accompanied by cool tones and really fun to use it. Easy to carry. You can jam up with any musical play. This is a cool percussion instrument and would really enjoy it playing it now. Not only Madal, but people also enjoy the music of sarangi and meditating the healing sound of singing bowls.

What is Madal Body made of?

Earlier, its body was made with the burnt clay but nowadays it is made of wood also. The body of Madal is exact as a cylinder shape leaving hollow at both ends. One end of the structure is smaller named “Daayan” and the next ends in bigger named “Bayan” as compared to another.

The hollow structure formed from the wood is called “Ghar”. The ends of the hollow structure are then covered with the skin of either goat/ox/monkey/buffalo on both sides. It is like the shape of the dish, round in structure.

On the top of that round structure dish we see a black spot layered, this is known as “Khari”. It is made up of iron fillings, flour, and egg which provide it to be black in color and a nice paste to stick to the skin for a longer period of time.

“Khari” adds weight to the skin and helps in producing additional sound. This also acts as a sound controller for the drum. The skid plate on both ends is attached with leather rope and round rings tightly on a continuous loop around the body of the drum.

Why is the additional rope attached to Madal?

An additional rope is added in order for the drum to fit on the performer’s body on a horizontal position either of the waist or on the knees making it comfortable to play with both hands. Once preparation is done tuning is made by leather strands and adjustment of round rings up and down on the body of the drum.

You can buy Madal in our online store. Your dream of playing can just be fulfilled by adding it to your cart and making an order of this cool stuff in simple steps. It can be ordered in different sizes as per your choice.

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The Madal: Nepal’s Musical Heartbeat

Hiding away in the Himalayan foothills is a rich musical heritage, with the madal—a double-headed hand drum that forms the foundation of Nepali folk music—beating at its heart. The madal is a cultural treasure that is more than just an instrument, with a history that is deeply associated with Nepal’s identity.

The madal, pronounced “muh-dahl,” is a cylindrical drum with a slightly projecting center typically made from hollowed-out wood, such as sal or oak, and has both ends covered in goatskin or buffalo hide. The smaller head, referred to as the “cham,” generates a higher pitch, and the larger head, known as the “nau,” provides a deeper sound. The madal is played horizontally while seated, and its distinct sound is produced by simultaneously striking both heads with bare palms and fingers.

Although its precise beginnings are still unknown, estimations place the madal’s emergence in the second century AD. Even though it is played throughout the nation, some think it may have originated with the Magar people, an indigenous group in Nepal. The madal has historically been an important part of courtly music and religious events. It eventually became an essential component of Nepali folk music genres such as gurung, characterized by its quick rates and upbeat rhythms, and dohori, a lively call-and-response singing style.

The madal plays an important role in Nepalese history and goes beyond just its ability to play music:

Cultural icon: The madal, which stands for the rich musical legacy of the Himalayas, is a highly revered icon of Nepali culture. It is a common sight at festivals, events, and social gatherings.
Rhythm and Soul: Nepali folk music is fueled by the amazing rhythm of the madal, which captivates listeners and produces excitement and vigor.
Versatility Beyond Folk: The madal has become more versatile in recent years, appearing in both international fusion genres and contemporary Nepali music, breaking free from its historical limitations.

Here are some consideration points if you’re drawn to the madal’s rhythm and want to experience it for yourself:

Visit Nepal: Get fully immersed in the country’s culture and experience the madal in action at folk music concerts, cultural festivals, and traditional performances.
Mastering the Instrument: Several seminars and internet sources guide playing the madal. Gaining proficiency with this unusual instrument will help you understand Nepali music on a deeper level.
Records and Documentaries: You may find a lot of online recordings of Nepali folk music with the madal. The madal is frequently included in documentaries that examine Nepalese culture and music.

The madal serves as a gateway to Nepal’s heart and is more than just a drum. Its constant pulse transmits tales and customs throughout generations. Thus, the next time you hear the madal’s mesmerizing beat, stop and consider the complex cultural fabric it represents.

Also Read:https://whatthenepal.com/2024/03/22/the-khukuri-symbol-of-nepalese-culture-and-heritage/

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Introduction And History Of The Madal Musical Instrument

Introduction
Madal or Madal is a Nepali folk instrument. The madal has a cylindrical body with a slight bulge in the center and heads on both ends, one head being larger than the other.
It is usually played horizontally in a seated position, with both heads played simultaneously. The Madal is the national instrument of Nepal and forms the backbone of most Nepalese folk music.
Renowned Nepali musician Ranjit Gazmer introduced the instrument to Bollywood music when he started working under Rahul Dev Burman, and used it in several Bollywood songs such as Hum Dono Do Premi and Kanchi Re Kanchi Re. There is also a madal drum used by some tribal groups.

History and Nomenclature

Construction, similarities, madal questions answer–.

