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EVS Project (Class 12 ICSE): SYJC

December 26, 2021 by studymumbai Leave a Comment

EVS Project (ICSE Class 12) – SYJC (30 Marks)

Steps to Conduct the Project

Here are the steps for conducting the project work.

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Introduction of the project – (2 marks-1 page- back to back) Background of the subject, Justification of choosing the topic

Importance of the project – (2 marks-1 side page) Why particular project is important

Objectives of the project – (2 marks-1 side page) what is that you will find out in the project (Should Start with “To”)

Methodology of the project –(4 marks-2 pages- back to back) Methods those will be used in data collection (siting the sources, survey, interviews etc.)

Observations – (4 marks-2 pages – back to back) Data/ information collection

Analysis – (4 marks-2 pages- back to back) on analysis of data- discuss ‘why’ of data

Results and Conclusion –(2 marks-1 page- back to back) what is the project outcome, what were the learnings from the project- did you fulfil objectives of project…

How to approach the Project

Selecting a topic

What topic should I research?

• Keep your eyes and ears open..
• Observe……..
• Be inquisitive……
• Ask why?????

Think big but Start small.

Should reflect what you will do.. Should not be vague, too general.

Aim and Objectives

What is that you want to find out…Write down the objectives of the project. Whether you already have little information and you want to find out further. Read relevant material.

Planning theresearch

Once you have identified the problem you want to work on – discuss with experts, Try to read some material on the subject (google is a good place to start..)

Finalise your methodology

How are you going to collect your data?

This depends on what you are going to explore

Questionnaire, semi structured interviews, observations, sample collection, lab analytical techniques.

Spend time on this aspect.

It is the most important part of your work. Do a sample first to test.

Analysing your data

Use graphs (bar graphs, pie diagram)

This will help you to understand patterns in your data.

Interpreting the data

What do the patterns in the analysis mean?

EVS Project Topics (ICSE Class 12)

Climate action plan dedicated to mumbai keeping in tune with climate adaptation, mitigation and resilience.

Intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) report – 2021 on global warming with a focus on mumbai and maharashtra.

Ramsar sites in india – conservation of wetlands.

Survey the local rainwater harvesting installations if any in your locality. List down how it has benefitted the area.

Vehicular pollution – biggest contributor to city’s air pollution.

Study the local or nearby dam and write down the environmental issues concerning the dam and the locality.

Ecosystem restoration – Conservation of Aarey which acts as drainage basin and restoration of mangroves for creating carbon sink.

Biofuels – Production of biofuels (b10-ethanol etc.) in India.

Visit a local industry and study the environmental impacts of it in the surrounding area. Carry out interviews of local people about their views on the industry.

Study population status of your village/town /city for past 20 years ( since census is conducted every ten years) available on the indian national website (http//:censusindia.gov.in). Make a graphical representation of the changes seen and discuss the changes.

Report the weather changes experienced by you and other people in your area in the previous year. Make a report on how it is afffecting your own local environment.

Use sound level app to study the sound pollution in the area. Measure the noise levels at the market place, school, hospital, traffic signal. Prepare a detail report on it. Prepare a poster suggesting measures to reduce noise levels and its harmful effects.

Visit (or one on one video call/ phone call) the nearest hospital / doctor in your locality. Prepare a questionnaire to talk to the doctor on the increase or decrease in the patients and the types of diseases reported. Write the report what are the causes of diseases and preventive measures which can be taken. Make a report of the same.

Conduct a project in your locality to find out solid waste disposal in your locality. Make a poster to reduce the waste management in the community.

Utilisation of renewable enrgy sources in india. 16. Causes, impact, mitigation measures of tropical storms and cyclones like nisarg (2020) and tauktae (2021) in mumbai city.

Wildlife conservation – protection of natural habitat.

Hi-tech project to clean Mithi river in Mumbai.

The ground water levels have gone down due to increase in use of water by people.

A number of animal species have become extinct due to excessive disturbance of the natural environment by humans.

A number of plant species have become extinct due to excessive disturbance of the natural environment by humans.

There are new patterns of disease and pest attack with changes in rainfall pattern.

Organic farming or agriculture.

Biogas: source of renewable energy

Waste water treatment

Vermi-composting

Importance of mangrove cover

Water pollution due to oil spillage.

E-waste management

Mobile towers: Effects on environment

Mobile towers: Effects on human health

Extinctions of animals or plants (take one specific animal or plant)

The Sparrow: Concerns and conservation

Vanishing vultures: too late or is there hope?

Animal testing : is it ethical?

3 R mantra: for solid waste management

Ecofriendly celebration of festivals (take one specific festival)

Red Munia birds (Sample EVS Project)

Title: To study and do the assessment of Red Munia birds ( Red Avadavat) in Shindewadi village.

Introduction

Importance of study

Study will help to understand if there is illegal trade of birds in the area. Survey of these birds will help to identify the threats to this species. Study will throw light on the species distribution and identify the areas of occurrence. Awareness created among locals will help in protecting the species.

1. To study the distribution of red munias

2. To Study the abundance of the species (population of species)

3. To understand the threats of the species

Methodology

Write about study area – location, district, population of village, major occupation of people.

Field observations- visit the areas where munias are seen on every Sunday from 8 am to 10 am from January to July ( example- will change according to the project).

Count the number of individuals seen.

Document the activity- feeding, preening, nesting .

Write down plants on which they feed. Survey of people in village about the munias – prepare a questionnaire.

Observations

Table showing month wise data of population of red munias in the study area.

They are seen in small flocks 15 to 20 of them together. Only one flock was observed which increased in january.

List of plants on which they are seen feeding.

They mostly feed on grass seeds and seen in jowar field.

They are seen chirping all the time and very agile.

Observations and analysis – monthwise population

Population of munias change monthwise in the study area as shown in fig.

In January or winter more individuals of birds are seen which keep on decreasing by summer.

Local people interviews say that they are not to be seen so commonly in recent years.

11% people informed that they have seen people catching the area.

Results and conclusion

The red munias are seen in Shindewadi and nearby villages. Their numbers increase in January as maybe some local migration of birds happen inthe area. The threat to species is there is catching of birds is seen by very few (11%)local people. Another threat is also the changing crop pattern in the area. Instead of jowar – bajra people grow sugarcane or anjir, pomgranades (dalimb).

The red munias are seen in the village fields near the flowing stream. There number is decreasing and there are no large flocks seen. The birds are caught and local people have no idea why they are caught. The people who catch them are not from village.

CISCE Class 12 Environmental Science (EVS) Syllabus

CISCE Class 12 Environmental Science (EVS) Syllabus Topics

• Modern Schools of Ecological Thought. Deep Ecology (Gary Snyder, Earth First) Vs. Shallow Ecology. Stewardship of Land (E.G. Wendell Berry).
• Social Ecology [Marxist Environmentalism and Socialist Ecology (Barry Commoner)]. Feminism. Green Politics (E.g. Germany and England). Sustainable Development
• Population and Conservation Ecology: Population and Conservation Ecology. Human Populations. Population Regulation. Human Population Control. Threats to the Ecosystem. Conservation
• Monitoring Pollution: Pollution Monitoring. Monitoring the Atmosphere: Techniques. International and National Air Quality Standards. Water Testing. Soil Testing
• Third World Development: Urban-rural Divide. A Critical Appraisal of Conventional Paradigm of Development from the Viewpoints of Sustainability, Environmental Impact and Equity. A Case Study of Gandhian Approach in Terms of Its Aims and Processes. Urban Environmental Planning and Management
• Sustainable Agriculture: Traditional Agriculture in India. Food Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: Definition: Resources; Scarcity and Growth; Natural Resource Accounting. Gnp Vs. Other Forms of Measuring Income. Economic Status and Welfare (Net Economic Welfare, Nature Capital, Ecological Capital, Etc.). Externalities: Cost Benefit Analysis (Social, Ecological). Natural Capital Regeneration
• International Relations and the Environment: Trans-national Characteristics of Environmental Issues Using Case Study of Amazonia, Trade in Wild Life and Ozone Depletion. Impact of International Politics, National Sovereignty and Interest. International Trade. International Aid

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EVS PROJECT FOR CLASS 12

Learn how to do an e.v.s. project in class 12.

