word research paper

How-To Geek

How to use researcher in microsoft word for essays and papers.

With Researcher in Microsoft Word, you can reduce the time you spend researching your school essay or research paper. Close your web browser and use Word’s built-in tool.

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What can you do with researcher, open researcher in microsoft word, review relevant topics and top sources, add topic items to your document.

Microsoft wants to make your research easier. With the Word Researcher tool, you can close your web browser and get sources for school essays, research papers, and similar documents in a few clicks.

The Researcher feature, powered by Bing, gives you a handy search box to find people, events, places, and concepts. The results of your search provide you with relevant topics and top sources including books, journals, websites, and images.

When you select the source you want, you can see an overview, history, location, images, and other important details. And the best part is, you never leave your Microsoft Word document.

In addition to viewing the details for your topic, you can start an outline for your paper as well as adding and citing text. Click the main subject or one of the information sections and add it directly to your document.

Here, we'll show you how to reduce the time you spend researching and speed up the creation of your paper with the Researcher tool in Microsoft Word.

At the time of writing,  Researcher is available with Word for Microsoft 365, Word for Microsoft 365 for Mac, and Word 2016. It is available to Microsoft 365 subscribers for Windows desktop clients.

To use the Researcher tool, open the "References" tab of your Word document. Click "Researcher" from the "Research" section of the ribbon.

When the pane opens on the right, type a term into the Search box and you're on your way!

You'll receive results for your search with Relevant Topics at the top and Top Sources beneath.

Relevant Topics

Some topics may only give you a couple of Relevant Topics. Click "More Topics" below that section to see additional sources.

If you click one of the Relevant Topics, you'll see a nice overview of the subject. At the end of the "Overview" section, click "Read More" for full details.

Depending on your topic, you'll then see several block sections packed with details. This structure comes in handy for starting your outline with them, which we'll describe below.

If the subject and Relevant Topic have images, you can click "See All Images" for a neat grid of photos and illustrations. Click one to open your browser and view the image online. Plus, you can add these to your document, which we'll also show you below.

Top Sources

For even more options, the "Top Sources" area offers books, journals, and websites. Select any one of those for its details.

If you choose a Relevant Topic at the top first, you can then filter your Top Sources by subtopic. Click the drop-down box for "All Topics" and pick one.

While most of the material is contained within Word, you may come across a source here and there that you must open in your browser. Click the link to open the source site in your default web browser.

Along with viewing information on your topic, you can add headings, text, and images directly to your document using Researcher.

Add Headings

On the top right of each source's section, you'll see a plus sign. Click the "+" icon to add that section as a collapsible heading for your document outline. Remember, this only adds the heading, not the text, within the section.

If you want to add a snippet of text to your document, you can do this as well. Select the text from the source by dragging your cursor through it. When you release, you'll see a small box appear with options for "Add and Cite" and "Add."

When you choose "Add and Cite," the text will pop into your document with the source cited at the end of the snippet. The citation is formatted automatically, so you can add it to a bibliography easily.

When you choose "Add," the text will still appear in your document, but without the citation.

If your topic offers images, and you click "See All Images," you have the option to add one or more of those, too. This is super convenient because you don't have to hunt them down yourself.

Click the "+" icon in the corner of the image to add it to your paper.

It will appear in your document with the source cited beneath it.

Be sure to respect copyrights when using the available images for your purpose. If you're unsure whether you can use an image, click "Learn More" above the image grid. This takes you to the Microsoft legal webpage explaining copyright and offering FAQs. You can also check our article on images with a Creative Commons License for those sources from Creative Commons.

College essays and research papers are enough work in themselves. By using Researcher in Microsoft Word, you can ease the burden of the research for your document and get a jumpstart on its contents.

How To Write A Research Paper

Step-By-Step Tutorial With Examples + FREE Template

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Expert Reviewer: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | March 2024

For many students, crafting a strong research paper from scratch can feel like a daunting task – and rightly so! In this post, we’ll unpack what a research paper is, what it needs to do , and how to write one – in three easy steps. 🙂 

Overview: Writing A Research Paper

What (exactly) is a research paper.

• How to write a research paper
• Stage 1 : Topic & literature search
• Stage 2 : Structure & outline
• Stage 3 : Iterative writing
• Key takeaways

Let’s start by asking the most important question, “ What is a research paper? ”.

Simply put, a research paper is a scholarly written work where the writer (that’s you!) answers a specific question (this is called a research question ) through evidence-based arguments . Evidence-based is the keyword here. In other words, a research paper is different from an essay or other writing assignments that draw from the writer’s personal opinions or experiences. With a research paper, it’s all about building your arguments based on evidence (we’ll talk more about that evidence a little later).

Now, it’s worth noting that there are many different types of research papers , including analytical papers (the type I just described), argumentative papers, and interpretative papers. Here, we’ll focus on analytical papers , as these are some of the most common – but if you’re keen to learn about other types of research papers, be sure to check out the rest of the blog .

With that basic foundation laid, let’s get down to business and look at how to write a research paper .

Overview: The 3-Stage Process

While there are, of course, many potential approaches you can take to write a research paper, there are typically three stages to the writing process. So, in this tutorial, we’ll present a straightforward three-step process that we use when working with students at Grad Coach.

These three steps are:

• Finding a research topic and reviewing the existing literature
• Developing a provisional structure and outline for your paper, and
• Writing up your initial draft and then refining it iteratively

Let’s dig into each of these.

Need a helping hand?

Step 1: Find a topic and review the literature

As we mentioned earlier, in a research paper, you, as the researcher, will try to answer a question . More specifically, that’s called a research question , and it sets the direction of your entire paper. What’s important to understand though is that you’ll need to answer that research question with the help of high-quality sources – for example, journal articles, government reports, case studies, and so on. We’ll circle back to this in a minute.

The first stage of the research process is deciding on what your research question will be and then reviewing the existing literature (in other words, past studies and papers) to see what they say about that specific research question. In some cases, your professor may provide you with a predetermined research question (or set of questions). However, in many cases, you’ll need to find your own research question within a certain topic area.

Finding a strong research question hinges on identifying a meaningful research gap – in other words, an area that’s lacking in existing research. There’s a lot to unpack here, so if you wanna learn more, check out the plain-language explainer video below.

Once you’ve figured out which question (or questions) you’ll attempt to answer in your research paper, you’ll need to do a deep dive into the existing literature – this is called a “ literature search ”. Again, there are many ways to go about this, but your most likely starting point will be Google Scholar .

If you’re new to Google Scholar, think of it as Google for the academic world. You can start by simply entering a few different keywords that are relevant to your research question and it will then present a host of articles for you to review. What you want to pay close attention to here is the number of citations for each paper – the more citations a paper has, the more credible it is (generally speaking – there are some exceptions, of course).

Ideally, what you’re looking for are well-cited papers that are highly relevant to your topic. That said, keep in mind that citations are a cumulative metric , so older papers will often have more citations than newer papers – just because they’ve been around for longer. So, don’t fixate on this metric in isolation – relevance and recency are also very important.

Beyond Google Scholar, you’ll also definitely want to check out academic databases and aggregators such as Science Direct, PubMed, JStor and so on. These will often overlap with the results that you find in Google Scholar, but they can also reveal some hidden gems – so, be sure to check them out.

Once you’ve worked your way through all the literature, you’ll want to catalogue all this information in some sort of spreadsheet so that you can easily recall who said what, when and within what context. If you’d like, we’ve got a free literature spreadsheet that helps you do exactly that.

Step 2: Develop a structure and outline

With your research question pinned down and your literature digested and catalogued, it’s time to move on to planning your actual research paper .

It might sound obvious, but it’s really important to have some sort of rough outline in place before you start writing your paper. So often, we see students eagerly rushing into the writing phase, only to land up with a disjointed research paper that rambles on in multiple

Now, the secret here is to not get caught up in the fine details . Realistically, all you need at this stage is a bullet-point list that describes (in broad strokes) what you’ll discuss and in what order. It’s also useful to remember that you’re not glued to this outline – in all likelihood, you’ll chop and change some sections once you start writing, and that’s perfectly okay. What’s important is that you have some sort of roadmap in place from the start.