Madal originated in the Magar community of Nepal. The name Madal is said to have come from the earlier musical instrument mardal (Nepali: मर्डल), which in turn derived its name from the mridunga, a classical Indian musical instrument.
In Palpa district of Nepal, it is known as Rani Madal. In the Nepalbhasa language in the Kathmandu Valley, but in the context of the people, it is called Maga Khi.
Typically, a wooden log is carved to form a hollow cavity, called a house (Nepali: घर).
Drum heads are made of two-layer goat skin, and a black paste made of flour, iron filings and eggs is burnt in a circular area in the center of each head.
This hoop adds weight to the head and significantly alters the sound of the drum, giving it a bell-like quality.
The heads are attached to the body of the drum by leather straps running the length of the body, and there is an additional loose strip of leather that can be looped behind the performer’s knees while playing. The large and small ends are often referred to as male and female.
Similar instruments called modals or mondals are found throughout central India and Bangladesh.
Madal is mainly used to keep the rhythm in Nepali folk music. It is very popular and widely used as a hand drum in Nepal.

What is the size of the Madal?

The shape of the Madal is cylindrical.

In which state is Madal played?

Madal is played in the state of Nepal.

Of which metal is the Madal made?

Madal is a tabla instrument made of clay and leather.

How do you use the Madal?

The madal is mainly used for rhythm-keeping in Nepali folk music. It is very popular and widely used as a hand drum in Nepal.

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Madal: The backbone of Nepali folk music

Madal is a folk musical instrument associated with our culture and way of life., it is believed that the magar community was the first to use it, but it is now widely known and used by almost all nepalese society..

Madal is one of the most popular double-headed hand drums in Nepalese society and has been since the early twentieth century. It is majorly used for rhythm-keeping in Nepalese folk music.

Madal is a folk musical instrument associated with our culture and way of life. It is believed that the Magar community was the first to use it, but it is now widely known and used by almost all Nepalese society.

The word Madal derives from the Sanskrit word “Mandala”. Madal, the country’s national musical instrument, is essential to the Nepali folk music industry. Manu songs have been written with it as the lead instrument by various Nepalese folk song singers.

It plays a vital role in forming love bonds between family members, friends , and society. It has captured people's hearts from Nepal’s hilly and surrounding regions.

On different occasions, different people play Madal. We can listen to and enjoy Madal while hiking, camping , or at other gatherings with friends and families. It is also used in a variety of social rituals and celebrations. Madal is commonly heard in Tihar’s Deusi and Bhailo , as well as at weddings and other commemorations.

Kids, teenagers, and adults enjoy dancing to these instruments' beats. It is a creative drum with an excellent sound that’s a lot of fun to listen to. It’s followed by cool tones and is fun to use. It is simple to transport. Any musical play can be jammed with Madal. It is a superb traditional musical instrument, and everyone would enjoy playing it right now. People enjoy listening to sarangi music and meditating on the healing sound of singing bowls in addition to Madal.

Madal’s body is shaped like a cylinder, with hollows at both ends. One end of the structure is more petite and named “Daayan'', while the other is larger and named “Bayan”. The hollow structure made of wood is known as “Ghar''. The ends of the hollow structure are covered on both sides with goat, ox, monkey, and buffalo skin. It has a round structure, similar to the shape of the dish.

The black spot layered on top of the round structure dish is known as “Khari”. It is made of iron filings, flour, and egg, which give it a black colour and a nice paste that allows it to stick to the skin for longer. Khari also serves as the drum’s sound controller. The skid plate is tightly wrapped around the drum's body with leather rope and round rings on both ends.

Consequently, Madal is a classical musical instrument that sustains life in Nepali music and is popular in other Asian countries in various forms.

Compiled By: Rebika Bishokarma

Photos By: Aalok Atreya

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Traditional Nepali Musical Instruments

Nepali-Folk-and-Traditional-Musical-Instruments

If you look at the history of traditional Nepali musical instruments in Nepal, you’ll find them intertwined with Nepali culture and religion with different instruments used for different occasions, right from birth to death. Either listening to the song, humming the tunes or playing the instruments, from festivals to Jatras, marriages to cultural programs and many other ceremonies everyone loves music.

The research found that about 200 original instruments in Nepal. 108 types are still in play across the nation. Panche Baja is one of the famous musical instruments in Nepal. These musical instruments are popular not just in the country but also internationally and give a facet of Nepali culture and art.

Here we have listed out some of the popular Musical Instrument in Nepal:

Table of Contents

Madal is a typical Nepali percussion instrument and is considered to be the backbone of most Nepali folk music. It is an integral part of festivals across communities in Nepal.

Typically, a wooden log is carved to form a hollow cavity, called Ghar. The heads of the drum are made of double-layered goat skins, and a black paste made of flour, iron filings, and egg is burned into a circular area in the center of each head. This circle, known as Khari, adds weight to the head and significantly alters the sound of the drum, giving it a bell-like quality. The two heads are slightly different in diameter. The smaller one is called Bhale and the larger one is called Pothi.

Bansuri is a simple cylindrical tube of a uniform bore and associated with Nepali music since time immemorial. The Bansuri is made of a single length of bamboo and has six to eight open finger holes which represent the musical notes. Bansuri (literally Bamboo Flute) is a cylindrical tube made of bamboo with a uniform bore and closed at one end.