EVS PROJECT

Are you planning to do an E.V.S. project in class 12? Do you know how to go about doing it? If not, then do read on! We will let you know how to go about the complete process of doing an E.V.S. project. First, we have given you some important tips and advice on choosing your  project ; keep reading to find out more!

Have you ever wondered how to do an E.V.S. project? E.V.S. stands for Environmental Value Studies and helps conduct scientific studies vital to the environment. It requires ample research, data collection and analysis, and fieldwork activities. So, if you want to know how to prepare and do an E.V.S. project, keep reading this article!

You don’t need to be a student of 12th to do an E.V.S. project. You can do it anytime in your life. Doing an E.V.S. project is not as simple as it sounds, though. You need to have some basic skills like using M.S. Word and M.S. Excel, which you may or may not have at the moment, but you can easily learn these skills through the Internet.

If you cannot do your E.V.S. project in school, where can you do it? You can go for a walk in nature and see what is happening. The next step is to write down all your experiences, observations and discoveries in a diary form or even on a map to know where every place you want to go or need information about is. By doing so, you will be able to identify various species of plants and animals, their habitats, and different environmental issues, such as deforestation (which means cutting of trees from forests) and air pollution, which leads us to diseases like asthma etc.

It is also important for people who live close by these places to know about any risks because of climate change or other factors. This way, we can help save our environment from destruction and ensure we have healthy living conditions for future generations. It is also very important to take photos or videos of everything you find out there and not to forget anything. So now you know where to study Environmental Studies!

What are Environmental Studies?

Environmental studies have emerged as a major subject that helps us understand and make efforts to improve our relationship with the environment. Ecological studies, also known as E.V.S., combine’ background’ and ‘studies’. So basically, environmental studies include various fields like biology, chemistry, economics etc., which help us study human life with their surrounding environment. It has multiple activities, such as collecting samples from surface water or groundwater resources and checking for natural toxins.

There are numerous ways of achieving these, but one good practice would be having students start an E.V.S project for class 12. Through such projects, students can learn about different aspects of E.V.S.such as the collection and preparation of the sample for testing along with identification of any pollutants, if any, found by conducting lab tests on them. Students can even work towards cleaning up any kind of pollution that they see in their area. They can work towards creating awareness among people through pamphlets and posters.

Students will have to do a lot of research before starting an E.V.S.project for class 12, so they must choose something relevant. An interesting aspect of doing such projects is that it teaches students discipline, perseverance and time management skills since they will have limited time working on their E.V.S. project for class 12. Moreover, after completing such tasks, students will become more aware of what needs to be done regarding protecting our environment and thus making themselves more responsible citizens!

What should I write my essay on? What are some ideas?

How many pages should my essay be?

Why Should We Study Environment?

The environment is a subject that won’t be ignored for long. Each year, people destroy our planet, and it’s up to us, as future leaders of our nation, to set things right. We must preserve and protect our land and educate other people about the problem. It will require a lot of time and patience, so here are some tips that might help you with your ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES EVS PROJECT FOR CLASS 12. What Is An E.V.S? Project?: Environmental studies E.V.S. project for class 12 is a term used to describe projects which discuss environmental problems. These problems may vary from simple issues like lack of clean drinking water or noise pollution caused by vehicles to more complex ones like global warming or deforestation. If you have decided on doing such a project, determine what needs to be discussed. A good idea would be choosing something related to where you live and presenting solutions that can help improve living conditions there.

Global Warming, Ozone Layer Depletion, Sustainability, Conservation EVS PROJECT

An E.V.S. project focuses on solving real-world problems, so you’ll want  a topic  that matters to you. You could study environmental issues related to your community or help solve problems at home, like working on an energy efficiency upgrade. Whatever subject you choose, start by doing some basic research and considering what issue is most important and how big it is compared with other similar problems. It will give you a good idea of how much time you should plan for and the resources (like your parent’s time) needed for success.

A typical E.V.S. project requires two years of work: At first glance, a two-year project may seem intimidating—especially if you don’t know where to begin. That’s why we recommend starting small and thinking long term. For example, if you want to improve recycling in your city, go door-to-door to collect data about recycling habits instead of organizing a massive public campaign. Then build on your findings until you’re ready to take action—and ask for help along the way! The more time you spend getting comfortable with a subject before taking action, the better off everyone will be when you move forward.

Where can you study Environmental Studies?

Environmental Studies is now a separate subject for class 12. To take up Environmental Studies as a subject, you must study it separately, and there is no option of choosing it as an elective from other issues. The schools and colleges which have started teaching Environmental Studies are  Delhi Public School – Vasant Kunj , City Montessori School, Sri Aurobindo International School, Amity International School, Adarsh Vidya Mandir, D.P.S. R.K. Puram and more. If you want to study Environmental Studies, then these are some good places where you can go. However, if your school or college does not offer Environmental Studies as a subject, then don’t worry because you can still study it privately by joining any institute that offers it.

Some popular institutes which offer environmental studies classes include Green Earth Institute (G.E.D.), Ashoka University and many others. These institutes provide different courses on ecological studies like Introduction to Environment, Sustainable Development, Climate Change etc. So if your school or college does not offer Environmental Studies as a subject, don’t worry because there are many other options available for studying it at home or abroad. You need to look for a course online and register yourself with an institute offering it.

Choose one topic from List A or List B below with your parents’ permission. Then, create an action plan based on your chosen topic. For example, if you choose global warming as your topic, write out ways you could help reduce greenhouse gases in our atmosphere through energy-efficient practices such as carpooling with friends or turning off unused lights around the house. Also, mention who else could help make a difference in achieving zero emissions, such as local politicians and community leaders. Remember: You’re writing a persuasive essay here, so mention why someone should care about what you’re saying!

What’s required before doing an E.V.S. Project?

You must look at at least three previous E.V.S. projects from last year. Most likely, these projects will have been assigned by the school. It can give you a better idea about what kind of work is expected and what qualities will be looked for when evaluating your work. Additionally, find out what sort of E.V.S. projects some of your classmates did for class 11.

Try and get their input as well because it’s more than possible that they’ll have some valuable insights into doing an E.V.S. project in Class 12. For example, did they know someone who had done one before? Did they know if there are any specific topics or themes preferred over others? You might also want to see if there are any teachers or mentors who could offer you guidance on writing an E.V.S. project in class 12. Just remember not to go overboard with asking questions.

How do you choose your project partner?

You and your partner will be spending a lot of time working together, so you must be compatible. A few factors might come into play: your geographic location, availability of equipment/facilities/time, and personality. Choose someone who you can communicate with easily; not only is it important for deciding things like meeting times, but communicating during experiments is key. If one person is more hands-on than another, it may make sense to choose a different partner. When choosing a partner, the most important thing is making sure they have similar goals as you—don’t choose someone just because they’re available or willing! If they don’t share your interest in learning about environmental science, then there’s no point in doing an E.V.S. project together.

How to conduct your research?

A research paper begins with a question that you pose. It could be anything. The following are some sample questions: Has global warming occurred? Is it happening today? Can it be reversed? What steps can we take now to ensure future generations have a healthy planet to live on? Conducting research into your chosen topic is crucial and, as such, should not be rushed or skimp on time for sourcing data. However, you must ensure that you remain focused, accurate, and concise at all times.

If you are researching online, make sure that any information sourced is credible and reliable. If using newspapers, make sure they are reputable publications written by experts in their field of study. You will also need to conduct primary research, which means going out into the area yourself or talking to people who know more about your subject than you do (e.g., scientists). Once you have conducted your research, it is important to  summarise  what has been found so far (this will form part of your essay). In addition, if possible, compare other findings with yours; if there appear to be discrepancies, then explain why these may exist.

