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Sport and Leisure: A Historical Sociological Study

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• Dominic Malcolm 2  

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This chapter provides a developmental account of the historical sociological study of sport and leisure. Adopting a framework informed by the broader approach of Norbert Elias, it begins by presenting an overview of the development of the sociology of sport subdiscipline, arguing that the broader characteristics of this field – its location within the multi- and interdisciplinary sports sciences, its manifest status insecurities stemming from the cultural perceptions of sport as “low brow,” and the relative influence of Elias himself on the study of sport – have shaped the tension balances between historically oriented sociologists of sport and sports historians. The chapter charts three distinct developmental phases of relations, starting with a period of relatively harmonious separation in which the pioneers of these respective fields were largely supportive and encouraging of work which fundamentally advanced the study of sport. This was followed by a period of heightened tensions as the research in the respective fields increasingly converged due in part to the maturation of historical sociological studies of sport, and the challenge to history as a discipline posed by postmodernism. In the third and final phase, cross-disciplinary tensions have declined and historical sociological research on sport has been reinvigorated, expanding in both quantity and quality. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the degree to which the historical sociological study of sport and leisure, and the Eliasian study of this field, has distinct if not unique characteristics.

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Malcolm, D. (2022). Sport and Leisure: A Historical Sociological Study. In: McCallum, D. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Human Sciences. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7255-2_59

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Sport and Leisure Management: Rational Recreation Essay

In the mid 19 th century, there was an increased fear of political instability in form of Chartism and labor unrest and the appalling public health among the Victorian middle class. Therefore, this class had to look for a means of countering all these problems, hence resorting to the idea and practice of leisure. The poor health of the public was evident when one-third of the urban recruited in the service for the Boer war proved to be unfit.

The middle class embarked on a mission to reform the social and economic status of those above them and below them in society while at the same time formulating a new leisure activity of their own. The leisure activity was supposed to be respected as well as being productive i.e. a leisure activity that was good for the soul and the country as a whole. Above all, leisure and recreation were supposed to be rational.

“The Bible, teetotalism and rational recreation were deployed to polarise culture by offering in mechanics institutes, prayer meetings, temperance parades and concerts of sacred song a use of recreation for social as well as individual redemption,” (Devine & Finlay 1996, Pp 210). The class of leisure set by the middle class, however, started to fade at the beginning of the 20 th century since the activities were becoming redundant, due to increased living standards among the urban poor thus eroding the classes in the society. This meant the social life was leveled among all the community members. It henceforth eliminated the working and middle-level classes in the society, thus eliminating the rough culture as a whole. But it has been shown that the whole rough culture was not eliminated but some were carried into the century that followed.

Influence of rational recreation on the provision of leisure.

Different sectors of the economy have mixed ways for the provision of leisure. This has made leisure to be a very volatile activity that is very receptive to new ideas in establishing itself as a distinct field of operation (Clarke, Cochrane & McLaughlin 1994). The distinctions between public, private, and voluntary sectors have helped to differentiate the various approaches that guide the provisions of leisure.

The private sector provides services in the market that gives back profit to the provider of the services. The voluntary sector (also known as non-profit) is usually organized around enthusiasm, and there is a mutual supply and demand for the activities. The public sector on the other hand is usually concerned with the provision of facilities than services. Leisure has often neglected the provision of social services. According to Clarke, Cochrane, & McLaughlin, (1994),

There is a popular view that leisure is no more than a marginal set of activities that are not essential to our lives and as a result, leisure services are regularly dismissed as not being as important as the real social services such as health, housing, education and social care, (pp 164).

Libraries are the only social services that the public has been obliged to provide. The provision of leisure by the public sector has been mostly taken to be compensation to the less fortunate in the society. This can be traced back to early urbanization when the public was involved in the provision of leisure.

During the early urbanization, there was mounting pressure on the local authorities that forced them to provide open spaces for use as places for public meetings. In the public health sector, the argument was that the middle class was demoralizing the population and thus needed to be controlled. This was realized by the introduction of the regulation in the public spaces and the introduction of insurance of licenses for leisure activities such as drinking, music-making, and for those who want to have street gatherings.

With the regulation of leisure time and activities, there emerged the use and issuance of the production of acceptable leisure forms. This contributed to the full involvement of the local authorities in the provision of leisure services, and provision of recreational infrastructure. With this development, there emerged the notion that leisure development was a source of improvement in social and personal life. Therefore, to help the urban population to better themselves, there was the development of swimming pools, playing fields for various games, parks, and sports halls. Libraries and museums were also constructed alongside these facilities.