Traditional Nepali Musical Instruments Bansuri

Bansuri is held horizontally and is inclined downwards when it is played. To produce sound or melody one has to cover the finger holes with the fingers of the left and right hand. Variations in pitch are produced by altering the effective length of the air column. The range of the bansuri or flute is about 2 and a half octaves. Long bansuris or flutes have a rich, deep and mellow tone whereas in small bansuris or flutes the tone is high pitched.

Sarangi, traditional a folk musical instrument especially played by Gandharva community in Nepal. Gandharvas used to travel across the nation and go home to home to sing the song of current affairs. Thus, sarangi in Nepal has been used as an instrument used to convey the message and news across the country.

It resembles the violin in western culture. Sarangi in Nepal is played for so many years and has its own famous rhythms and tones. The string-instrument is made of a piece of wood, the bottom of which is made a hollow, and four pieces of strings are fastened tightly with four wooden nails fixed on the top of it. It is played by rubbing on a group of strings especially left and right repeatedly with a small stick, which is fastened with some strings.

Tungna, a four-stringed instrument, somewhat similar to a sarangi, is also made up of a single piece of carved wood.

It resembles Sarangi but the two instruments are very different from each other. Tungna has a hollow cavity in the front which is covered by goat skin. In Sarangi, only the strings are made from sheep intestine, rest is all wood. The intestine of a carcass is pulled out after it’s rotten and woven to make the strings.

Tungna, Traditional Nepali Musical Instruments

Initially, Tungna was played by the Tamang people during their festivities and special occasions and gatherings. But today, other communities also play Tungna to create a melodious sound alongside other instruments.

Jhyamta is a traditional musical instrument that looks similar to a cymbal. In Nepal, the Kirati community uses Jhyamta with dhol in various cultural festivals such as Sakela, Chyabrung, Udhauli, Ubhauli and other social functions.

Loud but rhythmic to the ears, Jhyamta belongs to the Panche Baja musical family. The right way to play is by rubbing the plates with the right hand rising and the left hand descending clashing the two plates. Another version of Jhyamta is Bhushyah.

Murchunga is a musical instrument it consists of a flexible metal or bamboo tongue or reed attached to a frame and it produces a sound like Binayo. Murchunga is also practiced among Kiranti people. It is played by plucking its metal wire reed with the forefinger being gripped between the teeth. The volume of the note can be varied by breathing in and out.

Dhimay is a drum-like Nepali musical instrument. It is played by Newars in Jatras and festivals alongside other musical instruments. In the traditional context, Dhimay is played with idiophones of different types, depending on the local tradition. According to local legends, the instrument is believed to have been invented by Lord Shiva.

In Dhimay-ensembles, called Dhimaybaja, the drum is accompanied by cymbals like Bhushyah, Chushyah, and sometimes by Tai-nai, a gong-like instrument. Like Madal, Dhimay is made up of a single piece of wood but compared to madal, it produces a louder sound. These days, Dhimey is played as a sort of bass drum, accompanying western instruments like the guitar.

Jhyali is a traditional folk percussion instrument from Nepal. They are thinly walled, consist of a pair of round, metal plates, resembling cymbals, and are used in both folk and classical music in Nepal. Unlike most percussion instruments around the world, the Jhyali is played by rubbing the plates with the right hand rising and the left hand descending at the time when they clash.

These percussion instruments are made by a Nepali alloy that is called Pancha dhatu, which means five metals. The alloy consists of brass, copper, silver, zinc, and gold, and are usually made by blacksmiths.

Panche Baja

Panche Baja is called so because it is a group of five musical instruments played together. The five musical instruments in Panche Baja are.

1. Jhyamta/Jhurma (Cymbal):

It is one of the Panche Baja. It is a couple of flat round dish-like musical instruments made of brass or bronze, played by beating on each other.

2. Nagara/Damaha (A Drum):

It is also one of the Panche Baja. It is made of leather stretched over an end of a hollow copper bowl played by hitting with hands or sticks.

Panche Baja, Popular Nepali Musical Instruments

It is also one of the Panche Baja. It is similar to Damaha in shape but very small in size, played with two pieces of sticks called Gajo.

4. Sanai (A kind of clarinet):

It is one of the Panche Baja. It is made of a metal shaped like a pipe slightly bent forward has a couple of holes, reed on the top that you blow into.

5. Narsingha (A Trumpet):

It is one of Panache Baja Bajas made of two pieces of curved copper tube that is played by blowing air through its mouthpiece.

Khainjadi (A tambourine)

It is a kind of small drum made of skin stretched over an edge of rounded hollow wood. It is also played during Bhajan-kirtan by Hindus. Khaijadi is especially played on the occasion of singing a kind of song called Roila and Balam. Traditional Nepali-styled tambourine, completely hand-made using ox hide, seasoned wood, and bronze. Today it has been replaced by plastic tambourines.

khaijadi, Traditional Nepali Musical Instruments

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Considered the backbone of most Nepali folk music, the Madal is a typical Nepalese percussion instrument. The drum consists of a cylindrical body, it’s center has a slight bulge and the cylinder is closed on both ends. Typically, a wooden log is carved so as to form a hollow cavity. The madal is played horizontally and has a strand that goes around the waist of the person playing it. Playing technique involves rhythmic striking of either of the heads at each end with the palm of the hand. The heads vibrate to produce sound when struck. Also, the heads are not of the same size; the larger and the smaller heads are often referred to as male and female respectively. The madal is tuned using the strands that overlay the central body of the drum.