EVS Project

• Kinds of Pollution
• Natural Pollution
• Man-made pollution
• Personal Pollution
• Occupational pollution
• community pollution
• Types of Pollution
• Air Pollution
• Water Pollution
• Soil Pollution
• Noise Pollution
• Radio-active pollution
• Thermal Pollution
• Marine Pollution
• Nuclear Pollution

Pollution and EVS PPT and Notes (30+ selected ppts) Pollution and EVS PDF Books  and Notes (4 + selected pdfs)

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• Parts of Plant
• EVS File for 12 in English
• Air Pollution Model and Project
• Water Cycle EVS PRoject
• Rainwater Harvesting
• Global Warming
• EVS File decoration Ideas
• How to draw Water cycle easily
• EVS Assignment for Class 2nd and Primary
• Handwritten Project on Pollution for Class 11
• Air Pollution PPT project
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200+ EVS Project Topics || Environmental Science Research Topics

200+ EVS Project Topics || Environmental Science Research Topics: The research topics of the environment can come from different aspects such as chemical, physical and biological elements of the earth. The globe has experienced an increase in the issues related to the environment and it involves global warming, air pollution and climate change. If you’re struggling in choosing a topic for an EVS project, then no need to worry as we have  alot of topics available for you here.

Also See: Best General Topics For Presentation

Let us shed light on some of the interesting topics below that are associated with Environmental Science.

• Impacts of climate change on the health of a human being
• Are all industrial plants adjacent to the resources of water a major cause for developing human diseases?
• Why should the globe ought to switch from fossil fuels to that of hydrogen?
• How can we stop the destruction of coral reefs?
• How pesticides as well as wastes contribute to the contamination of soil?
• Is ocean acidification a very serious problem to the environment?
• How melting permafrost affects the change in climate?
• The myths and reality that surrounds global warming
• How does increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide affect the environment?
• What is the role of human beings in global warming?
• How significant is paleoecology in the research of the environment?
•  How significant are the resources of small water in the environment?
• Explain the relationship between acid rains and industrialisation?
• How to change to cleaner fuels & vehicles?
• What are some impacts on the destruction of coral reefs?
• Is there any possibility of a new ecosystem in the future?
• How do human activities put up with global warming?
• Will hybrid vehicles be helpful in controlling the atmosphere pollution?
• How does deforestation play a role in global warming?
• Can human beings be helpful in controlling global warming?
• Reasons and formation of acid rain

Also See: Non-Technical Topics

• Relation between amphibians and environment
• How does the environment impact the attacks of asthma?
• Bacteria that human consumes
• Impact of genetic diseases on humans
• A comparison study behind the dust found on various surfaces.
• Impact of climate change on environment
• Composting: Good or bad?
• A comparative analysis on the plant’s roots.
• A comparative study: Photosynthesis on various plants
• Purpose of Crustaceans
• Comparison of the earth with living organisms.
• Impact of invasive species on the environment.
• The working of sewage treatment
• Is there any difference between the sewage treatments?
• Do light sources affect aquariums? How?
• The working of viruses
• Trees diversity in the areas
• Discuss all weed diversity in the community.
• What change can honey extinction have on the globe?
• Impact of climate change on agricultural production
• A toxicity evaluation and quality of the fishing water
• A study on the temperature increase in environment and its impact on sea creatures
•  What is the role of Mangrove trees in the marine ecosystem?
• Impact of careless disposal of polythene bags on the ecosystem.
• Impact of air pollution on child mortality rate.
• How can preventing environmental pollution have a direct impact on the protection of human health?
• Can humans make sure there is enough supply of safe water?
• Fostering sustainable communities.
• Use of science to defend the endangered species.
• Revival of World’s Oceans
• How can we ensure adequate clean energy supply in the near future?
• How helpful science is in the reduction of global warming?
• The plans for environmental management for all players in the hospitality industry.
• Reducing the greenhouse gas emission in freight transport.
• Benefits of nuclear power for the environment.
• How helpful greenhouse gasses are in making the environment sustainable?
• Use of science in addressing change in climate.
• Benefits of sustainability & recycling on the health of the environment.
• Some scientific implications of scarcity of water.
• Impacts of economic development on the health of the environment.
• Importance of sustainable development to the environment.
• Integration of environment health to sustainable development.
• Curb climate change to benefit the health of humans.
• Decrease the exposure of pesticides.
• How can we evaluate the influence of the environment on the development of the human brain?
• Is Paskinson’s disease linked to genes & use of pesticides?
• The exposure of environmental pesticides causes a cognitive decline.
• A study on disease and a person’s environment.

Also See: Seminar Topics for MBA

• The exposure of involuntary tobacco smoke affects people’s health.
• Risks of Toxic chemicals & environmental health in towns.
• Impact of traffic air pollution on the health of humans.
• Is air pollution leading to cancer?
• Importance of improving air quality
• How to worsen the impacts of air pollution due to change in climate?
• Effects of wildfires on the health of humans.
• Interaction between human genes & the environment.
• Should animal & human rights be the same?
• Climate Change: Is it a major threat?
• Why should companies have to pay taxes for the emissions of carbon?
• Should fracking be banned by the government?
• Is Vegetarianism ought to be made mandatory?
• Governments ought to ban modification of genetic organisms.
• Is organic farming a future of modern agriculture?
• How is tourism beneficial to the environment?
• Why should the government dedicate more and more land to national parks?
• Why should there be a ban on the exports of animals by the government?
• Why should the government ban all zoos?
• Why to ban fur sales?
• Which is better; organic farming or conventional one?
• Packaging of plastic should be banned.
• Replacement of fossil fuels with nuclear energy.
• Reversible climate change
• Why off-roading & off-landing is not a good thing for the environment?
• Why is it necessary for sustainable energy production?
• Recycling & Refusing: A best alternative to the management of the waste.
• Assessing the best and effective sanitation of the environment.
• Assessing all environmental risks of urban flooding.
• Impacts of Methane emission.
• Deforestation.

So it was all about 200+ EVS Project Topics || Environmental Science Research Topics, if you liked these evs project topics then please share them with your friends.

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Class 12th maharashtra board (hsc) evs project: air pollution.

  CLASS 12th MAHARASHTRA BOARD (HSC) EVS PROJECT: AIR POLLUTION

SELECTION OF PROJECT TOPIC (INTRODUCTION):

Air pollution is the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials. There are different types of air pollutants, such as gases (such as ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane and chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and inorganic), and biological molecules. Air pollution may cause diseases, allergies and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural environment (for example, climate change, ozone depletion or habitat degradation) or built environment (for example, acid rain). Both human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution. Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.  The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, and the individual's health status and genetics. Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report. Outdoor air pollution alone causes 2.1 to 4.21 million deaths annually. Overall, air pollution causes the deaths of around 7 million people worldwide each year, and is the world's largest single environmental health risk. Productivity losses and degraded quality of life caused by air pollution are estimated to cost the world economy $5 trillion per year. Various pollution control technologies and strategies are available to reduce air pollution.  

IMPORTANCE OF THE TOPIC:

Air pollution inflicts a massive toll on the Indian economy. Its scale, complexity and urgency necessitate a strong, coherent and coordinated fiscal response by the government. However, recent relief and stimulus spending in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has crippled the Indian economy and led to a massive spike[10] in public debt. With limited room available for fiscal manoeuver, the government faces the massive challenge of financing measures to improve air quality. The imperative is to create a financial architecture that can mobilize private finance for clean-air solutions in India. Green sectors such as clean energy and e-mobility are likely to be the driving force for developing and implementing tangible solutions to improve air quality. An investment fund with a dedicated green focus could play an instrumental role in catalysing growth of such green industries and simultaneously addressing the twin problems of air pollution and climate change. A Green Super-Fund would combine a returns-driven strategy with the sustainability imperative and accelerate investment in green industries. The Triple Bottom-line framework, with an emphasis on profit, people and the planet, will be at the heart of the Super-Fund’s performance management strategy. It would raise capital from institutional investors such as multilateral organizations, sovereign wealth funds, and development financial institutes. Since 2014, more than 40 environmental startups have been set up in India with the singular goal of combatting the air pollution crisis. The Super-Fund would play a pivotal role in harnessing the economic and environmental potential of these startups and financing other high-impact ventures. There are several other channels through which the private sector can contribute to cleaner air and demonstrate that economic development and air pollution abatement are not mutually exclusive. 

OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT WORK:

To reduce the impacts of air pollution, both international and national legislation and regulation have been implemented to regulate air pollution. Local laws where well enforced in cities have lead to strong public health improvements. At the international level some of these efforts have been successful, for example the Montreal Protocol which successful at reducing release of harmful ozone depleting chemicals or 1985 Helsinki Protocol which reduced sulfur emissions, while other attempts have been less rapid in implementation, such as international action on climate change. To Setting up of a state-of-the-art advanced and integrated air pollution model system from hemispheric scale, European scale, and national scale, for calculation and assessment of high resolution (down to 1 km x 1 km resolution) air pollution levels and human exposure, including assessing the contribution related to different emission sectors and regions. This work is carried out in WP2. To Investigate the potential causal impact of individual chemical air pollutants as well as mixtures of air pollutants on health outcomes. In pursuing this aim, we utilize the unique Nordic population-based registers allowing linkage between historical residential address, air pollutants over decades and later health outcomes. By linking the exposure to health outcomes, new exposure-response relationships are determined of health effects for different population Groups To quantify the overall negative health outcomes of air pollution in terms of premature deaths, hospital admissions, days of reduced activity, respiratory diseases, mental disorders, etc. on high resolution down to 1 km x 1 km in the Nordic countries for the different population groups, using the integrated model system EVA, based on the impact pathway chain.

PROJECT WORK METHODOLOGY:

According to the WHO, air pollution is the fifth largest killer in India. There are a variety of ways in which the air pollution of an area can be measured. One of the ways is the measurement of particulate matter in air. Particulate matter is a mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets like acids, chemicals, gas, water, metals, soil dust particles, etc. These particles cause major health hazard in India. The changing temperature and slowing winds trap soot, dust and fine particulate matter. The particulate matter is present in a variety of sizes ranging from coarse, fine, to ultrafine.

According to the Ambient Air Pollution (AAP) report for the year 2018, Delhi had one of the highest pollution levels in the world. This result was based on the monitoring of PM measurement of outdoor air pollution from almost 1,600 cities in 91 countries. Last year, a public health emergency was declared in Delhi as pollution levels crossed 70 times the safe limit.

The methodology required for quantifying the health effects of air pollution is derived from the Health and Air Pollution in study, a joint initiative from the Health Research Council, the Ministry for the Environment and the Ministry of Transport (Fisher et al, 2007). This study represents the most comprehensive analysis of air pollution, its health implications, and the resulting societal costs conducted in New Zealand. The research evaluated the effects of specific source categories of emissions from vehicles (including private petrol cars, diesel cars, and diesel trucks), industry, domestic and total sources in New Zealand. 

The research encompassed five interconnected components: 

  air quality, meteorology and emissions data analysis 

  air pollution exposure assessment

  health impact assessment

  economic impact assessment 

  preventative policy assessment.   

Air quality is a measure of how clean or polluted the air is. Monitoring air quality is important because polluted air can be bad for our health— and the health of the environment. Air quality is measured with the Air Quality Index, or AQI. The AQI works sort of like a thermometer that runs from 0 to 500 degrees.

Basically, there are two general approaches to air pollution exposure assessment: 

(1) air monitoring, which depends on either direct measurements (personal monitors) or indirect measurements (fixed-site monitors combined with data on time-activity patterns), and

 (2) biological measurements that use biological markers.

WHO defines HIA as “a combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy, programe or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population”.  

The purpose of an economic impact assessment is to estimate the changes in employment, income, and levels of business activity (typically measured by gross receipts or value added) that may result from a proposed project or program.

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, aims to enable the “preservation of the quality of air and control of air pollution.” It was enacted to fulfil India's commitments at the 1972 United Nations environment conference

OBSERVATION:

Air pollution problems of a scale larger than the point monitoring problem lend themselves to space observational techniques. Examples of these large scale problems are those associated with changes in the global background of gases and aerosols; potential stratospheric pollution resulting from SST operations; regional sources, pollution episodes, and large scale diffusion; and effects of pollutants on climate. These problems are discussed and observational requirements are specified. Possible remote sensing techniques for satellite monitoring are described. These include monitoring of pollutant gases and particulates by means of their absorption and scattering of radiation in both the solar spectrum range and terrestrial emission spectrum range. A discussion of potential difficulties includes the atmospheric and surface background problems, the temperature sensitivity problem in the terrestrial spectrum range, the band overlap problem, and the cloud interference problem. Recent observations from satellites and balloons are reviewed. It appears that except for H2O, and, perhaps, O3 , measurements of the vertical profiles of atmospheric pollutant gases and aerosols from satellites will be extremely difficult. On the other hand, measurements of the total amounts (in a vertical column) of pollutant gases and aerosols do appear feasible.

ANALYSIS OF DATA:

Many studies suggest the quality of air has been significantly improving in the last years in the majority of the world regions. However, air quality still creates a significant problem in Europe, especially in some densely populated urban areas and during certain weather conditions. Several reports observe the serious impact of the air pollution on the people’s health and many analysis and models have been tested to understand and finally reduce the problem. The air pollution primarily results from: 

 Natural processes (soil erosion, volcano eruptions)

  Human activity,

 which includes three major sources:

 o Industry pollution 

o Traffic pollution (air exhaust, brake and tire wear, dust resuspension from roads, air and sea traffic) 

o House heating

 In addition to the increasing level of certain chemical compounds  (CO, SO2, NOx, BC, etc.) in the air, a dangerous type of pollution are small particles suspended in the atmosphere generated by a variety of human activities – Particulate Matter (PM) or Particulates. PM is a type of air pollution that can travel long distances in the atmosphere and causes a wide range of diseases and a significant reduction of life expectancy in most of the population of Europe There is a predictability to the narrative around North India’s air pollution. Air that is unhealthy all year-round becomes unbreathable during winter, largely due to particulate matter in emissions from farm fires in Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh. This contributes to the portrayal of farmers as the primary architects of Delhi’s air pollution crisis, and short-term solutions sustain only till the skies clear up. There is no denying that the effects of seasonal paddy stubble burning are severe—it causes an estimated loss of 150,000 years of healthy life annually.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:

Indoor environment is a complex issue in terms of toxicology and health risk assessment. There are many different types of pollutants which may give 11 rise to combined effects. The exposed population is the general public including vulnerable groups. 

 Many different factors influence air quality, e.g. ventilation, cleaning conditions, properties of buildings, products used in house-holds, cultural habits, climate, outdoor air etc. Thus, large variations in indoor environments can be expected across the EU. 

 The SCHER considers that the health risk assessment of the pollutants in indoor environments should be done according to the principles used in the EU for risk assessment of chemicals as this is an evidence based approach. Those principles should be applied on the data available and the specific features related to indoor environment taken into account. The risk assessment paradigm should be used flexibly, taking into account that complaints and diseases related to indoor exposures may have a complex cause-effect relationship. 

 The SCHER considers that the data base for indoor air risk assessment is in general limited. Frequently, there are more data available for risk assessment of “classical” indoor air pollutants such, as organic pollutants as compared to particles and microbes. Especially, more data on exposure, in quantitative terms, are required. Available dose-response data seldom cover vulnerable groups. 

 The SCHER has identified several gaps of knowledge, presented in answer to Question 2, which should be addressed by European-wide multidisciplinary research. As to single known compounds, SCHER considers carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, benzene, nitrogen oxides and naphthalene to be compounds of concern because they have caused adverse health effects as indoor pollutants or have a high potential to cause them.

 Environmental tobacco smoke, radon, lead and organophosphates are also of concern. For most other pollutants the data available are yet limited for risk assessment as indoor air pollutants.

 Consumer products, one source of chemicals in indoor environment, emit mostly volatile organic compounds. Lack of data on true exposure for emissions in consumer products has hampered evaluation of the associations with possible health effects most of which are also caused by other factors. The recent data suggest that some of the emitted products may react further in air and on surfaces producing secondary products, including fine and ultrafine particles. The health effects of those reaction products are poorly known. 

 Indoor air may contain over 900 chemicals, particles, and biological materials with potential health effects. Since their concentrations are usually higher than outdoors and people spend more time indoors than outdoors, the SCHER recommends that any studies to correlate outdoor air concentration with health effects need to consider the impact of indoor exposure. 