At this stage you might be wondering, “ But how should I structure my research paper? ”. Well, there’s no one-size-fits-all solution here, but in general, a research paper will consist of a few relatively standardised components:

• Introduction
• Literature review
• Methodology

Let’s take a look at each of these.

First up is the introduction section . As the name suggests, the purpose of the introduction is to set the scene for your research paper. There are usually (at least) four ingredients that go into this section – these are the background to the topic, the research problem and resultant research question , and the justification or rationale. If you’re interested, the video below unpacks the introduction section in more detail. 

The next section of your research paper will typically be your literature review . Remember all that literature you worked through earlier? Well, this is where you’ll present your interpretation of all that content . You’ll do this by writing about recent trends, developments, and arguments within the literature – but more specifically, those that are relevant to your research question . The literature review can oftentimes seem a little daunting, even to seasoned researchers, so be sure to check out our extensive collection of literature review content here .

With the introduction and lit review out of the way, the next section of your paper is the research methodology . In a nutshell, the methodology section should describe to your reader what you did (beyond just reviewing the existing literature) to answer your research question. For example, what data did you collect, how did you collect that data, how did you analyse that data and so on? For each choice, you’ll also need to justify why you chose to do it that way, and what the strengths and weaknesses of your approach were.

Now, it’s worth mentioning that for some research papers, this aspect of the project may be a lot simpler . For example, you may only need to draw on secondary sources (in other words, existing data sets). In some cases, you may just be asked to draw your conclusions from the literature search itself (in other words, there may be no data analysis at all). But, if you are required to collect and analyse data, you’ll need to pay a lot of attention to the methodology section. The video below provides an example of what the methodology section might look like.

By this stage of your paper, you will have explained what your research question is, what the existing literature has to say about that question, and how you analysed additional data to try to answer your question. So, the natural next step is to present your analysis of that data . This section is usually called the “results” or “analysis” section and this is where you’ll showcase your findings.

Depending on your school’s requirements, you may need to present and interpret the data in one section – or you might split the presentation and the interpretation into two sections. In the latter case, your “results” section will just describe the data, and the “discussion” is where you’ll interpret that data and explicitly link your analysis back to your research question. If you’re not sure which approach to take, check in with your professor or take a look at past papers to see what the norms are for your programme.

Alright – once you’ve presented and discussed your results, it’s time to wrap it up . This usually takes the form of the “ conclusion ” section. In the conclusion, you’ll need to highlight the key takeaways from your study and close the loop by explicitly answering your research question. Again, the exact requirements here will vary depending on your programme (and you may not even need a conclusion section at all) – so be sure to check with your professor if you’re unsure.

Step 3: Write and refine

Finally, it’s time to get writing. All too often though, students hit a brick wall right about here… So, how do you avoid this happening to you?

Well, there’s a lot to be said when it comes to writing a research paper (or any sort of academic piece), but we’ll share three practical tips to help you get started.

First and foremost , it’s essential to approach your writing as an iterative process. In other words, you need to start with a really messy first draft and then polish it over multiple rounds of editing. Don’t waste your time trying to write a perfect research paper in one go. Instead, take the pressure off yourself by adopting an iterative approach.

Secondly , it’s important to always lean towards critical writing , rather than descriptive writing. What does this mean? Well, at the simplest level, descriptive writing focuses on the “ what ”, while critical writing digs into the “ so what ” – in other words, the implications . If you’re not familiar with these two types of writing, don’t worry! You can find a plain-language explanation here.

Last but not least, you’ll need to get your referencing right. Specifically, you’ll need to provide credible, correctly formatted citations for the statements you make. We see students making referencing mistakes all the time and it costs them dearly. The good news is that you can easily avoid this by using a simple reference manager . If you don’t have one, check out our video about Mendeley, an easy (and free) reference management tool that you can start using today.

Recap: Key Takeaways

We’ve covered a lot of ground here. To recap, the three steps to writing a high-quality research paper are:

• To choose a research question and review the literature
• To plan your paper structure and draft an outline
• To take an iterative approach to writing, focusing on critical writing and strong referencing

Remember, this is just a b ig-picture overview of the research paper development process and there’s a lot more nuance to unpack. So, be sure to grab a copy of our free research paper template to learn more about how to write a research paper.

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How to write a paper in apa format using microsoft word.

Introducing the process of writing an APA paper using Microsoft Word! Mastering this skill is crucial for students and professionals. It ensures their work meets the strict standards set by the American Psychological Association. Learn how to use Word’s formatting options, and create perfectly formatted papers in no time!

Let’s go into the details. With Word’s tools and features, you can easily format an APA paper. Know the APA guidelines, and utilize these functions correctly. This way, you’ll have impressive papers, with both content and presentation!

Now, let’s look at an interesting aspect. Technology has changed academic writing over time. Microsoft Word has become essential for authors. It helps them stick to APA formatting principles. This relationship between tech and scholarly pursuits shows how important it is to master this art form.

Understanding APA Format

APA format is a popular writing style for social sciences. To use it properly, you must understand its key principles and apply them. Here are 5 points to help you master APA:

• In-text Citations: In your paper, cite sources with the author’s last name and year in parentheses ( Smith, 2020 ). If you quote something, add the page number too ( Smith, 2020, p. 15 ). Be consistent with citing sources.
• Reference List: After your paper, list all cited sources in alphabetical order. Follow APA guidelines for formatting.
• Tables and Figures: When using charts or graphs, follow APA rules. This includes numbering tables and giving titles to each figure.
• Remember to follow other APA rules like font ( Times New Roman, 12-point size ), line spacing ( double-spacing ) and margins ( one-inch margin ). Use APA tools in Microsoft Word for help.

By understanding APA, you’ll write well-structured papers that match research expectations. Keep practicing and use reliable APA resources to become an APA expert!

Setting Up Microsoft Word for APA Format

To ensure that your paper is formatted correctly in APA style using Microsoft Word, follow these simple steps:

• Open Microsoft Word and create a new document.
• Click on the “Page Layout” tab at the top of the screen.
• Select “Margins” and choose “Normal” from the drop-down menu. This will set the margins to 1 inch on all sides.
• Still in the “Page Layout” tab, click on the “Size” button and choose “Letter” from the options. This will set the paper size to 8.5 x 11 inches.
• Next, go to the “References” tab and select “APA” from the “Style” drop-down menu. This will set the default citation style to APA.
• Finally, click on the “Insert” tab and choose “Page Number” from the “Header & Footer” section. Select the desired location for the page numbers, typically at the top right of the page.

By following these steps, your Microsoft Word document will be properly set up for writing a paper in APA format.

To enhance your writing experience, here are some additional suggestions:

• Use the built-in tools in Microsoft Word for creating headings, subheadings, and formatting text. This will help you maintain consistency throughout your paper.
• Take advantage of the automatic citation feature in Microsoft Word. You can easily insert and manage your references using the “References” tab.
• Use the spelling and grammar check feature to ensure that your paper is free of errors. This will help maintain a professional and polished appearance.

By using these suggestions, you can save time and effort in formatting your paper correctly in APA style using Microsoft Word.

Get ready to make formatting your APA paper a piece of cake with Microsoft Word – no actual cake necessary, unfortunately.

Installing the APA Style Template

Make setting up Microsoft Word for APA Format easier! Just follow these 6 steps to install the template:

• Go to “File” in the top left corner of Microsoft Word.
• Select “Options” and click on “Add-Ins” on the sidebar.
• Choose “Manage” at the bottom of the screen. Then select “Templates.”
• Look for “Word Templates” and click on “Go.”
• Find the APA Style Template and click “Download.”
• Once downloaded, pick the template and click “OK.”

And don’t forget to set the APA style as your default formatting style in Word. This can make creating documents according to APA guidelines easier. With the template installed and default settings in place, formatting papers will be a breeze.

Take advantage of the APA Style Template. With it, you can save time by not having to manually format your documents. Enjoy properly formatted papers with no effort.