This instrument is taught at: Udayapur Music Program – Nepal Mitrata Nepal Music Program – Nepal

Culture and environment are very intertwined here in M’hamid. The weather turns from blistering hot in the summer (reaching 130 degrees Farenheit regularly in July and August) to sandstorm season in March and April, which helps to propagate the date palm trees, the economic power in the region. Climate change is a very real presence locally, with little access to water becoming normal, and the encroachment of sand dunes onto precious farmland happening right now, working to disperse not only communities, but ancient traditions with them.

In M’hamid there is a great importance placed on the community and people moving together in groups. Whether it be families of 10 living under the same roof eating from the same central Tagine dish for their meals, or the ritual of preparing and sharing tea with whomever may be around, foreigner or local, the sense of inclusion is vital to the community. The passing down of music and poetry from generation to generation is another vital aspect of the community, as art and tradition serve as reassurances in a constantly changing world. It is the role of the youngest generation to learn from the past to bring the traditional Saharan art into future, so at to coexist with the modern.

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Natural language processing for Nepali text: a review

Published: 27 October 2021
Volume 55 , pages 3401–3429, ( 2022 )

Cite this article

Tej Bahadur Shahi ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0616-3180 1 , 2 &
Chiranjibi Sitaula 3 , 4

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Because of the proliferation of Nepali textual documents online, researchers in Nepal and overseas have started working towards its automated analysis for quick inferences, using different machine learning (ML) algorithms, ranging from traditional ML-based algorithms to recent deep learning (DL)-based algorithms. However, researchers are still unaware about the recent trends of NLP research direction in the Nepali language. In this paper, we survey different natural language processing (NLP) research works with associated resources in Nepali language. Furthermore, we organize the NLP approaches, techniques, and application tasks used in the Nepali language processing using the comprehensive taxonomy for each of them. Finally, we discuss and analyze based on such assimilated information for further improvement in NLP research works in the Nepali language. Our thorough survey bestows the detailed backgrounds and motivations to researchers, which not only opens up new potential avenues but also ushers towards further progress of NLP research works in the Nepali language.

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Present NLP Status for Dogri Language

Light Pre-Trained Chinese Language Model for NLP Tasks

A Comprehensive Study on Natural Language Processing, It’s Techniques and Advancements in Nepali Language

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Tej Bahadur Shahi

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Shahi, T.B., Sitaula, C. Natural language processing for Nepali text: a review. Artif Intell Rev 55 , 3401–3429 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-021-10093-1

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N ep BERT a: N epali Language Model Trained in a Large Corpus

Sulav Timilsina , Milan Gautam , Binod Bhattarai

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[NepBERTa: Nepali Language Model Trained in a Large Corpus](https://aclanthology.org/2022.aacl-short.34) (Timilsina et al., AACL-IJCNLP 2022)

NepBERTa: Nepali Language Model Trained in a Large Corpus (Timilsina et al., AACL-IJCNLP 2022)
Sulav Timilsina, Milan Gautam, and Binod Bhattarai. 2022. NepBERTa: Nepali Language Model Trained in a Large Corpus . In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 12th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers) , pages 273–284, Online only. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Essay on Nepali Culture

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100 Words Essay on Nepali Culture

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250 Words Essay on Nepali Culture

Nepali culture is like a beautiful garden with many kinds of flowers. It is rich with traditions, festivals, music, and dances. Nepal is a country in South Asia, home to the tall Mount Everest and many other mountains. The people living there come from different backgrounds and speak many languages, but they all share the culture of Nepal.

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500 Words Essay on Nepali Culture

Nepali culture is like a beautiful garden with many kinds of flowers. It is rich with traditions, art, festivals, and music. Nepal is a small country between China and India. Yet, it has a big heart filled with cultural treasures. People from different backgrounds live together in Nepal, sharing their customs and beliefs.

In Nepal, many languages are spoken. Nepali is the main language, but people also speak Maithili, Bhojpuri, and dozens of other languages. This shows how diverse the country is. Religion is a big part of life in Nepal. Most people follow Hinduism or Buddhism. The two religions mix in many ways, showing respect and peace among the people.

Nepal is known for its colorful festivals. Dashain is the biggest festival. It is a time when families come together, share food, and give blessings. Tihar, also known as the festival of lights, is another important celebration. People light up their homes and honor animals like dogs and cows. These festivals show the joy and kindness in Nepali culture.

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Food in Nepal is tasty and unique. Dal Bhat, a dish of lentils and rice, is eaten almost every day. Momos, which are dumplings filled with meat or vegetables, are a favorite snack. The food is not just about taste; it is also about bringing family and friends together to share a meal.

The clothes in Nepal are bright and beautiful. Women often wear sarees or a long skirt called a ‘gunyu cholo’. Men wear a ‘daura suruwal’, which is a shirt and trousers with a Nepali style. These clothes are worn with pride, especially during festivals and important events. They are a symbol of the Nepali way of life.