 The composition and concentrations of the different components in indoor air vary widely and are influenced by human activities. Since it is not feasible to regulate all possible scenarios, prevention from possible health effects and protection of sensitive populations is best achieved by reducing exposure. As a consequence the SCHER recommends that all relevant sources that are known to contribute should be evaluated. Such sources include tobacco smoke, any open fires including candles, building materials, furniture, pets and pests, use of household products, as well as conditions that lead to the growth of moulds. Constructers, maintenance personnel and inhabitants should also be aware that appropriate humidity avoids annoyances and sufficient air exchange reduces accumulation of pollutants.

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Environmental Pollution [Environmental Studies Notes BCOM/BA/BSC 2nd SEM CBCS Pattern]

Unit 5: environmental pollution (8 lectures), environmental studies notes for ba, b.com and bsc cbcs pattern.

• Environmental pollution: types, causes, effects and controls; Air, water, soil and noise pollution

• Nuclear hazards and human health risks

• Solid waste management: Control measures of urban and industrial waste.

• Pollution case studies – Bharalu river, Deepor Beel, Kolong river

**************

Table of Contents

Soil Pollution

Land is an important component of environment because soil is vital for the substances of life on earth. An inch of soil takes about 500 to 1000 years to be build. It is estimated that the total surface area of earth is 3,15,14,640 square km out of which only about one third is land surface. It is a resource for which there is no substitute. So, it becomes necessary to protect soil from pollutants.

Soil pollution can be more dangerous than other types of pollution. Soil pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or contaminants) in soil, in high enough concentrations to pose risk to human health and ecosystem. Soil pollution is the adverse alternation in the properties of the soil due to dumping of solid and semi-solid waste from agriculture, industry and urban areas. It also results because of washing down of pollutants by rain and faulty sanitation in the soil.

Sources of Soil Pollution

a) Agrochemicals: The application of inorganic fertilisers to crop lands and the use of toxic insecticides, pesticides, fungicides etc. for controlling diseases have an adverse impact of soil.

b) Industrial waste: The rapid growth of industries has resulted in the release of a lot of industrial waste on the land surface. The quality of those wastes depends on the types of raw materials and chemicals used in the industries. The toxic chemicals are absorbed by the green plants along with the nutrients and enter into the food chain and finally reaching the human being causing health hazards.

c) Domestic Garbage: Plastics are mainly used as packing materials which are normally thrown away as garbage. This garbage is pile up at public places which creates disposal problem.

d) Petroleum wastes: Contamination of soil by petroleum products is a major cause of soil pollution in several countries in the world.

e) Electric Waste: Electronic waste like cell phones, computers, gadgets, printers, radio, camera, video games, scanners, DVDs, Land phones etc. are non-biodegradable waste which is generally dumped in soil.

Measures to Control Soil Pollution

Since soil is vital for life, these should be protected from pollution. Some important measures to control soil pollution are:

a) Agro-chemicals should be used with caution in the field. Organic manure should be used instead of agro-chemicals.

b) Use of bio-fertilizers should be encouraged instead of chemical fertilizers.

c) Industrial effluents should be properly treated before discharging them on the soil. The effluents released should be subjected to proper treatment before their release into land mass.

d) The garbage produced should be dumped in closed chamber.

e) Adequate latrine facility should be provided in rural and urban areas.

f) Public awareness programmes should be implemented to educate people on health hazards due to soil pollution. Prevention of erosion and silting.

g) People should be trained regarding proper sanitary practices.

h) Application of pesticides should be controlled.

i) Bioremediation can be adopted for degradation of toxic chemicals present in soil.

Effects of Soil Pollution

a) Industrial wastes consist of a variety of chemicals which are extremely toxic. Chemical like acids, alkalis, pesticides, heavy metals etc. affect soil fertility and ultimately affect human health.

b) Nitrogen and phosphorus from the fertilizers in soil reach nearby water bodies with agricultural run-off and cause eutrophication.

c) Excess use of chemical fertilizers may result in reducing the ability of plants to fix nitrogen.

d) Pollutants in soil cause alteration in soil structure, causing death of many soil organisms which can affect the food chain.

e) Decline in the microorganisms found in the soil creating additional problems of soil erosion.

f) Contamination of underground and surface drinking water.

Water Pollution

Water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. It is essential for the survival of any form of life. Lakes, rivers, seas and groundwater are the main source of water. Water pollution  is the  pollution  of bodies of  water , such as lakes, rivers, seas, the oceans, as well as groundwater. It occurs when  pollutants reach these bodies of  water , without treatment. Waste from homes, factories and other buildings are main pollutant of the  water  bodies.

Sources of Water Pollution:  

a) Domestic wastes if they are not properly treated and released into water bodies cause serious water pollution.

b) Industrial wastes such as Toxic chemicals, acids, alkalis, metallic salts, phenols, cyanides are released into water bodies causes thermal pollution of water.

c) Agricultural pollutants such as excessive nutrients, ammonia and nitrates, pathogens, antibiotics and hormones.

d) Run off from urban areas such as rainfall and snowmelt can wash natural and man-made pollutants into rivers, lakes, wetlands, and coastal waters.

e) Oil pollution

f) Radioactive waste produced during industrial, medical and scientific processes.

Effects of Water Pollution

Domestic and hospital sewage contain many undesirable pathogenic microorganisms, and its disposal into a water without proper treatment may cause outbreak of serious diseases, such as, amoebiasis dysentery, typhoid, jaundice, cholera, etc. Metals like  lead, zinc, arsenic, copper, mercury  and  cadmium in industrial waste waters adversely affect humans and other animals. Some of the serious effects of water pollution are listed below:

a) Drinking contaminated water causes health problems like cancer, reproductive problems, typhoid fever, stomach sickness and skin rashes in humans.

b) Excess fluoride in water causes defects in teeth and bones called fluorosis, while arsenic can cause significant damage to the liver and nervous system.

c) Oil spills in the water cause animals to die when they ingest or encounter it.

d) Excess radioactive materials in water cause genetic mutations, birth defects and cancer.

e) Excess sediments in water cause cloudiness reducing photosynthetic ability, which disrupts the aquatic food chain.

Control of water pollution

a) The first and most important step in controlling water pollution is to Increase public education and awareness around the world concerning the causes and impacts of water pollution.

b) Government initiatives like Swachh Bharat Mission helps in reducing domestic wastes.

c) Setting up effluent treatment plants to treat waste water.

d) Laws, standards and practices should be established to prevent water pollution and these laws should be modified from time to time based on current requirements and technological advancements.

e) Planting more trees will reduce the amount of sulphur dioxide and nitric oxide.

f) Industrial plants should be based on recycling operations as it helps prevent disposal of wastes into natural waters but also extraction of products from waste.

g) Thermal pollution can be reduced by employing techniques like cooling ponds, wet/dry cooling towers etc.

Air Pollution

We all breathe in air, we can feel, and even smell the air and say whether it is fresh or stale. The pollution in air may not be noticed until we see smoke coming out from some source. All human activities from cooking at home to activities in highly mechanized industries contribute to air pollution.

The World Health Organization defines air pollution as “the presence of materials in the air in such concentration which are harmful to man and his environment.”

In Simple words, it is the occurrence or addition of foreign particles, gases and other pollutants into the air which have an adverse effect on human beings, animals, vegetation, buildings, etc.

Air Pollutants

Pollutants are classified into primary and secondary pollutants.

Primary pollutants: they are emitted into the atmosphere directly from the source and retains the same chemical form. Examples are carbon monoxide, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, suspended particulate matter(SPM).

Secondary pollutants: they are formed by the inter mingling and reactions of primary pollutants. Examples are photochemical smog, acid rain, PAN etc.

Sources and causes of Air Pollution

The sources of air pollution are classified into two groups: Natural and Man- made sources.

(a) Natural sources:

1)     Volcanic eruption: releasing poisonous gases like SO2, H2S, CO etc.

2)    Forest fires: Very large quantities of smoke and particulate matter are liberated during their breakout.

3)     Decomposition of organic and inorganic substances: Methane gas, carbon dioxide is released into the air.