Adjusting Margins and Fonts

• Margin Settings: Go to the “Page Layout” tab. Click on “Margins” and set the top, bottom, left and right to 1 inch.
• Font Type and Size: Select the desired text or press “Ctrl + A” to select all. Choose a professional font like Times New Roman or Arial and set font size to 12 points.
• Line Spacing: Again, select text or press “Ctrl + A”. Head to the “Home” tab. Locate paragraph section and set line spacing to double.
• Indentation: Place cursor at the beginning of each paragraph. Right-click and choose “Paragraph.” Under the “Indentation” section, set left and right indentation to 0.5 inches.
• Header Formatting: Click on “Insert” at the top menu bar. Then, choose “Header.” Use automatic numbering features in Word to add page numbers.

Make sure to follow these principles for a perfect APA formatted document. Begin implementing them today to write words with an impact!

Creating a Running Head

Need a running head for your APA-formatted doc? Here’s a 4-step guide!

• Step 1: Open Header & Footer. Access it via the “Insert” tab in Word. Choose “Header” or “Footer”, depending on where you want it.
• Step 2: Insert Page Number. This will set up a running head with page number at top right. Make sure to align it right.
• Step 3: Add Running Head Text. Type it in all caps, flush left against the left margin. Keep it concise & descriptive. Max 50 characters (inc spaces) & title case.
• Step 4: Different First Page. If your doc requires a different first page header, check that box. This will prevent running head from appearing on title page.

And there you have it! Follow these 4 steps for a professional APA running head.

Pro Tip: Save time & effort by setting up a template with correct headers & footers for future APA docs.

Writing the Paper in APA Format

Writing Your Paper in APA Format

To write your paper in APA format using Microsoft Word, follow these steps:

• Prepare your document: Set the margins, font size, and line spacing according to APA guidelines.
• Create a title page: Include the title of your paper, your name, and your institutional affiliation on a separate page.
• Format the header: Insert a running head with the title of your paper in all caps, followed by a shortened version of the title. Align it to the left in the header section of each page.
• Write an abstract: Summarize your paper in 150-250 words. Begin on a new page and format it as a standalone section.
• Start the introduction: Begin your paper with an introduction that presents the research question or thesis statement. Include background information and the purpose of your study.
• Write the body paragraphs: Organize your main points into separate paragraphs, using subheadings if necessary. Support your ideas with evidence from credible sources.
• Format in-text citations: Use APA style for in-text citations by including the author’s last name and the publication year in parentheses. For direct quotes, include the page number.
• Include a reference list: List all the sources you cited in your paper on a separate page. Arrange them alphabetically by the author’s last name.
• Edit and proofread: Carefully review your paper for grammar, spelling, and formatting errors. Ensure all APA guidelines are followed correctly.

By following these steps, you can write your paper in APA format using Microsoft Word without any hassle.

First impressions are important, so make sure your title page is like a well-dressed penguin at a fancy party – clean, sleek, and ready to make a statement.

The title page is essential in APA papers. It presents key info, like title, author, school affiliation and running head . It gives a professional look and draws readers in. Here’s how to make an impactful one.

Center the title in bold at the top. Make sure it reflects the research focus and is concise. Below the title, insert your name and institution on separate lines.

Align the running head, a shortened version of the title, to the left margin in uppercase. On each page, add “Running head:” before it.

Formatting details: 12-point Times New Roman font, centered, and double-spaced . No extra spaces.

Pro Tip: Proofread! Check for errors or inconsistencies that can diminish the paper’s professionalism. Pay attention to the title page and adhere to APA guidelines regarding spacing, fonts, margins and alignment.

Now you know how to create a great APA title page! Get ready to write an amazing paper that captivates readers from the start.

Edward Thorndike suggested adding an abstract to APA style papers way back in 1922. It’s a crucial tool for researchers who need info fast. Nowadays, APA format is used across many disciplines. It helps academics communicate efficiently.

The abstract must be written concisely. It should be no longer than 250 words. It summarizes the paper’s research topic, methodology, and findings. It should include keywords related to the study.

Crafting an effective abstract takes careful planning. It should be both informative and concise. Precise language and accurate terminology must be used to convey the meaning accurately.

A great abstract entices readers to keep reading. It may even increase the chance of others citing the paper. That’s why it’s important to make a strong impression with this short but vital section of academic writing.

Body Paragraphs

Body paragraphs are an absolute must for APA formatted papers. They analyze and back up the main points. Each paragraph should explore just one idea connected to the topic. Evidence and examples must be given to make the arguments stronger.

The paragraphs should make sense and flow in a logical order. One paragraph should lead to the next. Also, clear topic sentences help readers understand. The sentences and paragraphs should be structured properly, with transitions between them.

Citations and references should be included to avoid plagiarism. These sources provide evidence for the points made in the paper. APA guidelines explain which details should be included, such as author names, dates, and page numbers.

Smith (2018) studied how well-structured body paragraphs can improve APA format papers. The results showed that they can really boost the quality.

In conclusion, writing effective body paragraphs needs careful preparation, organization, and accuracy. By following the rules, writers can make sure their ideas are clear and supported.

In-text Citations

Give credit where it’s due! Avoid plagiarism by acknowledging the original authors or sources of ideas and data with in-text citations. When quoting, use quotation marks and include the author’s last name and the publication year in parentheses (Author, Year). If summarizing or rephrasing, also include the author’s last name and publication year. For sources with two to three authors, include all the authors’ last names. For four or more authors, include the first author’s last name followed by “et al.” Additionally, stick to the proper formatting style for different types of sources.

Mary learned a lesson the hard way. She was working on her research paper but forgot to cite one source. She ended up being accused of plagiarizing unintentionally. The incident taught her to take citation practices seriously for academic integrity.

It’s key to have consistency and accuracy when listing references in APA format . Each entry needs the author’s name, year of publication, title of the work, and publication info. Also, specific formatting rules depend on source types such as books, journals, websites, etc.

Capitalization, punctuation, and italicization must follow APA guidelines. Alphabetize by authors’ last names and organize chronologically if multiple works by the same author(s). This helps retain credibility and keeps academic integrity.

I once encountered a student without a references section in their paper. This caused a big loss of marks since citations weren’t acknowledged. So, don’t neglect this small step – it can impact your grade. Always double-check your references before submitting!

Formatting References in Microsoft Word

” Formatting Citations in Microsoft Word

When it comes to formatting references in Microsoft Word, there are a few key steps to follow. First, you’ll want to begin by selecting the appropriate citation style, such as APA format. Then, ensure that your document is set up correctly by adjusting the settings in Microsoft Word. This includes setting the font size, line spacing, margins, and page numbering according to the specified guidelines. Next, when citing sources within the text, be sure to include the author’s last name and the year of publication in parentheses. Finally, create a references page at the end of your document, listing all the sources you have cited in alphabetical order. Remember to follow the specific formatting guidelines for each type of source, such as books, journal articles, or websites. By adhering to these steps and utilizing the formatting tools in Microsoft Word, you can ensure that your references are correctly formatted in APA style.

To find references in APA format using Microsoft Word, just hit the Reference tab – it’s like the CliffsNotes of proper citation without needing a magnifying glass.”

Using the Reference Tab

Do you know about the Reference Tab in Microsoft Word? It’s a powerful tool that makes formatting references a breeze! Just click the “Add Citation” button and enter in the info you need. Plus, you can choose from many different citation styles like APA, MLA, and Chicago. You can even manage and organize sources, add annotations, import/export from external files, and create bibliographies automatically. This tool is a huge help for students and researchers alike.

Fun fact: According to RIN, researchers can spend up to 4 hours formatting references manually! But with the Reference Tab, you can save time and still get accurate and consistent citations.

Inserting Citations and Managing Sources

Need to insert citations in Microsoft Word? It’s essential for academic writing. Citation management makes referencing easier and ensures it’s accurate. Here’s how:

• Go to the “References” tab in the toolbar.
• Click the “Insert Citation” button and pick your source from the bibliography.
• Use the “Manage Sources” button to add, edit, or delete sources.

Also, you can customize citation styles such as APA or MLA. This lets you format your document perfectly and keep it consistent.

