stanford university thesis database

Format Requirements for Your Dissertation or Thesis

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The final dissertation or thesis manuscript must have a ready-for-publication appearance and standard features.

The Office of the University Registrar does not endorse or verify the accuracy of any dissertation or thesis formatting templates that may be available to you.

It is your student responsibility to make sure that the formatting meets these requirements. Introductory material, text, and appendices must all be clearly and consistently prepared and must meet all of the specifications outlined below.

Once you upload and submit your dissertation or thesis in Axess, and it has been approved by the university, the submission is considered final and no further changes are permitted.

The digital file of the dissertation or thesis, which is sent to Stanford Libraries for cataloging, must meet certain technical requirements to ensure that it can be easily accessed by readers now and into the future. 

Follow the specifications outlined below.

Style and Format

Word and text divisions, style guides, content and layout, special instructions for d.m.a. students, order and content, page orientation, embedded links, supplementary material and publishing, supplementary material, scholarly reference, published papers and multiple authorship, use of copyrighted material, copyrighting your dissertation, file security and file name, stanford university thesis & dissertation publication license.

Pages should be standard U.S. letter size (8.5 x 11 inches).

In order to ensure the future ability to render the document, standard fonts must be used. 

For the main text body, type size should be 10, 11, or 12 point. Smaller font sizes may be used in tables, captions, etc. 

The font color must be black. 

Font Families

Acceptable font styles include:

• Times New Roman (preferred)
• Courier, Courier Bold, Courier Oblique, Courier Bold-Oblique;
• Helvetica, Helvetica Bold, Helvetica Oblique, Helvetica Bold-Oblique;
• Times, Times Bold, Times Italic, Times Bold-Italic;
• Computer Modern (or Computer Modern Roman).

Note: Do not use script or ornamental fonts. Do not use proprietary fonts.

If you use mathematical or other scientific notation in your dissertation or thesis using a font other than Symbol, you must embed the font into the PDF that is submitted to the university. 

Inner margins (left edge if single-sided; right edge for even-numbered pages, and left edge for odd-numbered pages if double-sided) must be 1.5 inches. All other margins must be one inch.

Pagination, headers, and/or footers may be placed within the margin, but no closer than one-half inch from the edge of the page.

For double-sided copies, 1.5 inches must be maintained as the inner margin. Margin requirements should apply to the entire document, including the title page.

The main body text of the manuscript should be one-and-a-half or double-spaced lines, except where conventional usage calls for single spacing, such as footnotes, indented quotations, tables, appendices, etc.

Words should be divided correctly at the end of a line and may not be divided from one page to the next. Use a standard dictionary to determine word division. 

Avoid short lines that end a paragraph at the top of a page, and any heading or subheading at the bottom of a page that is not followed by text.

The dissertation and thesis must be in English. 

Language Exceptions for Dissertations Only

Approval for writing the dissertation in another language is normally granted only in cases where the other language or literature in that language is also the subject of the discipline. 

Exceptions are granted by the school dean upon submission of a written request from the chair of your major department. Approval is routinely granted for dissertations in the Division of Literature, Cultures, and Languages within department specifications.

Prior to submitting in Axess, you must send a copy of the approval letter (or email message chain) from the department dean to [email protected]    

Dissertations written in another language must include an extended summary in English (usually 15 to 20 pages in length). In this case, you should upload your English summary as a supplemental file, during Step 4 of the online submission process.

Select a standard style approved by your department and use it consistently. 

Some reliable style guides are:

• K.A. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, 
• Theses and Dissertations (University of Chicago Press), and 
• the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (Modern Language Association).

If you are a student in the Doctor of Musical Arts program, you may submit musical scores formatted at 11 x 17 inches in size. 

If you are submitting a performance as your dissertation, submit the audio file in WAV format as a supplemental file. 

Note: The maximum file size accepted for submission is 100 MB. If a performance recording exceeds the maximum file size, break the file into multiple files and submit the parts individually as supplemental files.

Your dissertation or thesis must contain the following sections. All sections must be included in a single digital file for upload.