Music and Dance

Music and dance are important in Nepal. They tell stories of the land and its people. Traditional instruments like the ‘madal’ and ‘sarangi’ make music that touches the heart. Folk dances are performed during festivals. They are full of energy and smiles, showing the happiness of the Nepali spirit.

Arts and Crafts

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Nepali culture is a wonderful mix of people, traditions, and nature. It is like a colorful painting that tells a story of harmony and friendship. The culture is deep and alive, touching everyone who experiences it. It is a treasure that the people of Nepal share with the world, and it makes the country a special place full of warmth and beauty.

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Essay on Nepal
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Nepali Essay Topics Lists | Nibandha Lekhan

Here I have put some Nepali essays (nibandha) which are frequently asked in exams:

Here are your tips to write an essay.

Here is the topic list of Nepali Essay :

1 नेपाल

2 मेरो देश

3 सगरमाथा

4 मेरो देश मेरो गौरव

5 नेपालको राष्ट्रिय झण्डा

6 नेपालको राष्ट्रिय जनवार

7 तिज

8 दशैँ

9 तिहार

10 होली

11 नेपाली चाडपर्वहरु

12 नेपालको सस्कृति

13 पुस्तकालय

14 गाउँले जीवन

15 सहरिया जीवन

16 शिक्षाको महत्व

17 मेरि आमा

18 मेरो बुबा

19 मेरो परिवार

20 मेरो मिल्ने साथी

21 मेरो विद्यालय

22 मेरो घर

23 मेरो गाउँ

24 पानीको महत्व

25 हाम्रो स्वास्थ्य

26 स्वास्थ्य नै धन हो

27 वाताबरण

28 विधार्थी जीवन

29 अनुशासन

30 विधार्थी जीवनमा अनुशासनको महत्व

31 भ्रष्टाचार

32 लोकतन्त्र

33 प्राविधिक शिक्षाको महत्व

34 विज्ञान र प्रबिधि

35 संचार प्रविधि

36 सरस्वती पुजा

37 गाईको बारेमा निबन्ध

38 कुकुर बारेमा निबन्ध

39 महिला हिंसा

40 मेरो जन्मस्थान

41 फूलबारी

42 इन्टरनेट

43 मोबाइल

44 टेलिभिजन

45 फुटवल

46 क्रिकेट

47 मेरो जीवनको लक्ष्य

48 नेपालको विकाशमा पर्यटनको महत्व

49 प्राकृतिक स्रोतहरु

50 मनपर्ने खेल

51 मनपर्ने खानेकुरा

52 नेपालको राजनीतिक अवस्था

53 वायु प्रदूषण

54 नेपालको भौगोलिक अवस्था

Also read: मेरो विद्यालय।

मेरो देश नेपाल बारे निबन्ध | Mero Desh Nepal bare Nibandha |

म जन्मिएको भूमि निबन्ध | Ma Janmiyeko Bhumi Nibandha |

मेरो जीवनको लक्ष्य निबन्ध | Mero Jivan ko Lakshya Nibandha |

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मेरो देश नेपाल बारे निबन्ध | Essay on my country nepal in nepali

मेरो देश नेपाल बारे निबन्ध | essay on my country nepal in nepali , मेरो देश नेपाल बारे निबन्ध (१५० शब्दहरु ) mero desh essay in nepali language, मेरो देश को बारेमा निबन्ध 200 शब्दमा essay on my country in nepali in 200, मेरो देश नेपाल बारे निबन्ध (२५० शब्दहरु ) mero desh nepal essay in nepali, मेरो देश को बारेमा निबन्ध 300 शब्दमा essay on my country in nepali in 300, मेरो देश नेपाल बारे निबन्ध ( ५०० शब्दहरु) essay on my country nepal in nepali in 500 words, recommended posts, post a comment.

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Natural language boosts LLM performance in coding, planning, and robotics

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Three boxes demonstrate different tasks assisted by natural language. One is a rectangle showing colorful lines of code with a white speech bubble highlighting an abstraction; another is a pale 3D kitchen, and another is a robotic quadruped dropping a can into a trash bin.

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Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly useful for programming and robotics tasks, but for more complicated reasoning problems, the gap between these systems and humans looms large. Without the ability to learn new concepts like humans do, these systems fail to form good abstractions — essentially, high-level representations of complex concepts that skip less-important details — and thus sputter when asked to do more sophisticated tasks. Luckily, MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) researchers have found a treasure trove of abstractions within natural language. In three papers to be presented at the International Conference on Learning Representations this month, the group shows how our everyday words are a rich source of context for language models, helping them build better overarching representations for code synthesis, AI planning, and robotic navigation and manipulation. The three separate frameworks build libraries of abstractions for their given task: LILO (library induction from language observations) can synthesize, compress, and document code; Ada (action domain acquisition) explores sequential decision-making for artificial intelligence agents; and LGA (language-guided abstraction) helps robots better understand their environments to develop more feasible plans. Each system is a neurosymbolic method, a type of AI that blends human-like neural networks and program-like logical components. LILO: A neurosymbolic framework that codes Large language models can be used to quickly write solutions to small-scale coding tasks, but cannot yet architect entire software libraries like the ones written by human software engineers. To take their software development capabilities further, AI models need to refactor (cut down and combine) code into libraries of succinct, readable, and reusable programs. Refactoring tools like the previously developed MIT-led Stitch algorithm can automatically identify abstractions, so, in a nod to the Disney movie “Lilo & Stitch,” CSAIL researchers combined these algorithmic refactoring approaches with LLMs. Their neurosymbolic method LILO uses a standard LLM to write code, then pairs it with Stitch to find abstractions that are comprehensively documented in a library. LILO’s unique emphasis on natural language allows the system to do tasks that require human-like commonsense knowledge, such as identifying and removing all vowels from a string of code and drawing a snowflake. In both cases, the CSAIL system outperformed standalone LLMs, as well as a previous library learning algorithm from MIT called DreamCoder, indicating its ability to build a deeper understanding of the words within prompts. These encouraging results point to how LILO could assist with things like writing programs to manipulate documents like Excel spreadsheets, helping AI answer questions about visuals, and drawing 2D graphics.