Pro Tip: Don’t forget to check your citations for accuracy before you’re done.

Formatting the Reference List

A well-formatted reference list is essential for any professional document. For the best results, follow these tips!

• Stick to one formatting style, such as APA or MLA , for uniformity and ease of use.
• Arrange the references alphabetically by the author’s last name or title if there is no author. This makes navigation easier.
• Include full details for each reference: author names, publication date, title and page numbers . This lets readers easily find and verify your sources.
• Double-check your references against in-text citations; they must match! This is key for credibility and integrity.

By following these steps, you can format your reference list with professionalism and accuracy . Consistency in formatting makes the document cohesive. Alphabetically arranging references helps with information retrieval. Providing complete details helps readers trust your work. Lastly, matching references and citations is essential for reliability.

Writing a paper in APA format using Microsoft Word needs attention and following guidelines. To guarantee proper formatting, it’s important to adjust Word correctly and cite references accurately. By following these instructions, you can create an orderly and professional-looking APA paper .

Concluding your paper is essential. Sum up the points discussed in the body paragraphs without repetition . Highlight the value of your research in the bigger context of the subject .

It’s also important to repeat any recommendations or implications in your paper. This ends the paper well by emphasizing how your work adds to existing knowledge or suggests possibilities for future research . Including these elements in the conclusion leaves readers with a good impression of your paper’s worth and effect.

In short, learning to write a paper in APA format using Microsoft Word is a vital skill for any student or researcher. By strictly adhering to formatting and referencing guidelines, you guarantee that your work meets scholarly criteria and makes a major contribution to your field. Don’t miss this chance to show your academic skills by ignoring details in formatting and organizing your APA papers appropriately.

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Formatting Research Papers in Word: A Guide

This article provides a comprehensive guide to formatting research papers in Microsoft Word. It outlines the various steps required for properly setting up documents, adding relevant text and references, as well as general principles of organizing and styling content for maximum impact. The guide will be invaluable for researchers looking to produce publications with an attractive visual layout without sacrificing readability or ease-of-use.

I. Introduction to Formatting Research Papers in Word

Ii. setting up a document template for research paper writing, iii. creating sections and adding text elements within the template.

• IV. Utilizing Tables, Equations, References & Citations

V. Using Word’s Language & Proofreading Tools for Quality Assurance

Vi. inserting visuals and graphics into the final draft of a paper, vii. optimizing file formats for digital delivery.

Formatting research papers in Microsoft Word can be a daunting task. Luckily, many of the necessary steps are intuitive and easy to learn. With just a few clicks of the mouse, you can easily achieve professionally-looking results without any fancy formatting knowledge or experience!

Begin by opening your document in MS Word. First off, create an unnumbered list for each element of your paper: Introduction, Methodology, Results/Analysis/Discussion (as applicable), Conclusion. Next up is setting page margins – these should all be set to 1 inch on all sides. It’s also important that single spacing is enabled; don’t forget this step as it helps keep everything consistent throughout the paper.

Now let’s turn our attention to font size and typeface selection – 10 point Times New Roman is preferred here for readability purposes. Additionally use bold styling where appropriate such as for headings within sections like subheadings too.

Finally when saving your file make sure you select .docx format so that others will have no issues downloading or editing your work if needed – luckily both Macs and PCs support this now universally accepted standard in word processing programs.

Creating a Template

Writing research papers can be daunting tasks, especially when it comes to ensuring they adhere to the correct format. Fortunately, creating a template document can make this process much easier. To start setting up your research paper template:

• Open up an empty word processor document.
• Choose “Format” from the toolbar and select “Page Setup”.

You may now specify all desired parameters of your page size (A4 or Letter-sized) margins, gutter settings and line spacing as well as orientation (portrait/landscape). This will set up the basic layout for your research paper in accordance with accepted standards.

Next you should establish any necessary headers/footers which include information such as title of work, student name and date submitted etc. Many universities have their own guidelines on what is required here so it’s important that these are followed carefully. Once again use Format menu options to customize these components before saving them into templates for future reuse.

“A little bit of preparation goes a long way.”

Formatting with HTML For those looking to add text elements into the template of their research paper, one should be aware that formatting is largely accomplished through the use of HTML. By understanding how to properly utilize hypertext markup language, a researcher can effectively customize different sections and aspects within their report. An example could include using italics for emphasis or unnumbered lists to break up content and help it flow more naturally.

When constructing headers and subheaders for specific sections in a document, this same principle applies. A user can simply insert these kinds of elements as they go along by adding tags such as “

Organizing Data Tables, equations and citations are essential elements of a research paper. Tables help to organize data and make it easy for readers to digest the information presented in an orderly fashion. Equations provide mathematical support for your arguments while properly referencing other sources lends authority to your work. The following provides a guide on how to utilize tables, equations, references and citations correctly within the format of a research paper.

• When using tables or figures in a research paper they should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals.
• Equations must also be numbered sequentially throughout the text with numbers enclosed in parentheses on the right margin.

. When citing another source within one’s own writing it is important that proper credit is given by including both an inline citation as well as providing detailed bibliographic reference at the end of document according either MLA or APA formatting guidelines (depending upon which style has been requested). Finally when quoting directly from outside sources always use quotation marks and include page numbers where appropriate.

Word’s Language & Proofreading Tools are an important resource for ensuring quality assurance in any academic paper.

• Language Tool
• Proofreading Tool

Overall, these tools allow writers of all levels to ensure quality assurance when writing papers at any level – whether it be undergraduate coursework or more advanced research publications

Including visuals and graphics into the final draft of a paper is an essential step in delivering engaging research findings. The inclusion of relevant images not only adds visual interest, but can often help to further explain complex ideas more effectively than words alone.

• Create visuals that are crisp, clear and concise. Choose simple yet eye-catching design elements such as colors, fonts and shapes.
• Ensure all figures used follow standard academic formatting guidelines . These may include specifications regarding figure titles or captions depending on your particular field or school requirements.

In the digital age, optimal file formats are essential for ensuring reliable delivery of content. To ensure this, there are several strategies that can be employed to guarantee efficient digital transfer and accurate representation of the material being sent.

• Compression: Compressing data into a smaller size will help maximize bandwidth and reduce transmission time. Common methods such as ZIP files or JPG images are useful options for compressing large media elements.

Using a standardized format is also important in order to maintain accuracy throughout all stages of the process; PDFs are often used as they retain formatting regardless of platform compatibility issues. In addition, using modern compression algorithms like JPEG 2000 ensures better quality when compressed while still providing minimal space requirements.

English: It is our sincere hope that this guide to formatting research papers in Word has proven a helpful and informative resource. We trust that readers of all levels have now gleaned important insights into the processes required for effectively utilizing Microsoft Word for their document preparation needs. As always, it is essential to adhere to accepted standards and conventions when preparing scholarly materials; however, with careful thoughtfulness and attentive consideration, we are confident that research paper authors can achieve an appropriately professional presentation of their work.

Formatting a Research Paper in Word: Home

• Resources for Visually Impaired

This page will help you set up a Microsoft Word document to write an MLA or APA research paper. It includes keystroke commands where possible.

Keyboard shortcuts from Microsoft

Header for MLA Style

Insert header.

(ALT + N, H spacebar)

• To create the header, click on the Insert tab on the toolbar.

Page number

(Alt+N, N, U) , T (selects top of page from menu options), Enter , Right align (Ctrl+R), Type Last name and a space

• Click page number in the Header & Footer box. Choose Top of Page in the drop down  menu, and select Plain Number 3. 
• While your cursor is still on the page number, type your last name and a space. 

Format Font to Times New Roman, size 12

Alt+A to select all font, Ctrl+D to open font dialog box, type Times, tab twice to get to size box, type 12, then Enter to close box and header.

• Highlight all text if needed, then on the Home tab, in the Font section, select Times New Roman, size 12.

To Close Header

(Alt+J, H, C) 

• Click on Close Header & Footer or double-click on the body of the document

To Edit Header

(Alt+N, H, Alt+E)

• Open header & footer box or double click in header space

Header for APA Style

Running head.

In all caps, enter your running head, which is a short version of your title.