Some leisure places and their accompanying activities were condemned or outlawed completely. This included places for gambling, or brutalizing games, cockfighting, and bare-knuckle fights. But in case such activities were to take place, then they had to be highly regulated. These regulations were due to moral imperative that was founded on the notion of avoiding the revolution that was experienced in France and the United States, ” and on the notion that the best workers were those who developed themselves away from their place of work with some rational forms of recreations”, (Clarke, pp164).

The ideas of the rational recreation movement were beyond the public sector as they were initiated by the voluntary sectors, concerned civic leaders, and church leaders. There was a strong linkage between the religious leaders who advocated for rational recreation and those who proposed for a more earthly social order. The religious leaders felt that combining a good sporting activity with the religious activities to complement spiritual development in the church, or Temple was thought to develop proper values in a person as a whole.

In the nineteenth century, the church encouraged the youth to come together for leisure activities in what was mostly known as, “muscular Christianity”. This message was also found across various sectors such as the playing fields in the public schools, scouts movements, and various workplaces that promoted sporting activities among their employees. As leisure activities increased religious bodies become more involved in providing recreational activities to their congregations. This was as a means of providing health for both the mind and the body through rational recreation. The religious bodies mostly took these steps to avert what leisure activities the traditional working-class had been accustomed to, yet were viewed by religious bodies as being incompatible with the modern values of the society. This muscular Christianity has been linked to the development of rationalized and respectable sports, for instance in the new codified sports, like football. The sports in the religious sects were also used to make many people attend congregational activities as they watched sports.

Many leisure development provisions in the United Kingdom were provided by the public sector rather than the private sector. These provisions were based on the rationale of recreational welfare. This was because it was believed that this could provide for various advantages in urban life. For instance, there was the belief that the recreational provision would have contributed to a better quality of life in the urban areas. There was also a big concern about urban health and the productivity of the workforce. There was even widespread concern about the general public health after the Boer War, and its fitness to fight.

The public space and facilities were used to establish social integrative and economic inequalities leading to social fragmentation.

The increase in leisure activities led to the increased sporting fixtures between clubs, especially in football and cricket, and saw the emergence of cup and league competitions. In the early development of these sports, the activities were very competitive but unregulated. The sports were mostly taken to mean gambling. Cricket is an example of a game that was associated with gambling and drinking. During the game, public disturbances & disputes were highly experienced.

The sporting activities were affected by the influence of social and economic changes that were taking place during industrial capitalism. The economic system that was experienced during the industrialization period meant new disciplines and regulated hours which in the end affected the hours for leisure, hence created resentments and called for change.

With increased economic and social development, leisure activities became much more available. This is because economic growth implied people had more money to use in leisure activities and the regulated working hours also meant more time to be spent in leisure activities. Competition was a key factor in all aspects of development in the 19 th century. The competition was experienced in economic, civic, and traditional villages. In economic competition, it was competition experienced between towns, while traditional village rivalries occurred due to the influx of new inhabitants in the competing areas.

“Public schools were influential in developing a new approach to sport through the concept of amateurism, which became important to reform movements such as the rational recreations”, (Davies & Light, 2006, Pp 6). The idea was that the sport should be played for its own sake and not for self-gain. This is where noncompetition and friendly games in the cricket field began. There was an increased expectation for the teams in both competitive and friendly matches as leisure became more available.

Recreation reforms were also experienced in the factories. Mill owners and most employers were part of the social reforms through sport and recreation. The recreation that involved gambling, drinking and other recreation activities held on spontaneous holidays were damaging to the factory production. “Unpredictable absenteeism, including intermittent observance of ‘Saint Monday’ disrupted factory organisation and impeded productivity. Regularized holidays became the norm and were even expanded as employers discovered that leisure- especially such as rational recreations as a seaside excursions – could promote industrial efficiency,” (Vorspan, 2000, Pp 7).

Therefore, recreation activities improved the health of the employees and their morale to work. This was much beneficial to the factories; the employers thus sponsored clubs such as those of cricket in a formal and non-formal way. In some instances, businessmen started teams that bore the name of the business. At some point, the businessmen sold land cheaply to the club or offer them financial support. The involvement of businessmen in the sporting activities by sponsoring the clubs was also a form of imperative competition. This is because the success of the clubs implied prestige to the businessmen sponsoring the clubs. To achieve this, businessmen went as far as paying the players to play in their clubs or even offering jobs to good players so as they remain in their teams.