“Language models prefer to work with functions that are named in natural language,” says Gabe Grand SM '23, an MIT PhD student in electrical engineering and computer science, CSAIL affiliate, and lead author on the research. “Our work creates more straightforward abstractions for language models and assigns natural language names and documentation to each one, leading to more interpretable code for programmers and improved system performance.”

When prompted on a programming task, LILO first uses an LLM to quickly propose solutions based on data it was trained on, and then the system slowly searches more exhaustively for outside solutions. Next, Stitch efficiently identifies common structures within the code and pulls out useful abstractions. These are then automatically named and documented by LILO, resulting in simplified programs that can be used by the system to solve more complex tasks.

The MIT framework writes programs in domain-specific programming languages, like Logo, a language developed at MIT in the 1970s to teach children about programming. Scaling up automated refactoring algorithms to handle more general programming languages like Python will be a focus for future research. Still, their work represents a step forward for how language models can facilitate increasingly elaborate coding activities. Ada: Natural language guides AI task planning Just like in programming, AI models that automate multi-step tasks in households and command-based video games lack abstractions. Imagine you’re cooking breakfast and ask your roommate to bring a hot egg to the table — they’ll intuitively abstract their background knowledge about cooking in your kitchen into a sequence of actions. In contrast, an LLM trained on similar information will still struggle to reason about what they need to build a flexible plan. Named after the famed mathematician Ada Lovelace, who many consider the world’s first programmer, the CSAIL-led “Ada” framework makes headway on this issue by developing libraries of useful plans for virtual kitchen chores and gaming. The method trains on potential tasks and their natural language descriptions, then a language model proposes action abstractions from this dataset. A human operator scores and filters the best plans into a library, so that the best possible actions can be implemented into hierarchical plans for different tasks. “Traditionally, large language models have struggled with more complex tasks because of problems like reasoning about abstractions,” says Ada lead researcher Lio Wong, an MIT graduate student in brain and cognitive sciences, CSAIL affiliate, and LILO coauthor. “But we can combine the tools that software engineers and roboticists use with LLMs to solve hard problems, such as decision-making in virtual environments.”

When the researchers incorporated the widely-used large language model GPT-4 into Ada, the system completed more tasks in a kitchen simulator and Mini Minecraft than the AI decision-making baseline “Code as Policies.” Ada used the background information hidden within natural language to understand how to place chilled wine in a cabinet and craft a bed. The results indicated a staggering 59 and 89 percent task accuracy improvement, respectively. With this success, the researchers hope to generalize their work to real-world homes, with the hopes that Ada could assist with other household tasks and aid multiple robots in a kitchen. For now, its key limitation is that it uses a generic LLM, so the CSAIL team wants to apply a more powerful, fine-tuned language model that could assist with more extensive planning. Wong and her colleagues are also considering combining Ada with a robotic manipulation framework fresh out of CSAIL: LGA (language-guided abstraction). Language-guided abstraction: Representations for robotic tasks Andi Peng SM ’23, an MIT graduate student in electrical engineering and computer science and CSAIL affiliate, and her coauthors designed a method to help machines interpret their surroundings more like humans, cutting out unnecessary details in a complex environment like a factory or kitchen. Just like LILO and Ada, LGA has a novel focus on how natural language leads us to those better abstractions. In these more unstructured environments, a robot will need some common sense about what it’s tasked with, even with basic training beforehand. Ask a robot to hand you a bowl, for instance, and the machine will need a general understanding of which features are important within its surroundings. From there, it can reason about how to give you the item you want.

In LGA’s case, humans first provide a pre-trained language model with a general task description using natural language, like “bring me my hat.” Then, the model translates this information into abstractions about the essential elements needed to perform this task. Finally, an imitation policy trained on a few demonstrations can implement these abstractions to guide a robot to grab the desired item. Previous work required a person to take extensive notes on different manipulation tasks to pre-train a robot, which can be expensive. Remarkably, LGA guides language models to produce abstractions similar to those of a human annotator, but in less time. To illustrate this, LGA developed robotic policies to help Boston Dynamics’ Spot quadruped pick up fruits and throw drinks in a recycling bin. These experiments show how the MIT-developed method can scan the world and develop effective plans in unstructured environments, potentially guiding autonomous vehicles on the road and robots working in factories and kitchens.