4)     Dust: Dust is always present in the atmosphere in varying amount.

(b) Manmade sources:

1)    Deforestation.

2)     Burning of fossil fuels.

3)     Emission from vehicles.

4)     Rapid industrialization.

5)     Modern agricultural practices.

Effects of Air Pollution

Air pollution is very dangerous for health. Some of the adverse effects of air pollution are given below:

1. Air pollution affects our respiratory system and causes breathing difficulties.

2. Diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer, tuberculosis and pneumonia caused due to air pollution.

3. Increased concentration of carbon dioxide in atmosphere causes global warming.

4. Air pollution causes acid rain which damages crop plants, trees and buildings. It also makes the soil acidic.

5. Ozone layer depletion due to air pollution which allows ultraviolet radiation to reach the earth. Such radiation causes various skin and eye diseases.

6. Excess nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere results in respiratory problems and bronchitis.

Measures to Control Air Pollution

Air pollution can control from the following points:

1. A raw material for feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting.

2. Better designed equipment and smokeless fuels should be used in houses and industries. Less polluting fuels should be used.

3. Growing plants capable of fixing carbon monoxide. Example: Phaseolus vulgaris, Daucus carota.

4. Growing plants capable of metabolizing nitrogen oxides and other gaseous pollutants. Example: Vitis, Pimis, Pyrus etc.

5. Use of non-conventional sources of energy should be encouraged.

6. Use of public transport to control fuel consumption.

7. Automobiles should be properly maintained and adhere to emission control standards.

8. Proper Environmental Impact Assessment for any developmental work must be done.

Environmental Studies  MCQs  Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

➡ Top 100 Environmental Studies MCQs

Environmental Studies  Chapterwise  Notes

➡ Unit 1: Introduction to Environmental Studies

➡ Unit 2: Ecosystems

➡ Unit 3: Natural Resources: Types, Renewable and Non-renewable Resources

➡ Unit 4: Biodiversity and Conservation (Available in DTS App – Only for Members)

➡ Unit 5: Environmental Pollution

➡ Unit 6: Social Issues and the Environment

➡ Unit 7: Environmental Policies & Practices

➡ Unit 8: Human Communities and the Environment

➡ Unit 9: Field work

Environmental Studies  Question Papers 

➡ Dibrugarh University 2022

➡ Gauhati University 2022

➡ Assam University 2019   2021

➡ Kolkata University (Coming Soon)

Environmental Studies  Solved Question Papers    

Noise pollution.

Noise is one of the most pervasive pollutant. A musical clock may be nice to listen during the day, but may be an irritant during sleep at night. Noise by definition is “sound without value” or “any noise that is unwanted by the recipient”.

Noise in industries such as stone cutting and crushing, steel forgings, loudspeakers, shouting by hawkers selling their wares, movement of heavy transport vehicles, railways and airports leads to irritation and an increased blood pressure, loss of temper, decrease in work efficiency, loss of hearing which may be first temporary but can become permanent in the noise stress continues. It is therefore of utmost importance that excessive noise is controlled.

Noise level is measured in terms of decibels (dB). W.H.O. (World Health Organization) has prescribed optimum noise level as 45 dB by day and 35 dB by night. Anything above 80 dB is hazardous.

Causes and Sources of Noise Pollution

There are several sources of noise that contribute to both indoor and outdoor noise pollution which are listed below:

a) Cutting and Crushing in Industries/ Factories.

b) M ovement of heavy transport vehicles, railways and airports etc.

c) Sound generated during Construction activities.

d) Household chores such as washing and cleaning.

e) Playing of loud speakers during festivals/ social events and also hearing loud music in home.

f) Fire crackers burning during festivals and celebrations.

g) Microphones, Television and radio run in loud voice.

h) Loudspeakers in religious places.

h) Some noises are also caused by nature which are called a tmospheric noise which arises due to spurious radio frequency waves due to lightning and other natural disturbances occurring in the atmosphere. Natural phenomena like lightning, thunder, volcanic eruption, earthquake, sound of the ocean waves, etc.

Effects of Noise Pollution

a) Hearing Problems: Exposure to noise can damage one of the most vital organs of the body, the ear.

b) Poor Cognitive Function: With regular exposure to loud noise, the ability to read, learn and understand decreases significantly over time.

c) Serious diseases: High noise pollution can cause high blood pressure and loss of temperament.

d) Sleep disorders – exposure to noise reduces duration of sleep, diminish quality of sleep, Psychic disorders.

e) Wild life issues – noise bring about changes in the behavioural aptitude of birds and animals. They become inefficient in hunting and hence disturb the balance of ecosystem.

Thermal Pollution

The excessive heat dissipated into air or water from the industries increases the temperatures of the entire ecosystem and hence causes thermal pollution. Industrial waste and heat not only causes widespread climatological changes but also it can cause the damage of aquatic and terrestrial life. The effect of thermal pollution is more prominently marked in aquatic system.

The industries like iron and steel plants, petroleum refineries, nuclear reactor, electronic power plants etc. use large amount of water for cooling purposes. The water carries a lot of heat which when released into nearby bodies leads to thermal power pollution. Such an increase in temperature of the aquatic bodies by 8 to 10 degree celcius becomes injuries to the aquatic life.

When an increase in temperature of the aquatic body affects and disrupts the normal activities of the aquatic living organisms, the process is known as thermal pollution.

Sources of Thermal Pollution

a) Nuclear reactor

b) Industrial Wastes

c) Hydro-electric Power Plant

d) Thermal Power

e) Domestic Sewage

Effects of thermal pollution

Thermal pollution affects the living organism in the following ways:

a) It reduces the dissolved oxygen content of water.

b) It changes the characteristics properties of water.

c) It influences reproductive cycle, digestion rate, respiration rate and many enzymatic activities of living organism.

d) It favours the growth of certain bacteria and pathogens.

e) The egg of fish may hatch early or fail to hatch at all.

f) Thermal pollution results in low dissolved oxygen levels thereby perishing aquatic organisms.

Measures to Control Thermal Pollution

1. Colling of Pond’s water is the simplest and cheapest method to control thermal pollution.

2. Plantation of trees upon the banks of rivers, seas and other water bodies. Trees not only help in controlling thermal pollution but also aid in a better environment.

3. Creating artificial lakes for cooling of ponds.

4. Recycling of used water of factories.

5. Co-generation of heat from hot water and used in different tasks of industries.

Solid Waste Management

Industrialization across the world has brought a lot of good as well as bad things as well. One of the negative effects of industrialization is the creation of solid waste and consequent environmental degradation.

According to Britannica, “Solid-waste management is the collecting, treating and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the environment and to the outbreaks of vector-borne disease”

Human and animal activities generate different kinds of wastes. These wastes are generally in solid form, and may cause pollution of land, water and air unless treated and disposed off. The process of collection, transportation, treatment and disposal can be grouped under solid waste management. The increase in the quantity of solid waste is due to overpopulation, affluence and technological advancement.

Bad effects of solid wastes

a) Open dumps are malodorous places in which disease carrying vermins such as rats and files proliferate.

b) Methane gas is released into the surrounding air due to decomposition of solid wastes by the micro-organisms.

c) Hazardous materials dissolved in this liquid contaminate underground water and solid strata.

d) The leachate consisting of a variety of chemical constituents’ seeps and pollute the ground water.

e) Absence of landfill lingers aggravate the problem furthermore.

Types of Solid Waste

Solid wastes (waste which are neither liquid nor gaseous) can be classified into:

a) Urban or municipal wastes

b) Industrial wastes

Sources of Urban Waste

– Domestic wastes: It includes a variety of materials thrown out from homes.

– Food waste, Cloth, Waste paper, Glass bottles, Polythene bags, Waste metals, plastic containers, scrap, paints etc.

– Commercial wastes: It includes wastes coming out from shops, markets, hotels, offices, institutions, etc.

– Waste paper, packaging material, cans, bottle, polythene bags, etc.

– Construction wastes: It includes wastes of construction materials. • Wood, Concrete, Debris, etc.

– Horticulture waste and waste from slaughter houses include vegetable parts, residues and remains of slaughtered animals, respectively.