Page Set up

Format font to times new roman, size 12, double space lines.

Alt+K, arrow down to 2.0, enter

• On Home Tab, in the Paragraph section, choose 2.0 or Double for line spacing.

Paragraph Spacing

Alt+P, S, A, type the number zero, enter

• On Home Tab, in the Paragraph section, enter 0 (zero) for space before and after paragraphs.

Set Margins to 1 inch

Alt+P opens Page Layout, Alt+M online Margins, use arrows to select Normal Template. Enter.

• Under Layout Tab, open Margins and select Normal.

To Save this Format as the Default

Your information and title of paper, left align text (this should be the default).

• Under Home tab, in the Paragraph box, click Left Align icon

Your Information:

• Your first and last name <Enter>
• Your Instructor's name <Enter>
• Class name and course number <Enter>
• Date in format day, month, year <Enter>

Title of Paper

Center Align Text using Ctrl+C 

Type the title of your paper, capitalizing the first letter of the of the first word and then the first letter of every word except conjunctions, prepositions, and articles. <Enter>

Note: You will need to left align text (Ctrl+L) before beginning body of the paper.

Body of Text

Make sure you have already completed the Page Set up.

If your preceding line was center justified, left align the text with Ctrl+L or using the Left Align icon on the toolbar.

Indent first line of paragraphs

You can  tab  to indent the first line of the paragraphs OR

Alt+O, P to open paragraph dialogue box, Alt+S to chose Special indentation. From dropdown, select First Line. Enter.

• On Home Tab, in the Paragraph section, under Indentation, in Special, use dropdown to select First Line. 

Indenting block quotations

• (Alt+P, I, L) type .5 to indent by 1/2 inch. <enter>  Or, with text highlighted, click the Increase indent button in the Paragraph settings section of the Home or Layout tab.
• Type your block quotation.
• To cancel indenting the block quotation, change the indent back to 0 using (Alt+P, I, L), 0. <enter> OR click the decrease indent to return back to the left margin.

Works Cited or References List

Start a new page.

• On the Insert tab, in the Pages section, slick on the Page Break icon

Center the title of the section

Ctrl+E, type "Works Cited" for MLA or "References" for APA, <enter> (return to Left alignment with Ctrl+L)

• On the Home Tab, in the Paragraph section, click the Center Align icon
• Type Works Cited for MLA or References for APA
• Return to Left Alignment using the Left Align icon

Format page for hanging indent

Alt+H, P, G opens paragraph dialog box, Tab to Special Indent, Arrow down to Hanging indent, <enter>

• On Home Tab, in the Paragraph section, under Indentation, in Special, use dropdown to select Hanging Indent <OK>

Alphabetize your Works Cited

This feature enables you to quickly alphabetize your works cited section. However, be aware that it does not ignore citations starting with A, An, or The, as you should according to MLA and APA style. Therefore, if any of your citations start with these words, you will need to manually move them into place.

• Select the text you want to sort.
• On the Home tab, in the Paragraph section, click the Alphabetize icon.

Preformatted Word Documents

• MLA Document Formatted This Word document is formatted in MLA style. Download this document then replace the text with your own text.
• APA Document Formatted Word document in APA format, including a cover page, was adapted from a document from Evergreen Valley College. Download this paper and replace the text with your own.

• Next: Resources for Visually Impaired >>
• Last Updated: Jul 14, 2023 9:56 AM
• URL: https://research.library.gsu.edu/format

• Write great papers Article
• Captivate the class Article
• Stage your story Article

Write great papers

Write great papers with microsoft word.

You may already use Microsoft Word to write papers, but you can also use for many other tasks, such as collecting research, co-writing with other students, recording notes on-the-fly, and even building a better bibliography!

Explore new ways to use Microsoft Word below.

Getting started

Let’s get started by opening Microsoft Word and choosing a template to create a new document. You can either:

Select Blank document to create a document from scratch.

Select a structured template.

Select Take a tour for Word tips.

Next, let’s look at creating and formatting copy. You can do so by clicking onto the page and beginning to type your content. The status bar at the bottom of the document shows your current page number and how many words you've typed, in case you’re trying to stay maintain a specific word count.

To format text and change how it looks, select the text and select an option on the Home tab: Bold, Italic, Bullets, Numbering , etc.

To add pictures, shapes, or other media, simply navigate to the Insert tab, then select any of the options to add media to your document.

Word automatically saves your content as you work, so you don’t have to stress about losing your progress if you forget to press  Save .

Here are some of the advanced tools you can try out while using Microsoft Word.

Type with your voice

Have you ever wanted to speak, not write, your ideas? Believe it or not, there’s a button for that! All you have to do is navigate to the Home tab, select the Dictate button, and start talking to “type” with your voice. You’ll know Dictate is listening when the red recording icon appears.

Tips for using Dictate

Speak clearly and conversationally.

Add punctuation by pausing or saying the name of the punctuation mark.

If you make a mistake, all you have to do is go back and re-type your text.

Finding and citing sources

Get a head start on collecting sources and ideas for a big paper by searching key words in  Researcher in the References tab of your document.

Researcher uses Bing to search the web and deliver high-quality research sources to the side of your page. Search for people, places, or ideas and then sort by journal articles and websites. Add a source to your page by selecting the plus sign.

As you write, Researcher saves a record of your searches. Just select My Research to see the complete list.

Keep track of all your sources by using Word's built-in bibliography maker. Simply navigate to the References tab.

First, choose the style you want your citations to be in. In this example, we’ve selected APA style.

Select Insert Citation and Add New Source .

In the next window, choose what kind of work you’re citing—an article, book, etc.—and fill in the required details. Then select  OK to cite your source.

Keep writing. At the ends of sentences that need sources, select Insert Citation to keep adding new sources, or pick one you already entered from the list.

As you write, Word will keep track of all the citations you’ve entered. When you’re finished, select Bibliography and choose a format style. Your bibliography will appear at the end of your paper, just like that.

Make things look nice

Make your report or project look extra professional in the Design tab! Browse different themes, colors, fonts, and borders to create work you're proud of!

Illustrate a concept with a chart or a model by navigating to the  Insert tab and choosing  SmartArt . In this example, we chose Cycle and filled in text from the writing process to make a simple graphic. Choose other graphic types to represent hierarchies, flow charts, and more.

To insert a 3D model, select  Insert > 3D Models to choose from a library of illustrated dioramas from different course subjects and 3D shapes.

Invite someone to write with you

If you’re working on a group project, you can work on a document at the same time without emailing the file back and forth. Select Share at the top of your page and create a link you can send to other students.

Now, everybody can open the same file and work together.

Keep learning

Check out more Microsoft Word training and support

Microsoft paper and report templates

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• Microsoft /

Microsoft just made it way easier to write a research paper with Word

By Tom Warren , a senior editor covering Microsoft, PC gaming, console, and tech. He founded WinRumors, a site dedicated to Microsoft news, before joining The Verge in 2012.

Source Microsoft Office blog

Share this story

If you've used the last few versions of Word, you'll know it's really hard to pinpoint exactly what's changed. Word might feel feature complete right now, but Microsoft isn't giving up on adding new and interesting features. This month, Microsoft is adding a new Researcher feature to Word. As the name implies, it's designed to make research paper writing a lot easier.

Researcher uses Microsoft's Bing Knowledge Graph to query content from the internet and then pull it straight into Word. Microsoft has a curated list of trusted sources and reference materials which the company plans to expand upon over time. If you add source material, it will even automatically create the citation in your bibliography as part of your research paper. If you're a student using Office 365 then Researcher is available immediately, and Microsoft is planning to bring the feature to mobile variants of Office in the future.

Word's new editor is your very own proofing service

Alongside Researcher, Microsoft is also introducing a new Word Editor feature. While Word has had grammar and spellcheck features for years, this new Editor feature is more of an advanced proofing service. Microsoft is using its machine learning skills to process content, and the Editor will suggest improving your writing by flagging words that are used too frequently. It's more of a style guide initially, but Word will start teaching you words or phrases later this year to improve your writing style. Spelling edits will still be underlined with a red squiggle, and grammar with a blue double underline, but writing style suggestions will get their own gold dotted line.