• Title Page — The format must be followed exactly. View these title page examples for Ph.D. Dissertation and this title page sample for an Engineer Thesis . Use uppercase letters. The title of the dissertation or thesis should be a meaningful description of the content of the manuscript. Use word substitutes for formulas, symbols, superscripts, subscripts, Greek letters, etc. The month and year must be the actual month and year in which you submit your dissertation or thesis electronically to the university. (Note: A student who submits in Autumn quarter is conferred his/her degree in the following calendar year.)
• Copyright Page — The dissertation or thesis PDF uploaded in Axess should not contain a copyright page. The copyright page will be created automatically by the online submission system and inserted into the file stored by Stanford Libraries.
• Signature Page — The dissertation or thesis PDF uploaded in Axess should also not contain a signature page. The submission process has moved away from ink-signatures, so a digital facsimile of the signature page will be created automatically by the online submission system and inserted into the dissertation or thesis in its final format stored by Stanford Libraries.
• Abstract — An abstract may be included in the preliminary section of the dissertation or thesis. The abstract in the body of the dissertation or thesis follows the style used for the rest of the manuscript and should be placed following the signature page. There is no maximum permissible length for the abstract in the dissertation or thesis.    Dissertation authors must enter an abstract using the online submission form for uploading the digital dissertation or thesis file to the library. This abstract, which will be indexed for online searching, must be formatted in plain text (no HTML or special formatting). It should be a pithy and succinct version of the abstract included in the dissertation or thesis itself.
• Preface, an Acknowledgment, or a Dedication
• Table of Contents – Include page references.
• List of Tables –  Include titles and page references. This list is optional.
• List of Illustrations – Include titles and page references. This list is optional
• Introduction  
• Main body – Include suitable, consistent headings for the larger divisions and more important sub-divisions.
• Appendices.
• Bibliography or List of References.

Except for the title page, which counts as 'i' but is not physically numbered, each page of the manuscript, including all blank pages, pages between chapters, pages with text, photographs, tables, figures, maps, or computer code must be assigned a number. 

Consistent placement of pagination, at least one-half inch from the paper’s edge, should be used throughout the manuscript.

Follow these pagination instructions exactly:

• For the preliminary pages, use small Roman numerals (e.g., iv, v, vi).
• The title page is not physically numbered, but counts as page i.
• Keep in mind that a copyright page ii and augmented signature page iii (based off your student record) will automatically be inserted to your manuscript during submission.  This means you must ensure to remove pages ii and iii from your dissertation or thesis.
• Failing to remove pages ii and iii is most common formatting mistake: you must remove your copyright page ii and signature page iii from the pdf file before you submit your dissertation or thesis, and begin pagination on your abstract with page number "iv". If the document is formatted for double-sided printing with each section starting on the right page, then pagination will begin on a blank page (page"iv") and the Abstract should be numbered as page "v", and so forth.
• For the remainder of the manuscript, starting with the Introduction or Chapter 1 of the Main Body, use continuous pagination (1, 2, 3, etc) for text, illustrations, images, appendices, and the bibliography. Remember to start with Arabic numbered page 1, as this is not a continuation of the Roman numeral numbering from the preliminary pages.
• The placement of page numbers should be consistent throughout the document.

For text, illustrations, charts, graphs, etc., printed in landscape form, the orientation should be facing away from the bound edge of the paper.

Images (color, grayscale, and monochrome) included in the dissertation or thesis should be clearly discernible both on screen and when printed. The dimensions should not exceed the size of the standard letter-size page (8.5” x 11”).

Image resolution should be 150 dots per inch (dpi), though resolutions as low as 72 dpi (and no lower) are acceptable. 

The format of images embedded in the PDF should be JPEG or EPS (the format JPEG2000 is also acceptable when it is supported in future versions of the PDF format). GIF and PNG are not preferred image file formats.

Large images, including maps and charts or other graphics that require high resolution, should not be included in the main dissertation or thesis file. Instead, they can be submitted separately as supplemental files and formatted in other formats as appropriate. 

Multimedia, such as audio, video, animation, etc., must not be embedded in the body of the dissertation or thesis. These media types add size and complexity to the digital file, introducing obstacles to users of the dissertation or thesis who wish to download and read (and “play back”) the content, and making it more difficult to preserve over time.

If you wish to include multimedia with your submission, upload the media separately as a stand-alone file in an appropriate media format. See Supplementary Material section below.

It is acceptable to include “live” (i.e., clickable) web URLs that link to online resources within the dissertation or thesis file. Spell out each URL in its entirety (e.g., http://www.stanford.edu ) rather than embedding the link in text (e.g., Stanford homepage ). By spelling out the URL, you improve a reader’s ability to understand and access the link reference.

Supplementary material may be submitted electronically with the dissertation or thesis. This material includes any supporting content that is useful for understanding the dissertation or thesis, but is not essential to the argument. It also covers core content in a form that can not be adequately represented or embedded in the PDF format, such as an audio recording of a musical performance.

Supplementary materials are submitted separately than the dissertation or thesis file, and are referred to as supplemental files.

A maximum of twenty supplemental files can be submitted. There are no restrictions on the file formats. The maximum file size is 1 GB.

You are encouraged to be judicious about the volume and quality of the supplemental files, and to employ file formats that are widely used by researchers generally, if not also by scholars of the discipline.

The following table outlines recommended file formats for different content types. By following these recommendations, the author is helping to ensure ongoing access to the material.