– Biomedical wastes: It includes mostly waste organic materials

– Anatomical wastes, Infectious wastes, glass bottles, plastic, metal syringe, etc.

– Mining waste: A large amount of solid waste is released from the mining activities. The increase in solid waste is due to overpopulation, affluence and technological advancement.

Sources of Industrial Waste

The main source of industrial wastes are chemical industries, metal and mineral processing industries.

– Nuclear plants: Generate radioactive wastes

– Thermal power plants: Produce solid waste in the form of fly ash 3

– Chemical Industries: Produce large quantities of hazardous and toxic materials.

– Other industries: Other industries produce packing materials, rubbish, organic wastes, acid, alkali, scrap metals, rubber, plastic, paper, glass, wood, oils, paints, dyes, etc.

Measures to Control Solid Waste

i) Sanitary Landfill: This is the most popular solid waste disposal method used today. Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, in abandoned or unused places. In this method garbage is spread out in thin layers, compacted and covered with clay, sand or plastic liner. The liners protect the ground water from being contaminated. When the landfill is full, it is covered with layers of sand, clay, top soil and gravel to prevent seepage of water.

ii) Incineration : It is the hygienic way of disposing solid waste. It is a thermal process (controlled combustion) in which the waste material is converted to heat, gas, steam and ash, which can be used for electrical generation and domestic heating. It is suitable for hazardous, organic and medical wastes. Combustible substance should be separated and removed before incineration process. Wet municipal waste should be preheated before incineration process. It reduces the volume of waste up to 20 or 30% of the original volume.

iii) Composting: It is a popular method by which bulk organic matter is converted into fertilizer by biological action. Microorganisms like fungi, bacteria convert degradable organic waste into broken, odourless mass called humus, which is a good fertilizer. Separated compostable waste is dumped in underground trenches in layers of 1.5m and finally covered with soil of 20 cm and left for decomposition.

Sometimes, actinomycetes are introduced for active decomposition. Biological action will start within two to three days. Good quality environmental friendly manure is formed from the compost and can be used for agricultural purpose.

iv) Vermi Composting: It has become very popular in the last few years. In vermi composting, earthworms are added to the compost. These help to break the waste and the added excreta of the worms makes the compost rich in nutrients. It is very useful biofertilizer and soil conditioner.

Related posts:

• Introduction to Environmental Studies [Environmental Studies Notes BCOM/BA/BSC 2nd SEM CBCS Pattern]
• Natural Resources Types, Renewable and Non-renewable Resources

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Evs Project On Air Pollution For Class 11th And 12th

Table of Contents

Acknowledgement:

I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to the individuals and organizations who have played a significant role in the completion of this Evs Project on Air Pollution. Their unwavering support, guidance, and contributions have been instrumental in the success of this endeavor.

First and foremost, I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to my teacher [mention teacher’s name] for providing me with valuable insights and guidance throughout the project. Their expertise and encouragement have been invaluable in shaping my understanding of the subject matter and guiding me in the right direction.

I am also grateful to [mention names of experts, environmentalists, or researchers] for their assistance and willingness to share their knowledge and experiences. Their valuable inputs during interviews, discussions, or consultations have enriched the project and provided a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding air pollution.

I would like to acknowledge the support and cooperation received from [mention names of organizations or institutions]. Their provision of necessary resources, such as research materials, data, and access to facilities, has significantly contributed to the project’s comprehensiveness and credibility.

Furthermore, I extend my thanks to my friends and classmates who have been a constant source of encouragement and support throughout the project. Their feedback and constructive criticism have helped me refine my ideas and strengthen the project’s overall quality.

Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude to my family for their unwavering support and understanding during the project’s duration. Their encouragement, patience, and belief in my abilities have been vital in keeping me motivated and focused.

I acknowledge that this project would not have been possible without the collective effort and support of these individuals and organizations. Their contributions have truly made a difference in shaping this project on air pollution, and I am immensely grateful for their involvement.

Once again, I extend my heartfelt thanks to everyone who has played a role in this project. Your support and guidance have been invaluable, and I am grateful for the opportunity to work on such an important topic under your guidance.

Introduction:

Air pollution is a pressing environmental issue that has garnered significant attention worldwide due to its detrimental effects on human health, ecosystems, and the overall well-being of our planet. The continuous release of pollutants into the atmosphere from various sources has resulted in a degraded air quality that poses severe risks to both the environment and public health.  

The primary objective of this Evs Project on Air Pollution is to shed light on the seriousness of this issue and raise awareness among individuals, communities, and policymakers. By understanding the causes, consequences, and potential solutions related to air pollution, we can take proactive measures to address and mitigate its harmful effects.

Air pollution originates from multiple sources, both natural and human-induced. Natural sources include volcanic eruptions, wildfires, and dust storms, while human activities contribute significantly to the problem. Emissions from industries, power plants, vehicles, and improper waste disposal are among the primary culprits responsible for air pollution.

The consequences of air pollution are far-reaching and impact various aspects of our lives. It adversely affects human health, leading to respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, allergies, and even premature death. Additionally, air pollution has severe implications for ecosystems, harming plant and animal life and disrupting delicate ecological balances. Furthermore, it contributes to climate change by influencing the Earth’s radiation balance and exacerbating global warming.

Recognizing the urgency of the situation, it is essential to explore and implement effective measures to combat air pollution. Through this project, we aim to provide insights into the possible solutions and strategies that can be adopted at individual, community, and governmental levels. By promoting sustainable practices, advocating for stricter emission controls, and encouraging the use of clean energy sources, we can make significant progress in reducing air pollution levels and preserving the health of our planet.

By increasing awareness and understanding of air pollution, we can empower individuals to make informed choices and take actions that contribute to a cleaner and healthier future. This project serves as a platform to educate and inspire students, policymakers, and the general public to prioritize and actively engage in efforts to combat air pollution.

In conclusion, this Evs Project on Air Pollution aims to highlight the severity of the problem and emphasize the importance of addressing it promptly. By comprehending the causes and consequences of air pollution and exploring potential solutions, we can pave the way for a sustainable and healthier future for ourselves and future generations.

Evs Project on Air Pollution:

The Evs Project on Air Pollution is a comprehensive study that delves into the multifaceted aspects of air pollution. It encompasses an in-depth analysis of its causes, effects, and potential solutions. By conducting thorough research and gathering relevant data, this project seeks to enhance awareness among individuals, communities, and policymakers regarding the pressing need to tackle air pollution promptly and effectively.

One of the primary objectives of this project is to identify and examine the various causes of air pollution. It explores both natural and anthropogenic factors that contribute to the degradation of air quality. Natural causes include volcanic eruptions, dust storms, and pollen, while anthropogenic causes encompass emissions from industries, transportation, energy generation, and household activities. By understanding the root causes, this project highlights the need for comprehensive strategies to address and mitigate these sources of pollution.

Furthermore, the project investigates the wide-ranging effects of air pollution on the environment, public health, and climate change. It explores the detrimental impacts on ecosystems, including the depletion of biodiversity, disruption of ecological balance, and damage to vegetation. The project also emphasizes the severe health consequences for humans, such as respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and impaired lung function. Additionally, it underscores the role of air pollution in exacerbating climate change by contributing to the greenhouse effect and altering weather patterns.

The Evs Project on Air Pollution goes beyond merely identifying the problems associated with air pollution. It aims to present potential solutions and strategies to mitigate this issue effectively. It explores both individual and collective actions that can be taken to reduce air pollution. These may include adopting sustainable transportation alternatives, promoting the use of clean energy sources, implementing stricter emission standards and regulations, advocating for effective waste management practices, and fostering public awareness and education on the importance of clean air.

By increasing awareness through this project, individuals, communities, and policymakers can be motivated to prioritize and take action against air pollution. It emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts involving government initiatives, industry practices, and individual responsibility to achieve substantial progress in addressing this environmental concern.

In conclusion, the Evs Project on Air Pollution aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the causes, effects, and potential solutions to air pollution. By raising awareness and advocating for effective measures, this project seeks to empower individuals and communities to take proactive steps towards mitigating air pollution and safeguarding the well-being of the environment and future generations.