Elsewhere, Excel might not be getting any new features this month but Outlook and PowerPoint haven't been left behind. Outlook is getting the Focused Inbox feature typically found on the mobile version of the app. It works the same way, allowing you to move email into the other section and ensure all your important messages remain in the focused version of your inbox. Mentions using the "@" symbol are also arriving today, letting you flag people in emails. Microsoft is planning to bring mentions to Outlook for iOS, Android, and Windows 10 Mobile in the future, but they're available for the desktop PC and Mac versions of Outlook today.

PowerPoint got a really interesting Morph feature last year , and Microsoft is introducing a similar Zoom addition today. Zoom is designed to make presentations a little more engaging so you can present slides with the use of sections. It's really designed to let the audience know exactly how long is left in the presentation, with a clear view of what section is being covered. Microsoft is introducing Zoom to PowerPoint 2016 on Windows PCs today.

Windows 10 Anniversary Update

The msi claw is an embarrassment, new teslas might lose steam, sugar’s big twist was more than a gimmick, the delta emulator is changing its logo after adobe threatened it, behold ayaneo’s sophisticated takes on the game boy and game boy micro.

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50 Useful Academic Words & Phrases for Research

Like all good writing, writing an academic paper takes a certain level of skill to express your ideas and arguments in a way that is natural and that meets a level of academic sophistication. The terms, expressions, and phrases you use in your research paper must be of an appropriate level to be submitted to academic journals.

Therefore, authors need to know which verbs , nouns , and phrases to apply to create a paper that is not only easy to understand, but which conveys an understanding of academic conventions. Using the correct terminology and usage shows journal editors and fellow researchers that you are a competent writer and thinker, while using non-academic language might make them question your writing ability, as well as your critical reasoning skills.

What are academic words and phrases?

One way to understand what constitutes good academic writing is to read a lot of published research to find patterns of usage in different contexts. However, it may take an author countless hours of reading and might not be the most helpful advice when faced with an upcoming deadline on a manuscript draft.

Briefly, “academic” language includes terms, phrases, expressions, transitions, and sometimes symbols and abbreviations that help the pieces of an academic text fit together. When writing an academic text–whether it is a book report, annotated bibliography, research paper, research poster, lab report, research proposal, thesis, or manuscript for publication–authors must follow academic writing conventions. You can often find handy academic writing tips and guidelines by consulting the style manual of the text you are writing (i.e., APA Style , MLA Style , or Chicago Style ).

However, sometimes it can be helpful to have a list of academic words and expressions like the ones in this article to use as a “cheat sheet” for substituting the better term in a given context.

How to Choose the Best Academic Terms

You can think of writing “academically” as writing in a way that conveys one’s meaning effectively but concisely. For instance, while the term “take a look at” is a perfectly fine way to express an action in everyday English, a term like “analyze” would certainly be more suitable in most academic contexts. It takes up fewer words on the page and is used much more often in published academic papers.

You can use one handy guideline when choosing the most academic term: When faced with a choice between two different terms, use the Latinate version of the term. Here is a brief list of common verbs versus their academic counterparts:

Although this can be a useful tip to help academic authors, it can be difficult to memorize dozens of Latinate verbs. Using an AI paraphrasing tool or proofreading tool can help you instantly find more appropriate academic terms, so consider using such revision tools while you draft to improve your writing.

Top 50 Words and Phrases for Different Sections in a Research Paper

The “Latinate verb rule” is just one tool in your arsenal of academic writing, and there are many more out there. But to make the process of finding academic language a bit easier for you, we have compiled a list of 50 vital academic words and phrases, divided into specific categories and use cases, each with an explanation and contextual example.

Best Words and Phrases to use in an Introduction section

1. historically.

An adverb used to indicate a time perspective, especially when describing the background of a given topic.

2. In recent years

A temporal marker emphasizing recent developments, often used at the very beginning of your Introduction section.

3. It is widely acknowledged that

A “form phrase” indicating a broad consensus among researchers and/or the general public. Often used in the literature review section to build upon a foundation of established scientific knowledge.

4. There has been growing interest in

Highlights increasing attention to a topic and tells the reader why your study might be important to this field of research.

5. Preliminary observations indicate

Shares early insights or findings while hedging on making any definitive conclusions. Modal verbs like may , might , and could are often used with this expression.

6. This study aims to

Describes the goal of the research and is a form phrase very often used in the research objective or even the hypothesis of a research paper .

7. Despite its significance

Highlights the importance of a matter that might be overlooked. It is also frequently used in the rationale of the study section to show how your study’s aim and scope build on previous studies.

8. While numerous studies have focused on

Indicates the existing body of work on a topic while pointing to the shortcomings of certain aspects of that research. Helps focus the reader on the question, “What is missing from our knowledge of this topic?” This is often used alongside the statement of the problem in research papers.

9. The purpose of this research is

A form phrase that directly states the aim of the study.

10. The question arises (about/whether)

Poses a query or research problem statement for the reader to acknowledge.

Best Words and Phrases for Clarifying Information

11. in other words.

Introduces a synopsis or the rephrasing of a statement for clarity. This is often used in the Discussion section statement to explain the implications of the study .

12. That is to say

Provides clarification, similar to “in other words.”

13. To put it simply

Simplifies a complex idea, often for a more general readership.

14. To clarify

Specifically indicates to the reader a direct elaboration of a previous point.

15. More specifically

Narrows down a general statement from a broader one. Often used in the Discussion section to clarify the meaning of a specific result.

16. To elaborate

Expands on a point made previously.

17. In detail

Indicates a deeper dive into information.

Points out specifics. Similar meaning to “specifically” or “especially.”

19. This means that

Explains implications and/or interprets the meaning of the Results section .

20. Moreover

Expands a prior point to a broader one that shows the greater context or wider argument.

Best Words and Phrases for Giving Examples

21. for instance.

Provides a specific case that fits into the point being made.

22. As an illustration

Demonstrates a point in full or in part.

23. To illustrate

Shows a clear picture of the point being made.

24. For example

Presents a particular instance. Same meaning as “for instance.”

25. Such as

Lists specifics that comprise a broader category or assertion being made.

26. Including

Offers examples as part of a larger list.

27. Notably

Adverb highlighting an important example. Similar meaning to “especially.”

28. Especially

Adverb that emphasizes a significant instance.

29. In particular

Draws attention to a specific point.

30. To name a few

Indicates examples than previously mentioned are about to be named.

Best Words and Phrases for Comparing and Contrasting

31. however.

Introduces a contrasting idea.

32. On the other hand

Highlights an alternative view or fact.

33. Conversely

Indicates an opposing or reversed idea to the one just mentioned.

34. Similarly

Shows likeness or parallels between two ideas, objects, or situations.

35. Likewise

Indicates agreement with a previous point.

36. In contrast

Draws a distinction between two points.

37. Nevertheless

Introduces a contrasting point, despite what has been said.

38. Whereas

Compares two distinct entities or ideas.

Indicates a contrast between two points.

Signals an unexpected contrast.

Best Words and Phrases to use in a Conclusion section

41. in conclusion.

Signifies the beginning of the closing argument.

42. To sum up

Offers a brief summary.

43. In summary

Signals a concise recap.

44. Ultimately

Reflects the final or main point.

45. Overall

Gives a general concluding statement.

Indicates a resulting conclusion.

Demonstrates a logical conclusion.

48. Therefore

Connects a cause and its effect.

49. It can be concluded that

Clearly states a conclusion derived from the data.

50. Taking everything into consideration

Reflects on all the discussed points before concluding.

Edit Your Research Terms and Phrases Before Submission

Using these phrases in the proper places in your research papers can enhance the clarity, flow, and persuasiveness of your writing, especially in the Introduction section and Discussion section, which together make up the majority of your paper’s text in most academic domains.

However, it's vital to ensure each phrase is contextually appropriate to avoid redundancy or misinterpretation. As mentioned at the top of this article, the best way to do this is to 1) use an AI text editor , free AI paraphrasing tool or AI proofreading tool while you draft to enhance your writing, and 2) consult a professional proofreading service like Wordvice, which has human editors well versed in the terminology and conventions of the specific subject area of your academic documents.