After uploading each supplemental file, it is important to enter a short description or label (maximum 120 characters for file name and the description). This label will be displayed to readers in a list of the contents for the entire submission.

If copyrighted material is part of the supplementary material, permission to reuse and distribute the content must be obtained from the owner of the copyright. Stanford Libraries requires copies of permission letters (in PDF format) to be uploaded electronically when submitting the files, and assumes no liability for copyright violations. View this sample permission letter .

System restrictions allow for a maximum of 10 individually uploaded permission files. If you have more than 10 permission files we recommend combining all permission letters into a single PDF file for upload.

In choosing an annotation or reference system, you should be guided by the practice of your discipline and the recommendations of your departments. In addition to the general style guides listed in the Style section above, there are specific style guides for some fields. When a reference system has been selected, it should be used consistently throughout the dissertation or thesis. The placement of footnotes is at your discretion with reading committee approval.

An important aspect of modern scholarship is the proper attribution of authorship for joint or group research. If the manuscript includes joint or group research, you must clearly identify your contribution to the enterprise in an introduction.

The inclusion of published papers in a dissertation or thesis is the prerogative of the major department. Where published papers or ready-for-publication papers are included, the following criteria must be met:

• There must be an introduction that integrates the general theme of the research and the relationship between the chapters. The introduction may also include a review of the literature relevant to the dissertation or thesis topic that does not appear in the chapters.
• Multiple authorship of a published paper should be addressed by clearly designating, in an introduction, the role that the dissertation or thesis author had in the research and production of the published paper. The student must have a major contribution to the research and writing of papers included in the dissertation or thesis.
• There must be adequate referencing of where individual papers have been published.
• Written permission must be obtained for all copyrighted materials. Letters of permission must be uploaded electronically in PDF form when submitting the dissertation or thesis. 
• The published material must be reformatted to meet the university's format requirements (e.g., appropriate margins and pagination) of the dissertation. The Office of the University Registrar will approve a dissertation or thesis if there are no deviations from the normal specifications that would prevent proper dissemination and utilization of the dissertation or thesis. If the published material does not correspond to these standards, it will be necessary for you to reformat that portion of the dissertation or thesis.
• Multiple authorship has implications with respect to copyright and public release of the material. Be sure to discuss copyright clearance and embargo options with your co-authors and your advisor well in advance of preparing your thesis for submission.

If copyrighted material belonging to others is used in your dissertation or thesis or is part of your supplementary materials, you must give full credit to the author and publisher of the work in all cases, and obtain permission from the copyright owner for reuse of the material unless you have determined that your use of the work is clearly fair use under US copyright law (17 USC §107). 

The statute sets out four factors that must be considered when assessing Fair Use:

• the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purpose;
• the nature of the copyrighted work;
• the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
• the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

The Association of American University Presses requires permission for any quotations that are reproduced as complete units (poems, letters, short stories, essays, journal articles, complete chapters or sections of books, maps, charts, graphs, tables, drawings, or other illustrative materials). You can find this guideline and other detailed information on Fair Use at http://fairuse.stanford.edu . 

If you are in doubt, it is safest to obtain permission. Permission to use copyrighted material must be obtained from the owner of the copyright. Stanford Libraries requires copies of permission letters (in PDF format) to be uploaded electronically when submitting the dissertation or thesis, and assumes no liability for copyright violations. For reference, view this sample permission letter .

Copyright protection is automatically in effect from the time the work is in fixed form. A proper copyright statement consisting of the copyright symbol, the author’s name, year of degree conferral, and the phrase “All Rights Reserved” will be added automatically to the dissertation or thesis in its final form.

Registration of copyright is not required, but it establishes a public record of your copyright claim and enables copyright owners to litigate against infringement. You need not register your copyright with the U.S. Copyright Office at the outset, although registration must be made before the copyright may be enforced by litigation in case of infringement. 

Early registration does have certain advantages: it establishes a public record of your copyright claim, and if registration has been made prior to the infringement of your work, or within three months after its publication, qualifies you to be awarded statutory damages and attorney fees in addition to the actual damages and profits available to you as the copyright owner (should you ever have to sue because of infringement).

For more information about copyright, see the Stanford Libraries' resource on Copyright Considerations .

For further information on Registration of Copyright, see https://www.copyright.gov/registration/ .

Do not require a password to make changes to your submitted PDF file, or apply other encryption or security measures. Password-protected files will be rejected.

The file name and description will be printed on a page added to your dissertation or thesis, so choose a file name accordingly.

Important note: File names may only consist of alphanumeric characters, hyphen, underscore, at sign, space, ampersand, and comma – before the ending period and file extension.  Specifically,

• A file name cannot start with a space, period (nor contain a period), underscore, or hyphen.
• Files names must be 120 characters or less.