“In robotics, a truth we often disregard is how much we need to refine our data to make a robot useful in the real world,” says Peng. “Beyond simply memorizing what’s in an image for training robots to perform tasks, we wanted to leverage computer vision and captioning models in conjunction with language. By producing text captions from what a robot sees, we show that language models can essentially build important world knowledge for a robot.” The challenge for LGA is that some behaviors can’t be explained in language, making certain tasks underspecified. To expand how they represent features in an environment, Peng and her colleagues are considering incorporating multimodal visualization interfaces into their work. In the meantime, LGA provides a way for robots to gain a better feel for their surroundings when giving humans a helping hand.

An “exciting frontier” in AI

“Library learning represents one of the most exciting frontiers in artificial intelligence, offering a path towards discovering and reasoning over compositional abstractions,” says assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Robert Hawkins, who was not involved with the papers. Hawkins notes that previous techniques exploring this subject have been “too computationally expensive to use at scale” and have an issue with the lambdas, or keywords used to describe new functions in many languages, that they generate. “They tend to produce opaque 'lambda salads,' big piles of hard-to-interpret functions. These recent papers demonstrate a compelling way forward by placing large language models in an interactive loop with symbolic search, compression, and planning algorithms. This work enables the rapid acquisition of more interpretable and adaptive libraries for the task at hand.” By building libraries of high-quality code abstractions using natural language, the three neurosymbolic methods make it easier for language models to tackle more elaborate problems and environments in the future. This deeper understanding of the precise keywords within a prompt presents a path forward in developing more human-like AI models. MIT CSAIL members are senior authors for each paper: Joshua Tenenbaum, a professor of brain and cognitive sciences, for both LILO and Ada; Julie Shah, head of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, for LGA; and Jacob Andreas, associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science, for all three. The additional MIT authors are all PhD students: Maddy Bowers and Theo X. Olausson for LILO, Jiayuan Mao and Pratyusha Sharma for Ada, and Belinda Z. Li for LGA. Muxin Liu of Harvey Mudd College was a coauthor on LILO; Zachary Siegel of Princeton University, Jaihai Feng of the University of California at Berkeley, and Noa Korneev of Microsoft were coauthors on Ada; and Ilia Sucholutsky, Theodore R. Sumers, and Thomas L. Griffiths of Princeton were coauthors on LGA. LILO and Ada were supported, in part, by MIT Quest for Intelligence, the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab, Intel, U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the U.S. Office of Naval Research, with the latter project also receiving funding from the Center for Brains, Minds and Machines. LGA received funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation, Open Philanthropy, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the U.S. Department of Defense.