For more detailed information on using AI tools to write a research paper and the best AI tools for research , check out the Wordvice AI Blog .

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

13.1 Formatting a Research Paper

Learning objectives.

• Identify the major components of a research paper written using American Psychological Association (APA) style.
• Apply general APA style and formatting conventions in a research paper.

In this chapter, you will learn how to use APA style , the documentation and formatting style followed by the American Psychological Association, as well as MLA style , from the Modern Language Association. There are a few major formatting styles used in academic texts, including AMA, Chicago, and Turabian:

• AMA (American Medical Association) for medicine, health, and biological sciences
• APA (American Psychological Association) for education, psychology, and the social sciences
• Chicago—a common style used in everyday publications like magazines, newspapers, and books
• MLA (Modern Language Association) for English, literature, arts, and humanities
• Turabian—another common style designed for its universal application across all subjects and disciplines

While all the formatting and citation styles have their own use and applications, in this chapter we focus our attention on the two styles you are most likely to use in your academic studies: APA and MLA.

If you find that the rules of proper source documentation are difficult to keep straight, you are not alone. Writing a good research paper is, in and of itself, a major intellectual challenge. Having to follow detailed citation and formatting guidelines as well may seem like just one more task to add to an already-too-long list of requirements.

Following these guidelines, however, serves several important purposes. First, it signals to your readers that your paper should be taken seriously as a student’s contribution to a given academic or professional field; it is the literary equivalent of wearing a tailored suit to a job interview. Second, it shows that you respect other people’s work enough to give them proper credit for it. Finally, it helps your reader find additional materials if he or she wishes to learn more about your topic.

Furthermore, producing a letter-perfect APA-style paper need not be burdensome. Yes, it requires careful attention to detail. However, you can simplify the process if you keep these broad guidelines in mind:

• Work ahead whenever you can. Chapter 11 “Writing from Research: What Will I Learn?” includes tips for keeping track of your sources early in the research process, which will save time later on.
• Get it right the first time. Apply APA guidelines as you write, so you will not have much to correct during the editing stage. Again, putting in a little extra time early on can save time later.
• Use the resources available to you. In addition to the guidelines provided in this chapter, you may wish to consult the APA website at http://www.apa.org or the Purdue University Online Writing lab at http://owl.english.purdue.edu , which regularly updates its online style guidelines.

General Formatting Guidelines

This chapter provides detailed guidelines for using the citation and formatting conventions developed by the American Psychological Association, or APA. Writers in disciplines as diverse as astrophysics, biology, psychology, and education follow APA style. The major components of a paper written in APA style are listed in the following box.

These are the major components of an APA-style paper:

Body, which includes the following:

• Headings and, if necessary, subheadings to organize the content
• In-text citations of research sources
• References page

All these components must be saved in one document, not as separate documents.

The title page of your paper includes the following information:

• Title of the paper
• Author’s name
• Name of the institution with which the author is affiliated
• Header at the top of the page with the paper title (in capital letters) and the page number (If the title is lengthy, you may use a shortened form of it in the header.)

List the first three elements in the order given in the previous list, centered about one third of the way down from the top of the page. Use the headers and footers tool of your word-processing program to add the header, with the title text at the left and the page number in the upper-right corner. Your title page should look like the following example.

The next page of your paper provides an abstract , or brief summary of your findings. An abstract does not need to be provided in every paper, but an abstract should be used in papers that include a hypothesis. A good abstract is concise—about one hundred fifty to two hundred fifty words—and is written in an objective, impersonal style. Your writing voice will not be as apparent here as in the body of your paper. When writing the abstract, take a just-the-facts approach, and summarize your research question and your findings in a few sentences.

In Chapter 12 “Writing a Research Paper” , you read a paper written by a student named Jorge, who researched the effectiveness of low-carbohydrate diets. Read Jorge’s abstract. Note how it sums up the major ideas in his paper without going into excessive detail.

Write an abstract summarizing your paper. Briefly introduce the topic, state your findings, and sum up what conclusions you can draw from your research. Use the word count feature of your word-processing program to make sure your abstract does not exceed one hundred fifty words.

Depending on your field of study, you may sometimes write research papers that present extensive primary research, such as your own experiment or survey. In your abstract, summarize your research question and your findings, and briefly indicate how your study relates to prior research in the field.

Margins, Pagination, and Headings

APA style requirements also address specific formatting concerns, such as margins, pagination, and heading styles, within the body of the paper. Review the following APA guidelines.

Use these general guidelines to format the paper:

• Set the top, bottom, and side margins of your paper at 1 inch.
• Use double-spaced text throughout your paper.
• Use a standard font, such as Times New Roman or Arial, in a legible size (10- to 12-point).
• Use continuous pagination throughout the paper, including the title page and the references section. Page numbers appear flush right within your header.
• Section headings and subsection headings within the body of your paper use different types of formatting depending on the level of information you are presenting. Additional details from Jorge’s paper are provided.

Begin formatting the final draft of your paper according to APA guidelines. You may work with an existing document or set up a new document if you choose. Include the following:

• Your title page
• The abstract you created in Note 13.8 “Exercise 1”
• Correct headers and page numbers for your title page and abstract

APA style uses section headings to organize information, making it easy for the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought and to know immediately what major topics are covered. Depending on the length and complexity of the paper, its major sections may also be divided into subsections, sub-subsections, and so on. These smaller sections, in turn, use different heading styles to indicate different levels of information. In essence, you are using headings to create a hierarchy of information.

The following heading styles used in APA formatting are listed in order of greatest to least importance:

• Section headings use centered, boldface type. Headings use title case, with important words in the heading capitalized.
• Subsection headings use left-aligned, boldface type. Headings use title case.
• The third level uses left-aligned, indented, boldface type. Headings use a capital letter only for the first word, and they end in a period.
• The fourth level follows the same style used for the previous level, but the headings are boldfaced and italicized.
• The fifth level follows the same style used for the previous level, but the headings are italicized and not boldfaced.

Visually, the hierarchy of information is organized as indicated in Table 13.1 “Section Headings” .

Table 13.1 Section Headings

A college research paper may not use all the heading levels shown in Table 13.1 “Section Headings” , but you are likely to encounter them in academic journal articles that use APA style. For a brief paper, you may find that level 1 headings suffice. Longer or more complex papers may need level 2 headings or other lower-level headings to organize information clearly. Use your outline to craft your major section headings and determine whether any subtopics are substantial enough to require additional levels of headings.

Working with the document you developed in Note 13.11 “Exercise 2” , begin setting up the heading structure of the final draft of your research paper according to APA guidelines. Include your title and at least two to three major section headings, and follow the formatting guidelines provided above. If your major sections should be broken into subsections, add those headings as well. Use your outline to help you.

Because Jorge used only level 1 headings, his Exercise 3 would look like the following:

Citation Guidelines

In-text citations.

Throughout the body of your paper, include a citation whenever you quote or paraphrase material from your research sources. As you learned in Chapter 11 “Writing from Research: What Will I Learn?” , the purpose of citations is twofold: to give credit to others for their ideas and to allow your reader to follow up and learn more about the topic if desired. Your in-text citations provide basic information about your source; each source you cite will have a longer entry in the references section that provides more detailed information.

In-text citations must provide the name of the author or authors and the year the source was published. (When a given source does not list an individual author, you may provide the source title or the name of the organization that published the material instead.) When directly quoting a source, it is also required that you include the page number where the quote appears in your citation.

This information may be included within the sentence or in a parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence, as in these examples.

Epstein (2010) points out that “junk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive” (p. 137).

Here, the writer names the source author when introducing the quote and provides the publication date in parentheses after the author’s name. The page number appears in parentheses after the closing quotation marks and before the period that ends the sentence.

Addiction researchers caution that “junk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive” (Epstein, 2010, p. 137).

Here, the writer provides a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence that includes the author’s name, the year of publication, and the page number separated by commas. Again, the parenthetical citation is placed after the closing quotation marks and before the period at the end of the sentence.