Here is an example of a filename that is allowed, including all of the possible characters:

• A Study of Social Media with a Focus on @Twitter Accounts, Leland Student_30AUG2023.pdf

In submitting a thesis or dissertation to Stanford, the author grants The Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University (Stanford) the non-exclusive, worldwide, perpetual, irrevocable right to reproduce, distribute, display and transmit author's thesis or dissertation, including any supplemental materials (the Work), in whole or in part in such print and electronic formats as may be in existence now or developed in the future, to sub-license others to do the same, and to preserve and protect the Work, subject to any third-party release or display restrictions specified by Author on submission of the Work to Stanford.

Author further represents and warrants that Author is the copyright holder of the Work, and has obtained all necessary rights to permit Stanford to reproduce and distribute third-party materials contained in any part of the Work, including use of third-party images, text, or music, as well as all necessary licenses relating to any non-public, third-party software necessary to access, display, and run or print the Work. Author is solely responsible and will indemnify Stanford for any third party claims related to the Work as submitted for publication.

Author warrants that the Work does not contain information protected by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), confidentiality agreements, or contain Stanford Prohibited, Restricted or Confidential data described on the University IT website , or other data of a private nature.

Stanford is under no obligation to use, display or host the work in any way and may elect not to use the work for any reason including copyright or other legal concerns, financial resources, or programmatic need.

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Quick Start Research Toolkit

In this guide.

• About the Quick Start Guide
• Library Services
• Find Books, Articles, Journals, etc.
• Explore Databases and Search Engines
• Write and Publish
• Get Images for Presentations and Teaching
• Keep Current
• Clinical Point of Care Tools
• Steps to Get Your Research off to a Good Start

Do you need help or have questions? There are several ways to get in contact with us:

Database Searching

This section of the Quick Start Research Toolkit is designed to provide you with some tips for increasing the effectiveness of your search skills for a selected set of databases and search engines. However, this guide is not intended to offer a comprehensive tutorial on all aspects of searching or list all the databases that Lane subscribes to. Links to training for other databases are available via the tabs below. For assistance creating advanced searches, contact us via the Lane Library literature review intake form.

Databases and Search Engines

Google scholar, web of science.

• Other Databases

PubMed is a freely accessible bibliographic database of over 30 million references to articles in the biomedical sciences. The PubMed search interface was substantially redesigned in May of 2020. Highlights include:

• A new ranking algorithm, Best Match (see Figure 1)
• Improved navigation that allows you to move from reference to reference and to different locations within a reference. (see Figure 2)
• Optimized for use on mobile devices

Figure 2:  1) Navigation arrows to move from one citation to the next; 2) links to the article via Lane's journal holdings; and 3) navigation options to move to different fields within the citation. 

Quick Tips for Improving Your PubMed Searching Skills

Connecting to PubMed

Be sure to connect to PubMed from Lane Library's website in order to access Stanford content via the Full Text @ Lane Library Stanford  icon. (see Figure 2, above)

NCBI Accounts:

Create a new NCBI Account  to personalize your PubMed searching experience. You can colorize your search terms; set filters based on study types, (guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials), and even c reate alerts based on your search topic. To learn more, visit the  NIH guide to creating alerts.

Search Operators:

The key PubMed search operators are “AND,” “OR,” “NOT.” Putting the operators in upper case makes it easier to see the relationship of the search terms to one another. Note that PubMed process searches from left to right. Try clicking on the following examples in PubMed to see how the results change depending on the search operators you use.

• bariatric AND obesity AND teens
• bariatric AND obesity AND teens OR adolescents TOO MANY! What happened? PubMed searches from left to right, so this search retrieved the same number of references as search #1 and ANY   reference that mentions adolescents.
• bariatric AND obesity AND (teens OR adolescents) Much better with parentheses! PubMed runs the search within the parentheses first before combining it with the terms outside the parentheses.

Search Tags:

Use PubMed field tags to search a specific field or fields within a reference; e.g., title, abstract, author keywords, medical subject headings, etc.. One of the advantages of using tags is that you  are in control of the search with a clear understanding of why you're "getting what you get." This is in contrast to PubMed's relevancy ranking algorithm  Best Match  where it's not always completely clear why a particular citation was retrieved. Click on the following searches to see how the results change depending on what fields you want to search.

• simulation [ti] AND resuscitation [ti] 
• simulation [tw] AND resuscitation [tw] AND pediatrics [tw] AND residents [tw] AND outcomes [tw]
• "simulation training"[mesh] AND "resuscitation"[mesh] AND "pediatrics" [mesh]
• A comprehensive list of PubMed field tags.