Apart from the places of employment, other secular institutions contributed to the development of sporting clubs like cricket. These include working men’s clubs, mechanic institutes, and YMCA was also involved in the reform in the 19 th century. “On the surface, these bodies saw recreation in general, and cricket in particular as a means of spreading new social values across society,” (Davies & Light, 2006, Pp 13). They did also recognize the value of providing physical recreation to improve the physical health of members and attract new members by the use of the popularity of the cricket game.

The immigrants who came to Britain after the First World War and had encountered Britain’s influence managed to regroup themselves and started their cricket clubs due to the language barrier, with the local people. Several of the ethnic clubs become very successful and thus played an important role in enabling the players to join the local leagues. This became gradually common as increased immigrants were entering Britain. Language thus was never a hindrance anymore in enabling the immigrants to play in the local cricket clubs in Britain.

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IvyPanda. (2024, January 4). Sport and Leisure Management: Rational Recreation. https://ivypanda.com/essays/sport-and-leisure-management-rational-recreation/

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IvyPanda . (2024) 'Sport and Leisure Management: Rational Recreation'. 4 January.

IvyPanda . 2024. "Sport and Leisure Management: Rational Recreation." January 4, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/sport-and-leisure-management-rational-recreation/.

1. IvyPanda . "Sport and Leisure Management: Rational Recreation." January 4, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/sport-and-leisure-management-rational-recreation/.

IvyPanda . "Sport and Leisure Management: Rational Recreation." January 4, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/sport-and-leisure-management-rational-recreation/.

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Sports and Leisure - Essay Example

• Subject: Sports & Recreation
• Type: Essay
• Level: College
• Pages: 4 (1000 words)
• Downloads: 2
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Extract of sample "Sports and Leisure"

There can be concerns among customers or local people over issues of, crime, violence, disorderliness, and general safety in and around leisure or leisure sports sites. Due to the combined efforts of organizations like, Institute of Sport and Leisure Management, The Fitness Industry Association, Sport England and The Institute of Sport and Recreation Management leisure and sports is considered to be a professional industry with highly trained, educated and conscientious individuals. With increase in the quality of professional standard employment in the sports and leisure industry is considered competitive, prestigious as well as fun oriented.

This perception has contributed towards drawing in a lot of young people, and towards integration of sports and leisure as part of higher education. It has also lead to the creation of greater employment opportunity, with greater investment in the public sector by both local governmental and private players. Sports England has implemented various schemes for various project objectives successfully. PRIDE is concerned with establishing professionalism in the leisure industry, providing equal employment opportunity to blacks and ethnic minorities.

Community Network Alliance is driven towards supporting new organizations within the "community sports network. Social Issues like equality and integration through sports; issues of racism in sport's scenario; social responsibility of Sports (by employing the youth's productively and reducing the rates of drug abuse, juvenile delinquents etc); unequal representation of gender in sports; leisure as a sort of splurge by a consumption driven society and it's environmental implication are some other contemporary and future issues in sports and leisure that have gained momentum.

With growing competitiveness and professionalism as well as popularity there have been concerns over the issues of sports governance. An example of this can be found in the campaingn spear headed by an association of football supporters the Independent Manchester United Supporters Association (IMUSA) as well as its sister concern, shareholders United (SU),protesting against the projected takeover of Manchester United by BSkyB satellite television company.With increasing consciousness among the people about health and the benefits of exercise, individuals are displaying a proclivity towards fitness and health clubs.

Regular exercise like running, leisure and hobby sports has increased.Fitness Industry Association (FIA) is one among the many group of lobbyist who are campaigning for the incorporation of USA type benefits for people joining health clubs. They base their logic on the fact that healthier people mean less spending by the national Health Services. Leisure includes a gamut of activities including sports, leisure trips and tours. Within the frame work of leisure, the direction of issues is multifarious including the analysis of the social and environmental impact of tourism.

While conceding that tourism offers great employment avenues and is revenue generating industry there is increasing concerns about its effect on the eco-system and environment. Hence the move is towards sustainable development and eco-tourism. Many individuals and organization have

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Weekend Edition Saturday

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Listen to the lead story from this episode.