As noted in the book Junk Food, Junk Science (Epstein, 2010, p. 137), “junk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive.”

Here, the writer chose to mention the source title in the sentence (an optional piece of information to include) and followed the title with a parenthetical citation. Note that the parenthetical citation is placed before the comma that signals the end of the introductory phrase.

David Epstein’s book Junk Food, Junk Science (2010) pointed out that “junk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive” (p. 137).

Another variation is to introduce the author and the source title in your sentence and include the publication date and page number in parentheses within the sentence or at the end of the sentence. As long as you have included the essential information, you can choose the option that works best for that particular sentence and source.

Citing a book with a single author is usually a straightforward task. Of course, your research may require that you cite many other types of sources, such as books or articles with more than one author or sources with no individual author listed. You may also need to cite sources available in both print and online and nonprint sources, such as websites and personal interviews. Chapter 13 “APA and MLA Documentation and Formatting” , Section 13.2 “Citing and Referencing Techniques” and Section 13.3 “Creating a References Section” provide extensive guidelines for citing a variety of source types.

Writing at Work

APA is just one of several different styles with its own guidelines for documentation, formatting, and language usage. Depending on your field of interest, you may be exposed to additional styles, such as the following:

• MLA style. Determined by the Modern Languages Association and used for papers in literature, languages, and other disciplines in the humanities.
• Chicago style. Outlined in the Chicago Manual of Style and sometimes used for papers in the humanities and the sciences; many professional organizations use this style for publications as well.
• Associated Press (AP) style. Used by professional journalists.

References List

The brief citations included in the body of your paper correspond to the more detailed citations provided at the end of the paper in the references section. In-text citations provide basic information—the author’s name, the publication date, and the page number if necessary—while the references section provides more extensive bibliographical information. Again, this information allows your reader to follow up on the sources you cited and do additional reading about the topic if desired.

The specific format of entries in the list of references varies slightly for different source types, but the entries generally include the following information:

• The name(s) of the author(s) or institution that wrote the source
• The year of publication and, where applicable, the exact date of publication
• The full title of the source
• For books, the city of publication
• For articles or essays, the name of the periodical or book in which the article or essay appears
• For magazine and journal articles, the volume number, issue number, and pages where the article appears
• For sources on the web, the URL where the source is located

The references page is double spaced and lists entries in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. If an entry continues for more than one line, the second line and each subsequent line are indented five spaces. Review the following example. ( Chapter 13 “APA and MLA Documentation and Formatting” , Section 13.3 “Creating a References Section” provides extensive guidelines for formatting reference entries for different types of sources.)

In APA style, book and article titles are formatted in sentence case, not title case. Sentence case means that only the first word is capitalized, along with any proper nouns.

Key Takeaways

• Following proper citation and formatting guidelines helps writers ensure that their work will be taken seriously, give proper credit to other authors for their work, and provide valuable information to readers.
• Working ahead and taking care to cite sources correctly the first time are ways writers can save time during the editing stage of writing a research paper.
• APA papers usually include an abstract that concisely summarizes the paper.
• APA papers use a specific headings structure to provide a clear hierarchy of information.
• In APA papers, in-text citations usually include the name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.
• In-text citations correspond to entries in the references section, which provide detailed bibliographical information about a source.

Writing for Success Copyright © 2015 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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100+ Research Vocabulary Words & Phrases

The academic community can be conservative when it comes to enforcing academic writing style , but your writing shouldn’t be so boring that people lose interest midway through the first paragraph! Given that competition is at an all-time high for academics looking to publish their papers, we know you must be anxious about what you can do to improve your publishing odds.

To be sure, your research must be sound, your paper must be structured logically, and the different manuscript sections must contain the appropriate information. But your research must also be clearly explained. Clarity obviously depends on the correct use of English, and there are many common mistakes that you should watch out for, for example when it comes to articles , prepositions , word choice , and even punctuation . But even if you are on top of your grammar and sentence structure, you can still make your writing more compelling (or more boring) by using powerful verbs and phrases (vs the same weaker ones over and over). So, how do you go about achieving the latter?

Below are a few ways to breathe life into your writing.

1. Analyze Vocabulary Using Word Clouds

Have you heard of “Wordles”? A Wordle is a visual representation of words, with the size of each word being proportional to the number of times it appears in the text it is based on. The original company website seems to have gone out of business, but there are a number of free word cloud generation sites that allow you to copy and paste your draft manuscript into a text box to quickly discover how repetitive your writing is and which verbs you might want to replace to improve your manuscript.

Seeing a visual word cloud of your work might also help you assess the key themes and points readers will glean from your paper. If the Wordle result displays words you hadn’t intended to emphasize, then that’s a sign you should revise your paper to make sure readers will focus on the right information.

As an example, below is a Wordle of our article entitled, “ How to Choose the Best title for Your Journal Manuscript .” You can see how frequently certain terms appear in that post, based on the font size of the text. The keywords, “titles,” “journal,” “research,” and “papers,” were all the intended focus of our blog post.

2. Study Language Patterns of Similarly Published Works

Study the language pattern found in the most downloaded and cited articles published by your target journal. Understanding the journal’s editorial preferences will help you write in a style that appeals to the publication’s readership.

Another way to analyze the language of a target journal’s papers is to use Wordle (see above). If you copy and paste the text of an article related to your research topic into the applet, you can discover the common phrases and terms the paper’s authors used.

For example, if you were writing a paper on  links between smoking and cancer , you might look for a recent review on the topic, preferably published by your target journal. Copy and paste the text into Wordle and examine the key phrases to see if you’ve included similar wording in your own draft. The Wordle result might look like the following, based on the example linked above.

If you are not sure yet where to publish and just want some generally good examples of descriptive verbs, analytical verbs, and reporting verbs that are commonly used in academic writing, then have a look at this list of useful phrases for research papers .

3. Use More Active and Precise Verbs

Have you heard of synonyms? Of course you have. But have you looked beyond single-word replacements and rephrased entire clauses with stronger, more vivid ones? You’ll find this task is easier to do if you use the active voice more often than the passive voice . Even if you keep your original sentence structure, you can eliminate weak verbs like “be” from your draft and choose more vivid and precise action verbs. As always, however, be careful about using only a thesaurus to identify synonyms. Make sure the substitutes fit the context in which you need a more interesting or “perfect” word. Online dictionaries such as the Merriam-Webster and the Cambridge Dictionary are good sources to check entire phrases in context in case you are unsure whether a synonym is a good match for a word you want to replace. 

To help you build a strong arsenal of commonly used phrases in academic papers, we’ve compiled a list of synonyms you might want to consider when drafting or editing your research paper . While we do not suggest that the phrases in the “Original Word/Phrase” column should be completely avoided, we do recommend interspersing these with the more dynamic terms found under “Recommended Substitutes.”

A. Describing the scope of a current project or prior research

B. outlining a topic’s background, c. describing the analytical elements of a paper, d. discussing results, e. discussing methods, f. explaining the impact of new research, wordvice writing resources.

For additional information on how to tighten your sentences (e.g., eliminate wordiness and use active voice to greater effect), you can try Wordvice’s FREE APA Citation Generator and learn more about how to proofread and edit your paper to ensure your work is free of errors.

Before submitting your manuscript to academic journals, be sure to use our free AI proofreader to catch errors in grammar, spelling, and mechanics. And use our English editing services from Wordvice, including academic editing services , cover letter editing , manuscript editing , and research paper editing services to make sure your work is up to a high academic level.

We also have a collection of other useful articles for you, for example on how to strengthen your writing style , how to avoid fillers to write more powerful sentences , and how to eliminate prepositions and avoid nominalizations . Additionally, get advice on all the other important aspects of writing a research paper on our academic resources pages .

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Computer Science > Computation and Language

Title: word embeddings: a survey.

Abstract: This work lists and describes the main recent strategies for building fixed-length, dense and distributed representations for words, based on the distributional hypothesis. These representations are now commonly called word embeddings and, in addition to encoding surprisingly good syntactic and semantic information, have been proven useful as extra features in many downstream NLP tasks.

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