Examples of Air Pollution:

The section on examples of air pollution provides a detailed exploration of various sources that contribute to the deterioration of air quality. It focuses on highlighting specific instances or case studies related to air pollution, shedding light on their environmental and health impacts.

Industrial emissions are one of the prominent sources of air pollution. Factories and manufacturing facilities release a range of pollutants into the atmosphere, including particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds. These emissions can lead to smog formation, acid rain, and respiratory issues for nearby communities. For example, the industrial region of Norilsk in Russia has experienced severe air pollution due to metal smelting operations, resulting in significant environmental damage and adverse health effects on the local population.

Vehicular pollution is another major contributor to air pollution, particularly in urban areas. Exhaust emissions from automobiles release harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter. Cities with high traffic congestion often experience elevated pollution levels and associated health problems. For instance, Delhi, the capital city of India, has witnessed severe air pollution due to the large number of vehicles on its roads, leading to respiratory ailments and reduced air quality indexes.

Indoor air pollution is a lesser-known but significant concern. Activities such as cooking with solid fuels like wood, coal, or biomass release harmful pollutants into indoor environments. This can have adverse effects on the health of individuals, especially women and children who are exposed to these pollutants for extended periods. In rural areas of developing countries, where clean cooking technologies are not readily available, indoor air pollution poses a serious health risk.

Agricultural activities, particularly the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, contribute to air pollution as well. The release of ammonia, pesticides, and other chemicals into the air can lead to smog formation and adversely affect air quality. This pollution can have detrimental effects on both human health and ecosystems.

The burning of fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas, is a significant source of air pollution globally. Power plants, residential heating systems, and industrial processes that rely on fossil fuel combustion emit greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. These pollutants contribute to climate change, smog formation, and respiratory diseases. For instance, the severe air pollution episodes witnessed in Beijing, China, were largely attributed to the burning of coal for heating and industrial purposes.

By examining these specific examples and case studies, the project aims to illustrate the diverse sources and impacts of air pollution. It emphasizes the urgency of addressing these sources through effective policies, technological advancements, and individual actions to safeguard the environment and public health.

Importance of Evs Project on Air Pollution:

The Evs Project on Air Pollution plays a vital role in today’s world by addressing one of the most pressing environmental challenges we face. It holds immense importance as it helps individuals, communities, and policymakers understand the gravity of the air pollution problem and its far-reaching consequences on ecosystems, human health, and climate change. By raising awareness through this project, it serves as a catalyst for inspiring action and driving changes in policies and personal behavior to effectively reduce air pollution.

Firstly, the project educates individuals about the detrimental effects of air pollution on ecosystems. It highlights how air pollutants can harm plant and animal life, disrupt ecological balances, and lead to the loss of biodiversity. By understanding these impacts, individuals gain a deeper appreciation for the interconnectedness of ecosystems and recognize the need to protect and preserve them.

Secondly, the project emphasizes the severe health implications of air pollution on human well-being. It sheds light on how air pollutants, such as particulate matter, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide, can contribute to respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, allergies, and even premature death. By creating awareness about these health risks, the project empowers individuals to prioritize their own well-being and take proactive measures to minimize exposure to air pollutants.

Furthermore, the Evs Project on Air Pollution addresses the critical link between air pollution and climate change. It highlights how certain pollutants, such as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, contribute to global warming and the disruption of weather patterns. By understanding this connection, individuals recognize the urgency of reducing air pollution as part of the broader efforts to mitigate climate change and its associated impacts, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and habitat loss.

Additionally, the project plays a crucial role in advocating for changes in policies and regulations. By raising awareness about the adverse effects of air pollution, it prompts individuals to engage with policymakers and demand stricter emission standards, increased investment in renewable energy sources, and sustainable urban planning. This project can contribute to the development and implementation of more effective environmental policies that prioritize air quality and protect public health.

Moreover, the Evs Project on Air Pollution encourages changes in personal behavior and lifestyle choices. By educating individuals about the sources of air pollution and their own contribution to it, the project promotes the adoption of sustainable practices. It inspires individuals to make conscious decisions such as reducing reliance on private vehicles, supporting clean energy alternatives, practicing proper waste management, and promoting indoor air quality.

In conclusion, the Evs Project on Air Pollution is of paramount importance in our world today. By raising awareness about the gravity of the problem, its detrimental effects on ecosystems, human health, and climate change, it inspires action and drives changes in policies and personal behavior to reduce air pollution. This project empowers individuals to make informed choices and actively contribute to creating a cleaner and healthier environment for ourselves and future generations.

How Can We Make It Happen?

This section explores practical steps and measures that can be taken to address air pollution. It discusses the importance of adopting sustainable transportation, promoting renewable energy sources, implementing stricter emission standards, encouraging waste management practices, and raising awareness among the general public. The focus is on individual and collective actions that can contribute to reducing air pollution.

The Three Pillars:

The three pillars of this project are:

Education and Awareness: This pillar emphasizes the need to educate individuals about the causes and impacts of air pollution. It promotes awareness campaigns, workshops, and educational programs to empower people with knowledge and encourage them to take action.

Policy and Regulation: This pillar emphasizes the importance of enacting and enforcing stringent policies and regulations to control air pollution. It discusses the role of government bodies, international agreements, and collaborations in formulating effective policies and implementing pollution control measures.

Technology and Innovation: This pillar focuses on the role of technology and innovation in combating air pollution. It explores advancements in clean energy technologies, air quality monitoring systems, and sustainable practices that can significantly reduce pollution levels.

Conclusion:

The Evs Project on Air Pollution serves as a catalyst for change, promoting awareness, sustainable practices, and policy advocacy to address the urgent issue of air pollution. By delving into the causes, effects, and potential solutions, this project empowers individuals, communities, and governments to take concerted action towards creating a cleaner and healthier future for ourselves and future generations.

Through this project, individuals gain a comprehensive understanding of the causes and effects of air pollution. Armed with knowledge, they can recognize the detrimental impact it has on ecosystems, human health, and climate change. This awareness fuels a sense of responsibility and urgency to take action against air pollution.

The project emphasizes the importance of collective efforts, urging individuals, communities, and governments to work together. By collaborating, sharing knowledge, and implementing sustainable practices, we can effectively combat air pollution. The project highlights the significance of initiatives such as adopting clean transportation alternatives, promoting renewable energy sources, implementing stricter emission regulations, and raising public awareness.

Furthermore, the Evs Project on Air Pollution underlines the importance of policy advocacy. It emphasizes the need for governments to enact and enforce stringent regulations and standards to control air pollution effectively. This includes collaboration on an international level to address transboundary pollution and foster sustainable practices across borders.

Ultimately, the project recognizes the shared responsibility of individuals, communities, and governments to protect our planet. By actively participating in efforts to reduce air pollution, we can contribute to the creation of a healthier environment for ourselves and future generations. It is crucial for us to recognize the interconnectedness of our actions and their impact on the planet.

In conclusion, the Evs Project on Air Pollution serves as a call to action, inspiring individuals, communities, and governments to work collectively towards combatting air pollution. By raising awareness, promoting sustainable practices, advocating for effective policies, and fostering collaboration, we can create a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable future for all. It is our responsibility to protect and preserve our planet for current and future generations.

Certificate of Completion

This is to certify that I, [Student’s Name], a [Class/Grade Level] student, have successfully completed the project on “Evs Project On Air Pollution For Class 11th And 12th.” The project explores the fundamental principles and key aspects of the chosen topic, providing a comprehensive understanding of its significance and implications.

In this project, I delved into in-depth research and analysis, investigating various facets and relevant theories related to the chosen topic. I demonstrated dedication, diligence, and a high level of sincerity throughout the project’s completion.

Key Achievements:

Thoroughly researched and analyzed Evs Project On Air Pollution For Class 11th And 12th. Examined the historical background and evolution of the subject matter. Explored the contributions of notable figures in the field. Investigated the key theories and principles associated with the topic. Discussed practical applications and real-world implications. Considered critical viewpoints and alternative theories, fostering a well-rounded understanding. This project has significantly enhanced my knowledge and critical thinking skills in the chosen field of study. It reflects my commitment to academic excellence and the pursuit of knowledge.

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