Search Strategies for Common Topics

CHILDREN/PEDIATRICS:

(infan* [tw] OR newborn* [tw] OR "new-born" [tw] OR "new borns" [tw] OR perinat* [tw] OR neonat* [tw] OR baby [tw] OR baby* [tw] OR babies [tw] OR toddler* [tw] OR minors [tw] OR child [tw] OR child* [tw] OR children* [tw] OR schoolchild* [tw] OR "school child" [tw] OR "school children" [tw] OR adolescen* [tw] OR juvenil* [tw] OR youth* [tw] OR teen* [tw] OR "under age" [tw] OR pubescen* [tw] OR prepubesc* [tw] OR pediatric* [tw] OR paediatric* [tw] OR "Nursery school" [tw] OR kindergar* [tw] OR "primary school" [tw] OR "secondary school" [tw] OR "elementary school" [tw] OR "high school" [tw] OR "primary schools" [tw] OR "secondary schools" [tw] OR "elementary school" [tw] OR "high schools" [tw] OR highschool* [tw] OR "infant" [mesh] OR "Child"[mesh] OR "Adolescent"[mesh] OR "Minors" [mesh] OR "Puberty" [mesh] OR "Pediatrics" [mesh] OR pediatrics)

For more advanced classes on PubMed visit Lane's upcoming classes page or the National Library of Medicine's tutorials site .

Google Scholar allows you to search the full-text of journal articles, conference papers, dissertations, academic books, pre-prints, technical reports, court opinions, patents, and other scholarly literature across all academic disciplines of research. Because you're searching full-text in Google Scholar, you can often identify relevant research that might otherwise be hidden in standard bibliographic databases, most of which only provide citation-level searching (titles, abstracts, author keywords, etc.). 

To access articles in Stanford-owned journals (including Lane Library and main campus libraries) be sure to set your library preferences to "Stanford" as shown in the following screenshots. 

Select Settings  from the upper left pull-down menu.

Select  Library Links  and run a search on Stanford. Select both Stanford links.

After running a search, 1) click on "<<" to display the Find it @ Stanford Med  and then click the link to access the article via Lane Library's collection; or 2) click on the Find it@Stanford to access the article from the main campus libraries' collection.  

For more tips on how to search Google Scholar, visit the about G oogle Scholar page.  

While many searchers of Google simply type search terms into the search box, hit enter, and hope for the best, it's possible to run more effective searches using Google's advanced query options.

If you find yourself frustrated by a particular website's internal search engine, use Google’s site  option to search the website from within Google. All you need is your search terms, the URL for the site, and the search "tag"  site:  Note the colon that follows the word  site:  Click on the following search string to see the results

pediatric grand rounds site:stanford.edu

To search a broad internet domain such as .edu or .org or .com, simply use the domain suffix as the target of your search. Click on the following search string to see the results

guideline school reopening site:.org

To exclude a particular website or domain from your search, place a minus sign "-" in front of the URL. For example, if you want to exclude all .coms from your search, try the following:

peanut allergy -site:.com

filetype:pdf

Filetype:pdf is an extremely powerful way to supplement searches of traditional literature databases and search engines like PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Where Google Scholar searches the full text of scholarly literature, Google allows you to search the full text of a multitude of publication types, many of which might not be considered "scholarly" but are useful nonetheless. These publications could include federal and state reports; policy documents from think-tanks like Rand; training materials and syllabi from educational institutions; guidelines from medical societies; etc.

To tap into this huge corpus of information, use  filetype:pdf  preceded by your search terms.

adolescents obesity bariatric diabetes filetype:pdf

You can use additional filetypes as well,  e.g.,  ppt, docx,  etc. 

"sleep pods" residents filetype:ppt

For more information on how to search Google, visit the How to search on Google page.

Web of Science is a multidisciplinary database of over 10,000 high-impact journals in the sciences, social sciences, and arts and humanities, as well as international proceedings coverage for over 120,000 conferences. Web of Science includes a variety of multidisciplinary databases, including CAB Abstracts and Global Health; Inspect (engineering); BIOSIS (life sciences); and Zoological Record (animal biology). 

In addition to covering all academic disciplines, Web of Science allows the search to re-sort the results of a search by  Times Cited.  Citation count is often an indicator of the relative impact of a particular research paper.

To search Web of Science, first, pick a particular database from the drop-down menu or  all  databases.

After running a search: 1) click on  Times Cited  to re-sort the results of your search from most to least cited; 2) view the number of times a paper has been cited; and 3) use the filters on the left of your search results to refine your search. 

For more information on how to effectively search Web of Science, visit the WOS training and tutorials page.