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COMMENTS

मादल
मादल. छतिउन, दार तथा खमारी को काठबाट मादल बनाइन्छ । काठमा ढुङ्ग्रो पारेर दुवैपट्टी छालाले मोरेर खरी (मसला) लगाइएको हुन्छ । खरी ...
Madal
Madal. Mardala, Maadal, Mardal, Madal, Mirdang, Phakawaj, In Pali it is called Maddala. The madal ( Nepali: मादल) or maadal is a Nepalese folk musical instrument. [1] The madal is used mainly for rhythm-keeping in Nepalese folk music. It is very popular and widely used as a hand drum in Nepal.
Madal
Long Black Madal $ 94.20. Madal is a drum made of a hollowed tree trunk with skins stretched at both ends. It contains a black layer known as Khari in Nepal. It is played with both hands and is very popular in the hills of Nepal. The Madal consists of a cylindrical body with a slight bulge at its center and heads at both ends, one head larger ...
The Historical Context and Present Scenario of M̅dal
Madal is a two-faced hand drum used in Nepali music. It is also well-known throughout the world as a percussion instrument commonly employed in Nepali traditional music. In terms of its structure and playing style, limited works of literature and
The Historical Context and Present Scenario of Madal
Madal is a two-faced hand drum used in Nepali music. It is also well-known throughout the world as a percussion instrument commonly employed in Nepali traditional music. In terms of its structure ...
The Madal: Nepal's Musical Heartbeat
The madal is a cultural treasure that is more than just an instrument, with a history that is deeply associated with Nepal's identity. The madal, pronounced "muh-dahl," is. Hiding away in the Himalayan foothills is a rich musical heritage, with the madal—a double-headed hand drum that forms the foundation of Nepali folk music—beating at its ...
Madal: The backbone of Nepali folk music
The word Madal derives from the Sanskrit word "Mandala". Madal, the country's national musical instrument, is essential to the Nepali folk music industry. Manu songs have been written with it as the lead instrument by various Nepalese folk song singers.
Introduction And History Of The Madal Musical Instrument In English
Introduction. Madal or Madal is a Nepali folk instrument. The madal has a cylindrical body with a slight bulge in the center and heads on both ends, one head being larger than the other. It is usually played horizontally in a seated position, with both heads played simultaneously. The Madal is the national instrument of Nepal and forms the ...
Nepal Traveller
Madal plays a vital role in forming love bonds between family members, friends, and society. It has captured people's hearts from Nepal's hilly and surrounding. ... Madal: The backbone of Nepali folk music Madal is a folk musical instrument associated with our culture and way of life.
Madal : Learn the Most Popular Drum of Nepal
This book is filled with everything you need to know to learn how to play the madal - Nepal's most popular folk drum. Written and designed by professional music teachers, this book takes you through learning and exercise rhythms, popular Nepali folk rhythms, composition, and popular fusion rhythms using the same teaching methods practiced every year in Nepali schools.
Traditional Nepali Musical Instruments
Jhyali is a traditional folk percussion instrument from Nepal. They are thinly walled, consist of a pair of round, metal plates, resembling cymbals, and are used in both folk and classical music in Nepal. Unlike most percussion instruments around the world, the Jhyali is played by rubbing the plates with the right hand rising and the left hand ...
Madal
Madal. November 17, 2016 Nepali Treasures. Medal, a typical Nepalese folk musical instrument which is very famous all over Nepal and is widely used. In other words, I would say a pure Nepalese hand drum in a cylindrical shape with two heads one larger than the other and slightly proven up in the center. The cylindrical tube is hollow inside and ...
PDF TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Traces of Modernity in Nepalese Folk Songs
work of Dharma Raj Thapa who collected Folk Song of the kingdom of Nepal, giving Nepalese an intimacy with own folk culture through radio broadcast and through the medium of books. In the primitive time, there were used only Madal, Basuri, and Sarangi; as musical instruments in Folk Songs, there was a system of live recording to broadcast.
Madal drum
Madal drum. Considered the backbone of most Nepali folk music, the Madal is a typical Nepalese percussion instrument. The drum consists of a cylindrical body, it's center has a slight bulge and the cylinder is closed on both ends. Typically, a wooden log is carved so as to form a hollow cavity. The madal is played horizontally and has a ...
Writing essays: Motives, Processes and Structures (in Nepali)
2008 •. Nevin Farida. This research examines English language and literature essays written by First Year students of the English Department at Dhaka University (Bangladesh) using multi-method genre analysis. The first method used was text analysis. Essay topics were analysed from the two contexts to identify their topic fields and main ...
निबन्ध लेखन-Essay writting ||nibandha in nepali class 12||essay writing
निबन्ध लेखन-Essay writting ||nibandha in nepali class 12||essay writing in nepali|nibandha in nepali Nepali Board Exam Important playlisthttps ...
Natural language processing for Nepali text: a review
Natural language processing (NLP) works in the Nepali language can be traced back to 2004 when authors in Bista et al. introduced a first Nepali lexicon in various file formats with root word, head word, pronunciation, part of speech, synonyms, and idiom for each word.The main purpose of building this lexicon is attributed to several factors such as building spell checker, and machine ...
Nepali language
Nepali (English: / n ɪ ˈ p ɔː l i /; Devanagari: नेपाली, ) is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Himalayas region of South Asia.It is the official, and most widely spoken, language of Nepal, where it also serves as a lingua franca.Nepali has official status in the Indian state of Sikkim and in the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration of West Bengal.
NepBERTa: Nepali Language Model Trained in a Large Corpus
This study presents NepBERTa, a BERT-based Natural Language Understanding (NLU) model trained on the most extensive monolingual Nepali corpus ever. We collected a dataset of 0.8B words from 36 different popular news sites in Nepal and introduced the model. This data set is 3 folds times larger than the previous publicly available corpus.
Essay on Nepali Culture
500 Words Essay on Nepali Culture ... In Nepal, many languages are spoken. Nepali is the main language, but people also speak Maithili, Bhojpuri, and dozens of other languages. ... Traditional instruments like the 'madal' and 'sarangi' make music that touches the heart. Folk dances are performed during festivals. They are full of energy ...
Nepali Handwriting practice How to write Nepali language (pencil)
#drawing #paintingNepali Handwriting practice How to write Nepali language#nepalihandwriting #nepalilanguage #nepalialphabetsBeautiful Nepali handwritingNep...
Nepali Essay Topics Lists
Do not make the body of the essay lengthy or monotonous. 12. Do not repeat the same thing, the same words time and again. 13. Conclude the essay in short in one paragraph including the main points that support the topic of the essay. Here is the topic list of Nepali Essay: 1 नेपाल. 2 मेरो देश.
मेरो देश नेपाल बारे निबन्ध
आज मेरो देश नेपाल बारे निबन्ध (essay on my country nepal in nepali) कक्षा ५, ६, ७, ८, ९, १०, ११ र १२ का लागि 150, 200, 250, 300, 500 शब्दमा छन । ... mero desh essay in nepali language
Why the Military Can't Trust AI
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Recent language models use subwording mechanisms to handle Out-of-Vocabulary(OOV) words seen during test time and, their generation capacity is generally measured using perplexity, an intrinsic metric. It is known that increasing the subword granularity results in a decrease of perplexity value. However, the study of how subwording affects the understanding capacity of language models has been ...
Natural language boosts LLM performance in coding, planning, and
In three papers to be presented at the International Conference on Learning Representations this month, the group shows how our everyday words are a rich source of context for language models, helping them build better overarching representations for code synthesis, AI planning, and robotic navigation and manipulation.