Week in politics: Biden addresses campus protests, Democratic congressman indicted

by  Scott Simon ,  Ron Elving

India is halfway through the voting season. The ruling BJP is showing signs of worry

by  Scott Simon ,  Diaa Hadid

People visit exhibits inside the Smithsonian Hall of Human Origins, Thursday, July 20, 2023, at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in Washington. Jacquelyn Martin/AP hide caption

Opinion: Ancient gastronomy from mammoths to muesli

by  Scott Simon

As closing arguments in Google's monopoly trial wrap up, other tech giants watch closely

by  Scott Simon ,  Dara Kerr

Children of sex workers rarely see doctors, global study finds

by  Gabrielle Emanuel

Remembering Paul Auster through his time as an NPR contributor

by  Jacki Lyden

Trump blames immigration for budget cuts in a Wisconsin town. City officials disagree

by  Chuck Quirmbach

Middle East

One community in israel didn't have access to rocket shelters. they say it's been deadly.

by  Geoff Brumfiel

Music Interviews

Jeff beal's new collection of solo piano work speaks to living with multiple sclerosis, witnesses in trump's hush money trial reveal a world of 'extortion'.

by  Scott Simon ,  Andrea Bernstein

Students at some campus anti-war protests are reaching agreements with universities

by  Adrian Florido

Madonna will perform at Rio's Copacabana beach to close out her tour

by  Julia Carneiro

People show their support as Maine bowling alley reopens 6 months after a mass shooting

by  Susan Sharon

FCC reinstates net neutrality policies after 6 years

Saturday sports: milwaukee bucks end their season, nhl playoffs, astronauts on the moon have a new way to stay fit, and it involves the wall of death, actor chris o'dowd on what to expect from the second season of 'the big door prize', from 'magnum, p.i.' to dancing with royalty, tom selleck shares his journey in new memoir.

by  Scott Simon ,  Ryan Benk ,  Melissa Gray

Searching for a song you heard between stories? We've retired music buttons on these pages. Learn more here.

THE 10 BEST Dzerzhinsky Sights & Historical Landmarks

Dzerzhinsky landmarks.

• Monuments & Statues
• Churches & Cathedrals
• Points of Interest & Landmarks
• Sacred & Religious Sites
• Architectural Buildings
• 5.0 of 5 bubbles
• 4.0 of 5 bubbles & up
• District South-Western (YuZAO)
• Butovo North
• Good for a Rainy Day
• Good for Kids
• Budget-friendly
• Good for Big Groups
• Adventurous
• Hidden Gems
• Good for Couples
• Honeymoon spot
• Good for Adrenaline Seekers
• Things to do ranked using Tripadvisor data including reviews, ratings, photos, and popularity.

1. Nikolo-Ugreshskiy Monastery

2. Church of the Savior Transfiguration of Ugresh Monastery of St. Nicholas

3. Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin in the Ugresh Monastery of St. Nicholas

4. Temple of the Beheading of St. John the Baptist of Ugresh Monastery of St. Nicholas

5. Chapel of Phenomena Image of St. Nicholas in Nikolo-Ugreshskiy Monastery

6. Temple of the Mother of God of All Who Sorrow Ugresh Nicholas Monastery

7. Monument to Dmitriy Donskoi

8. Peter and Paul Church in Ugresh Monastery of St. Nicholas

9. Cathedral of St. Nicholas

10. Monument to Creators of Missile Shield of Russia

11. Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God

12. Sculpture Crying Boy

13. Chapel of the Passion of Nikolo-Ugreshskiy Monastery

14. Monument to Dzerzhinskiy

15. Dmitriy Donskoi's Temple

16. temple of holy spirit.

17. Temple of Makariy Nevskiy

18. Palestinian wall of the Nikolo-Ugreshsky monastery

19. Chapel of Our Lady of the Perishing

20. Pamyatniki A. S. Pushkinu

21. Memorial of the Great Patriotic War

22. Monument to Veterans of Local Wars

23. Monument-bust to academician B.P. Zhukov

24. Monument to St. Nicholas

25. Tserkov' Pitmana Ugreshskoy

26. pamyatnik prepodobnomu antoniyu kiyevo-pecherskomu.

THE 10 BEST Resorts near Park of Culture and Leisure, Elektrostal

Resorts near park of culture and leisure, property types, distance from, traveller rating, hotel class.

• Best Value Properties ranked using exclusive Tripadvisor data, including traveller ratings, confirmed availability from our partners, prices, booking popularity and location, as well as personal user preferences and recently viewed hotels.
• Traveller Ranked Highest rated hotels on Tripadvisor, based on traveller reviews.
• Distance from Park of Culture and Leisure See properties located closest to the place of interest first with confirmed availability for your dates from our partners.

Explore Lyubertsy

Plan your lyubertsy holiday: best of lyubertsy.

Essential Lyubertsy

Lyubertsy Is Great For

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