Lane Medical Library and Stanford University Libraries have an extensive collection of hundreds of different literature databases. For help choosing the right database for your research topic, contact Lane Library for research help or submit a  literature search intake form . Below is a list of some additional, popular databases:

Cochrane Library : The Cochrane Library is a collection of databases including the Cochrane Database of systematic reviews and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Cochrane Library is often used in conjunction with other bibliographic databases when developing a systematic review. Cochrane Library training and tutorials . 

CINAHL  CINAHL: (Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health) provides authoritative coverage of the literature related to nursing and allied health. CINAHL training and tutorials.

Embase : Embase is a powerful biomedical and pharmacological bibliographic database. Thorough searches of Embase are considered an integral part of most systematic reviews and metaanalyses. Embase training and tutorials.

Scopus : Scopus is a large multidisciplinary citation database of peer-reviewed literature in the life sciences, social sciences, physical sciences, and health sciences. Similar to Web of Science, the coverage is quite broad and the search results can be filtered by times cited. Scopus training and tutorials.

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• Last Updated: May 2, 2024 9:30 AM
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Education research : Databases

Databases for more information.

• ERIC the educational resources information center "The Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) is a national information system designed to provide users with ready access to an extensive body of education-related literature. ERIC, established in 1966, is supported by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, and the National Library of Education" -- FAQ page.
• Education full text Provides comprehensive coverage of an international range of English-language periodicals, monographs and yearbooks. Indexing coverage begins June 1983; abstracts are included beginning spring 1994; full text of some journals is available beginning Jan. 1996. Indexing and abstracting coverage is identical to that of Education index and Education abstracts.
• LearnTechLib "LearnTechLib is the premiere online resource for aggregated, peer-reviewed research on the latest developments and applications in Learning and Technology by the world's leading publications and authors."
• PsycINFO Contains citations and summaries of journal articles, book chapters, books, and technical reports in the field of psychology and psychological aspects of related disciplines including medicine, psychiatry, nursing, sociology, education, pharmacology, physiology, linguistics, anthropology, business and law.
• Sociological abstracts CSA Sociological Abstracts abstracts and indexes the international literature in sociology and related disciplines in the social and behavioral sciences. The database provides abstracts of journal articles and citations to book reviews drawn from over 1,800+ serials publications, and also provides abstracts of books, book chapters, dissertations, and conference papers.
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• Background information
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• Last Updated: Jan 23, 2024 12:44 PM
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PHYSICS DISSERTATION DEFENSE: Zach Bogorad

Ph.D. Candidate:  Zach Bogorad

Research Advisor:  Peter Graham  

Date: May 13, 2024 Time: 10:00am PT

Location: Physics and Astrophysics Building (PAB) 214

Zoom Link:    https://stanford.zoom.us/j/95876516920

Zoom Password: Email nickswan [at] stanford.edu ( nickswan[at]stanford[dot]edu ) for password.

  Title: Detecting Nanometer-Scale New Forces with Coherent Neutron Scattering

Abstract:  Significant effort has been devoted to searching for new fundamental forces of nature. At short length scales (below approximately 10 nm), many of the strongest experimental constraints come from neutron scattering from individual nuclei in gases. The leading experiments at longer length scales instead measure forces between macroscopic test masses. I will present a proposal that combines these two approaches: scattering neutrons off of a target that has spatial structure at nanoscopic length scales. Such structures will give a coherent enhancement to small-angle scattering, where the new force is most significant. This can considerably improve the sensitivity of neutron scattering experiments for new forces in the 0.1 - 100 nm range. I will discuss the backgrounds due to Standard Model interactions and a variety of potential target structures that could be used, estimating the resulting sensitivities. I will show that, using only one day of beam time at a modern neutron scattering facility, our proposal has the potential to detect new forces as much as four orders of magnitude beyond current laboratory constraints at the appropriate length scales.

CEAS welcomes Knight-Hennessy Scholar Eric Liu

Knight-Hennessy Scholars at Stanford University announced its 2024 cohort of 90 new scholars who will pursue degrees in 45 graduate programs across all seven graduate schools at Stanford. Scholar Eric Liu of Princeton, New Jersey will pursue his master of arts degree in East Asian studies at the Center for East Asian Studies with a regional focus on China. According to the Knight-Hennessy Scholars:

"Eric is earning a bachelor of science degree from the United States Military Academy in Chinese and systems and decision sciences. Following Stanford, he will serve as an infantry officer in the United States Army. At West Point, Eric served as the regimental Sandhurst officer, overseeing the preparation, execution, and consolidation of the Sandhurst Military Skills Competition for 1,100 cadets. He is a recipient of the General William E. Read Pentathlete Award." Knight-Hennessy Scholars is a multidisciplinary, multicultural graduate fellowship program. Scholars receive up to three years of financial support to pursue graduate studies at Stanford and while providing experiences that prepare graduates to be visionary, courageous, and collaborative leaders who address complex challenges facing the world. Learn more about the Knight-Hennessy Scholars program and how to apply .

Soft Matter

Microscopic origin of tunable assembly forces in chiral active environments †.

* Corresponding authors

a Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA E-mail: [email protected]

Across a variety of spatial scales, from nanoscale biological systems to micron-scale colloidal systems, equilibrium self-assembly is entirely dictated by—and therefore limited by—the thermodynamic properties of the constituent materials. In contrast, nonequilibrium materials, such as self-propelled active matter, expand the possibilities for driving the assemblies that are inaccessible in equilibrium conditions. Recently, a number of works have suggested that active matter drives or accelerates self-organization, but the emergent interactions that arise between solutes immersed in actively driven environments are complex and poorly understood. Here, we analyze and resolve two crucial questions concerning actively driven self-assembly: (i) how, mechanistically, do active environments drive self-assembly of passive solutes? (ii) Under which conditions is this assembly robust? We employ the framework of odd hydrodynamics to theoretically explain numerical and experimental observations that chiral active matter, i.e. , particles driven with a directional torque, produces robust and long-ranged assembly forces. Together, these developments constitute an important step towards a comprehensive theoretical framework for controlling self-assembly in nonequilibrium environments.

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Microscopic origin of tunable assembly forces in chiral active environments

C. H. Batton and G. M. Rotskoff, Soft Matter , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00247D

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Why the “Venture Mindset” Is Not Just for Tech Investors

How venture capitalists approach risk has lessons that apply beyond Silicon Valley, according to a new book.

May 10, 2024

Successful VCs know when to hold ’em and when to fold ’em. | iStock/BrianAJackson

In most of the business world — and the world in general — the default setting is caution, consensus, and, above all, a low tolerance for bad bets. Venture capitalists are not wired this way. In their quest for the next Google, Amazon, or OpenAI, they run headlong into uncertainty and embrace contrarianism. They accept that failure is an option as they invest in deal after deal that never takes off.

They do this because more than 50 years of VC investments have proved that this approach works, explain Ilya Strebulaev and Alex Dang . In their new book, The Venture Mindset: How to Make Smarter Bets and Achieve Extraordinary Growth , they identify nine principles that define this way of seeing the world . And they argue that this mentality has applications far beyond Sand Hill Road. “The farther you are away from the world of VC and Silicon Valley, and the less you think your industry is vulnerable to being affected by what is happening in the VC realm, the more you need this book,” they write.

Strebulaev, a professor of finance at Stanford Graduate School of Business, has been researching and teaching about startups and venture investing for over a decade. Dang, MS ’14, a tech executive and innovation advisor, has worked at Amazon and AWS, and as a McKinsey & Company partner. (He’s also one of Strebulaev’s former students.) They sat down with Stanford Business to discuss the venture mindset and why it’s not just for VCs chasing tech unicorns.

The venture mindset is quite different from the way many people approach risk and make decisions. What makes it unique?

Ilya Strebulaev: The venture mindset works in an environment where there is a lot of uncertainty, where there are a lot of unknowns, where nobody knows the truth, and we expect a lot of changes. The traditional mindset typically works very well in a stable environment. Indeed, in the past, many industries were stable for decades before something disrupted them. Now we see industry after industry undergoing dramatic changes. The VC mindset is becoming more and more useful and likely will dominate — or should dominate — a number of industries for a while.

In the traditional mindset, you better not consider many options, because all the options are relatively similar. You don’t want to incur the cost of exerting a lot of effort to find something that is just marginally better. In the venture mindset, one of the principles is “Say no 100 times,” which means that for each deal venture capitalists invest in, they consider and say no to more than 100 deals.

Alex Dang: In a stable environment, you would rather not fail that often; you would rather not miss. In the venture mindset environment, you would rather not miss your next Google. So that’s why you have to make sure that you swing for the fences and make sure that you have enough home runs.

Strebulaev: As we say, “Home runs matter, strikeouts don’t.” And if you look at the statistics of venture returns, you see this clearly.

How do you distinguish between occasionally hitting a home run and sheer luck?

Strebulaev: We’re asked this question all the time. The answer is very straightforward: If you have luck and luck again and luck again, that’s no longer luck. Having luck repeatedly is a great skill.

Dang: I used to work for Amazon. They launch new businesses and ventures out of nothing at a pretty unimaginable pace. My office had this wall with press releases and announcements of products that my team had launched. Some of them were very successful, but some of them were failures. Why? Because I wanted to demonstrate that failures do matter and that it’s critically important to have them in your portfolio.

Another unique feature of the venture mindset is how it handles disagreements within teams. How do VCs avoid decision-making by consensus or groupthink?

Strebulaev: Naturally, it feels like consensus is a good idea — and sometimes it is, in the traditional world. But in the world where the venture mindset is applicable, consensus is a very dangerous thing. One of the VCs we quote in the book, Alex Rampell from Andreessen Horowitz, says, “Conviction beats consensus.” In the venture mindset, the idea is that you can proceed as long as a deal has a champion who can convince some others, but not everybody.

Quote The VC mindset is becoming more and more useful and likely will dominate — or should dominate — a number of industries for a while. Attribution Ilya Strebulaev

One example that Alex and I really like is the story of Reid Hoffman. He did the due diligence and decided that investing in Airbnb was a great idea — at the time when Airbnb was still a scrappy startup. In his venture capital firm, he proposed the idea and the partnership was against it. In fact, one of the senior partners told him, “Look, every VC needs to have a deal they can fail on. Airbnb can be yours, right?” In a traditional organization, they never would have invested in Airbnb.

Why don’t more established corporations use the venture mindset?

Strebulaev: Successful large corporations become more risk-averse with time because they have assets and cash flows to protect. If they don’t control the process and culture on purpose, then the traditional mindset is a natural tendency. And once that happens, it’s not that easy to change — but it is possible.

Dang: What Ilya just said is critical: The natural tendency is to become risk-averse — and it is essential not to allow this mindset to spread across the organization. Yet there are plenty of large corporations that have managed to create new ventures within themselves or generate ones that would be considered unicorns — like Nestlé launching Nespresso, Tencent launching WeChat, Google launching Gmail or Google Cloud, or Apple launching the iPhone.

How does the VC mindset balance the potential for regretting a missed opportunity with the danger of betting on something that might tank?

Dang: The venture mindset should not be applied across all decisions, especially in more traditional decision-making situations, like, say, budgeting your day-to-day operations or improving your supply chain. That’s where you need perfection rather than swinging for the fences every single time.

For innovative stuff, that’s where the venture mindset is critical. However, it’s not like gambling. And it’s not about betting the farm to win a lot. We outline a “Double down or quit” principle. You don’t bet all of your fund on one idea right away. You split your fund and start with a small fraction of your fund at the seed stage or series A stage, and you make a small investment to see whether that resonates with the user. Then, if you collect positive signals from your customer, you double down or quit.

You use a lot of sports and gambling metaphors in the book. Of them is “Bet on the jockey.” What does that mean?

Strebulaev: When venture capitalists invest, especially at an early stage, they care more about the “jockey” — the founding team, the management team, the employees — than the “horse” — the business model, product, market, et cetera. Obviously, VCs care a lot about stuff like business models and the size of the total addressable market; you cannot win with a donkey. But the jockey matters way more in the venture capital world than in many traditional organizations.

Dang: The challenge is that when you launch a new venture, you never know what will work and what won’t. You can polish your business plan projections to death, but unfortunately, the reality in six months will be way different. So your bet is on the team that will solve all these challenges and problems on the way.

Can aspiring startup founders use the venture mindset to reverse-engineer how potential funders are approaching them?

Strebulaev: Reverse engineering is very important because whenever you meet with venture capitalists who will be considering you, you need to know exactly how they view you. What most founders don’t realize is that venture capitalists use a different decision-making process at the top of the “deal funnel,” where they have hundreds and hundreds of deals and try to limit them to dozens, versus down the funnel, where they have maybe 10 deals and try to make one investment. We call this “fast lane” and “slow lane.”

In the fast lane, you have to make decisions very quickly. Founders are typically unaware of how venture capitalists make those decisions. They make it by asking a very specific question, “Why should we not proceed with this investment?” The moment I meet you and identify a critical red flag, I will stop even thinking about the investment. I’ll move on. In the slow lane, it becomes a very different kind of due diligence. I tell my students, “You can guess where you are in the funnel by the sort of questions you’re asked, by who’s meeting you, how these meetings go.”

How have you integrated the VC mindset into your work or personal life?

Dang: I now believe more in the experimentation and in making big bets. I click the “send” button way more often than before because I now expect that many of my requests, sometimes wild requests, will be simply rejected or never answered. I keep in mind that if I want to test something new, if I want to have a really large funnel, that’s what I need to do. Thankfully, the response rate when I send an email or request is better than 100 to one.

Strebulaev: We say, “Get outside the four walls,” which means that VCs try to develop diverse networks to increase the sourcing where they find deals. Why? Unlike in the traditional environment, you don’t know where all those outliers are going to come from. I’ve been traveling all the time for more than 20 years. In the past, I’d board the plane and would not talk to anybody. These days, my venture mindset principles tell me I have to get outside the four walls, so I’m trying to meet other people. You can talk to 20 other people and nothing interesting will come out of it. And then you talk to the 21st and something interesting will come out. It could be an investment opportunity, a new research idea, or the idea to write a book!

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